Important dates

17 August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian indepen- dence 12 November 1946 Linggajati agreement signed. Dutch recog- nize the Republic as authority in , Suma- tra and Madura. 20 July 1947 Dutch attack the Republic to occupy West Java, Madura, and Semarang, and areas around , and . Ceasefire at end July. 17 January 1948 New ‘Renville’ agreement with Dutch. February 1948 Stichting voor Culturele Samenwerking, (STICUSA, Dutch Institution for Cultural Co-operation) founded in Amsterdam (Ja- karta representative arrives January 1949) 20-24 August 1948 First Cultural Congress (Kongres Kebuda- jaan) in Magelang. Lembaga Kebudayaan (LKI) established. September 1948 Communist uprising in Madiun 18 December 1948 Dutch launch second attack to crush the Re- public 7 August 1949 Darul Islam movement, based in West Java, declares the establishment of Negara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic State). Rebel- lion continues until 1957-1958. 27 December 1949 Transfer of sovereignty from to Indonesia 18 February 1950 Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang (Testimo- nial of Beliefs) signed 14 April 1950 Proclamation of Republik Selatan (RMS) 4-6 August 1950 Konferensi Kebudajaan (Culture Confer- ence)

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6 August 1950 Angkatan Sasterawan 50 (ASAS 50, Associa- tion of 1950 writers) founded in Malaya (Sin- gapore), with slogan ‘sastra untuk masyarakat’ 16 August 1950 Dissolution of Republik Indonesia Serikat and return to Negara Kesatuan Republik In- donesia, (NKRI, Unitary State of the Repub- lic of Indonesia) 17 August 1950 Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat (LEKRA) founded and first Mukadimah (preamble) drawn up and signed 23 October 1950 Surat Kepercayaan Gelanggang published 17 August 1951 Rebellion under leadership of Kahar Muzak- kar in South 6-11 October 1951 Cultural Congress in (LKI orga- nized) 14 April 1952 LKI amalgamated into a larger advisory body called Badan Musjawarat Kebudajaan Nasi- onal (BMKN, Deliberative Body for National Culture) 7 August 1953 Kahar Muzakkar in announc- es his rebellion is now part of Negara Islam Indonesia (Darul Islam movement). 21 September 1953 Rebellion in Aceh July 1954 First official state cultural mission misi( kes- enian negara) tours PRC (July-October) 18-23 September 1954 Kongres Kebudayaan Indonesia (organized by BMKN), Solo 18-24 April 1955 Asia-Africa Meeting in Bandung July 1955 LEKRA national conference. A revised Mu- kadimah drawn up. 29 September 1955 First General Elections (for Members of Par- liament) and in December for Members of Constituent Assembly January 1956 STICUSA representing Indonesia formally abolished May 1956 President Soekarno visits the United States (visits Hollywood, addresses Congress) 24 September 1956 Himpunan Seni Budaya Islam (HSBI) estab- lished 21 December 1956 Detention of writer Mochtar Lubis

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21 February 1957 President Soekarno announces ‘konsepsi’ for gotong royong parliament of major parties, and NASAKOM alliance. 2 March 1957 Piagam Perjuangan Semesta Alam (Permes- ta, Universal Struggle Charter) declared in . Permesta rebellion begins. 14 March 1957 Martial law declared March 1957 Members of PPFI (The Association of Indo- nesian Film Companies) close their studios for 2 months in protest at overwhelming im- port of foreign film (especially from India) 20-24 July 1957 Kongres Kebudayaan (organized by BMKN), August 1957 State cultural mission tours Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, USSR, Egypt (August-No- vember) 15 February 1958 Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indone- sia (PRRI, The Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia) proclaimed in Padang (West ) September 1958 Masjumi and PSI banned in regions of rebel- lion for perceived sympathy with PRRI 22-28 January 1959 LEKRA holds national congress in Solo, and its 1957 manifesto officially adopted 20 May 1959 Lembaga Kebudajaan Nasional (LKN, In- stitute for National Culture) holds national congress in Solo and is officially inaugurated 5 July 1959 Presidential Decree. Indonesia ‘returned to 1945 Constitution’. Constituent Assembly dissolved. 17 August 1959 Soekarno’s Political Manifesto (MANIPOL- USDEK) sets out ideology of Guided Democ- racy 16-20 July 1960 Kongres Kebudayaan, (organized by BMKN) Bandung August 1960 Masjumi and PSI banned September 1960 Soekarno’s second visit to the US. Addresses the UN. December 1960-March 1961 ‘Floating Fair’ cultural mission to Honolulu, Japan, , the ,

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January 1961 Formation of Madjelis Seniman Budajawan Islam (MASBI) 15 April 1961 Presidential Decree restricting number of political parties to eight April-October 1961 Darul Islam, PRRI and Permesta rebels sur- render 14 July 1961 Mochtar Lubis detained again (after release in April) September-November 1961 State cultural missions to USSR, PRC, North Korea, North Vietnam 15-17 December 1961 Musjawarah Seniman Budayawan Islam held in Jakarta organized by MASBI and HSBI 28 July 1962 Lembaga Seniman Budayawan Muslimin In- donesia (LESBUMI) established 15 August 1962 Agreement on West Irian finally achieved with Dutch agreeing to transfer territory to UN interim administration on 1 October December 1963 Badan Musjawarah Kebudajaan Islam (BMKI) established March 1963 State cultural mission to the Philippines 4 April 1963 Konfrontasi (Confrontation) against Malay- sia announced 1 May 1963 UN entrusts West Irian to Indonesia (admin- istration taken from the Netherlands in Oc- tober 1962) 1963 LEKRA-sponsored cultural delegation to PRC, North Vietnam, North Korea 17 August 1963 Manifes Kebudayaan (Cultural Manifesto) published November 1963 Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) Jakarta March 1964 State cultural mission to Pakistan March-November 1964 Indonesian arts delegation at the New York World’s Fair; to the Netherlands and France in November April 1964 Festival Film Afrika-Asia (FFAA) III (Jakarta) 8 May 1964 Cultural Manifesto banned 9 May 1964 PAPFIAS (Panitia Aksi Pemboikotan Film Impe- rialis Amerika Serikat, Committee for the Boy- cott of American Imperialist Films) formed.

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May-June 1964 State cultural mission to Cambodia and Ja- pan 27 August-2 September 1964 Konfernas Sastra dan Seni Revolusioner (KSSR National Conference of Revolution- ary Literature and Art) Jakarta January 1965 Indonesia withdraws from United Nations March 1965 Indonesia announces its withdrawal from second year of New York World’s Fair March 1965 Konferensi Islam Afrika-Asia (KIAA), Band- ung May 1965 PKI’s 45th anniversary celebrations in Jakar- ta (includes staging of Djalalah partai dan negeri), 26-28 May May-July 1965 State cultural mission to PRC, North Korea, Japan 30 September-1 October 1965 announces esta- bishment of ‘Revolutionary Council’. Coun- ter-coup led by General . 9 October 1965 Parliament (DPR-GR) passes resolution to impeach Soekarno October 1965-February 1966 Mass killings of PKI members and those per- ceived to be aligned or sympathetic to PKI or leftist organizations. (Massacres particularly intense in East Java and Bali rural areas.) October 1965-1969 Rounding up and imprisonment of com- munists, communist or leftist sympathisers, and those perceived to have any leftist con- nections; most held without trial until late 1970s, many longer 11 March 1966 General Suharto’s formal accession to power 12 March 1966 PKI and LEKRA banned (TAP MPRS.25/ 1966) 21 June 1970 Death of (ex-President) Soekarno (under house arrest)

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