THE KALINA CYCLE® a Major Breakthrough in Efficient Heat to Power Generation Presented by Sunil Macwan

THE KALINA CYCLE® A Major Breakthrough in Efficient Heat to Power Generation

Presented by Sunil Macwan

CHP2013 & WHP2013 Conference and Trade Show October 8, 2013

Recurrent Engineering LLC

• Wholly owned subsidiary of Wasabi Energy • Listed on ASX and LSE • Power Generation, water treatment and biofuels • Power engineering and project development • Wasabi – KCT Power – Recurrent Engineering

• Technology and Engineering division in Houston, Texas 1155 Dairy Ashford Rd, Suite 560, 77079

2 The Kalina Cycle®

• Binary energy conversion cycle which uses an ammonia/water mixture as the working fluid

• Variable boiling mixture allows the working fluid to efficiently match the characteristics of the resource

• 20 to 40 % thermal efficiency improvement over conventional waste heat power plants

3 Kalina Power Cycle Technology

Uses and benefits of ammonia-water as working fluid

• NH3 & H2O have similar molecular weights • Mixture is a new fluid with different properties • Excellent heat transfer coefficients • Fluid circulated is ≈ 1/3 – 1/2 of ORC plant • Ammonia-Water fluid will not freeze • Pressure stays above atmospheric Ammonia is environmentally friendly Higher thermal efficiencies • Kalina is “family” of cycles, tailored for temperature profile • Ability to optimize by changing working fluid composition - a new degree of freedom for power generation Reduced thermodynamic irreversibilities is at heart of Kalina performance improvements

4 Kalina Cycle Heat Acquisition Advantage

5 Ammonia-Water Phase Diagram (Fish Diagram)

°F °C 500 P = 300 psia (20.7 bar-a) 240 450 1 220 Satur ated V 400 apor 200

S 9 a 180 350 tu ra te 160 d Li 8 300 qu id 140

250 7 5 6 120 100 200 80 150 4 60 2 100 3 40 20 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 6 Ammonia-Water Solution, % Ammonia by Weight Process Technology, No New components

PROCESS, no technological or component improvements required for implementation – Improved heat transfer process – Improved recuperation – Use of, and Reliance on, Proven Plant Components

7 Components are well known

Steam/Vapor Turbine and Generator

HRVG

Heat Exchanger

Pump Separator Air cooled condenser 8 Kalina Cycle® System 1-2 Flow Diagram

9 Kalina Cycle Technology Performance Advantage

10 Kalina Cycle® Systems for Low Temperature Applications KCS 11 KCS 34 KCS 34g

Geothermal Brine in Turbine Turbine Geothermal Turbine Brine in HE-5 Separator Evaporator HE-4 Separator Evaporator Geothermal Brine in

HE-4 HE-3 HE-3 HE-2 Evaporator HT Recuperator HE-3 Evaporator Recuperator HT Recuperator

HE-2 LT Recuperator HE-2 LT Recuperator

HE-1 Condenser HE-1 HE-1 Condenser Condenser Feed Pump Cooling water / air in Feed Pump Cooling Feed Pump Cooling water / air in water / air in

11 Kalina Cycle area of application

What are the areas of applications?

500°C Waste Heat Recovery in High Industries Temp. . Gas compressor stations Steel Plant . Iron + Steel Industry (Japan) . Cement Industry . Chemical Industry Waste Incineration . Incineration Plants (Japan) . Diesel Plants Hot Brine Heat Recuperation

Low . Geothermal Plants Temp. 100°C Geothermal Plant (Iceland) 12 The Kalina Cycle Project Experience

13 Canoga Park Demonstration Plant

Configuration : Combined Cycle Operator : Boeing Rocketdyne Construction site : California Electrical output : 6.5 MW Turbine throttle : 115 bara, 515 ºC Commissioned June ‘92 Operational ‘92 - ‘97

14 Sumitomo Metals, Tokyo Japan

Configuration : Waste Heat Customer : Sumitomo Construction site : Tokyo Electrical output : 3.5 MW Seawater cooling Commissioned in July ‘99 Operational Year-to-year reliabilities exceeding 95% 98°C Hot water heat source

15 Fuji Oil, Chiba Japan

Configuration : Waste Heat Customer : Fuji Oil Construction site : Chiba, Japan Electrical output : 4.0 MW Heat Source : Condensing OH Vapors at 116 °C Commissioned October 2005 Operational

16 DG KHAN WHR Plant, Pakistan

Configuration : Waste Heat Customer : DG KHAN Construction site : Khairpur, Pakistan Electrical output : 8.6 MW Heat Source : Gas and air from kiln Commissioning Operational in fall 2013

17 Star Cement WHR Plant, Dubai

Configuration : Waste Heat Customer : Star Cement Construction site : Dubai Electrical output : 4.75 MW Heat Source : Hot air from kiln Commissioning Operational in Fall 2013

18 Material and Equipment Design

• Carbon steel acceptable (no copper)

• Neoprene, Buna-N acceptable (no Viton) • Standard steam turbine design • Standard centrifugal pumps • Shell & tube, or plate type exchangers

19 Ammonia-Water Working Fluid

• Less hazardous and flammable than organic cycle working fluids • Environmentally benign, one of the most common compounds found in nature • Ammonia vents easily, and is self-alarming • Ammonia is the 6th largest chemical produced in the U.S. • Proven safety record in ammonia synthesis, power plants and refrigeration plants • Higher efficiencies conserve fuel and water

20 Safety aspects of Ammonia

• Common, widely used chemical • Mature safety standards • Little fire and explosion hazard • Smell helps maintain tight plant • Wide margin between level of smell & hazard • Lighter than air (easy to vent off) • Rendered harmless with water

21 Environmental Aspects of Ammonia & Kalina Cycle®

. Bio-degradable – considered part of nature

. Does not contribute to: . global warming (GWP) . smog . depletion of ozone layer (ODP)

. Higher efficiency conserves: . fossil fuels . water (for condenser)

22 Global Warming Potential Values for Various Refrigerants

23 Kalina Cycle Technology Summary

• Commercially available • Underlying principals are simple and understood • Effective, Efficient and Safe • Utilized in Refrigeration for over 100 years • Breakthroughs in:  Understanding of ammonia / water properties  Applying principals to power plant operations  Developing proprietary super efficient cycle designs

24 Sunil Macwan Project Engineer Recurrent Engineering LLC

281-558-0402 [email protected]