Cave Biology: Life in Darkness Aldemaro Romero Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82846-8 — Cave Biology: Life in Darkness Aldemaro Romero Index More Information

Index

Acari 98 Ambystoma mexicanum 154 Acarina 98 American continent 15, 71, 92, 99, 114, Acarimorpha 98 115, 116 Accidentals 16, 114, 116, 132 Amphibians 120 Accidental-entrapment hypothesis 140 blind 9 Actinarctus 105 Amphipod Actinobacteria 63 cave 6 Adaptive-shift model 140, 141–2 Amphipoda 94 Adiantum sp. (venus maidenhair) 75 Amsterdam 4 Aerodramus 124, 157 Anaspidacea 93 hirudinaceus (mountain swiﬂet) 73 Ancient Greece 6 sawtelli 158 Andes, the 68, 73, 74, 75, 123 Africa 51, 92, 116 Anguilla anguilla 7 Kenya (Shimba Hills National Animals Reserve) 76 Blind cave 23, 39 African continent 71, 99, 116 cave 8, 14, 20, 23, 25, 28, 31, 34, 53, 55 Agaricus eyeless 19 arvensis (snow-ball or horse Anisolabis howarthi 111 mushroom) 70 Annales de Speleologie 56 bisporus (white-button mushroom) 70 Annelida 85 Agassiz, Alexander 28 Anophthalmic 116 Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (Louis) 18, Antromysis 92 19, 20, 23, 28, 29–30, 32–4, 37 Aphotic 68, 90 Agastoschizomus lucifer 101 Apodidae 124–5, 163 Alabama 120, 121 Apogon imberbis 174 Key Cave 189 Appalachian areas 167, 190 Alberti, Leandro 6 Apulian coast 79 Albinism 137–8 Aquifers 88, 178 Albiorix anophthalmus 102 Arachnida 97, 98 Algae 67–9 Arachnocampa luminosa 104, 118 Edaphic 68 Araneae 100 Alona 91 Archeobacteria 62 Amblyopsid 29, 35, 36 Arizona Fishes 20, 176 Karchner Cavern 84, 203 Amblyopsidae 29, 120, 148, 157 Aristotle 7, 20, 24 Amblyopsis Arkansas 107, 176, 199, 200 rosae 39, 173, 200 Artesian area 160 spelaea 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 29, 35 Asbestopluma spp. 79 spelaeus’ 16, 19 Ascension Island 116 Amblypygi 100 Ascomycota 70, 71

Index · 279

Asellidae 95 Behavior 132 Asellus aquaticus 144 Belize 77, 137, 148, 155 Asellus aquaticus subterraneus 145 Bergson, Henri Louis 48–9, 51 Asia 50, 71, 92, 124 Bermuda 91, 92, 94, 95, 199 Astroides calycularis 81 Bentham, George 22 Astrosclera willeyana 79 Benthic 91 Astyanax fasciatus 120, 131, 134, 137, 141, Besson, Jacques 7 142–3, 145, 147–9, 151, 153, 154, Bioﬁlm communities 68–9 155, 157, 172, 210–11 Biokarst 67 Australia 71, 76, 89, 91, 92, 93, 105, 108, Bioluminescence 104, 107, 118 141, 164, 193, 199 Biospeleologica 51 Bat Cave 206 Biospeleology 15, 50, 51, 56, 58–61 Sinkhole 92 Biota Austria 4 Cave 21 Aves 123 hypogean 8 Azores, the 175 underground 8 Terceira Island 74 Bird (see also Aves) cave 8, 15 Bacillariophyta (diatoms) 68 Bird nest soup 124 Bacteria (see also Archaeobacteria and Bishop, Stephen 11, 13 Eubacteria) Bison 3 Ammonia and nitrite oxidizers (in Bison bonasus 3 caves) 64 Bivalvia 86 Chemolithoautotrophic (in caves) Blaberidae 112 64, 65 Blattellidae 112 ecological role (in caves) 65–7 Blattidae 112 heterotrophic (in caves) 64, 65 Blattodea 112 In caves 63 Blind 4, 16, 18, 20, 22, 81, 91, 92, 93, 95, Iron and Manganese Oxidizing (in 100, 102, 121, 131, 133, 147, 176 caves) 65 -ﬁsh 137 phototrophic sulfur reducers (in caves) -ness 14, 25, 36, 95, 132, 134, 150, 165, 64 171, 210 purple sulfur (in caves) 64 -ness among cave animals 38, 40 sulfur-oxidizing (in caves) 64 -ness among cave vertebrates 40 Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi 63 -ness of cave fauna 36 Bahamas 92, 93 Bochusacea 93 Balcones Aquifer 122 Body size 138 Balkans, the 187 Bolivia 123 Banta, Arthur Mangun 40 Bol´ıvar, Ignacio 59 Barr, Thomas 59 Bonnet, Charles 27–8 Basidiomycota (puffballs, polypores, gilled Borneo 88 musrooms, boletes, yeast) 70, 72 Bosnia 121 Bat guano 66, 71, 126, 163 Botryolepraria lesdainii 73 Bathynellacea 93 Brachiopoda 89 Bats (see Chiroptera) 125 Bracken Cave 125 Bedrocks Branchiopoda 90 Limestone 160 Brazil 76, 77, 93, 95, 99, 126, 137, 138, Volcanic 160 148, 155, 174, 179 Beetle Sao˜ Dominogos karst area blind cave 13 Breder, Charles Marcus 59 subterranean 51 British Empire 38

280 · Index

Brown University 33 horizontal 160 Bryophyta (mosses) ice 143, 159 Bryozoa 89 intertidal 80 Buffon, Georges-Louis 47 karstic 73 karsts 92, 159, 161, 191, 193 Caecidotea barri 95 lava tubes 63, 70, 72, 111, 141, 159, 176, Caecidotea cumberlandensis 95 194 Caecidotea incurve 95 limestone 50, 63, 69, 88, 107, 180, 196 Caecidotea jordani 95 marine 68, 69, 77, 78, 79, 85, 86, 93, Caecidotea paurotrigonus 95 105, 175, 179, 193 Caecidotea teresae 95 marine temperate 77 Caecorhamdia urichi 143 multilayered 160 Caicos Islands 93 reef 79 Calabozoa pellucid 95 saltpeter 64 Calabozoidae 95 sea 84, 128 Calanoida 91 sedimentary rock (in) 69 California 39, 40, 121, 131 shallow water 78 King’s Canyon National Park 107 snail 88 Cambarus aculabrum 199 sublittoral marine 80 Cambarus hubrichti 198 submarine 89 Cameroon (Republic of) 66 subtropical 71 Campbell, George John Douglas, (Duke of systems 10, 14 Argyll) 26 temperate 111, 126, 154, 161, 176 Campodeidae 110 tropical 71, 88, 101, 154, 161, 162, 163, Canada 75, 162 172 Canary Islands 91, 92, 100, 116, 176 Vertical 160 Carabidae 113 Cave spring ﬁsh (see Forbesichthys Carbonate dripstone 67 agassizi)84 Carcinophora americana 111 Cave Vertebrates of North America Caribbean 91, 92 40 Carniola See Slovenia Cavernicoles (also see Trogloxenes) Carychium spelaeum 13 56 Caullery, Maurice 52, 56 Ceˇ c,ˇ Luka 13 Cave archetype 132 Central America 115 Cave ecosystem structure 164–6 Cenotes (sinkholes) 68 Cave conservation and Cephalosporium lamellaecola 71 Management 182–208 Ceuthophilus spp. 5061 Anthropogenic impacts 183–7, 197, 198, Cevennes´ 50 203 Character concept 132–9 Atmosphere of caves (effects on) 195–7 Chardin, Pierre Theilhard de 57 Biota (effects on) 199–206 Chelicerata 96 Climate change 206–7 Chilopoda 106 Cultural 206 China 5, 6, 16, 108, 118, 133, 180, 192, Geomorphology (effects on) 187–95 194 Hydrology 197–9 Alu caves 6 Legal Protection 207 Beijing 181 Cave formation 66–7 Luxi County 6 Cave (types) Three Gorges Dam 191 Anchialine 68, 198 Chinese civilization 5, 7 Dinaric 80, 121 Chironomidae 117 granitic 63 Chiroptera 125, 201

Index · 281

Cholevidae 113 Croatia 77, 87, 121 Chlorophyta (green algae) 68 Crustacea 90 Chologaster 36 Crustacean 90 agassizi 35 Anchialine 90, 93 cornuta 36 Cave 96 cornutus 29 Hypogean 90 Chordeumida 107 Phreatic 90 Christiansen, Kenneth 59 Cuba 35, 36, 39, 93, 99, 115, 117 Chthonoidea 102 Cuenot,´ Lucien 41, 49, 52, 56 Cimicidae 112 Culcidae 117 Circadian rhythm 108 Culver, David 59 Loss 113 Cumacea 95 Cixiidae 112 Curculionidae 114 Cladocera 91 Cuvier, George 17, 18, 19, 43, 57 Cladorhizidae 79 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) 67, 68–9, Claparede,` Rene-Edouard` 45 73 Clariidae 7 Cyclopoda 92 Climate change (caves as record) Cyphoderidae 109 180–1 Cyphomyrmex rimosus 117 Climatic-relict model 140–1 Cyprinodont Closed system 159 aberrant 20 Cnidarians 80 Cave 69, 80 Dana, James Dwight 23–4 Cobitidae 7 Danielopolina kornickeri 93 Codonorchis octaedrus 80 Dark zone Coleopteran 113–17 Animals in the 14, 16, 25 Collegio Romano 5 Darwin, Alexander 20 Collembola 109 Darwin, Charles 2, 10, 15, 19, 21–9, 31, Collocalia 124, 157, 163 41, 45, 48, 52 Collocalia fuciphaga 200 non-Lamarckian Colorado 102, 207 ’s theory of 20 Competition (in caves) 180 Darwinian 57 Conestoga (River) 32 anti- 27 Congeria kusceri 87 neo- 57, 61 Conidiobolus coronatus 71 pre- 14 Convergence 155 Darwinism 2, 31, 37, 47, 48, 52 Cook Islands Decapoda 95 Atiu Island 157 Demospongiae 77 Cope, Edward Drinker 29, 31–2, 34–6, 48, Derovatellus 114 51 De Vries, Hugo 38 Copelatus 114 DeKay, James 14 Copepoda 91 Dendritic network 165 Coprozerconidae 167 Dendrocoelum beauchamoi 81 Coprozercon scopaeus 167 Depigmentation 14, 25, 132, 134, 150, Corrosion residue 66 165, 171 Costa Rica 137, 142, 148, 155, 157 Cave fauna, of 36, 40 Cottus carolinae 138, 171 Depigmented 4, 16, 18, 20, 22, 81, 87, 88, Crayﬁsh 91, 92, 93, 95, 100, 104, 106, 107, 108, Blind cave 18, 35 111, 116, 119, 121, 131, 133, 147, 176 Cricket Fish 7, 137 wingless cave 3 Dermaptera 111

282 · Index

Descrittione di tutta Italia 6 Eubacteria 62 Devil’s Icebox Cave 83 Association with plant and animal Dicytostelium (slime molds) 72 disease 63 caveatum 71 Eurasia 114 Dinetus 114 Europe 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 24, 28, 43, 44, Diplopoda 107 50, 51, 71, 75, 83, 85, 92, 107, 109, Diplura 110 116, 144, 160, 161, 189, 192, 193, 201 Diptera 117 Eurycea 121 Dinaric cave clam (See also Congeria lucifuga 10, 15 kusceri)87 neotenes 152 Dispersal distribution 141 spelaea 122 Dobzhansky, Theodosius 53–5, 57 tridentifera 121 Dohrn, Anton 37 Eurycercidae 91 Dollinger,¨ Ignaz von 18 Evolution 9, 16, 17, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 31, Dollo, Louis 51 32, 33, 34, 42–60 drobnovratnik 13 Cave biota, of 53 Drosophilidae 117 cave fauna, of 2, 27, 36, 37, 40, 60 Dryopidae 114 cave organisms, of 3, 32, 53 Dysdera 100 convergent 40, 110, 120 Dytiscidae 114 gerontocratic 56 phenotypic 55 Echinoderes cavernus 84 regressive 27, 32, 56, 60, 212 Echinoderes dujardini 84 troglomorphisms, of 213 Echolocation 123, 124, 125, 142, 157, Exaptation 150 163 Extremophile 54 Eclological indicators (of caves via Exumella 91 bats) 201–6 Eye 151 Ecology Absent 32, 88, 104, 108, 114, 116 Cave 67 Degeneration 40, 210–11 Cave fauna, of 36 Loss 91, 98, 101, 103, 110, 112, 113, cave organisms, of 159–81 116, 118, 154, 214 Diversity and distribution 159–64 No cornea 103 Ectopsocidae 112 Reduced 88, 94, 95, 101, 102, 103, 110, Ecuador 230 15, 101 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 133, Edward’s Aquifer 149, 160 143, 154, 172 Edward’s Plateau 121 Rudimentary 114 Eel 7 underground little (see also petites Fangensis 103 anguilles)7 Fangensis cavernarus 104 Eigenmann, Carl H. 39–41, 59 Fangensis leclerci 104 Eimer, Theodor Gustav Heinrich 48, Fangensis spelaeus 103 51 Fauna Elmidae 114 Blind 18, 40 England cave 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, Castleton, Darbyshire 8 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39 Enterobryus oxide 71 hypogean 34 Entomobryidae 109 subterranean 51 Ephemeroptera 111 Faunae cavernicole de la France 51 Epicrinea 167 Federal Cave Resources Protection Act of Essai sur les problem Biospeleologiques 51 1988 207 Euanapis subterraneus 77 Firmicutus 63

Index · 283

Fish Georgia 71, 121 blind 7, 14, 18, 19, 36, 40 Cumberland Plateau of 143 blind cave 16, 17, 35, 36, 39 Georissa 88 cave 6, 16, 18, 30, 59 Germany 18, 40, 46 hyaline 6 Freiberg, mines of 8, 15 hypogean 2, 7, 15, 78 Regensburg 13 subterranean 7, 35 GianGiorgio See Trissino Fisher, Ronald 58 Girard, Alfred 47 Flavobacteria/Bacteroides 63 Girard, Charles Fred´ eric´ 29–30 Florida 96, 121 Glowworm (also see Arachnocampa Old Indian Cave 205 luminosa) 104, 197 Fossilization 129 Glyphiulus cavernicolus 108 Forbesichthys agassizi 84, 173 Goby Formations blind 39 Karst 10 Goniosoma 174 Limestone 75 albiscriptum 102 Sandstone 75 spelaeum 75 Formicidae 117 Gorin, Franklin 11 France 2, 3, 7, 15, 28, 41–52, 56, 60, 70, Grand Bahama 91 92 Granite 66 Aven d’Orgnac 196 Grasse,´ Pierre-Paul 56 Gabard, Angoumois 7 Gray, Asa 46 Grotte des trios Freres´ (Three brothers Greater Antilles 116 cave) 3 Greece Mediterranean coast 65, 78, 206 Greek Islands 4 Mery 70 Milos catacombs 71 Paris 30 Gronias nigrilabris 31, 35 Paris, catacombs of 50 Grotto del Tasso 88 Pyrenees 3 Gryllacrididae 111 Frullania tamarisci 74 Gryllidae 111 Fungi (cave) 69–73 Guatemala 99 (underground) 8, 15 Guano 70, 182, 195, 201 Fungus subterraneus 8 Guanobitic 110 Fusarium spp. 71 Guanophile 99, 101, 113 Gulf of Guinae 174 Galapagos 116 Gypsum 66 Gamberetti picciolini 6 Gyrinophilus 121 Gammaproteobacteria 169 palleucus 121 Gammarus puteanus 13 Haacke, Johann Wilhelm 49 puteanus Koch 13 Haeckel, Ernst 30–1, 80 stygius 13 Haideotriton wallacei 122 Gastrophanella Haideporus texensis 114 cavernicola 77 Halcampoides purpurea 80 phoemciensis 77 Halocyprididae 93 Gastropoda 88–9 Harpacticoida 92 Gastrotricha 83 Harvard 19 Gastrotrichs (see gastrotricha) Hawaii 70, 72, 111, 141, 145, 194 83 Kaua’I 201 Gaudry, M. (Albert Jean) 46 Hegel, G. W. F. 18 Gelyelloida 92 Hemiptera 112

284 · Index

Hemisysis endogean 130, 178 margaleﬁ 207 epigean 130 speluncona 167, 206 freshwater 68 Hendea myersi cavernicola 104 hypogean 130 Henle, F. G. Jacob 37 interstitial 93, 105, 165 Hepatophyta/Marhantiophyta (liverworts of karstic 161, 164, 179, 182, 188, 192, hepatics) 74 194, 197 Herzegovina 87 karstic aquifers 182 Heteromysis 92 marine 92, 95 Hickmania troglodytes 100 Mixed 159 Higginsia ciccaresei 77, 78 soil 130, 165 Histeridae 115 subterranean stream 175 Histoplasma capsulatum 71 littoral 79 Hirudinea 85, 86 phreatic 68, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 113, 130, Blind 86 149, 160, 162, 165 Depigmentation and eye reduction soil 130 86 underground 14 Hohenwart, Earl Franz Josef Hannibal Graf Water-ﬁlled 159 von 13 Holsinger, John 59 Ictalurus nebulosus 32 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 21, 23 Illinois 84 Hopeful monsters 139 India 101, 124 Huang, Ying 6 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 200 Humboldt, Alexander von 8, 13 Indiana 39 Hyatt, Alpheus 29, 30–1, 32, 33–4 Corydon 39 Hydrobiidae 88 Indian Ocean 89 Hydrochous gigas 157 Indonesia 95 Hydromantes 121 Insect Hydrophilidae 115 cave 24 Hydropsychidae 117 Insecta 109 Hymenoptera 117 Intermediate Hyper-developed sensory organs 146, forms 119, 131, 150 149 morphologic 149 Hypogastruridae 109 phenotypic 137, 148 Hypogean archetype 133, 138 Interstitial Hypogean biodiversity 62, 160, 162 Organism 131 Hypogean bivalves (also see bivalvia) 86, Introgressive hybridization 149, 153, 157 87 Ionian Coast 83 Hypogean brachiopods 89 Ireland 79 Hypogean colonization 21, 41, 139–45, Ischnopsyllidae 117 146, 152, 157, 179, 214 Isopoda 95 Hypogean environment 31, 40, 51, 63, 159, Isopod 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 177, 179, Cave 69 189, 206, 208, 211 Isoptera 111 Air 71, 159 Isotomidae 109 Anchialine 78, 85, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, Isreal 72 95, 118, 141, 160 Italy 4, 15, 83, 144, 166, 188 Artesian 130 Apulia 88 cave 4579 165 Grotta di Castellana (Cave of cavernicolous 167 Castellana) 187 edaphic (soil related) 165 Grotta Grande (Big Cave) 193

Index · 285

Grotta Grande del Vento (the Big Wind Laurenti, Josephi Nicolai 9 Cave) 187, 195 Lebanon 77 Monti Berci, Veneto 6 Leiodidae 115 Lepidoptera 117 Jamaica 77, 126 Lepismatidae 111 Japan 75, 94, 95, 109 Leptoceridae 117 Japygidae 110 Leptodiridae 113 Jeannel, Rene´ Gabriel 50, 51, 56, Leptodirus hohenwarti 13, 16 59 Leptonycteris Jordan, David Starr 39 Curasoae 206 Julida 107 nivalis 206 Leptophlebiidae 111 Karst Leptopsammia pruvoti 81 system 14 Leptostraca 93 Karst Waters Institute (kWI) 183 Lichens 73 Kentucky 39, 84, 108, 111 Limestone 67, 160, 197 Bowling Green 29 Silurian 32 Lexington 10 Limnius stygius 115 Mammoth Cave 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, Linnean 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 36, 40, 81, 111, post- 9, 16 160, 162, 167 Liposcelidae 112 Transylvania University 10 Lister, Martin 8 Keroplatidae 117 Litthabitella chilodia 88 Kinorhyncha 84 Lucayan Cavern 91 Kinorhynchs (see Kinorhyncha) Lukas Tschesch 13 Kircher, Athanasius 4, 5 Lyell, Charles 27, 46 Koch,C.L.13 Lyonetiidae 117 Kolliker,¨ Rudolf Albert 48 Korea 92 Macentina stigonemoides 73 Kuhnenian 3 Macrocotya glandulosa Kinorchynchs 105 Madagascar 91, 92 Madeira 116 L’Evolution regressive des poisons cavernicoles et Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 76 abyssaux 57 Malacostraca 93, 94 L’Heritier, Phillippe 58 Malay Peninsula 124 Laccophilus 114 Malaysia 103 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 21, 27, 28, 33, 41–9, Mammalia 125–9 57 Mammoth cave Lamarckian 17, 27, 31 Blind fish of 36 neo- 3, 21, 27, 33, 34, 40, 41, 43, 56, Fauna 34 61 Specimens 33 Lamarckism 2, 21, 26, 32, 37 Marquis de Condorcet, Neo- 52, 55, 58, 60 Marie-Jean-Antoin-Nicolas de American neo- 2, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, Caritat 43 39 Martel, Edouard-Alfred´ 50 French neo- 48 Massachusetts Lamp-flora 69 Salem 33, 34 Lamp shells (see Brachiopoda) 89 Maxillopoda 91, 92 Lankester, Edward Ray 37, 38, 41 Mayr, Ernst 2, 55, 57, 60 Laos 101 Mediterranean 89, 92, 105, 193 Lathridiidae 115 Cave of the Medes Island 167

286 · Index

Megalopsalis tumida 104 Morphology 132 Mendel, Gregor 26, 38 Morse, Edward 33 Menoponidae 112 Moss animals (see Bryozoa) 89 Merophysidae 115 Motyxia 107 Mesoniscidae 95 Mucor ramannianus 71 Mesoniscus graniger 95 Mundochthonius singularis 102 Mesoveliidae 112 Mundus subterraneus 4, 15 Metabolism Muscidae 118 Low 146 Mycetophilidae 118 Mexico 92, 99, 101, 109, 117, 126, 145, Mycetozoans (slime molds) 72–3 160 Mycorrhizae 70, 72 La Cueva Chica 149, 153, 168 Myotis La Cueva de El Pachon´ 149, 151 austroriparius 205 Nuevo Leon´ colonies 206 grisescens 205, 206 Quintana Roo 68 velifer 203 San Luis de Potos´ı area 137, 148, 149, Myriapoda 105, 106 155 Mysidacea 94 Microcoryphia 110 Microphthalmic 95, 115, 131 Nageli,¨ Carl Wilhelm von 26 Microsporum gypseum 71 Nanocochlea 88 Microtus montanus 207 National Speleological Society (NSS) Mictacea 94 59 Milichiidae 118 Neelidae 109 Milieu souterrain superficiel (MSS) or Nematoda 84 superficial underground section 178 Nematodes (see nematode) 83 Mine Nemertea (see Nemertina) 83 Old Man 8 Nemertida (see Nemertina) 83 Ming Dynasty 5, 6 Nemertina 83 Ming, Yang 6 Neobisioidea 102 Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii 206 Neotenic 89 Misophriidae 92 Neoteny 121, 137, 152, 153 Misophrioida 92 Neotoma Missouri 39 floridana magister 167 Cathedral Cave 178 Neotropics 88 Maramec Spring 198 Nepidae 112 Missouri Ozarks 83 Neritiliidae 89 Mittenia spp. 3376 Netherlands Antilles Mivart, George 26 Curaçao 199 Modern Science [period] 8, 44 New Caledonia 116 Modern Synthesis, The 2, 3, 52, 54, 57–8 New England 12 Mole New Mexico Subterranean 43 Carlsbad Caverns National Park 66, 71 Mollusca 86 Grand Canyon 131 Mollusks (see also mollusca) 86 Lechuguilla Cave 65 cave 13 New York 16, 73 Monachus monachus 193 New Zealand 83, 88, 104, 197, 201 Monod, Jacques 60 Neo-Darwinian See Darwinian Montalembert, Marc-Rene´ Marquis de 7 Neo-Lamarckian See Lamarckian Moonmilk 67 Nevada Morgan, Thomas Hunt 38 Lehman Cave 71 Morocco 115, 174 Nicoletiidae 111

Index · 287

Niphargus 13, 15 Pacific 92 costozzae 6 South 105, 124 puteanus 13, 16 Southwest 116 stygius Packard, Alpheus 33–5, 36, 51 Nitrobacter 67 Palaumysis bahamensis 92, 94 Nitrospira 63 Palaumysis pilifera 94 Nocticolidae 112 Palaumysis simonae 94 Noctilio leporinus 142 Paleozercon cavernicolous 168 Nocturidae 117 Palinura 96 Nocturnal habits 147 Palpigradi 99 Nomenclature 130 Palpophriidae 92 North America 24, 85, 95, 102, 107, Pantherophis obsolete 122 111 Parthenogenesis 80 North Atlantic 95 Pasteur, Louis 47 Northern cavefish 16 Pauropoda 108 Norway 78 Pauropus furcifer 109 Penicillium spp. 71 Obligatory 102 Pennsylvania 31, 35, 167 Cavernicoles 76, 120 Lancaster county 32 Organisms 169 Peripatopsis alba 104 Oilbird (see also Steatornis caripensis) 8, 123, Pethodontidae 121 124, 163 Petites anguilles 7, 15 Oken, Lorenz 18, 30, 43 Petromizonidae 7 Okinawa 86 Phaeophyta (brown algae) 68 Oklahoma 141, 163, 196, 205 Phenotypes Oliarus 145 Adaptive 154 Oligochaeta 85–6 Divergent 155, 156 Oman 79 Phenotypic character 55, 61, 133, 154, 209 Oncopoduridae 109 Reduction/loss 120, 150 Onychiuridae 109 Philippines 124 Onychophora 104 Philopotamidae 117 Oopsacas minuta 77, 79 Philosciidae 95 Oosternum 115 Phlaeothripidae 112 Opal 66 Phoridae 118 Opilionida 102 Phototactic response 148 Opisthopatus herbertorum 104 Phreatic Opportunism 53–4, 55 Fish 134 Orconectes 96 Organism 131 Organism Zones 197 cave 3, 6, 9, 10, 14, 22, 29, 32, 33, 53, Phthiraptera 112 55, 59–61 Phycomyces nitens Orthogenesis 32, 37, 38, 41, 49, 52, 56, 58, Pices 118–20 60 Pictet de la Rive, Françoise Jules 45 Orthoptera 111 Pigmentation 151 Ostracoda 93 Absent 32, 35 Othonops eos 39 Degeneration 40 Owen, Richard 17, 26 Loss of 90, 98, 101, 103, 110, 112, 113, Oxixdus gracilis (cave millipede) 118, 138, 154, 214 Ozarks 107, 121, 175 Reduced 93, 95, 97, 101, 103, 104, 107, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 143, Paedomorphism 152, 153 154, 172

288 · Index

Planctomycete 63 fisus 131 Planariidae 83 inyoensis 131 underground 8 manzano 131 Plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed Puerto Rico 111, 117, 126 plants) 73–6 Putnam, Frederic Ward 33, 34–6 (underground) 8, 15 Pycnogonida 96 Plasticity Pyrenees 51, 101 Behavioral 55, 209 Phenotypic 53, 55, 60, 61, 69, 77, 78, Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de 46 80, 120, 150–6, 169, 212, 214 Platycopioida 91 Rabaud, Etienne´ 47 Platyhelminthes 81 Racovitza, Emil G. 50, 51 Plato 6, 19, 20, 24 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel 10 Plethodon albagula 176 Rana palustris 141 Plethodontid salamanders 143 Rat Plinius 13 blind 23, 24 Poey, Felipe 35 cave 22, 23, 25 Poland Recharge area 160, 198 Krakow Upland 191 Recharge zone 193 Polychaeta 85 Refugia Polydesmida 107 Model 142 Pool finger formation 67 thermal 141 Porifera (sponges) 76–9 Remipedia 91 Potamolithus karsticus 88 Renaissance 5, 7, 8 Pouchet, Felix´ Archimede` 47 Reptilia 122 Poulson, Thomas 59 Rhamdia quelen 143, 151, 153, 157, Preadaptation 26, 40, 41, 50, 51, 60, 141, 176 145–50, 212 Rhizopus stolonifer 71 Precipitous Bluff caves 88 Rhydophyta (red algae) 68 Prilidae 116 Rhynchocaela (see Nemertina) 83 Procambarus lucifugus 96 Ribbon worms (see Nemertina) 83 Prostigmata 98 Ricinulei 99 Proteidae 121 Robinet, Jean-Baptiste-Rene28´ Proteobacteria [phylum] 63 Rock Bridge Memorial State Park 83 Epsilonproteobacteria 63, 64, 169 Romania 76 Proteus anguinus 9, 15, 121, 173 Cluj 51 Protista 76 Movile Cave 65 Protoctista 76 Rossmassler,¨ Emil Adolf 13 Protozoans 76 Rostand, Jean 52, 56 Pselaphidae 116 Roundworms (see Nematoda) 84 Pseudocyclopiidae 92 Royer, Clemence-Augustine´ 45–7 Pseudoscorpionida 101 Rudimentation 2, 41, 45, 53 Pseudotricula 88 Rydgewayiidae 91 Psocidae 112 Ryuku Island 86 Psocoptera 112 Psychodidae 118 Siant-Hillaire, Geoffroy 43, 48, 57 Psylloidae 112 Salamander Psyllipsocidae 112 cave 8, 10 Pteridophyta / Filicophyta (ferns) 75 Saltpeter 66 Ptomaphagus Scarabeidae 116 cocytus 131 Schelling, Fredrich 18

Index · 289

Schiner, Ignaz Rudolph 14 Southeast Asia 187 Schiodte,¨ Jørgen Matthias Christian 13, 14, Spain 24–5 Altamira Caves 69, 206 Schistostega spp. 74, 75 Barcelona 69 pennata (cave or luminous moss) 75 Cueva del Agua de Iznalloz 195 Schistostegaceae 75 Cueva de las Maravillas 195 Schizomida 101 El Geodo de Pulp´ı 196 Schizomus portoricensis 101 Mallorca (an anchihaline lagoon) 76 Schmitt, Ferdinand Jozefˇ 13, 14 Pont d’En Gil 179 Sciaridae 118 Sorbas 188 Scolopendra gigantean 107 Spalax 141 Scorpionida 101 Spathidium faurefremieti 76 Scoterpes copei 108 Spatial-conceptual axes 166 Scydmaenidae 116 Length of cave 166 Scydmaenus aelleni 116 Outside environment 167 Sea anemones Terrestrial-horizontal 166 In caves 69 Water 166 Sea mats (see Bryozoa) 89 Vertical 166 Segmented worms (see Annelida) 85 Spatial organization 166–9 Sequoia Species Concept Crystal Cave 107 Biological 165 Serbia 109, 194 Evolutionary 165 Shade animals 14, 16, 25 Phylogenetic 165 Shaler, Nathaniel (Southgate) 33, 34 Specimen Faunae subterraneae 16 Silliman, Jr., Benjamin 22, 23 Spelaeoecia saturno 93 Siluridae 7 Spelaeogriphacea 93 Simpson, George Gaylord 54, 57 Spelaeomysis 92 Sinocyclocheilus 118 Spelaeomysis bottazzii 131 Horn-like structure 118 Speleogenesis 65 Sinocyclocheilus hyalinus 6, 15 Speleoperipatus speleus 104 Sinocyclocheilus macrophthalmus 133 Speleophria bivexilla 199 Siphonaptera 117 Speleophria bunderae 92 Slovenia 9, 10, 14, 16, 69, 87, 121, 144, Speleophriidae 92 161, 189 Speleothems 69, 180, 187, 194 Laibach See Ljubljana Granitic 66 Postojna Cave 12, 13, 109 Spencer, Herbert 40 Sminthuridae 109 Speonebalia cannoni 93 Smith, Rosa 39 Speonomus hydrophilus 178 Snail Cave 13 Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni 120, 189 Societ´ edeSp´ el´ eologie´ 50 Sphaeroceridae 118 Soecimen Faunae subterranean Sphalloplana percaeca 81 Soil Spicules 78 Organism 131 Sponges South Africa 93, 104 Calcareous (in caves) 77 Bovenplaats, Cape Colony (near Cave 78–9 Malmesbury) Freshwater cave 77 Doornkloof, Irene (near Pretoria) Morphology 78 Wonderfontein 191 Sri Lanka 124 South America 108, 115, 123 Stalactites South Carolina 36 Animals on 14, 16, 25 South Dakota 85 Staphylinidae 116

290 · Index

Steatornis caripensis 8, 15, 123 Thines,` Georges 57 Stenasellidae 95 Thomomys talpoides 207 Stenasellus strinatii 95 Thrombus jancai 77 Steatornidae 123–4 Thrysanoptera 112 Steatornithidae 163 Thysanura 111 Steatornis caripensis 163 Tineidae 117 Stepping-stone habitat 90 Tipulidae 118 Strabo 13 To nat i a bi de ns 126 Streblidae 118 Tomoceridae 109 Stygiomysis 92 Transient cave-dwelling species 144 Stygobitic 114 Transitional characteristics 131 Stygocyclopia australis 92 Transitional forms 209 Stygoparuns 114 Translucent Stygoporus 114 periderm tube 80 Stygotantulus stocki 92 Transformisme See evolution Stylocellus globosus 103 Trichomycterus itacarambiensis 138 Succession in caves 175–7 Trichopelatidae 107 Sulfidic springs 64 Trychophyton Sulfuric acid speleogenesis 170 mentagrophytes 71 Swiftlets (see also Apodidae) 112, 124, rubrum 71 157 terrestre 71 Swim (gas) bladder 138 Trichoptera 117 Switzerland 4, 7, 92 Trigiidae 112 Symphyla 109 Trinidad 123, 143, 176 Cumaca Cave 153, 163, 168 Taiwan 72, 126 Trissino, Giovanni Giorgio 6 Tanaidacea 95 Troglobitic 88, 95, 121, 132, 170 Tardigrada 104 Beetle 178 Tasmania 88, 109 Salamanders 152 Tauste, Francisco de 8 Species 137 Teilla sp. 78 Troglobites 14, 16, 141, 150 Teissier,´ Georges 58 Trogloglanis pattersoni 39, 134, 149 Tellkampf, August Otto Theodor 18 Troglomorphic 91, 95, 98, 110, 132, 143, Temperate regions 161, 169, 172, 176, 179, 147, 169, 171, 210 183 Animals 151 Temporal perspective 168 character 53, 133, 136, 153, 154, 156 Tenebrionidae 117 fish 31 Tennessee 36, 84, 121, 167 fish families 147 Tethya omanensis 79 gene 153 Tethys Sea 84 organisms 153, 172, 176, 212 Tettigoniidae 111 Species 137, 138, 148, 161, 162, 164 Texas 39, 72, 92, 121, 134, 160, 189, Troglomorphism 55, 111, 112, 115, 118, 193 120, 132, 133, 134, 149, 150, 152, Big Red Cave 200 153–5, 156–7, 162, 171, 175 Bracken Cave 203 Among hypogean fishes 134 San Antonio 125 Troglophile 14, 16, 98, 115, 116, 117 Thailand 103, 111, 136 Troglophilic 170 Thaumatocypridoidea 93 Troglophilius sp. 3, 15 Thecoscyphus zibrowii 80 Trogloxenes 14, 132, 174 Thermosbaenacea 93 Trophic structure of caves 169–75, 179, 211 Thetispelecaris remix Tropical regions 176, 179

Index · 291

‘True’ Ver tebrate Cave organism 162 cave 39 Cavernicole 162, 171 Vicariance distribution 141 Tuberochernes aalbui 102 Vire,´ Armand 50 Tuberochernes ubicki 102 Virgil 13 Twilight animals 14, 16, 25 Virginia 95, 121 Twilight zone 64, 65, 66, 76 Visual apparatus 151 Typhlichthys subterraneus 29, 30, 151, Reduction or loss of 90, 93, 94, 97, 133 198 Typhlobarbus nudiventris Wallich, Nathaniel 25 Typhlomolge rathbuni 122 Wang, Shouren 6 Typhlomolge robusta 122 Washington state 80 Typhologobius californiensis See Othonops eos Weismann, August 1194 51 West Virginia 72, 83, 121 Umbellieferous plant 22 Westwood, John Obadiah 24 United States (U.S.) 2, 10, 12, 14, 28, 29, Wind and Jewel Caves 85 30, 31, 43, 44, 50, 59, 60, 70, 75, 108, Wright, Sewall 58 114, 121, 126, 161, 162 Wyman, Jeffries 17, 20, 28, 33 Ursus americanus 193 Wyoming Ursus arctos 193 Lower Kane cave 63, 64, 169 U.S. Department of Agriculture 83 Xie, Yi Jing 6 Valvasor, Janez Vajkard 9 Xiphosura 96 Vandel, Albert 59 Vatican’s University, the 5 Younglove, J. E. 29 Veliidae 112 Yu c a t an´ Peninsula 91, 148, 155 Velkovrhia enigmatica 80 Venezuela 99, 107, 117 Zhu, Xi 6 Cueva del Guacharo´ (Oilbird cave) Zospeum spelaeum 13, 16 8 Zygomycota 70, 71