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Water Tunnels and Water Supply System of Ancient Sbede Karaman Ermenek Yukari Çağlar Mehmet Bildirici

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Water Tunnels and Water Supply System of Ancient Sbede Karaman Ermenek Yukari Çağlar Mehmet Bildirici WATER TUNNELS AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ANCIENT SBEDE KARAMAN ERMENEK YUKARI ÇAĞLAR MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ Sbede is ancient city near the modern village of ERMENEK that is a sub province of KARAMAN. WHERE IS ERMENEK? HOW IT CAN BE ACCESSED? Ermenek is sub province of Karaman (Fig.1) and can be reached by several highways. The first route is to Ermenek from Mut that is on the Konya Karaman Silifke highway. From Mut to Ermenek 80 km. The second route is from Karaman over Bucakkışla to Ermenek, 120 km. The other alternative is from Konya-Hadim-Taşkent to Ermenek, 170 km. Another possible way from is from Anamur over Kazancı and from Alanya to Ermenekhighways are possible. THE HISTORY OF ERMENEK Very little is known about the history of Ermenek prior Roman era was founded by GERMANIUS who was the grandson of the first Roman Emperor AUGUSTUS in about 30 AD. The city flourished greatly in Roman time with many rock tombs and inscriptions in the area to day along with a stronghold called FİRAN KALESİ. The original name of the city GERMANICOPOLIS survives today as ERMENEK. The area around Ermenek is mentioned as a Decapolis (ten cities). Some of the cities mentioned are SBEDE (Yukarı Çağlar), Domitapolis , Eirenepolis (Irnebol) and others. The ISAURIANS were living in this corner of Anatolia (Ermenek, Bozkır, Hadim) in ancient times. They were brave and hurt people with their own language, religion and traditions. There are no known inscriptions from the Isaurians, so a very little is known about them. In the Byzantine time the Isaurians accepted Christianity and Greek language and culture. In the 5th century an Isaurian Chief from Ermenek became the Byzantine Emperor as ZENON (474-491). Ermenek was a suffrage of Seleucia (Silifke). Many of the ruins and the traces of Byzantine churches can still be seen Ermenek and surroundings. The First Crusades sustained a great defeat near Ermenek in 1098. The city then passed into hands of the Armenian dynasty of RUPENIANS. They called the city as “GERMANIC” from which the present day name Ermenek is derived. The Seljuk Turks captured the city which resulted in, Turkish tribes and Islam coming to the region. Under the Turkish rule from the 13th to1465, the rulers were KARAMANOGULLARI (Karamanids) of the “Karaman Principality”. In Ermenek many mosques (Ulucamii) and religious Schools as Tol Medrese were constructed and in 1465 the city became part of the Ottoman Empre. Figure 1 The general plan of the Ermenek and the surroundings areas (Bildirici, M, 2012) Number Descriptions 1 KONYA Provence center 2 KARAMAN Provence center 3 Mut Town of Mersin 4 Silifke (SELEUCEIA) Town of Mersin 5 Anamur (Anamurion) Town of Mersin 6 Alanya Town of Antalya 8 ERMENEK Town of Karaman 9 Güneyyurt (Gargara) Karaman-Ermenek 10 Yukarı Çağlar (SBEDE) “ 11 Aşaği Çağlar “ 12 Kazancı Karaman-Ermenek 13 Hadim Town of Konya 14 Aladağ Konya-Hadim 15 Bozkır Town of Konya 17 Gazipaşa (Death place of Emperor Trajan) Town of Antalya 18 Taşkent Town of Konya 19 Bucakkışla Town of Karaman 20 Çumra (Çatalhöyük) Town of Konya GEOGRAPHY Number Descriptions A Ermenek Çayı (Ermenek Creek) B Ermenek Dam C Gezende Dam D Su Çatı (joining point of two rivers) E Göksu (river) ancient CALYCADNOS F Navaği Çayı (Navağı Creek) Küçüksu creek G Taşeli Yaylası H Taurus Mountains (Toros Dağları) J Geyikli Dağları (Geyikli Mountains) WATER RESOURCHES In the region the main river is Ermenek Çayı (Ermenek Creek) shown in (Fig.1). The headwaters of the Ermenek Çayı are on the Geyiklidag mountains. This creek and the river of Göksu join at SUÇATI near the modern city of MUT and flows down to Silifke. The name of Göksu river in ancient time was CALCADNOS. The length of Ermenek Çay to Suçatı is 220 km. One of the main branches of Ermenek Çayı is Küçüksu or Navagı Çayı. This creek is on the west of Güneyyurt , Yukarı Çaglar (Sbede) and Aşagı Çağlar. Navagı is another name given to Isaurians. ERMENEK DAM was constructed on Ermenek Çayı in the years 2002-2011. Information about the dam is as follows; The height of the dam is 210 meters. 21. Highest Dam in the World. The annual discharge capacity of the dam is 1.747.380.000 cubic meters The volume of it is 4.582.580.000 cubic meters The area of lake of dam is 61 km2. The benchmark is 700 m The aim of dam is to produce electricity and flood control. Fig.2 The Aerial Photo of the region EXPLORING THE ANCIENT CITY OF SBEDE Water tunnels of Yukarı Çaglar were investigated for the first time by MEHMET BİLDİRİCİ for his book “KONYA TARİHİ SU YAPILARI” that was published by the DSİ Genel Müdürlügü (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) in1994 in Ankara. Before this time British Archaeologist and Historian GEORGE BEAN had visited the village in 1960’s, and investigated inscriptions in the area, however he found nothing in Yukarı Çaglar (Bean and Mitfort, 1970). They described Yukarı Çağlar as ancient SBEDE but did not mention any of water tunnels. Mr. ALİ AKTÜRK from the village of Yukarı Çaglar, examined the area several times and had taken hundreds of photos of the monuments. In August of 2011 Mehmet Bildirici and Ali Aktürk met bear Yukarı Çaglar, and visited the monuments again In order to make a map ancient city. As a result of this work, a new ancient city uncovered with water tunnels, city walls, cisterns, a church and rock tombs. During this time Ramazan Bahar, Abdullah Çıkrık, Mehmet Aktürk helped with the investigating of the area. Fig 3 The Plan of Ancient city DESCRIPTION Item Description 1 Boncuk Çayırı, the spring, beginning of water tunnel 2 Aqueduct 3 Ayı Pınarı (the enterence of the tunnel) 4 The windows of the tunnel 5 Ancient another water tunnel 6 The end of the tunnel 7 The cistern of the city 8 Sultan Tahtı (Heart of the ancient city) 9 The walls of ancient city 10 Rock tombs 11 Byzantine rock-cut Church 12 Natural Rock Monument 13 Suluin another water tunnel 14 Keben, ancient road 15 Su Uçtu, The Water fall 16 The cite of ancient city (SBIDE) 17 Yukarı Çağlar (To-day village) 18 Modern Mosque of the village and spring 19 Another Modern village, Aşağı Çağlar 20 Acropolis of Ancient city 21 The foundation of a Church ANCIENT SİTE The site of ancient city is referred to as *16 on the map. Today there are new houses and gardens in the area. In August 2011 we stayed at the house Mehmet Aktürk located inside of the ancient site CITY WALLS *9 on the map are the traces of city walls. Father Mehmet Aktürk said that when he was a young boy, the heights of the walls were about 2 meters. ROCK TOMBS Rock tombs in the area (*10 on the map) very interesting in Fig.4 SULTAN TAHTI *8 on the map is Sultan Tahtı (The Throne of Sultan) in the heart of the city and probably the administrative center. It is in need of urgent rescue excavating. Figure 4 Rock tombs Fig 5. Keben Ancient road Fig.6 Keben ancient road rises up Fig. 7 Natural Monument of rocks Fig. 8-9 Byzantine rock-cut Church (Arılık-Cave of the bees) Fig.10 Central Mosque of Yukarı Çağlar (Over on the site an old Church) Fig 11 The head of a pillar of ancient city BYZANTINE CHURCHES *11 on the map is Arılık (Turkish, the cave of the bees) a Byzantine rock-cut church, in Fig. 8-9 and on *21 on the map is another foundation of a Byzantine Church. KEBEN ANCIENT ROAD *7 on the map is Keben. Sorkun Yayla is a high place where the people live in the summer months and do husbandry which can be reached by the Keben ancient road in Fig.5-6. THE ACROPOLIS & NATURAL MONUMENT OF THE ROCKS *20 on the map is the acropolis of city unexplored. *12 on the map is natural rock monument that is a mountainous area and full of hills in Fig.7 SUUÇTU (WATER FLY) *15 is on the map is Suuçtu (Water fly) in some rainy years, the rain water of Sorkun Yayla makes a temporary water fall. This hydrological event happened in 2012. YUKARI ÇAĞLAR VİLLAGE *17-18 on the map is Yukarı Çaglar village (called Svede in the Byzantine time and İzvit in Ottoman times. Yukarı means “up” and Aşagı is “down” in Turkish. When the ancient of Sbede was abandoned, the people settled down in Yukarı Çaglar during the mediaeval period and continue to the modern times. In the heart of the village there is a spring and a mosque. According to author the mosque was constructed over the site of a Church in the Karamanids period in 10-1. Aşagı (down) Çaglar is another modern village. According to the Muhtar (ruler) of the village, two villages were settled with people of different origin although the villages bear the same root name. The villages are on the top of the Mountains of TAURUS in a good place for living among the Forests, with good water and good weather. The author observed that more people after working in the areas of İzmir, and Konya preferred to resettle in their father lands. THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF THE ANCIENT CITY The water to the ancient site was carried by means of water tunnel, 4,2 km long shown in Fig.2. In these areas there are many water springs. The water tunnel gets water from Boncuk Çayırı Spring.
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