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BF 441 Broadbent, Donald Eric. Decision and Stress. .B77 New York: Academic Press~ 1971. 1971
RC 454 C~leman, James C. Abnor~al Psychology in Modern .C6 Life. 5th edt GlenView, Ill.: Scott Foresman 19'1.6 . 'and Co., 1976. ,."', FBI Ac.ademy BF 173 Colville, Walter T.; Costello, Timothy W. ; and Library ft Quantico, Virginia i . C76 Rourke, Fabian L. Abnormal Psychology . August, 1979 New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., i 971. .1
I. BF 575 Dohrenwend, Barbara, and Dohrenwend, Bruce. [. "~ .575 Conference on Stressful Life Events: Their ., lf C64 Nature and Effects. New York: Wiley Press, t 1973 1974. .',. I; ," ii >;}. J.. (. HF 5548.8 Frew, D. R. The Management of Stress: Using TM i~ ': j' . F745 at Work. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1977 . I',L ; 1 :~ l'l I;' i I , i r') j ~ ( I RA 776.5 Goldberg, P. Executive Health: How to Recognize This bibliography is a representative selection of the I'.. ; i I; , Health Danger Signals' and Manage Stress ~als held in the Library. The materials included are i .G65 tily concerned with the effects of stress on law ': \! [uccessfully. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. '~ement personnel and their families.. Inclusion of an r ,.',. \I{ I does not represent an endorsement by the FBI of the if; '/ ~als, or their authors. ." I',I 1.. HC 49 Gunderson, E. K. Life Stress and Illness. Springfield, :.'" li U.S. Department of Justice or .G85 Ill.: ThomaS:-1974. Nationa/lnstitute of Justice "r. ~. ij" This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the (I person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated ~ in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily h,. 11 represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of J' Ii. HV 7921 Haynes, W. D. Stress Related Disorders in Policemen. Justice. .H35 Palo Alto, Cal.: ,R & E Research AssocIates, ~ 41 Permission to reproduce this C9fl)'~i9h~materlal has been , 1978. granted by ~' tl PUBLIC DOMAIN \1 FBI ACADEMY LIBRARY \1 to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). II Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis ...... -,.~ ..... "':' . " - '~: ...... - .,~. '.," '.~ ~:".- sion of the~9i'ig'!i'!'O"wner. ., !~ .. ~- ... -_.. ... :: . ""
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l' /i Re 351 Jacobson, Edmund. You Must Relax: A Practical Method I.' .J27 of Reducing the Strains of Modern Living. HV 7911 Schlossberg, Harvey. Psychologist With a Gun. I; 1957 New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.- .8345 New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1974. . I! AS I~ i I BF 441 Janis, I. L. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis I ~ Ii • J3 of Conflict, Choice and Commitment• RB 113 Selye, Hans. Stress in Health and Disease • Woburn, I~ i; New York: Free Press, 1"977. .846 Mass.: Butterworths, 1976. L I
I )l, Ref. " HF 5548.8 Kahn, Robert L. Organizational Stress: Studies QP 82.2 Selye., Hans. The Stress of Life. New York: .07 in Role Conflict ~nd Ambiguity. New York: • S8 McGraw-Hill, 1978 • Wiley, 1964. - S44 1978
HF5548.8 Kiev, A. A Strategy for Handling Executive Stress. BF 575 Selye, Hans. Stress Without Distress. New York: , .K46 Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1974. • S75 New American Library, 1975 . , i S44 It I ' ~ \ I l i r ~ HV 7936 Kroes, E. H. Society's Victim, the Policeman: An BF 57t) Spielberger, D. D., and Sarason, L. G" eds. Stress' I, ,. I- .H4 Analysis of Job Stress in PoliCing. .875 and Anxiety. New York: Halstead Press, 1977. 1.-" I· K76 Springfie.ld, Ill.: Thomas, 1976. A38 I, 1976 BF 575 Stress and Anxiety. Washington, D. C.: Hemisphere I • Slii'-' Publishing Co., 1975. I HF 5548.8 Leavitt, H. J. Managerial Psychology: An Introduction i ! I .L35 to Individuals, Pairs, and Groups in Organizations. 876 1. 1978 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. ; : t
i r· HV 7935 Munro, Jim L. Administrative Behavior and Police !c .M85 or~anization. Cincinnati: W. H. Anderson-Co., , ;," f 19 4. r t . i- I.- \'t HV 8138 Niederhoffer, Arthur. Behind the Shield. New York: t t , , r ~ i. .N5 Doubleday Anchor Dooks, 1969. . . i
HV 8138 Niederhoffer, Arthur. The Ambivalent Force: .. ', . • N48 Perspectives on, the Police. Waltham, Mass.: j [ : 1 Ginn, 1970. r ,. f/.. \' ~ ~ BF 131 Rriser, Martin. Practical Psychology for Police r .R365 Officers. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, f k 1973. '. , I i f f ,- t -2- f -3- I ,t r I , - " t
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PERIODICALS DePue, Roger L. "Turning Inward: The POlice Officer Counselor. " .: I, . FBI Law Enforcement Bulletil!t. February, 1979, pp. 8-12. . '
Aldag",'R. J., and Brief, A. P. "Supervisory Style and Police Role DeSanto, J. A., and Fennelly, L. J. "Stress and The Police. Law Stress." Journal of Police Science and Administration, !,!,ld Order, February, 1979, pp.54-57. September, 1978, pp. 362-367. Dlshiacol!, Leon. "The Drinking Cop." !:9J.ice Chief, January, 1976, Anderson, John P. "Take the Stress Out of Traffic Stops." Law and p. 32. ' Order, June, 1975, p. 36. Doucet, R. J. "Preventing Corruption and Loss of Integrity. H Law and Bannon, James D., and Wilt, Mar~e G. "Black Policemen: A Study Order, February 26, 1978, ppQ 58-62. of Self Images.'" Journal of Police Science and Adminis tration, March 1973, pp. 21-29. Durner, James A., et ale "Divorce: Another Occupational Hazard." I~ Police Chief, November, 1975, p. 48 .. I~ Bennett, Richard R., and Greenstein, Theodore. "The Police 11 Eisenberg, Terry, "Labor-Management Relations and Psychological Personality: A Test of the Predispositional Model. ff ; Journal of Police Science and Administration, .. Stress: 'View from the Bottom." Police Chief, November, December, 1975, pp. 439-445. I 1975, p. 54. - I r· Ellison, K. W., and Genz, J. L. "The Police Officer as Burned Out Bonney, L. A. "The Case for an In-Service PhYSical Training Program L for Police Officers. tt Police Chief, April, 1978, pp. 44-45. I:' Samaritan. "FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March, 1978, I: i; I pp. 1-7. I Bouza, Anthony V. "Women in Police." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September, 1975, p. 2. Engel, G. "Emotional Stress and Sudden Death." Psychology Today, November, 1977, pp. 114-115. ~" Butler, A. P., and Cochrane, R. "An Examination of .some Elements t of the Personality of Police Officers arid Their Implications." t' Esbeck, Edward S., and Halverson, George. "Stress and Tension I. Teambuilding for the Professional Police Officer. " Journal of Pbllice Science and Administration, December, I 1977,pp. 441-450. . . Journal of Police Science and Administration, June, 1973, p. 153. Chandler, E. V., and Jones, C. S. "Cynicism- An Inevitability of I Police Work." Journal of Police Science and Administra "Executive Stress May Not Be All Bad." ~siness Week, April 30, tion, March, 1979, pp ..65-68. J 1979, pp. 96-103. f r Cherry, L., and Selye, H. ,eds. "On the Real Benefits of Eustress." ~ "Exec'utive's Guide to Living with Stress." Business Week, August 23, I 1976, pp. 75-78. Psychology Today, March, 197,8, pp. 60-61. ,~ f r Cohen, D. R. "Stressful Life in Peaceful New England." Psychology Fisher, G., and DeHann, J. "How to Deal with St!Iress on the Job and Today, June, 1978, pp. 27-32. . in the Home." U. S. News and World Report, November 6, r 1970, pp. 65-66. Conrad, Rex D., and GloriOSO, John, "Policewomen: Agency Adjustment Through a Group Approach." Police Chief, April, 1975, t: Fortier, Kenneth N. "The Police Culture -Its Effect on Sound PCR. II t p. 60. ! Police Chief, February, 1972, pp. 33-35. i" I' ( Gavney, Robert; Calderwood, John; and Knowles, Lyle. "Attitudes "Cracking Under Stress: How Executives Learn to Cope." U. S. News f; and World Report, May 10, 1976, pp. 59-61. of Patrol Officers and Wives Toward a Four -Day 1'1 Workweek." Police Chief, February, 1979, pp. 33-35. Denyer, Tom; Callender, Robert, and Thompson, Dennis L. "The , Policeman as an Alienated Laborer." Journal of Police Science and Administration, September, 1975, -5- , pp. 251-258. . .' -4-
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" ., " . .~.===-'=-=>~;z(='·.f!' Genz, John L., and Lester, David, "Authoritarianisln in Policemen Inbau. "Democratic Restraints Upon the Police." Journal of Criminal L as a Function of Experience." Journal of Police f Law, Criminology and Police Science' September 1966 , pp. 265-270. . .2, , Science and Administr~, March, 1976, pp. 9-13. f: f Glass, D. C. "Stress, Competition, and Heart Attacks." "Iowa Survey Shows Police Wives Doubt Female Officer Capabilities. " Psychology Today, December, 1976, pp. 54-55. Crime Control Digest, January 12, 1976, p. 10. Goleman, D. "Meditation Helps Break the Stress Spiral." James, J>at, and Nelson, Martha. "The Police Family - A Wife's Psychology Today, February, 1976, pp. 82-84. Eye View. tI FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, 1975, p. 12. Hageman, M. J. C. "Occupational Stress and Marital Relationships. " Journal of Police Science and Administration, December, Jirak, Milton. "Alienation Among Members of the NYC P. D. on 1978, pp. 402-212. Statten Island." Journal of Police Science ru~d Adminis tration, June, 1975, p. 149. Hageman, M. J.; Kennedy, R. B.; and Price, N. "Coping With Stress. " ! Police Chief, February, 1979, pp. 27 -28. ~ Jones, Robert, and Knowles, Lyle. "Police Accidents and the Ups ,.l r and Downs of Life Cycles." Police Chief,October, r Heiman, Michael F. "The Police Suicide." Journal of Police Science ,. 1975, pp. 58-61. . !!!!d Administration, September, 1975, p.267. t':- r f (. Ktrkham, George. "A Professor's Street Lessons." FBI-Law Enforce /r t-, t .. Herndez, Armend. "An Open Letter." Police Chief, March, 1974, , ment Bulletin, March, 1974, pp. 14-22. ; !- pp. 51-53. , i.,., '. J', Knowles, Lyle, and Jones, Robert. "Police Altercations and the Ups , Hightshoe, N., and Hightshoe, R. "Police Family Program. " and Downs of Life Cycles." Police Chief November t· Police Chief, April, 1978, pp. 34, 36, and 95. 1974, pp. 51-54. - , , I , Hillgren, James S.; Bond, Rebekah; and Jones, Sue. "Primary Kroes, William H., and Hurrell, Joseph J. "Job Stress in Police f.: Stressors in Police Administration and Law Enforcement." Administrators." Journal of Police Science and I Journal of Police Science and Administration, December, Administration, December, 1974, p. 381. I: 1976, pp. 445-449. Kroes, William H., and MargOlis, Bruce L. "Job Stress in Jfolicemen." Bo:r.n, J. C. "New Approach to Pain Relief: Stress Innoculationand Journal of Police Science and Administration June 1974 p. 145. ' , , Pain Tolerance. tI Psychology Today, June, 1978, p. 41. Horn, J. "Solved: The Mystery of the Hawthorne Effect." Psychology Lawyer, David N. "The Dilemma of the Black Badge." Police Today, December, 1976, p. 40. . Chief, November, 1968, pp. 22-25. LeWis, Rodney W. "Toward an Understanding of Police Anomie .. " Hornung, C. A. "Social Status, Status Inconsistency, and Psychological i,. Stress." American SociolOgical Review, August, 1977, Journal of Police Science and Administration, December, pp. 623~638. -- . _1 ~!.3~ .p~. 484-490. j • "How to Deal with Stress on the Job." U. S. News and World R.!.Eort, Leyden, J. P. "Police Stress: A Possible Approach." FBI Law j , March 13, 1978, pp. 80-81. Enforcement Bulleti!!, December, 1977, pp. 25"':29. "How to Improve Police Personnel Management." Criminal Justice "Manual On Women In Policing Offers Departmental Guidelines. " Newsletter, November 7, 1977, pp. 2-3. Crime Control Digest, February 24, 1975, pp. 5-6. -6- -7- , ~ ''--:'~~: ~ ...... :'~ ...:-::- :.'t ...... ~'"'':: ...::''~~------r:~~..--~~...... - ... ,..r'>""...,...... ~~~...,..... -. .. ~,._~..-._---...... , .. "'- ""."" '-_'"'A-_"".. :n""'::::.:->_~"_.,~-::~:~~:'I.;;, -:::-_ ·,:::-;;,;:,::-::; .... ::~~:::.,;::::=.:,'-:.. '_:__':_:~:~.~-·.~.::::--.:::7·~'::":":~·,:::;:z:::::;.:_:::.-:~~.;::::.-::-..<:::_.:..:~._:::;::.::::;::;;::._::;:: • / / " , .'\. .... 1-'--'·'-'-- --- I , : L 1 . r , I I : r~ 1 I. i r ," 1 : , ~ I ", ',/ ! , I 1 ; I "Married Officers' Tragedy." Crime Contr£l Digest, May 30, 1977, I Police Stress" published quarterly by Gibson GraphiCS, Incorporated, 1 ! (f p. 5. : Bedford, Maine, 01730. . i I I : Maslach, Christina, and Jackson, Susan E. "Burned-out Cops and I "Police Wives Are Made, Not Born." Criminal Justice Digest March, I 1 Their Families." PsycholofIY Todax, May, 1979, 1 , 1975, pp. 14-15. . , ; . pp:--58 -62. \ r : Rafky, David. "My Husband the Cop." Police Chie.f, August, 1974; p. 62. McDowell, Charles P. "The Police as Victims of their Own Miscon i I f ceptions. "Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and ! . Reiser, Martin. "An Early Warning Mental Health Program for Police Police Science, Jun~, 1971, p. 430. I ! Sergeants." Police Chief, June, 1972, pp. 38-39. i 1, I~ Reiser, Martin. "The Problems of Police Officers' Wi'Ves." Police Megerson, John S. "The Officer's Lady: A Follow-Up." Police Chief, j January, 1976, p. 50. I Chief, April, 1978,pp. 38, 40, and 42. \ I i ; Mills, Robert B. "Simulated Stress in Police Recruit Selection. " ; r Reiser, Martin. "Some Organization Stresses on Policemen." Journal Journal of Police Science and Administration, June, ,I } of Police Science and Administration) June, 1974, p. 156. 1976, p. 179. - I I ~ Reiser, Martin. ':Stress, Distress, and Adaptation in Police Work." Mitchell, Sheila. "The Policeman's Wife: Urban and Rural." ~ Pollce Chief, January~ 1976, :p. 24. , ! Police Journal, January-March, 1975, pp. 79-88. ! i Richey, Larry D. "The Question of Stress Training." Police Chief, ~'Moon v. Winfield." . 383 Federal Supplement. 31 (N.D. 111. 1974.) , May, 1974, pp. 63-67. Moore, L., and Don~h ~e, J. T. "The Patrol Officer: Special Ruddock, R. L. "Stress v. Non-Stress." Police Chief, November, 1974, Proble~~js/Special Cures. 11 Police Chief, November, p. 47. 1978, pp. 41-43. ~;> Sandy, J. P., and Devine, D. A. "Four Stress Factors Unique to Rural I, Morrison, D. E. "Stress and the Public Admii'listrator." Public I PatroL" Police Chief, September, 1978, pp. 42-44. Administration Review, July, 1977, pp. 407-414. \r- 11 Selye, Hans "Secret of Coping With Stress." U. S. News and World l. Ii Report, March 21, 1977, pp. 51-53. "New Stress Program AnnOllnced." Crime Control Digest, June 11, :1 1979, p. 9. II • Sherman, Lewis J. "A Psychological View of Women in Policing." itq 1, Nichols, John F., and Bannon, James D. "S.T.R.E.S.S. - Zero ii Journal of Police Science and Administration Visibility Policing." Police Chief, ~une, 1972, .r December, 1973, p. 383.:'::' pp. 32-36. It:t Singleton, -I; G. W., and Teahan, J. "Effects of Job-Re1ated Stress on the Parker, L. Craig and Roth, Marvin C. "The Relationship Between PhYSical and Psychological Adjustment of Police SeH-Disclosure, Personality, and a Dimension of Job I~ Officers." Journal of Police Science and Administration If Performance of Policemen." Journal of Police Science d September, 197-8, pp. 355-361. . , and Administration, September, 1973, pp. 282-286. Ii \; Slade, M. "Stress: Tails Tell." Psychology TOday, December, 1978, Paulson, Lawrence S. "Orientation Programs for the Police Family.,t 11 pp. 45-46. I, I. Police Chief, March 1974, p. 63. i: I: Slade, M. "Stress-Riddenlnspection Suite and Other Jittery Jobs. i, it I Psychology Today, J'anuary, 1979, pp. 13-14. 1; -8- t'~ I~ ! Ii L -9- t" Ii It I .' ,'.• '~ '-:.~''f" •• '" .".,.-..... "', .... -'": .. --.~:"':'--.:-'."7~ ...... ,.. ';"!~.'~:~ ;.-...-,,·t.-·_ r.... '1'-;- ,,-,' .~ .. ~.--<.,-.:::.~:"'." .".~,;;'", ';,,,,=,,", .• -.~,....,..- . I' , ...... ------:------...... ------:------~:~i!L~:".-,-,_-~-,,-,_~-_- __-,,:::, ':::_-" " _ h _,., ,~". " •. '(·'+1"'" ::'""~' :<'::..::\.~:..:;.-::;-,,;--:~~:.~;,:;lli;·h·i·~~i~·;;·;:i.::~~~~·'·:> .1":-"'"\;';#' ···H;;./~~':···...... \~~' ..... ;·:--",-.J ..... , ...... ~ .:, . . < • tr"" .. ~ .: .:.. .'oN· . "; ~'V :v", H·.·· .~. ~-.;,: Slobogin, Kathy. "Stress." New York Times Magazin~ November 20, Thompson, James R. "Suprelne Court and the Police: 1968. ff . 1977, pp. 48-50. , ~ournal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Srience, December, 1966, p. 425. Somodevilla, S. A. "The Psychologist's Role in the Police Department." Police Chief, April, 1978, pp. 21-23. Tifft, Larry L. "The 'Cop Personality' Reconsidered." Journal of ;( , i Police Science and Administration, September, 1974, 1 1 Stratton, John. "Alcoholism and the Policeman-Identifying and Dealing pp. 266-278. i ! with the Problem." FBI Law Enforcement BulletiE.z., March, 1979, pp. 20 .. 23. ' Troplett, Peggey E. "Women in Policing." Police Ohief, December, , , j 1976, p. 46. if II Stratton, John. "The Law Enforcement Family: Programs for Spollses. " ii FBI L~w Enforcement Bulletin, March, 1976, p. 1'6. Trojanowlcz, Robert C. "The Policeman's Occupational Personality. " /! Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and ;Police " II' I Stratton, John. "Police Stress: An Overview." Police Chief, April, SCience, Volume 62,- 1971, pp. 551-559. r 1978, pp. 58-62. lf Unkovic, Charles M. "The Drunken Cop." Police Chief, April, 1978, \ I Stratton, John. "Police Stress and the Criminal Investigator." Police pp. 18-20. t Chief, February, 1979, pp. 22 -26. f i, ,I "The Uses of Psychiatric Techniques in Selecting and Training Police !n Stratton, John. "Police Stress: Consideration and Suggestions." Police ,. Officers as Part of Their Regular Training." Police, ii Chief, May, 1978, pp. 73-78. May-June, 1971, pp. lS-IC. I: Ii 10 fi Stratton, John. "Pressures in Law Enforcement Marriages: Some Van Raalte, R. C. "Alcohol as a Problem Among Officers." Police '\ I Ii Considerations." Police Chief, November, 1975, Chief, February, 1979, pp. 38-39. 1~ I 1\ pp. 44-47. i! ): Ii Von Grun, Leopold "Rescuing the Rescuers." ~aw and Order, May, il l' "Stress Has No Gender." BUSiness Week, November 15, 1976, p. 73. 1977, pp. 60-67. }< Ii " I! Stuart, Cynthia Gould. "Changing S~atus of Women in Police Professions." l Warbelow, K. "Stress Trainiug.: An Answer? Second Highest ~ H Police Chief, April, 1975, p. 61. r. Suicide Rate Goes to Police." Law Enforcement j' ~. Journal, Spring, 1976, p. 37. L [.f I. Suinn, R. M. "How to Break the Vicious Cycle of Stress." Psychology I ,. I 1 Toda,Y., December, 1976, pp. 59-60. Wagnar, Marcia. "The Establishment of a Counseling Service ill the I Chicago Police Department." Police Chief, January, I !:i Teske, Raymond H. D. "Factors Related to Personnel Turnover in 1976, p. 20. !I Law Enforcement Agencies." Police Chief, April, Ii ~ if I' 1976, p. 62. -;::~ .. Wagoner, L. P. "Police Alienation: Some Sources and Implications. " Ii" I' Journal of Police Science and Administration, December, I'" I i; Terlizzese, J. L. "Low Mor~:Jle--Some Causes." Police Chief, t 1976, pp. 389-403. " () ii January,1978, IpPe 44-46. [: Ii Ward, G. E. "Physiological, Psychological and Social Issues Spe.cifically d F ~ Ii Teten, Howard D., and Minderman, John W. "P~licePersonnel ,.~ Related to the Police Profession." Law and Order, Ii r- i! Problems. Practical Considerations for Administrators. n January, 1979, pp. 12, 16. i:" , II FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, January, 1977, p. 8. ;J 1\ f Ward, Richard H. "The Police Role: A Case of Diversity." Journal of II L t I .t'; r Crimi.nal Law, Criminolo~ and Police SCience, -10- r t:,. Volume 61-;-1970, pp. 580-586. , t·, -11- , ~~--":" .. ---...... -;.: "." - :'.1. __ ' .. ' _" ::.:;.:::-:.."":".=.":'"::::"'"::;:C::~~.~;~ ~,--~------~-----~~-----~~~ .. , • u ' J~~~~";"""._;~''''';.~~' ..;...... ·"""'O:tr..li~·~l(,-:f>'w;··;.e)·,,~"L' .'"""'.:,Y.c~ "-:-"~7t'!-""Mi" lXb'&" !~'k; -·:·;<-,·i;)~~-·;,;·:;;'··";<·· .;, r'~'"'> ~ "/ 'f· .. .."c- i\; ". • ! I) Webber, Barbara. "The Police Wife," Police Chief, January, 1976, GOVERNMENT DoCUMENTS p. 48. Wenz, F. V. "Death Anxiety Among Law Enforcement Officers. " HE 20. 7102: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. J 57 Journal of Police Science an(j Administration, June, Job Stress and the Police Officer: 1979, pp. 230-2351 " . !aentifYi~tressReaucthon Techniques, by W.. a: oesana J.J. urreII, Jr., Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1975. J 1.42/3: ; U. S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement , . Oc 38 '!' i-I Assistance Administration, National f. " r Ii Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal if ..t It" Justice. Folice Occupational Stress, by r i! I I) J.M. Edgar, wasfiington,fi.c., 1977. f.: ii t Ii I.. ii I ' I· i! f Ii t fi J" f ,~.. :~ I, I. ! i ,,. I r I r i t· i i I "". , .. .i -13- , J -12- , "~"" "" L~~·r.... _..:~,,::._. _~.:...-":":"'''''':''':'':'' ______'''':'''' __ ----, ______,___ ~ ___~~", .~~ __~_' _. ____ • __+_ r~~::;) 1" 1 j . 1 I , . \ ".:,' ,I t .' ,