Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work No. 4/2015 No

Charity,Charity, Charity, PhilanthropyPhilanthropy and and Philanthropy andSocial Social Work Work Social Work No.No. No. 14 4

No. 4 List of reviewers: Mary Ann Krisman Scott Elizabeth Blunt Academic Council of the journal: Chairman of the Academic Council: Professor Krzysztof Rejman

, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of TechnologyVice-chairman and ofEconomics the Academic in Jarosław, Council: Rzeszow University of Technology Professor Tadeusz Bąk

, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology andOther Economics members in of Jarosław the Academic Council: Professor Beáta Balogová Professor Antonio Viorel Faur Professor Csilla Fedinec , University of Prešov Doc. PhD Tómaš Hangoni , University of Oradea Professor Kamil Kardis , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , University of Prešov Professor Galina Karpova, University of Prešov, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher ProfessorSchool of Technology Yvonne Kleinmann and Economics in Jarosław Professor Liudmyła Krywaczuk, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod Professor Peter Kónya , Leipzig University Doc. PhD Eduard Lukáč , Lwowski Państwowy Uniwersytet Bezpieczeństwa Professor Tatiana Matulayova, University of Prešov Professor Janusz Mierzwa, University of Prešov , Technical University of Liberec PhD Iryna Myszczyszyn , The Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow, ProfessorThe Bronisław Alena Markiewicz Novotná State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław Professor Grzegorz Ostasz, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Catholic University in Ružomberok Professor Mykola Pantyuk, University of Rzeszów, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław Professor Ilona Pesatova , The Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University Professorin Drohobycz Irina Petrova Ing. Jozef Polačko , Technical University of Liberec Professor Jan Rychlik , Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod Professor Nadia Skotna, International School of Management Slovakia in Prešov Professor Marek Storoška, Charles University Professor Beata Szluz , The Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University in Drohobycz Professor Leon Szot , International School of Management Slovakia in Prešov , University of Rzeszów Professor Joanna Truszkowska, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, The Bronisław ProfessorMarkiewicz Arkadiusz State Higher Żukiewicz School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław , Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw , University of Lodz QUARTERLY OF THE BRONISŁAW MARKIEWICZ STATE HIGHER SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS IN JAROSŁAW

Charity,Charity,Charity, Charity,PhilanthropyPhilanthropyPhilanthropy and and and Philanthropy andSocialSocial Social Work Work Work Social Work No. 1/20164/2015 No.No. 4 4

No. 4

EditorEditor WacławKrzysztof Wierzbieniec Rejman

Jarosław 20162015 Editorial Board:

Editor in chief:

Secretary:Professor Krzysztof Rejman

Thematic editor:PhD Alicja Kłos, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław Language editor: Professor Kamil Kardis, University of Presov, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław Technical editor: MA Switłana Panast, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław MA Małgorzata Wańkowicz, The Bronisław Markiewicz State EditorialHigher School Board of Technologymembers: and Economics in Jarosław PhD Jarosław Noworól,

PhD Marta Cebulak The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław PhD Anna Muzyczka, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław PhD Irena Brukwicka, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław PhD Barbara Stawarz, The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław , The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology ISSNand Economics 2353-4605 in Jarosław

The original version of the journal is a print version

Editorial Office address

: Publishing House of The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics Telephone:in Jarosław, Czarnieckiego 16 Street, E-mail37-500 address:Jarosław, Poland Website: (0048) 16 624 40 65 [email protected] www.socialwork.edu.pl

Jarosław 2016 Contents

Arkadiusz Żukiewicz ...... 7

DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK Anna Muzyczka,IN THE WELFARE Janusz MierzwaCENTRES ...... IN POLAND 17

CIVIL SOCIETY AS AN ELEMENT Kinga PrzybyszewskaOF SELF-GOVERNANCE ...... DEVELOPMENT 25

SOCIAL POLICY TOWARDS SINGLE-PARENT AND LARGE FAMILIES KatarzynaON THE Tomaszewska EXAMPLE OF ...... MASOVIAN VOIVODESHIP 31

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF AGEING Krzysztof IN THE Trębski LIVING ...... ENVIRONMENT OF AN OLD PERSON 43

Halina CODEPENDENCEStecko, Sylwia Stecko AS AN ...... ISSUE IN THE ALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY 53

AROUND THE TERMS: “SOCIAL HELP AND SOCIAL WORK”

Arkadiusz Żukiewicz University of Lodz The Department of Social Pedagogy

DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK IN THE WELFARE CENTRES IN POLAND

Summary: Social Work is one of the essential lement sin the Polish welf are system. Empirical research shows that social work, as one of the elements of welfare, is practically marginalized. Social work is determined by many factors: 1. Social Pol- itic (social and welfare policy, legal regulations); 2. Institutions and organizations; 3. Social Workers. This article will concentrate on the practical side of identity problems and suggestions to solve them. As a result of a research, four different types of social workers have been identified: – a reformer (dynamic); – a conformist (static); – an official (conservative); – a dummy (regressive).

Determining the actual state of affairs enables us to elaborate on definition of the ideal social worker. An ideal social worker should be able to realize the following roles: Helper; Rescuer; Advisor; Informer; Intermediary; Animator; Reformer; Planner; Researcher; Co-ordinator; Master; Disciple. In the case of social workers their training should guarantee the ability to perform all the roles indispensable for carrying out the strategic objectives.

Keywords: social work, social worker, social policy, determinants of social work, welfare system, social pedagogy. 8

Page less insight and 2) individuals (families) receiving help themselves for the brief the for themselves help receiving (families) individuals 2) and insight less with work social 1) parties: two by research caused is work social to of marginalization the According 1998]. [Marzec-Holka, marginalized practically is fare, dividual andfamily [Dz.U. 8.5]. 1990,art. in better a strivefavouringfor help above-mentionedconditions objectivesthat and regain the ability to function in reinforcethe society.to Importantly,families and social work individuals supports, excluded socially for help give to aim that organizations al non-government or government the by provided are which ties Introduction time withoutfuture considerations. 2) 1) S that may enrichtheenvironment around them[Żukiewicz, 2002a]. efforts and attitudes their in changes to leading directions the towards ing, activating and influencingdestitute individuals and families positively motivat for aiming work social is alternative The welfare. or security of and fleeting sense of security, which in reality cannot be counted as a form long in think must terms for the ideal of permanent security of their lives, destitute not for temporary The used. are instruments help of forms the needy to beableto standontheir own feet. help to but support, on poor the dependenceof the strengthen to not is work social of stronger.aim becomes The organizations and institutions social on (families) individuals needy the of dependence Consequently, attitude. passive and demanding of emergence the to contributes it run, of support, appears to be the right instrument overall, however in the long form immediatemoney, preferred.the Distributing be being to is aid cial financial situations and problems given various Moreover, the attitude to the needy will not improve, if only immediate only if improve, not will needy the to attitude Moreover,the for understanding and insight less with workers social example, For Empirical research shows that social work, as one of the elements of wel tem [MPiPS, 1994]. The legislator defines it as the full range of activi of range full the as it defines legislator The 1994]. [MPiPS, tem sys welfare Polish the in elements essential the of one is Work ocial DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK INTHEWELFARE CENTRES INPOLAND

support . It is true that for many social workers, immediate finan Arkadiusz Żukiewicz prefer

the

option

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- - - - - 9 1/2016 welfare policy welfare and Social The worker’s mentality is prag is mentality worker’s The . The nature of the three factors above as a second main factor are independent Social Workers. Social Workers. Social Politics organizations organizations being the most important factors in welfare system stand as stand system welfare in factors important most the being and Social work is determined by many factors. Institutions the is factor main third The legal regulations legal proposal of the tool of analysis of the tool proposal ‒ Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, work of social Determinants factors [Żukiewicz, 2002a]. The workers, perceived as a main determinant factor; factor; determinant main a as perceived workers, The 2002a]. [Żukiewicz, factors oth the to compared intimate most the of that is Work Social to relationship their er main determinants. The social remain closest workers in terms of conceptual (Fig. 1). of Social Work the sphere to relations lations and policies handed down from Social Politics to institutions and organi rules the following by needy the to assistance provide to is mission Their zations. influencedirectly therefore, Workers, Social The system. welfare the by stipulated the status and stance of The Social as workers, Work. a main determinant factor, relationship to Social is Work that of most intimate compared to the other main determines the quality of welfare institutions and organizations. and organizations. institutions the quality of welfare determines high the to emphasize and examine they turn, in and Politics Social of rules the on of Social Politics. and status the role possible est degree matic. They are the sole practitioners who implement and various execute regu and two pillars that help sustain Page Fig 1.Therelationships ofthedeterminants Work inSocial represents psychologically interior status compared to others. For example, the per Forthe example,others. to compared status representspsychologicallyinterior and confirmed by the fact that its placement in the catalogue of welfare system tasks, 10as a complementary form of help. The tendency to marginalize social work is evident 414]. However, at the level of legal regulations, social work remains to be viewed only mate and instrument that may be applied in the practice of welfare [Dz. U. Nr 64, poz. With the domain of political and systemic assumptions social work is a legiti DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK INTHEWELFARE CENTRES INPOLAND Arkadiusz Żukiewicz - - Page ------11 1/2016 So far the need for improvement of the status of Social Work has been been have types of social workers different four As of a a result research, The The collected empirical material shows that the continuously grow

A political will to implement solutions based on the motivational mod In regard to social welfare, social market economy assumes that the needy needy the that assumes economy market social welfare, social to regard In a reformer (dynamic); a reformer (static); a conformist an official (conservative); (regressive). a dummy - - - - a preferred form of welfare.e [Szubert, 1993; Księżopolski, 1996]. The discrep The 1996]. Księżopolski, 1993; [Szubert, welfare.e of form preferred a

identified [Żukiewicz, 2002a, s. 127]: identified [Żukiewicz, considered in a rather theoretical sense. For the remainder of this article we will we article this of remainder the For sense. theoretical rather a in considered concentrate on the practical side of identity problems and suggestion to manner. them in an effective solve scale [Żukiewicz, 2002b]. The examined Welfare Centres indicate limited diag nostic the 2002a]. between [Żukiewicz, potential inconsistency from This results political assumptions and practice as well as fallacious legal regulations giving priority to financial help. better However, co-operation with private welfare in stitutions the creates possibility of more help precise and to effective the person overcome. are stereotypes if negative in need of welfare, ing potential of the private sector in the welfare system is not used co-operation Lack of 1997]. [Urbaniak, tasks out the systemic in carrying enough effectively and co-ordination between public institutions and commercial or non-profit or micro and macro the on help of efficiency and decreaseseffectiveness ganizations as ancy between the theory and practiceindicates the need to improve the welfare which institutions legal of functioning the for conditions create to order in system will bring the desired consequences by improving social conditions institutions welfare of the intervention situation necessitates whose and families of people 1994]. [Auleytner, pendently from a welfare system. a welfare from pendently el [Żukiewicz, 2002c] of welfare policy is expressed; on the other hand, the law duplicates the solutions typical for the redistribution model [Żukiewicz, 2002c] functioning in the previous system consisting in distributing financial help is not only considered least but also preferred less [Żukiewicz, 2002a]. Such trend economy. social market assumptions of with the political is inconsistent individuals and families will be assisted to the of any point further welfare assistance. Its where assumptions hold they that the needy can individu be free als and families must be taken care of so that they can function in society inde Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, of help. Social other workform any financial assistance over prefer is to trend vading Page ever,carealwaysthe not is byaccompanied completeinvolvement workthe and cess of gaining economic independence or integration with the community. How the workers and the people under the care favour the co-operationbetween during understanding the of pro full empathy.Relations by accompanied is sionalism Profesinvolvement. and honesty conscientiousness, by characterised are They and activating itsinternal potential [Żukiewicz, 2002a]. intervening by care its under people of communities the penetrates group This people. needy the helping in processes the supporting organisations and tutions tem. They display welfaresysthe in changes characterisedbyopennessto and highly qualified are they as workers social of category desirable most the is reformer,This the 32%. – type first the of representatives the are (Poland) Wrocław in WelfareCentres educational standards for a higher service to the needy. It may be unanimously be may needy.It the to service higher a for standards educational their of improvement in interested not are dummies The money). from (apart administered be could 12that help potential the and situations existential their in in displaying the negative attitude towards the people in needwho lack orientation al matters are the features characteristic of this type. They differ from other types fects of their attitude. Passivity, regression, pessimism, indifference to profession derstanding, sometimeseven sympathy [Żukiewicz, 2002a]. un and partnership on personally,based and individually cases their treat who as improper. Research shows that welfare beneficiaries need contact with people deemed maybe need in people relationswith their in official characteristican of seems to be suited to function in public administration but assuming the attitudes alize and absence of individualization in the relation with the destitute. This type administrative and legal relationship predominate. There are tendencies to gener potential a in parties as beneficiaries their of Stereotypicalperformwell.toview tendency the and duty of sense the from reg only legalresults Professionalism the ulations. from resulting rules the on based work only but service a not is are characterised by a matter-of-fact and unemotional attitude to their work. This generally accepted standards [Żukiewicz, 2002a]. within onlyperforming to limited are service merelyasa appear whichactivities their However,practice, mission. in their of awareness general and job the with themselves identifying by characterised are conformists The professionalism. their developing and system the or individual the for changes causing care, peopleunder the the benefiting activities additional undertake actively not do ers A dummy, represented by 13%, needs no arguing about the negative ef negative the about arguing no needs 13%, bydummy, represented A Official types constitutes a group greater than the previous one, 28%. They 27%. largest, third the are type conformist the of representatives The various of workers social examined 120 the among group largest The DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK INTHEWELFARE CENTRES INPOLAND a genuineurge for involvement in co-operation with other insti Arkadiusz Żukiewicz ------Page ------13 1/2016 to elaborate to

enablesone – reveals, analyses, and interprets social – participates in inspiring, implement elaborating, – aims at co-ordination and co-operation of an individual – supports in seeking help from proper institutions and or and institutions proper from help seeking in supports – – initiates new forms of helping people in difficult situations – initiates social activity and inspires self-help to satisfy exis – informs as to the possibilities of problems solutions the and as possibilities help to of – problems informs – continuously gains knowledge to improve professional quali – analyses and evaluates phenomena leading up to the need – advises and helps to solve existential problems to the people – passes on their own professional experience to trainees and less and trainees to experience professional own their on passes – – organizes the first contact with the beneficiary, performs pre Determining the actual states of affairs of affairs the actual states Determining experienced colleagues to induce them into reality of social work; reality induce them into colleagues to experienced Disciple so of area the in changes of dynamics the in orientation full and fications cial work. creates the concepts of programmes of social activities; the concepts of programmes creates Co-ordinator with institutions and organisations to carry out the tasks of the welfare system; Master Planner (promoter) Planner ing and developing of social programmes directed towards the quality of life; improving (diagnostician) Researcher quali increasing relations, interpersonal influencing problems and needs also problems, social positively solving and overcoming as well as life of ty Animator and communities; needs of persons, families, tential Reformer could which organisations and institutions of emergence the inspires and the situation; improve services indispensible to provide Advisor themselves; problems their solve will be able to subsequently who Informer and organisations; institutions proper obtained from be may which Intermediary ganisations; Helper specialist proper the to transfers and problem the of assessment liminary unit; Rescuer the benefits; grants and system of the welfare

12. 10. 11. 8. 9. 6. 7. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. this type as it detrimental is the to not institution only and the but destitute, also 2002a]. [Żukiewicz, system welfare the whole to on the definition of an ideal social worker (in terms of his/her role when forming per operational activities). An ideal social worker should be able to realize 2001]: [Żukiewicz, roles the following Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, stated here that welfare institutions and organisations cannot afford to employ Page a social worker must skilfully deal with; which phenomena the are frustration attitude, demanding helplessness, sivity, fromtoextremenihilism aggressionPoverty, [Żukiewicz,2002a]. them, pathology, towardspas attitudes various assume who customers their of problems the with confronted constantly are workers the service this In health. mental own their protecting of instruments the with candidates the providing is training al frequently undertaken by socialworkers intheir professional activities. more be formwill this factthat effectivethe result and in will This influence. social work social of importance the of aware be should candidates the trainingdur the that ing important also is It system. welfare the in serving people the by made choice the obviousof operationalan consequence of toundertaketasksis kinds all per to ability the strategicthe out forobjectives.rolescarrying indispensable the form all Readiness guarantee should training their workers social of case the In 14 the European Union. with co-existing of process the in stage indispensable an is which Poland in icy pol welfare of model motivationaltowards changes systemic of directions with coincides effectresponsibility. keepingThis and problems social solving in ence ty. This form of assistance also activates their potential. This increases independ of the receivers, their economic independence and integration with the communi lifestyles and attitudes of change permanent in results work Social Centres. fare Wel of work the of range and level proper the ensure should work, social gate propa and undertake to obliged councils, Local system. welfare the in priority the increase of generalwith Hopefully, awareness assistance. of social its as positive act role, social the work in will defined get increased and directly indicated is of the forms of social help. Independent of where it is in the catalogue, social work Conclusion situation andsupportingthemincarryingoutconsecutive stagesoftheprocess. The task is to involve the person in need in the activities aiming at improving their independence. economic and integration social of process the in supporting and stimulating in but beneficiaries the for things doing in consist not can Help ities. tive but it can not negatively influence the rationalization of the undertaken activ

eerh eut poe ht nte iprat lmn i profession in element important another that prove results Research oih eiltr olg lcl onis o ar ot oil ok s one as work social out carry to councils local oblige legislators Polish DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WORK INTHEWELFARE CENTRES INPOLAND Arkadiusz Żukiewicz empathy musttrigger motivation to be ac ------Page . ------15 ma ryn Pra i 1990 reali , War , 1/2016 realiza a Supińska, Supińska, społecznej, Studia – listopada , Wrocław: UW. Wrocław: , sposobów gospodarki 29 , UW, Warszawa. , UW, studiowania do reformy Polsce , ”Praca Socjalna”, 4. Socjalna”, , ”Praca społecznej do [in:] R. Stankiewicz dnia w z , maj 1994 – maszynopis. – 1994 maj , Społecznej pomocy wyznaczniki przejściu pomocy po [in:] A. Rajkiewicz, J. Rajkiewicz, A. [in:] Materiały [in:] K. Marzec-Holka (ed.), (ed.), Marzec-Holka K. [in:] jako społecznej społecznej Pomocy społecznej możliwości pomocy polityki a społecznej , Poznań-Zielona Góra: Eruditus. Góra: , Poznań-Zielona społecznej społeczna. polityki o społecznej podopiecznych Ośrodków model sferze

polityki Ustawa w polityce Polityka polityki w Socjalna nowy , ”Praca socjalna”, 3. socjalna”, , ”Praca O Roszczenia wolontariusze i Modele działań Pracownik socjalny jako wychowawca jako socjalny Pracownik Modele Praca Role zawodowe pracowników socjalnych pracowników zawodowe Role Zmiany a działaniem pomiędzy ideą społeczna Polityka socjalni Warszawa: IPiPS. Warszawa: Kierunki , ”Polityka Społeczna”, 3. Społeczna”, , ”Polityka teriały, zacji pracy socjalnej pracy zacji kowej cja funkcji zawodu pracownika socjalnego pracownika zawodu funkcji cja cownicy WSP. Bydgoszcz: M. Księżopolski (eds.), Księżopolski M. p. 69-79. Interart, szawa: Nauczyciel, wychowawca, opiekun wychowawca, Nauczyciel, Żukiewicz A. (2002b): Żukiewicz (ed.), (2002c): A. Żukiewicz Szupbert W. (ed.), (1993): (ed.), W. Szupbert Urbaniak B. (1997): A. (2001): Żukiewicz (2002a): A. Żukiewicz Marzec-Holka Marzec-Holka K. (1998): (1994), MPiPS Aulaytner J. (1994): Aulaytner roku, 1990 z 414 poz. 64, Nr Dz.U. (1996): M. Księżopolski Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, Bibliography:

Anna Muzyczka The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław Janusz Mierzwa The Jan Grodek State Higher Vocational School in Sanok

CIVIL SOCIETY AS AN ELEMENT OF SELF-GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT

Summary: The idea of civil society lies within the community, the operating principles of which comprise the citizens themselves. It is an ideal creation where attempts of forming such mature society, based on citizens’ activity, had been last- ing for a long time and in the result shall lead to building a democratic state. The role of citizens is voluntary and conscious participation in public and political life and readiness to discuss the roles and values of common good. Mature civil society has possibilities to create social attitudes and behaviors of groups and individuals, influence the functioning of public and social institutions and organizations. It pos- sesses the ability of self-organization and activity based on cooperation. Clashing of various interests and activity groups creates the area for conscious citizens who are the basis of civil society. The process of political transformation in Poland was meant to lead to development of self-governance based on local self-government inspiring the activity of citizens. The role of territorial self-government in transition from the structures of authoritarian society, with every area being subordinated to the state, to the civil system shall be based on supporting the creation of social cohesion, stimulating activities and creativity of citizens and supporting the local civil initiatives leading to solution of common problems.

Keywords: self-governance, civil society, activity, participation. T - he period of political transformation in Poland has shown the enor- mous social potential, which was unveiled through, or as a result of withdrawal of the state from the social activity, and through creation of bot tom-up activities, which are one of the most efficient methods of stimulating civil Page il society must be supported by at least the majority of the society. The models society.The the of majority the least at by supported be must society il civ as described, be to are they but state the of role the reduce activity social of which decidesaboutthedirection for civil development. or responsibility to dowork asadutytowards thestate andcommunity towardsothers respect failures, of acceptance cooperate, to ability the by fested mani consciousness, and activity civil namely virtues, moral Accepting culture. organizationskeycivilrolecivilveryand the and zens theof institutions little) is nisms providing socialbalanceandcivil culture, strengthening thestate. condition to create “civil virtue” within society is the existence of effective mecha The cohesion. social on based virtue” “civil of sense the in development ernance self-gov of beginning the was self-governments local of creation The activities. 1 and integrated community. In such society people are trustworthy and consociate the public funds are spent and decisions are made. This can be achieved by active how locally, check to important is it formally representatives, selected through representatives. Regardless of how well the duties are fulfilled by self-government ing process, concerning the important life issues of citizens into the hands of their tutions andprivate (civil-law), allowing free useofitsown assets[Kowalska, 2009]. decision-making on behalf of self-government for relationships with other state insti enabling (public), entity legal has self-governmentterritorial the scope, subjective a tion for belongingness to a certain community is permanent residence at a locality. As of a self-government community of local people, residing in a specific comprised area. The condi is it scope objective an as perspectives: various from it at look Youmay civil capital[Internet sources: 1]. “dirty” creating thus purposes, other serve to used were values protecting and havebuilding good, examplescommon facedcarethe of wherefor the used tools We 2012]. [Sasinowski, society civil “proper” of functioning the guarantee not of organizational, legal andinstitutionalareas. respect in life, social of areadeveloping constantly and new a still is ganizations or non-government of sector the Poland, In organizations. non-government of of social activity are manifested throughout many forms, including the operations 18 Ministry ofSocialPolicy, Warszawa 2005. with state andmarket, where people undertake free debate aboutthe values comprising ofcommon good and freely cooperate “ Civil society is an area isan operationof organizations,Civil society institutions, of social groups individuals, extending and through family, each The Self-government community is createdforwardtoSelf-governmentdecision-mak is The the community self-government. local is society civil of features fundamental the of One Nonetheless, the network of people, communities and organizations does rules characteristic The phenomenon. complex very a is society Civil competition, of form a as conflict a includes feature characteristic The citi its (prohibiting regulations law as such mechanisms the Alongside other to CIVIL SOCIETY AS ANELEMENT OFSELF-GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT fulfill common interests.” Anna Muzyczka, JanuszMierzwa – Strategy for Support for Development of Civil Society for 2007 – 2013, – 2007 for Society Civil of Development for Support for Strategy – 1 . ------Page ------19 sector, 1/2016 third non-government called and so to down individuals brought private be by often can fulfilled and aspect initiated practical in focusing the social capital of local and self-gov and local of capital social the focusing 2 character society”

public “civil of term the enterprises that all Chancellery of the Senate, Civil Society and its institutions, January 2014, p. 4. Civil Chancellery of the Senate, includes highlighted Civil Civil society includes two areas: civil group activity – operations There There are numerous ways to fulfill the idea of civil society. The process The rule, the idea of civil society is based on, uses the fact that a human The basic feature of civil society is the consciousness of the communi The possibility of creating and articulating different points of views, seek views, of points different articulating and creating of possibility The be must is only a preliminary condition, tools and institutions, without which the cre distinct through separation into private and public entities and private and public areas of operation. First sector is a mar sector First of operation. and public areas and private and public entities private into separation distinct through public. Third and aims are entities where administration, is state sector Second private. and aims are entities where ket – civil society term of the understanding such For is civil society. public – this and aims are private are entities where sector functioning organizations. It Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, mutual trust and ability for solidary cooperation and partnership. solidary cooperation mutual trust and ability for 2 of non-government organizations non-government of conscious social and movements social groups, informal - communities ernment ness. The creation of sense of community and liberating social power to activity constitutes the basis building, for the so-called sector”- a “third to build platform ation of free society and equal citizens is impossible. For such legal basis, there influences commitment of level Citizens’ commitment. direct and activity be must needs’ their of form direct a being development, institutions’ civil of dynamics the absent is citizen the Where 2012]. [Sasinowski, representation interest social and a individual, the public administration intervenes and forces its own solutions, [Bujak, 2014]. the institutions’ perspective good from is diverse, depending on community. Boundary conditions of such processes in Po in processes such of conditions Boundary community. on depending diverse, is land were described by the constitution, principle of service subsidiary, minded role of public administration, Civil Service, free media, judicial It independence. dividual dividual chooses conditions how the will favorable created be used and what re 2]. sources: [Internet sults will be achieved is a social being, cannot live alone, and to be fulfilled in life, considering the hu man aspect, needs other people. Hence we everyone live shall together, actively 2]. sources: [Internet the better and change it for the reality create sources: 1]. sources: ty’s needs and striving towards its fulfillment, active and responsible interests of the community issues. The members of the community pursue the creation of such reality when everyone is equal and has equal chances – whereas the in each other and are tolerant of distinctness [Wendt, 2007]. distinctness [Wendt, of tolerant and are each other ing a compromise, and the consent for coexistence of different attitudes “based (es community of shape such by complemented be shall tolerance, of rule the on pecially self-government), so as the commonly realized goals and the communi ty development could be debated about by the individuals concerned” [Internet to to fulfill common goals. They may have different views and beliefs, but respect Page ment organizations. non-govern of projects in nor authorities local of initiatives involvedin not are they it; in interested not are themselves citizens the affairs, public managing in citizens the engage to eager not are authorities local that belief accompanying an is There change. real a to lead cannot that authorities political top in places” It isconfirmedby thelow level ofvoter turnout over thelast years. self-governance. The level of public involvement in local issues is exceptionally low. their people weaned which living, of place the at not and work of place the in ities areacrosscarried organization,focusingsocial policies activrunning citizens’ and history,Polish which of divisions,years with laboriously.associatedcreated is is It land, where additionally there is alack of traditions in this Poarea, such consciousness in and process, a is society civil of rules of creation and consciousness Social f iw sc opruiy a eald y rain f eortc institutions democratic communi regional and everyterritorialdivision.levelLocal on of civilsociety of of creation by enabled was opportunity such view, of 20community.points legal-formalthe Fromthe in potential the of fulfillment atory institution, to which all members of the community belong, shall enable the oblig over self-government [Wytrążek, 2010,Rejman, 2007]. and is also a source of partnership cooperation, inspiration and control of citizens helps to define and influences achievement of aims and tasks of self-government, group civil a as society, organized the as civil) (self-governmental, societies cal lo of functioning correct enable to resources financial of availability and tion) informa to access the to right the (e.g. rights own of awareness the and ment, civilinvolvesolutions, legal bycoherenceof state the and community) ernment, of thewhole society(notonly by providing employment) [Giza,Rogaczewska, 2014]. goals the fulfills it interests,neighbor own its fulfilling from movements.business, Apart parish or hood small of activities the in visible is it But low. very is which for trust levelinvolvementof the of formsassociations), classical (politics, in used not is people. The above acts are completely spontaneous and informal. This social potency of theseinstitutions. operations towardsthe distance of sense and reluctance overcomesocial to low al will institutions public with experience positive future, the In 2014]. wska, Rogacze [Giza, debates” social fictional not true, transparency,and izens, dialog of public institutions, imputing the mechanisms of responsibility towards the cit The coexistence of three social life categories: private, public (self-gov public private, categories: life social three of coexistence The Polish in inherent are selflessness and altruism kindness, as virtues Such recovery the from start shall activity civil for citizens of “Motivation “changing of activity an as citizens by perceived often are Elections, To conclude, it must be stated, that territorial self-government as a public The process of creating the sense of community in every society is slow. is society every in community of sense the creating of process The CIVIL SOCIETY AS ANELEMENT OFSELF-GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT Anna Muzyczka, JanuszMierzwa ------Page

------21 Zarys 1/2016 decentral ludnościo podstawo samorządu zarządzania – polityki ”Przedsiębiorczość Program , Warszawa. , ”Samorząd Teryto ”Samorząd , regionalizacji. Polityka Polityka Społeczna , Rocznik Lubuski, zadania problemy a zdrowie za Polsce założeń polskiej Przesłanki bezpieczne. starszych terytorialnego świetle Współczesne rzeczywistość, rodziny , Warszawa 1998. , Warszawa w a lokalnego ludzi przyjazne, J. Koziński, rodziny samorządu potrzeb ich i samorządu sprawne, oczekiwania współczesnej ‒ rozwoju i Realizacja Seniorzy Państwo , Nauki społeczne socialsciences 2(8), Akademia Pedagogi Akademia 2(8), socialsciences społeczne Nauki , , Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Często Przemiany państwa zdrowotna 2013 w i filantropii Zarys dobroczynności historii Odpowiedzialność funkcji Polski opieka http://www.foresightobywatelski.pl, dnia 27.10.2014 r. http://www.foresightobywatelski.pl, w ochronie zdrowia z perspektywy systemu i organizacji, i organizacji, systemu z perspektywy zdrowia ochronie w I, http://piz.san.edu.pl. zeszyt 10, część XIV, tom i Zarządzanie”, wej ki Specjalnej w Warszawie. terytorialnego Politicae. Seria: Res chowie, wa nr 11-12/2009 r. izacji nr 7, rialny”, p. 7 [in:] E. Wysocka, i polityki przestrzennej rozwoju strategii poz. 483 z późn. zm.). 32, cz. 2. tom Such paradigms of legal solutions in Poland were standards of functioning of standards were Poland in solutions legal of paradigms Such Bibliography: Beisert M. (2006): functioning in the European Union were implemented on Polish grounds. Public changes, brought both in political have and economic reforms administration ar with European integration Polish impact and for consequences eas; with cultural frames and basis institutional of setting by described is significance key Its Union. society. of civil development for of thereof. Non-formal movements shall be created independently, bottom-up, and the itself process is difficult more and depends on the maturity of structures 1997]. [Kulesza, and individuals of territorial organization of the country and region introduced within the Eu ropean Union. Devised paradigms, legal and economic standards successfully Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, representation are structures managerial the to elections direct the in elected ties, Łuszczyńska M. (2013): M. Łuszczyńska Kuś M., M. Szwed Kuś (2012): Leś E. (2001): R., Kautsch Lewandowski Ł. M., (eds.): Sułkowski Kulesza M. (ed.), (1997): (ed.), M. Kulesza Giza A., Rogaczewska M.: Przestrzenie obywatelskie w Polsce, w Polsce, obywatelskie M.: Przestrzenie A., Rogaczewska Giza Konstytucja Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. (Dz. U. Nr 78, Kowalska I., Europejska Karta Samorządu Terytorialnego. Europejska Page aot sai smrąnśi Plc, aatjc dsukj, zasadnicze dysfunkcje, Narastające Polsce, w samorządności stanie o Raport przez 2007−2015”,przyjęta lata na zdrowia ochrony rozwoju “Strategia Raport T.Rabska (2003): (2000): T. Rabska (2010): A. Ptak 22terytorialnego podziału trójstopniowego zasadniczego wprowadzeniu o Ustawa (2013): J. Zaleski J., Szlachta Szatur-Jaworska B., Błędowski P., Dzięgielewska M. (2006): Starościak J.(1960): Słownik języka polskiego Sasinowski H. (2012): Sanecki M. (2011): (2007): K. Rejman lata na Obywatelskiego Społeczeństwa Rozwoju Wspierania Strategia Raport: Obywa Kongres polskiej, rodziny współczesnej przemiany – Rodzina Raport: kwestii dotycząca strategia Nasza Ludzie: Zdrowsi Życie, Zdrowsze Raport: społecznej and Management1/2012. cji tom I, Szkoła Zdrowia PublicznegoCMKPwWarszawie, Warszawa. [in:] Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej wJarosławiu. [in:] 2007‒2013, Ministerstwo Polityki Społecznej,Warszawa 2005. telski. zdrowia publicznegowAnglii, 2010. dylematy, konieczne działania,Kraków 2013. Radę Ministrów w2005 r. i Socjologiczny” 1993,z.3. tywy 23.05.2000 wowej izowanej ego samorządu nego w Polsce państwa zdnia24lipca1998r. (Dz.U. z1998r., Nr96,poz.603). gionalnej zuwzględnieniem zasady partnerstwa Ktda azdai Poucą Pltcnk Baotca Economy Białostocka, Politechnika Produkcją, Zarządzania Katedra , samorządu przebudowy administracji lokalnej) J. Jrsasi Sui Soeze 220, aołw Wydawnictwo Jarosław: 2/2007, Społeczne” Studia ”Jarosławskie CIVIL SOCIETY AS ANELEMENT OFSELF-GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENT pod plk (d) (2011): (ed.), Opolski Ewolucja przez , Warszawa, s.22. Samorząd patronatem , Warszawa, Dział Wydawniczy KancelariiSenatu,. Systemy zdrowia, Procesy transformacji,Przyczyny icele terytorialnego Polska Decentralizacja administracji , Uniwersytet Adama MickiewiczawPoznaniu. Społeczeństwo Komisję terytorialnego , Warszawa 1981. Kapitał systemu Anna Muzyczka, JanuszMierzwa myśl terytorialny Model instytucjonalny dla prowadzenia re polityki Marszałka Samorządu społeczny wyborczego samorządowa III obywatelskie Rzeczpospolitej w Zdrowie publiczne, Wybrane zagadnienia

Polsce w Senatu strukturze Terytorialnego w do ‒ , ”Ruch Prawniczy,”RuchEkonomiczny , Materiały prof. organów , Warszawa. i społeczeństwie i jego rola [in:] aparatu dr , Ekspertyza dlaMRR. rola nauki hab.

Dziesięć Podstawy gerontologii samorządu i z w Administracji konferencji Alicji budowie państwa w

przywróceniu lat obywatelskim Grześkowiak, odrodzon terytorial demokra ( perspek zorgan Państ zmian ------,

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r. r. 23 po oby 2013 1/2016 2013 r. 2013 r. nadzieje, społeczeństwa szanse, aktywności tysiącleciu: i trzecim struktur w starsi , PAN, IgiPZ, Warszawa. , PAN, przestrzenny Ludzie Decentralizacja administracji publicznej, Warszawa. administracji Decentralizacja Wymiar , Wrocław. wa-obywatelskiego. 5.10.2014. tana-szansa-refleksja-o-nadziejach-i-mozliwosciach. watelskiego w Polsce watelskiego trzeby Poz. 596). Poz. 594). Poz. 595). poz. z 2013 r., Wnuk Wnuk W. (red.) (2002): (2010): W. Wytrążek Ustawa z dnia 5 czerwca 1998 r. o samorządzie (t.gminnym jedn. z z Dz. dnia Ustawa U. 5 1998 czerwca r. Ustawa z dnia 5 czerwca 1998 r. o samorządzie powiatowym (t. jedn. Dz. U. Wendt, J. (2007): Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, z U. Dz. (t. jedn. województwa samorządzie o 1998 czerwca 5 dnia z Ustawa Internet sources: Internet http://ofop.eu/aktualnosci/strategia-rozwoju-spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84st http://detektywi.interklasa.pl/spoleczenstwo%20obywatelskie http://zbigniewbujak.natemat.pl/50797,solidarnosc-niewykorzys

Kinga Przybyszewska State University of Applied Sciences in Konin

SOCIAL POLICY TOWARDS SINGLE-PARENT AND LARGE FAMILIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF MASOVIAN VOIVODESHIP

Summary: Realization of the family friendly social policy, which is the family social policy, seems to be very easy and obvious in Poland, since the Polish society deems the family to be the most crucial and permanent value. Social policy and social work help the whole family while helping individuals. The analysis of the support for the family can be carried out by using a few aspects: financial assistance and family support projects.

Keywords: Social policy, social assistance, single-parent family, large family.

In Poland, as in the whole European Union, social policy is an important area of integration and is usually understood as actions taken on behalf of all members of society, according to their socially important needs [Dziewięcka- Bokun, 2000, p. 10 ]. A huge responsibility rests with the state institutions established to protect families. Activities on their behalf should focus primarily on the protection of the rights, equal opportunities in life by facilitating access to education, health care system and protecting in the face of risk and different social threats [Kłos, 2013, p. 174 ]. In the global literature on the subject, reasonableness of changes in social policy is mainly seen as a more explicit need to synchronise changes in the sphere of labour market, family and state policy [Esping-Andersen, 2010]. A distinctive feature of modern social policy is its decentralisation. Local social policy is organised by local authorities, having the best recognition of the environmental needs, families, the elderly, the disabled, the homeless, foreigners living in the community without a residence permit, children and youth, labour market, etc. Page the scopeofwhich isdefinedinPoland asfollows [ policy,social state of institution an is assistance Social individuals. helping while wholefamilyworkthe social help and value. policy permanent Social and crucial most the be familyto the deems society Polish since obvious and easyvery be to 2 them let to families to granted 1 aid financial of card. forms the family of one large is programme a or allowances benefits, various of form in assistance financial on rely also difficult can childrenhousing with or Families a allowances.subsidies of form in the in themselvesstate the from find help on count and can situation independent becoming are benefits. and/or that grants either Families of form the in families to granted is assistance contributions and fund alimony the from to thepensionschemeofsocialinsurance accountfor almostahalfofthebudget). benefits benefits, family same (the JOPS of part significant a represent families of governmenttypes directedExpenditureitemslocal both to institutions. of a family in connection with having children or programs implemented by various programs for families. Such assistance may be considered with support a and assistance residential material situation assistance, financial aspects: various considering family crises[ or illness long-term disability, unemployment, violence, familydomestic addiction, as the of helplessness the such dysfunctions, other with combines is which education, and care of matters in structure, the of regardless children, with (many children and broken home) overlap. The most common problem of families interventions. The position of families is especially difficult when both situations work social multiple of assistance social within intervention the require which 26 vate firms. Big Family Card provide a number of discounts and additional powers for family 3+ in public institution but also in pri JOPS are alltheinstitutionswhich provide helpfor thefamilies among communityormunicipal • • • • • • those as Poland in recognisedhave familiesbeen large and Single-parent within self-help and assistance social the definedneeds. of forms new of development implementation oftasks resulting from identifiedsocialneeds; social for demand emerging assistance benefits; phenomena of evaluation and analysis operation anddevelopment ofthenecessarysocialinfrastructure; social work; granting and payment of benefits stipulated by the Act on Social Assistance; seems policy, social friendly family of implementation the Poland, In ie n h etr cuty i Msva vioehp h financial the voivodeship Masovian in country, entire the in Like analysed be can voivodeship Masovian in families to granted Assistance Ławniczak, Marszałkowska, Mierzejewska, Polczyk, Zeller, 2011 SOCIAL POLICY TOWARDSSOCIAL POLICY SINGLE-PARENT ANDLARGE FAMILIES... Kinga Przybyszewska 1 budget and local government institutions institutions government local and budget Ciura, 2006 2 Fa fr h Young” the for „Flat ]: ]. - Page 27 1/2016 https:// https://rodzina.gov. The following cities and municipalities joined the following program Large Family Card is included in the forms of financial assistance to families, families, to assistance financial of forms the in included is Card Family Large Families withchildren, from the time of the birth can use various benefits, various use can birth the of time the from withchildren, Families One of the basic forms of financial assistance to families, applied throughout throughout applied families, to assistance financial of forms basic the of One Ożarów Ożarów Mazowiecki, Piaseczno, Powiat Radom, Wołomiński, Radziejowice, Rzekuń, Płock, Serock, Płońsk, Siedlce, Teresin, Węgrów, Pułtusk, Wieliszew, Sochaczew, Wołomin, Wyszków, Sokołów Zielonka, 3+, Rodzin Zwoleń Podlaski, dużych Związku raport Żabia – samorządach polskich w Rodzin Dużych Wola [Karty 2013, p. 7; http://kartaduzejrodziny.3plus.pl/raporty/raport/]. marzec Warszawa in the Masovianvoivodeship: Błonie, Ciechanów, Garwolin, Góra Kalwaria, Grodzisk Grodzisk Kalwaria, Góra Garwolin, Ciechanów, Błonie, Masovianvoivodeship: the in Kozienice, Konstancin-Jeziorna, Klembów, Jaktorów, Jabłonna, Izabelin, Mazowiecki, Legionowo, Lesznowola, Łomianki, Marki, Milanówek, Mińsk Mazowiecki, Mława, Mszczonów, Nieporęt, NowaSucha, Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Ostrołęka, Otwock, which which can be granted to families with at least three children, regardless of total income. Such card is granted by the commune of head, the city the at mayor the or request president of a member of government cards family with were created many in children. Masovian 15 voivodeship local [ pl/mieszkanie/dodatki-mieszkaniowe]. 637 people were granted 375 312 benefits totalling 87 120 988 PLN [ rodzina.gov.pl/mieszkanie/dodatki-mieszkaniowe]. such as the baby bonus. nationwide. offered These solutions are Additional disabilities and their caregivers. benefits are available for children with situation and fulfil the criteria, including income, can benefit from it. The average it.average The from benefit can income, including criteria, the fulfil and situation the date months preceding income per household member during three monthly pension lowest the of 175% exceed not may allowance housing a for application of in the one-person household and 125% of the other households. allowance The housing can be obtained on condition that to the the number of dwelling people in is the household. In adapted Masovian voivodeship (2013), in 67 size on several conditions, including that the price of housing does not exceed the rate rate the exceed not does housing of price the that including conditions, several on location. a given specified for owned either of maintenance the for intended allowances housing are country, the or rented flats, or a single-family house. People who are in a difficult financial is financed by the government. In addition, families with the third child of their the from date own years of or of purchase adopted an within apartment,five can begin who people more, is What loan. the of part of repayment early the on count construction of the first of their own homes, can get help from the state. These people will be able to use tax the new rules of the so-called partial of refund VAT on construction materials. The use of „Flat for the Young” programme depends Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, which assistance provides which program, nationwide a is It independent. become Page ttl mut f 8 0 92 L udr h “tt ad n em o feeding” of terms in aid programme “State [ the under PLN 982 006 18 of amount total a granted been have people 504 35 more, is What voivodeship. Masovian the in students all of 10.3% by needed additionally is help greater,such is meals of students. the of 16.6% According for to Polish Humanitarian Action studies, a demand for reimbursement account meals free eat fund who Masovian in cities students – voivodeship situation and financial difficult particularly Municipalities a in voivodeships. students for other meals the to average compared an is resultwhich 30%, about of level the at therefore is canteens school in children109 209 have there.meals meals percentageeating school The pupils of profiles. various of schools in canteens 327 1 are there voivodeship, Masovian feeding”.In of terms in aid “State programme multiannual the within canteens national programs: “Glass of Milk”, “Fruits at School” and funding of meals in school protection from violence. 7 318 victims of domestic violence were given assistance 28 [ karty-duzej-rodziny,k68.html 23.2% to 2012/13 in decline a was there However,2011/12. in 27.1% to 2008/09 year school the in 1.3% from increased Masovian In 2009. since observed schools been primary of class first the in 6 aged children has voivodeship,of percentage the 6 aged children of number the growth in a Thus, 805. 42 year following the in while 036, 38 was it 2011/12 year 2011/12 of 4 769 is due to year the the to implementation compared 6 of aged children of compulsory number the education. in increase In voivodeship.The Masovian fivein yearspast the for downturn levelof high a at remaining been has for families, especially single-parent ones. the assessment of such needs is weak, especially in the needs in the area of services [ years) previous pl/mieszkanie/dodatki-mieszkaniowe in as (same funds any allocated been not dailycaregiversthe hand, havevoivodeship.Masovianother in the nurseries On of functioning the to allocated was PLN of million 241 over 2013, In kindergartens. or clubs children nurseries, as such childcare, with help expect can children with Parentscommunities. local of needs housing the meet to conditions creatingthe at is related to the duty of planning and implementation of activities, which are aimed municipalities from Assistance households. substitute and units housing social, of count on help from the municipalities throughout Poland. It consists of the financing work, is directed to poor families, regardless of the criteria. Low-income families can At the same time, it should be noted that the number of children aged 6 6 aged children of number the that noted be should it time, same the At Financial support from the state, including all the benefit services and social through accomplished is It assistance. of form another is feeding School Another important area of family support from social assistance is a family https://rodzina.gov.pl/mieszkanie/dodatki-mieszkaniowe SOCIAL POLICY TOWARDSSOCIAL POLICY SINGLE-PARENT ANDLARGE FAMILIES... ]. Kinga Przybyszewska , p. 56]. Therefore, it is not surprising that that surprising not is it Therefore, 56]. p. , http://www.3plus.pl/samorzadowe- https://rodzina.gov. the school , p.22]. Page 29 1/2016 szkolnego 2008/2009 , p. 39]. , p. 55]. Raport o realizacji o realizacji Raport obowiązku szkolnych latach Most of the country funds - w realizacji o Raport mazowieckim 6-letnie dzieci województwie przez w Warszawa sierpień 2013, p. 49. http://www.kuratorium.waw.pl/ 6-letnie szkolnego To To sum up, family support programmes are implemented in various “Happy “Happy School” is another important programme with nationwide Programmes Programmes profiled on families can be divided into national programs dzieci 2012/2013, http://www.3plus.pl/samorzadowe-karty-duzej-rodziny,k68.html http://www.3plus.pl/samorzadowe-karty-duzej-rodziny,k68.html voivodeship, voivodeship, all of them are located in Warsaw. PLN 29 995 240 was handed over to Masovian voivodeship [ selected selected for the programme, and less than 3 000 are expected on the first visit to the 9 contractor. 166 pairs have already started the procedure of treatment. completed have pairs 44 qualifications. medical the pass not did pairs 175 Barely the treatment so far. Until now, 425 programme. children There are 4 institutions implementing were the programme in Masovian born due to the in vitro the years 2013-2016” is to ensure equal access and fertilization benefit procedure from the to in infertile vitro couples. The the amount programme ofPLN 244 million for the budget entire period of the provides programme. In 2013, the government issued PLN 33 million for this purpose, while a in cost of 2014 PLN it 80 million. was So far, the government programme for the treatment of infertility by in vitro serviced 13 505 couples. Over 10 000 pairs were [ and those operating in the individual counties or municipalities. Undoubtedly, one of the most important programme is a nationwide programme subsidizing in vitro. The aim of the “Infertility Treatment Programme in the IVF method for benefited benefited from the social assistance – 4 victims 620 of domestic people. violence 567 and families 214 who perpetrators of were violence with were provided assistance in cities and counties, In towns including having the the capital rights of city a of county assisted. 784 Warsaw. Local government institutions families allocated 1 and 453 901 648 PLN to counteract offenders were violence in the in family 2013, while organizational units allocated 812 101 PLN Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, violence domestic of perpetrators more, is What voivodeship. Masovian in 2013 in schools were granted PLN 39 503 186 for the arrangement of school playgrounds playgrounds school of arrangement the for 186 503 39 PLN granted were schools [ districts of the Masovian voivodeship, which are co-financed by Programme, Operational the Capital Human the under Fund Social European – European Union range. range. It has been implemented in primary schools since 2009. a Children have friendly, colourful play areas to and the programme. In Masovian a voivodeship, 1 545 schools safe benefited from this and modern in the amount of programme PLN 13 023 2099 905 until from 2013. In turn, 521 playground thanks obowiązku przez – files/f-6193-2-raport.pdf]. 30

Page Esping-Andersen G., (2000): L. Dziewięcka-Bokun Bibliography: which always policy, raises question:how to supportandwhat form ofassistance. social for challenge grate the undoubtedly are family transformative of by county family assistance centres. It is integrationactive worth of dissemination to and Development 7.1.2 rememberintegration, active of that the transformation integration,Developmentsocial Promoting7.1 of dissemination VII: Priority and http://invitro.gov.pl/ Raport http://www.3plus.pl/samorzadowe-karty-duzej-rodziny,k68.html Warszawa marzec 2013, p. 7; http://kartaduzejrodziny.3plus.pl/raporty/raport/ Karty Dużych Rodzin w polskich samorządach – raport Związku dużych Rodzin 3+, Województwa Ocena https://rodzina.gov.pl/mieszkanie/dodatki-mieszkaniowe (2013): A. Kłos Ławniczak D. (et al.) (2011): Ciura G. (2006): zasobów o w obowiązku zalacznik.docx downloadStat/gfx/mazovia/pl/mazoviauchwalysejmiku/59/2801/1/ Szkoły Techniczno-Ekonomicznej wJarosławiu, Jarosław, p.174. Współczesne powiatu two Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej PWT, Warszawa 2010. w Katowicach, Katowice, p.10. sna Europejskiej http://www.kuratorium.waw.pl/files/f-6193-2-raport.pdf Rozwoju Zasobów Ludzkich,Warszawa.

realizacji latach polityka SOCIAL POLICY TOWARDSSOCIAL POLICY SINGLE-PARENT ANDLARGE FAMILIES... Mazowieckiego pomocy jarosławskiego szkolnych Pomoc Funkcjonowaniesystemów naterenie opiekiinstytucjonalnej szkolnego obowiązku [in:] L. Frąckiewicz,Frąckiewicz-WronkaL. A. [in:] (eds.), Społeczne społeczna konteksty społeczna społecznej 2008/2009 Standard przez Miejsce szkolnego podstawy [in:] K. Barłóg, E. Tłuczek-Tadla, Polski i Kinga Przybyszewska za wyzwania , Informacja BSiE nr 1252 (IP-111S), Warszawa. w dzieci 2013 oparciu – pracy na polityki 2012/2013, gospodarki przez tle 6-letnie rok, Wdwito aswwj Wyższej Państwowej Wydawnictwo , socjalnej Unii o sytuację społecznej dzieci . 4 http://www.mazovia.pl/ 24. p. Europejskiej Warszawa sierpień 2013, p. 49. w postindustrialnej

z województwie 6-letnie; rodziną społeczną w systemie Wdwito AE Wydawnictwo , z Raport Agresja iprzemoc, dziećmi i demograficzną mazowieckim , Wydawnic prawa o

Współcze , Centrum realizacji Unii - -

Katarzyna Tomaszewska The Centre of Medical Care in Jarosław

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF AGEING IN THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF AN OLD PERSON

Summary: According to contemporary psychological knowledge, adulthood, including senility, is combined with multidirectional and multidimensional changes. These changes have a significant impact on social functioning of seniors. The ageing process affects all people; its course is conditioned by many factors. Besides psychological factors of ageing, we can distinguish social factors.There are lots of healthy individuals among elderly people who lead an active lifestyle; there are also sick people, who pursue their passions, despite the ongoing process of a disease with different degrees of functional disability. The article presents psychosocial aspects of ageing in the living environment of an old person. The first part deals with definitions associated with ageing. The second part, based on the analysis of this publica- tion, describes psychosocial changes that occur during this period of life. Moreover, the impact of needs and emotions related to successful ageing are discussed.

Keywords: senility, ageing, living environment. Introduction T he development of civilisation changes our theoretical perspective- on ageing. Since 1900s, the average life expectancy has increased by at least half – from 47 years to 68 years and is still increasingdue to improve ment of living conditions, hygiene, medicine and healthcare development. Life expectancy is also influenced by environmental status, education, gender (drug- addiction is more common among men) diet, lifestyle or occupation [Makucha, Moroń, 2011]. In Polish dictionary the word “senior” includes a broad and di Page by physical fitness of the body as well as by the level of changes in variousorganin changes levelof the by as well bodyas the of physicalbyfitness measured is age Biological level. activity and function social of performing of ty possibili the adulthood, late in people of behaviour of expectations social and refersculturalfactors,toit social related tois age developmentSocial standards. individual’s age, it is helpful in determining the age ranges and the corresponding an by measured is age (chronological) Metrical age. psychological and biological ple leave thelabourmarket [Błędowski etal.,2012]. as defined is age “Near-retirement”long-living. and venerablebe to considered are old age years 85 over are the who those while ones; people; elderly are years old 76‒85 of group be to considered are old years 65‒75 are who people limit; age lower the to belong old years 65 are who People age. retirement the at son per a or family the of member eldest the to refers it people; of group age verse aaeet f h dvlpet s el s h prut f aus iig greater giving values of pursuit the as well as development the of management further for potential the contrary,to the points On it nature. of laws the with ation 32reconcili complete a mean necessarily not does age old provesthat elderly the of activity social the Meanwhile, death. for finally,waiting and kindness and fection af of lack loneliness, isolation, environment, the mity,on progressivedependence infir ailments, somatic deterioration, status health total of period a as considered life, which can be neither be undone nor reversed. Until recently, old age was mainly Definition ofoldage pected thatthisratio willbe1:3by 2040[Steuden, 2011]. cally active people to the number of people in retirement age is about 5:1. It is ex use of such financing. Nowadays, in the developed countries the ratio of economi make who those and institutions state of financing forresources various erating economicallybetweenactivethe gen imbalance and gatheringan people, comes problembe the aspect, economic the to As skills. new of acquisition and ucation a possibility to participate in social life, sustain various forms of their activity, ed with people older provide to important becomes it aspects, cultural concerning icine, we can see an increasing demand for rehabilitation and therapeutic support sults in an increase in demand for social assistance. From re the process point ageing of view the view,of of med point social a consequences.From economic and of psychosocial functioning. systems. Psychological age expresses the period when a person is 50‒70 years old – that is the case, when most peo cultural medical, social, many with associated is ageing Population social, metrical, by determined be may ageing and age old of Symptoms Ageing, as a natural process of development, is one of the stages of human human of stages the of one is development,natural of processa as Ageing, PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OFAGEING INTHELIVINGENVIRONMENT ... Katarzyna Tomaszewska an individual’s mental ability and the quality ------33

Page ------1/2016 – HRQOL) to refers the indi Health Related Quality of Live Related Health According According current medical and psychological knowledge, old age is not According According to the assumptions of WHO, the aged people are considered Old age is a specific period. It is the last of seven stages of human life, often often life, human of stages seven of last the is It period. specific a is age Old

and sensory organs [Leszczyńska-Rejchert, 2005]. In Poland, the aged people be people aged the Poland, In 2005]. [Leszczyńska-Rejchert, organs sensory and come the subject of an explicit interest, but actions on their behalf are balanced the et to assumptions al., 2007]. According other out priorities by [Mossakowska of the Health World Organisation (WHO), the concept of conditioned life quality, by the state of health ( which is connected with the change of socio-economic status caused by going into into going by caused status socio-economic of change the with connected is which Kłos, 2014, pp. 118‒134]. [Tomaszewska, retirement to be the ones aged 90.This age over limit multiple by is disorders characterised system locomotor including systems, various of efficiency limited with associated manner; it is individualised in relation to each person. It is also one of the concepts the of one also is It person. each to relation in individualised is it manner; not that been have defined clearly by both social and biological sciences. Old age is identified with a decrease in stamina, deterioration in health, change and loss of social roles and the reduction of bonds. Furthermore, it is a factor of biologi World the to According 2013]. [Sokołowska, changes social and psychological cal, age, old the in be to considered is 65 aged person the (WHO), Organisation Health are are considered to be imaginary ones and are rather to related the determination an of life in situation new completely a with associated is which age retirement of 2002, pp. 263‒292]. person [Straś-Romanowska, elderly causing fear of the inevitable and unknown. This period runs in a differentiated factors. factors. A decrease in the age average of life expectancy is observed in countries with a low level of economic development. No acceler hence and processes pathological of incidence protection increased an causes life of of basic necessities ates ageing. Age limit, which is determined by the calendar age, does not always functional or age efficiency as to referred also is which age, biological the in result age (resulting from organ changes). Age boundariesmentioned in the literature vent normal functioning. Therefore, old age is only a natural time of life, following following life, of time natural a only is age old Therefore, functioning. normal vent age, mature as is youth childhood by preceded [Krzyżanowski, 2004, pp. 79–80]. close is which continents, various and countries many in different be may Ageing policy, health and social state, the of development economic the with connected ly education and awareness of citizens, access to healthcare, lifestyle and generic tribute to drawing new directions of social policy [Hamilton, 2006, pp. 13‒15]. 2006, pp. [Hamilton, of social policy new directions drawing to tribute a disease because disease is a of disorder or structure function in a human, lead and thus, a conse and tissues disorders, organs of adaptability, exhaustion ing to old age is also Moreover, quence and functional to changes disorders in the body. not a as disability, by crippling we understand a serious injury to hinder or pre Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, meaning to human existence. Changes in social attitudes towards old people con 34

Page ally, there is a growing risk for people over 65 to have mental health problems. health mental have to 65 over people for risk growing a is ally,there Addition pathology”). “plural so-called (the disorders co-occurring and fitness physicalin reduction with associated is gressiveage old degeneration.Biological level,cellular the at especially, reproductiveof formloss the of in proand ability Biological, psychologicalandsocialaspectsofageing chological characteristics andcohort[Płaczkiewicz,2015,pp.97‒109]. psy biological, the on everyone,depending fordifferent is process ageing the of intensity and pace The processes. mental and behaviour in individuals of ences in is development differ of the on emphasis an is there time, stage same the at and creasinglyaccentuated, next the as age old of importance the Nowadays, pp. 1994, Kohlmann, [Raspe, state social and mental physical, in vidual eine n cncetoses Prosi 20, p 3‒3. t h societal the At 31‒33]. pp. 2009, [Parnowski, conscientiousness and perience ex to extraversion,openness neuroticism, include: ageing of rate the affect that depends on the type of personality of the operationindividual in of old age. deteriorationThe characteristics The 95‒97]. pp. 2007, [Skalska, situations new in ly ty. Regardless of the level of education of older people, they operate less efficient activideteriorationmental significant in bya arelevelinfluenced intelligence of in physical activity during the ageing process. Poorly educated people with lower deterioration by affected are level educational lower with people and telligence referstheory.personality to in high with people Cognitivethat assume concepts one other psychology,cognitivethe to related is one first The trends. important 2004, pp.285‒292]. [Kielar-Turska,aspiration as well as activity his/her and personality the ucation, changes in the intellectualthat functions are affected noted by numerous factors: be type of ed also should It growth. for tends even experience, or acquiring constant remains and either learning of result the is which intelligence, tallised cryslevelof the while skills, new of acquisition the characteristics,enabling ical of fluid intelligence are subject to ageing process; they are conditioned by biolog the intelligence quotient decreases since 60, it should be noted that the functions although And decreases. memory of capacity The skills. attention in weakened psychomotorin toconcentratedegreeability selectivityThe the of areskills. and decline overallMoreover, an hearing. is thereand sight especially processes, tor 2013, al., pp. et [Zielazny person old an of functioning cognitive of dimension the Reaction time increases in various everyday activities. Numerous changes include 284–287]. The sensitivity of a few senses deteriorates in perceptual and mo and perceptualdeteriorates in senses few a of sensitivity The 284–287]. Psychological theories of ageing indicate the existence of two particularly changes organic of plurality a includes ageing of dimension Biological PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OFAGEING INTHELIVINGENVIRONMENT ... Katarzyna Tomaszewska 85‒92]. ------35

Page ------1/2016 The continuity of human development throughout life is indicated in mod in indicated is life throughout development human of continuity The Social position as theoretical three from results of the frequently elderly intimate intimate in their fellowship. Among the negative aspects, the authors mention: awareness of the upcoming end of life and the associated fear, the adapted to need social changes, civilisation to and culture, which be for many older people is rather difficult; difficulty in maintaining intergenerational dialogue, the loss of loved ones (family members, friends, acquaintances), increasing symptoms own own lives, greater capacity of evaluating different situations to the can positive ones. Life be wisdom can included be an important positive characteristic – an though objective, not a attribute universal of old age. Age does not guarantee it, a a to specific, but certain only extent. wisdom, Furthermore, although favours become more spouses who of communication appears between pattern different ern psychological approaches. This approach reflects in a proper way what takes what takes in This reflects a approaches. way approach proper ern psychological place in the period of old age, which is long due to the number of years and dif ferentiated because of the direction and scope of the ongoing changes. Authors of publications pay attention to the most experienced positive and negative as pects of the period of old age. Satisfaction with retirement, contentment associ their in changes make to ability the grandchildren, and children of care with ated vation to act [Tobiasz-Adamczyk, 2009]. act [Tobiasz-Adamczyk, to vation Psychological dimension and economic institutions. The last, the most modern and positive theory of full cre society when people, older of position social high to refers age old of success can approach This themselves. develop can people older which in conditions ates blur the boundaries of the retirement age and prevent seniors from turning off. “going of principle the with synonymous is ageing” “healthy seniors, to According moti and resources psychosocial have to necessary is it Nevertheless, doing”. and the change performed social of roles. This previously is connected with the tran sition to retirement age and a reduction of economic it However, activity. isim whether or working, stop to decides voluntarily person older an whether portant these changes imposed. are independently The second theory is about the struc political by made solutions on depends position social the when dependency, tural of the employee of or the membership employee in social Social organisations. con relationships tinue to be important, especially those ones which have been initiated at earlier [Bee, 2004, p. 326]. stages of development should communities all which to modern, most the is which of last the sumptions, social position of seniors changes to the along According first with theory, strive. Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, level, changes mainly relate to the degree of loss of social roles, such as the role Page friendly attitude towards people, life satisfaction, self-esteem, high levels of mo of levels high self-esteem, satisfaction, life towardspeople, attitude friendly ing indicates: “good health, mental acuity, activity, honesty in dealing with others, age to adaptation correct (1969), Bromley B. Denis to society.According the of attitude experience, life brain, lifestyle, habits, the mental in and activity character, changes physical conditions, genetic conditions, health factors: of lots on are irritability and future the for hope of lack problems, sleeping fatigue, Sadness, self-reliantpeople. especiallyaffectingor single age, this disorderin mental mon com most the is Depression depression. to lead even and mood, worsen can ly fami the of head the of position of loss activities, daily performing in difficulty career,of End health. threateningphysicalmental tobe and deterioratinghealth, [Steuden, 2011]. of various diseases, loss of sense of being useful in connection with the retirement suddenly; it takes several years to prepare for retirement, so the change of life of change the so retirement, for prepare to years several takes it suddenly; occur not does Retirement 298‒304]. pp. 2015, Stalmach, [Zawadzka, dividual in the 36of needs important various reflects rather necessity.It of matter a not is activity mentioned above the but lifestyle, active an provide to continue people always associated with decrease in social interaction and life activity. Lots of older ing inapositive balanceoflife. own development, so that, in their their late adulthood, for one enjoysperson a the life of wisdom result liability exceptional of role the ‒ hand, other the on and upbringing, of impact the emphasising hand one the on stages, various at ment develop human at look interesting extremely an proposes (2004) Erikson Erik with retirement, learn how to understand and accept death as the last stage of life. terms to come to is human of tasks important fear.most death the of of lack One as well as balance mental achieving in itself manifests and development jective roles as well as attitude towards old age. Transcendent wisdom is a result of sub social performed lifestyle, and behaviour needs, interests, traits, characterlevel, intellectual and cultural activity,physicaleducational, and intellectual situation, Social dimension biarczyk et al.,2013,pp.453–457]. [Ba depression” to prone being and apathy people, of fear others, on pendence manifested“hostility,by:is anxiety,age de of old presenceto the guilt, isolation, rality, inability to avoid death, a sense of satisfaction and security”. Bad adaptation omn curne a wl. hne tkn pae n h pyh depend psyche the in place taking Changes well. as occurrences common Many people consider retirement as pleasure and life satisfaction; it is not mainlyapproachis The age determinedtoold by life,family materialand Awareness of the impending retirement time often causes stress which can PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OFAGEING INTHELIVINGENVIRONMENT ... Katarzyna Tomaszewska ------37

Page ------1/2016 erefor, one erefor, can state an increasing need for In terms of interpersonal relationships, there are new prob The need to be recognised as a part of society, communities and groups. as a part of society, be recognised The need to human being. as an individual recognition The need for social contacts. maintain regular The need to and feelings. self-expression opportunities for create The need to social services. and access to health care The need for Psychosocial needs Psychosocial of older people coincide largely with needs of people useful activities. carry out socially The need to manner. time in a satisfactory use free The need to According According to the concept of Maslow, the lower human needs are ones 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. of other age groups. Clark Tibbitis, the American gerontologist, has created an classification of senior needs: accurate extremely of physiological nature (eating, breathing, sleeping, avoiding pain, thermoregula sleeping, avoiding (eating, breathing, nature of physiological need the environment, constant stability, (security, needs psychological and tion) for belonging respect). Higher and needs love, can ones be into divided cognitive (knowledge, understanding, satisfaction of curiosity), aesthetic faith and ones order) and self-realisation. The highest (beauty, need can be achieved when all 2012, pp. 77‒86]. Kryś-Noszczyk met, [Makara-Studzińska, needs are the lower adaptive mechanisms [Steuden, 2011, pp. 19‒27]. 2011, [Steuden, mechanisms adaptive old people Needs and emotions of ity, ity, as a result of certain central nervous system diseases, strokes, organ dam ages, cancer and other diseases. Th help and support. lems and challenges not only for old people, but also for young dependent becomes person ones. old the person, helping Being and resourceful independent, an existing the than other develop to need a is There support. of need in person a and cation, e.g. the University of the Third Age [Morgulec, Adamowicz, 2011, pp. 3‒4]. 3‒4]. pp. 2011, Adamowicz, [Morgulec, Age Third the of University the e.g. cation, They can also, on a voluntary basis, actively participate in many areas of social support (hospices, nursing homes, retirement homes, charities) and at the same time, use their professional skills. Decline in independence is a great difficulty for old many people. There is also a risk of loss of independent functionalcapac of tiredness, pressure of work and the combination of household, family and work work and family household, of combination the and work of pressure tiredness, of responsibilities, especially women [Czapiński, 2007]. Older people can use their fi and condition psycho-physical needs, and will own their to according time own nancial possibilities. They can follow what is happening in media, in peers. television, or friends family, their with time more spend literature; or theatre cinema, They can broaden their interests through participation in various forms of edu Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, people style who is a retired already have have not sense unexpected. Moreover, 38

Page values, principles and standards which become a cause of conflict between gen between conflict of cause a become which standards and principles values, precious most the protect to strive should generation Each models. similar on based upbringing and processes socialisation of nature similar to due values to relationship congruous a having group social a also is generation Furthermore, grouplifetosocial similar the reality.attitude with experiences, and needs social are they because generation a up make people Old group. professional and cial so or group social generation, a as defined be can ones aged or,the people old view, of point sociological a From emotion depression. and meaninglessness, disorders instability,sleep al feel may person old an satisfied, properly not are ilgcl n sca pit o ve. hs hnmnn ees o everyone any to of regardless refers life, of course phenomenon ontological the to This relation in view. inevitable is of and points social and biological Conclusion status, innerlife andenvironment [Szatur-Jaworska, 2002]. body,psychologista also is but individual’sthe to extent;with some liaison a health is he the of state the with deals only not doctor a which in model cio-ecological tional programs with health concerns. The paradigm presented in the WHO is a so interna and national as well as goals those achieve to motivate Priorities etc. life familyculture, prevention,social education, as widelyunderstood systemhealth is care health the activities, of core the At people. active and seniors youth, children, include should initiatives These citizens. all for care health quality ensuring ures meas linkedwith progressivebe the should of population consequences of ageing in good condition when retiring. Counteracting the economic, budgetary and social population reduces demands on the health care system, especially when people are drawing them from social life [Łakomska, Wachowska, 2008, pp. 51‒55]. An ageing with gradually unnecessary,thus and age useless are old they that elderly of the reinforces perception age.Negative old prosperous and safe in individual the to Successful ageingandpreparationforoldage erations [Kotlarska-Michalska, 2002,pp.147‒159]. 10. 9. 8. In the axiology of social policy, a significant responsibility is attributed attributed is responsibility significant a policy, social of axiology the In The above mentioned needs have an individualised hierarchy. When they The needfor spiritualsatisfaction (Nawrot, 2013). The needfor adequate mentalstimulation. The need to properly set lifestyle and maintain a relationship with the family. eotlgcl ieaue xmns h peoeo o aen from ageing of phenomenon the examines literature Gerontological PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OFAGEING INTHELIVINGENVIRONMENT ... Katarzyna Tomaszewska ------Page

------39 Medy wystę Raport Raport 1/2016 . człowieka , ”Problemy życia częstości roku wieku rozwoju 65 Ocena Wybrane aspekty pedago aspekty Wybrane . Podręcznik akademicki, t. 2, akademicki, Podręcznik . powyżej podeszłym Psychologia , Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjal w osób , PWN, Warszawa. Warszawa. , PWN, , Poznań, p. 326. , Poznań, Psychologia , Tom 19, Nr 4, pp. 453–457. , Tom pacjentami populacji w nad depresji opiece w się starzenia Psychologia objawów człowieka rozwoju Psychologia [in:] J. Strelau, D. Doliński (eds.), Doliński D. Strelau, J. [in:] Gdańsk: GWP. giczno-etyczne 18 (4): pp. 490–496. Pielęgniarstwa” na temat sytuacji osób starszych w Polsce sytuacji osób starszych na temat Warszawa. nych, powania i Nauki o Zdrowiu cyna Ogólna The analysis presented in the article points out that being a senior is also Bibliography: Babiarczyk B., Schlegel-Zawadzka M., Turbiarz A. (2013): and degradation. Due to the scale of the problem, there is a need for broad education of the the for society old in to age, prepare order and in the case of and the loneelderly important.is people, very their – social taking activation part in local community activ Age. Third of the in the University studying or ities, volunteering to support them in bringing up their grandchildren. Contacts with the family are sources are family the with Contacts grandchildren. their up bringing in them support to between differentiate to important is It elderly. the for balance mental and emotional of help giving and to close leading of relative own development lifestyle, passion, person algrowth, learning as well as spending free time in a proper Nowadays, way. the dis appearance of multi-generational families becomes an increasing problem, and what goes with it – a sense of redundancy or uselessness, accelerated ageing, resignation an acquisition of new social roles, offering a chance for the implementation Completion of poned plans; on and the anxiety. other hand, fear some of them can inspire post of the professional activity means reducing contacts with co-workers. What is more, seniors’ their attention children, adults, in towards is generally ordertowards directed fect fect health of the individual, and consequently influnce the subjective feelings referring to quality of life. Health condition results in a degree of independence and the associated restrictions. This, in turn, affects the functioning from “autumn of period the both in people of attitude Mental sides. psychological and social ageing, which of attitudes in life” is towards and declared expressed represented 2010, pp. 490–496]. et al., [Cuber with the world the relationship affect Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, practical application of a theory of human these ageing. processes Generally, af Cuber T., Dobrowolska Cuber B., T., Kościołek A. (et al.) (2010): Błędowski P., Szatur-Jaworska B., Szweda-Lewandowska Z. (et al.) (2012): al.) (et Z. Szweda-Lewandowska B., Szatur-Jaworska P., Błędowski (1969): D.B. Bromley Brzezińska A.I., Appelt K., Ziółkowska B. (2008): Bee H. (2004): 40

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yancw Mdk Warszawa, Medyk, Wydawnictwo pełnym

społeczeństwie się o Wieku z swojej rozwiązań Diagnoza starzenia funkcjonowania elementami człowieka i Oblicza socjologicznym cyklu jego w gerontologii Polaków Skazani starości , Szczecin. Polsce wspomaganie życia , Ośrodek Wydawnictw Ośrodek , , Proethica, Ruda Śląska. [in:] T. Grodzicki, J. Ko J. T.Grodzicki, [in:] partycypacyjna starości – gerontologii społeczeństwo , , ”GerontologiaPol, [in:] J. Strelau (ed.): (ed.): Strelau J. [in:] na w Zajęcia “ Gerontologia Pol Gerontologia wieku w ogólnej. długowieczność, (Old okresie – przegląd aktywności ‒ 50 . Age w Podręcz ogólnej. potrzeb i późnej stronę więcej wobec in so pi ------

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Krzysztof Trębski The Faculty of Theology of Trnava University (Slovak Republic)

CODEPENDENCE AS AN ISSUE IN THE ALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY

Summary: Alcoholism creates a strong imbalance, both in the alcoholic’s life, and in the whole family. Since family is a unity made up of all its members, each one responds to the action of the other trying to adapt and tending to restore equilibri- um. The paradox of alcohol addiction is that the alcoholic gradually loses self-control but acquires mastery of interacting with manipulation of other family members or people who are close to him. Family members adjust their psychological response mechanisms, and become codependent. Codependency becomes a mech- anism of “pathological response” to alcoholism of a family member. We talk about codependency when the mode of functioning of family psycho-physical level depends or is controlled by the alcoholic [Morgan, 1991]. The knowledge of the reactions and psychological mechanisms have been established in the family of an alcoholic and their unmasking with passing of time and are the necessary conditions for a real solution to the problem [Cermak, 1988, p. 111].

Keywords: codependency, alcoholics, alcohol abuse consequences in the family. Introduction

We can define codependency as an excessive emotional or psychologi cal reliance on a partner, usually one with an illness or addiction, who- requires support. In the Merriam-Webster dictionary codependency is specified as “a psychological condition or a relationship in which a person is controlled or ma nipulated by another who is affected with a pathological condition [as an addiction to alcohol). (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/codependency, 2016]. 44

Page as a reaction to the effective addiction of the partner or the persistent situation persistent the or partner the of addiction effective the to reaction a as disorder,personality a as codependency sees hypothesis second The tor,1992]. whichdevelops waySpec similar [Sunderwirth, a addictions in of kinds other as posed three hypothesis on codependency origins. Firstly, as a pathological process as treatment fieldorindividuals intherecovery arena [Lisansky, Gomberg, 1989]. professionalneverreceivedactuallythe wordfrom has agreement inal complete dent event. No wonder there is confusion, especially since the indepen meaning of an the orig indicates which “codependency”,word single nonhyphenated, a to changed been hyphenatedword“co-dependency”,a event,from co-occurring a indicates which has It have. may person a concern persistent any almost scribe de to usage general into expanded and co-addict), or co-alcoholic the for (only follows: 1. of thatleadsto submissive andclingingbehavior andfear ofdetachment. excessiveunderliethe definitions Other complications. ical takentobe need care denial, compulsions, frozen feelings, low self-confidence, and stress-related med delusions/ implies often codependence of condition The relationships. other the all in co-dependent the affecting condition pathological a becomes person other and sometimes physical) on a person or object. Eventually, this dependence on an tion characterized by preoccupation and extreme dependence (emotional, social, from thealcoholic. throughrealarising a illness differentas it dependence describes of he kinds but disorder,personality a as codependency explaining on agree not does and 21] p. dict [O’Gorman, 1990; Spann, Fischer, 1990; Kiehne, 1988]. Wilson-Schaef ad the with living bydeveloped behavior a as codependency to refers one third Fagan-Pryor,1994; family[Homila tional Haber,The Wilson-Schaef1986]. 1992; dysfunc original the in alcoholic an with together living by generated stress of a shortcut to understanding the nature of addiction. Scientific literature pro literature Scientific addiction. of nature the understanding to shortcut a – – – Cermak [1986] proposed some criteria for diagnosing codependency as codependency diagnosing for criteria some proposed [1986] Cermak condi specific a as codependence describes [1985] Wegscheider-Cruse act can which advantages many has “codependency” term the Using restricted co-), (codep, shortened been has “codependency” word The macy andseparation; ular duringadverse situations; experiencing anxiety and distortions of boundaries around issues of inti of issues around boundaries of distortions and anxiety experiencing taking responsibility for meetingtheneeds oftheothers before one’sown; partic in others, and oneself controlling in investmentself-esteem the of Diagnostic criteriaofcodependency CODEPENDENCE AS ANISSUEINTHEALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY Krzysztof Trębski [1986 ------, 45

Page ------1/2016 Feeling vulnerable and helpless when alone; and helpless when vulnerable Feeling one ends; when seek of another relationship Desperate Unrealistic preoccupation with being left alone and incapacity of taking Fear of disagreeing with others and risking disapproval; with of disagreeing Fear others; support from without Difficulty in starting projects Excessive need to obtain nurturance and support from the others, even Difficulty in making routine decisions without input, reassurance, and ad and reassurance, input, without decisions routine making in Difficulty Need to have others assuming responsibilities which they should be at having at least 3 behaviors from a list of 10 other signs and symptoms in symptoms and signs other 10 of list a from behaviors 3 least at having being enmeshed in relationships with people with personality disorders Codependency has become an important concept in the treatment of alco of treatment the in concept important an become has Codependency care of themselves [American Psychiatric Association, 2013]. [American Psychiatric of themselves care tending to; tending allowing them to impose rather themselves than risking rejection or dis approval; vice from others; vice from years without seeking help [Cermak, Timmen, 1998; Cermak 1991]. without seeking help [Cermak, years its in still is codependency of concept the view, of point scientific the From or alcohol problems; or alcohol cluding: denial as the primary constricted coping emotions, strategy, de pression, substance hypervigilance, anxiety, compulsive abuse, behavior, being victim of or sexual abuse, illness, physical stress-related remaining in intimate relationship with the dependent person for more than two 6. 7. 8. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. – – hol abuse in families. Codependency does not to help refer but it difficul creates ties in the of recovery the alcoholic himself. The family members of an alcoholic (for our purposes, a man: husband, etc.) or living father, their relationship in an can fall unhealthy into way, a deep dynamic It of is codependency. a kind of dys excessive and excessive pervasive need to be looked submissive, clinging, after, needy be by: be expressed of abandonment. because of the fear may This havior it is premature to establish the scientific validity and reliability in order to display display to order in reliability and validity scientific the establish to premature is it codepen see to therefore, and disorder, personality legitimate a as codependence Disor Mental of Manual Statistical and Diagnostic the in included formally dence ders (DSM) nomenclature. codependency Today has not been formally included yet in the DSM classification as a disorder apart, but the DSM-5 [2013] classified itself with which manifests mainly it among the Dependent Disorder, Personality early stages early issues of still to development. Several if be have we solved want this for tool a sophisticated into further acceptance and be developed gain concept to been completed, studies will have Until sufficient practical helping professionals. Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, Page Fil Sby Fil 18] Te pue n cide my vi mkn friends making avoid may children and spouse The 1984]. Friel, Subby, [Friel, own its of life a on taken has codependence self, true one’s in than self false her these rules. obey must family the into accepted be to want who Those feelings. one’s about and/or issue the about honestly speaking against prohibitions tacit the codify rules feel”.These Don’t trust. Don’t talk. “Don’t alcoholic: an of members co-dependent family the among observed rules three indicates [1981] Black family”. “perfect a of image the project and prestige family’s the preserve problem, the and irresponsibility [Burn,2016]. procrastination immaturity, his with father) or husband the (usually addiction wife and children of an alcoholic), support(s) or enables another person’s alcohol functional helping relationship in which one person or more people (for example of startingapanic. crowdeda on can’tknowinghe beach, tohesitating swimand tell anyone for fear lifeguard a 46to codependency compares who (1985), Alexander by offered is ple exam interesting An quicksand. becomes soon but help, provide to ground ble sta a be to seems Codependency ground. solid on feet own their get oth to start the ers when is situation the solving in step first The too. mud the into down pulled get often help, toefforts their in familymembers, other The mud. in stuck possibility ofdialogue. any precludes and tension, increases relationships, destroys situation This lem. prob the to constructivesolution preventinga stagnation, and rigidity of uation between family members. communication profound and real the preventing of objective the achieves it these reasons, feelings cannot occur within the family. This control is subtle but Forcosts. all at quo status the maintain to tries alcoholic The feelings. people’s other or own their with deal to unable is alcoholic The feel. really they what say can one no that is familiesdysfunctional in force in rule A hidden. remains whatremove or heal cannot you because secrets its to relation in sick is holic alco an of family the that commented haveProfessionals comments. pleasant 1994, p.168]. [Wekesser,drinker the cure or control to attempting to lives their devote They desires. and needs own their about forget often members family alcoholism. Codependent by caused issues hide to order in home people other bringing and We could say that the person with the alcohol problem is like someone like is problem alcohol the with person the that say could We The fear of changing or making a wrong move, in this family, creates a sit un avoid to or ashamed being of because secret the keeps family The Once a family member begins investing more psychological energy in his/ hide to possible everything do members family codependent The CODEPENDENCE AS ANISSUEINTHEALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY Krzysztof Trębski ------47

Page ------1/2016 Codependent relationships finds that the love in the relationship is lived In the dysfunctional family of an alcoholic, the family member learns Codependents often vacillate between pride and shame, which is both Codependency, Codependency, as we said, is a condition that results in a dysfunctional Norwood Norwood [1985, p. 47] defines a codependent person as someone who Harkness [1997, 2008] lists the basic symptoms of codependency: intense intense codependency: of symptoms basic the lists 2008] [1997, Harkness for for their use more problem, them accurately, or, to deny their problem: “I’m not codependent, I just “It’s him love just so that much!”, he need so much my help!” get along without me!”. couldn’t or “My family helper The rescue. alcoholic the and family the of discomfort the of context the in becomes the repository for unwanted and unmet personal needs and, as a conse a as and, needs personal unmet and unwanted for repository the becomes of shame. quence, a source to become attuned to the needs and feelings of the alcohol them around people the blame children or abuser wives codependents Many rather others’. the than the others opinion, they place great importance on how they appear. They devel the others opinion, they place importance great on how they appear. op a facade to use when dealing with the outside world and with those they are most intimate with. Since this facade is pleasing to others, it must be protected and maintained at all costs. Eventually they begin to identify emotionally with the facade. Confusion escalates as the false self “replaces” the true self. The false self continues to be shaped by the others needs and wishes, while the true self be needed any longer! Even codependents instinctually know that the relation ship within the but family is they unhealthy, are convinced that the problem lies is situational. in the other person or that the problem confusing and frustrating for those around them. As they care so deeply about relationship between codependent people and others. A codependent is addicted addicted is codependent A others. and people codependent between relationship to help someone. They need to be needed. like Codependency, any other addic tion, is caused by a feeling of emptiness and low self-esteem. Instead of alcohol, a codependent uses the needs of others to make themselves feel whole. That’s because they really do not want to cure an alcoholic, otherwise they wouldn’t has developed an unhealthy pattern of relating to others as a result of having been having of result a as others to relating of pattern unhealthy an developed has with someone with the disease of alcoholism. Then he combines involved closely this definition with primarily intra-psychic symptoms, such as low self-esteem, constant desire to be needed, a strong urge to change and suffer. to and a willingness control the others, and unstable interpersonal relationships; inability of being alone, accompanied by frantic efforts to avoid being alone; chronic feelings of boredom and empti ness; subordination of one’s own needs to those of the person with whom one referenc external acceptance and affection; for desire overwhelming is involved; self-worth. ing; low Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, 48

Page ac. hi po fntoig ae te ne lv, ae ad ocr from concern and care, the helper, furtherreducing love, theirmotivation to change. need them makes functioning poor Their tance. assis helper’s the on dependent them making health, physical or mental poor ing aid prevented their maturity, life skills or confidence, enabled their addiction, is also profound. The former is bound to the latter because the helper’s long-last Feelingment. responsible alsoincreases theirlow self-esteem. to need feel useful, and the the need to as maintain the other close such due to the needs, fear of abandon emotional their satisfy to title the on dependent often are helpers These support. and help to is role main their where relationships in members intimacy find often relationships The codependent to prone care.family alcoholic’s receivesthe of he when especially loved feels alcoholic the and assistance of provision the through first at love shows etc.) mother, son, (wife, should bemade. familyenvironmententire the of diagnosis complete accurateand an help priate appro provideTo 1985]. Krestan, [Bepko, itself behavior alcoholic’s the of text larities intheirbehaviors: simi and links the clarifies description This codependent’s. the and person holic 2. – – – – – despite theefforts to doso[Brewer, Zawadski, Lincoln,1990]. him, with relationship the off break to inability the feels person pendent not drink; experiences anxiety and tension in the periods in which the alcoholic does drawalsyndrome nervousness),and (irritability codependent person the to hisdesire; according alcoholic the change to useless, often effort, the repeats dent to control orprevent his drinking; stead focuses onthealcoholic’sfeelings, thoughts andbehavior; and thecodependentperson The alcoholic feels incapable of severing the link with alcohol, the code the alcohol, with link the severing of incapable feels alcoholic The with of symptoms experiences he drinking, stops alcoholic the When The alcoholic usually has relapses after a withdrawal period, the codepen The alcoholic feels a strong desire to drink, the codependent person wants The alcoholic concentrates all his life around alcohol, the codependent in The differencesbetweenthealcoholic The codependent persons’ behavior can be only understood in the con the in understood only be can behavior persons’ codependent The alco the of life wayof the compare to appropriate seems it point this At In the codependent relationship, the alcoholic’s dependence on the helper CODEPENDENCE AS ANISSUEINTHEALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY Krzysztof Trębski ------Page ------49 1/2016 Codependency Codependency can be difficult to change by one’s own as codependent Psychotherapy can help people understand why they overcompensate, Some proposals of solutions to codependency solutions to proposals of Some Learning about family patterns: understanding the unhealthy codepen Fixing vs. Fixing support: vs. support includes empathetic listening and encourage pro a in others help to need the fulfill ways: productive in others Helping Setting boundaries: setting limits with others forces them to learn to take take to learn to them forces others with limits setting boundaries: Setting Improving Improving self-care: as codependent individuals tend to focus on others’ From the point of view of the helping relationship (counseling of codipen of (counseling relationship helping the of view of point the From dent patterns in the family will help to the make family members relate a to one person another and aware how these of patterns have how outside the family. other relationships to transferred ment. On the other hand, fixing is swooping in and solving problems for themselves; capable of solving other people that are person through of instead volunteering, as such way, healthy and ductive be unhealthy; that may al relationships well-being; allows also It self-reliance. facilitates and lives own their for responsibility the person who is codependent to invest time and energy into himself/ herself or other things; needs, their own needs often get pushed to the side. This can become dan become can This side. the to pushed get often needs own their needs, overall one’s for important is assessment self-care Understanding gerous. – – – – – Conclusions dent people), the biggest problem people face in getting help for codependen form old patterns. old patterns. form help to aspects following the of some on work might therapist a Holtz, to According (www.goodtherapy.org/codependency): someone change codependent patterns fulfill everyone’s needs but their own, or put themselves only after the others. therapy and Family therapy behavioral are cognitive both well suited to treating help can therapist A help. to likely is therapy of form any although codependency, a person identify codependent tendencies, understand why the behaviors were trans and heal to order in self-compassion develop and place, first the in adopted behaviors often starts in the early stages and are reinforced over many years. Re years. many over reinforced are and stages early the in starts often behaviors solving codependency can improve relationships, decrease anxiety and depres self-esteem. sion, and improve Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, 3. 50

Page ters. The intervention is aimed at the whole family, so that its members become members its family,that whole so the at aimed is intervention The ters. mat spiritual and psychology,human in trained people by provided needed, is they are constantly reminded thatitisaprocess ofreaffirmation ofone’sself. fusing it with abandonment, so it is important that through therapy or counseling, life. own their for It responsible be to person codependent the allows thus and co-dependency overcoming to part important an is This 1996]. [McKay,havior be alcoholic the of regardlesslives, satisfying and enjoyable meaningful, live to able are members familywhere process the is which detachment of process the awareness comes alsotheopportunityfor changing. the With them. with dealing in step important most and first the is codependency of traits their awareof self-awareness.Becoming of lack the is cy Black C. (1981): Bepko C.,Krestan J.A.(1985): (2013): Association Psychiatric American [in:] Alcoholics of Children Franciscoon Conference discussion Panel Co-Dependence”, of Definition “The (1985): Ch. Alexander Bibliography: model, andBible-basedgroups withspiritualcounseling. Anonymous Alcoholics of programtwelve-step the on based Alcoholics are which of (ACOA), Children Adult and dependency), of cycles their breakhelping on members focused also is that alcoholics, of friends and family the support designed to been have that (groups Al-Anon/Alateen (CoDA), Anonymous dents Co-Depen as such codependency, for groups support exists also There setting. ple can also benefit from meeting with peers in a group-therapy or support-group peo Codependent depression. fortherapy chemical by accompanied sometimes psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral choose may some example, For pendency. thentically. behaveau to return can treatment, appropriatethrough and, roles the awareof is never easy and the codependent may have difficulties with this process con process this mayhavewith codependent difficulties the never and easyis Children ofAlcoholics at theSan Therearevarious recovery code forindividualswith paths strugglewho help outside an codependency of mechanisms behavioral the unlock To learn to help receive can person codependent the recognized, Once lications Division, ACT. of Mental Disorders family , ScienceandBehavior Books, NewYork. It will It never happento me CODEPENDENCE AS ANISSUEINTHEALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY , (5thEdition), Washington, DC. , July 11,1985. The responsability trap –blueprint for the alcoholic Krzysztof Trębski . Denver, Colo.: M.A.C. Printing and Pub Diagnostic and StatisticalDiagnostic Manual The NationalAssociationfor ------Page

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[in:] Issue: [in:] The Counselor Overcoming . Minneapolis, MN: , 28, pp. 24‒28. [in:] to , 25, pp. 39‒52. Special , CreateSpace Indepen CreateSpace , Co-Dependence: Psychiatric Annals Psychiatric , 13, pp. 431‒436. Guide other. Characteristics of alcoholics of alcoholics Characteristics Giving Journal of Clinical Psychology Journal of Clinical [in:] Treating , Los Angeles: Jeremy Tarcher, Inc. Tarcher, Jeremy Angeles: Los , [in:] F. Rotgers, D.S. Keller Keller D.S. Rotgers, F. [in:] [in:] and significant Psychological , 3 (3–4), pp. 113–132. A Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment Abuse Journal of Substance , 25, pp. 653-663. and Dysfunctional Codependency: Another name for Bowens un Bowens name for Another Codependency: Co-dependence and the Search for Identity for Search and the Co-dependence Diagnosing [in:] Drug and Alcohol Review Drug and Alcohol

Other Perspectives in Psychiatric Care in Psychiatric Perspectives On Terms Used and Abused: The Concept of The Concept and Abused: Used On Terms codependency? Helping: drinking Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly Treatment Alcoholism and is The social construction of co-dependency in the treat in the of co-dependency The social construction [in:] Treating substance abuse: theory and technique substance Treating Codependent Attitude and Behavior: Moderators of Moderators and Behavior: Attitude Codependent : [in:] ) , 2, pp. 14‒19. [in:] Drugs & Society Co-addiction as a disease Co-addiction Diagnosing and treating codependence Diagnosing and treating Children in the addicted family: An outreview An family: addicted in the Children Developmental aspects of codependency Developmental What A time to heal. The road to recovery for adult children of alco adult children for recovery to heal. The road A time to Women Who Love Too Much Too Who Love Women , Hazelden Publishing, Minnesota, , Hazelden Publishing, Excessive Family therapy techniques therapy Family Unhealthy Enabling, [in:] Practice

, Jeremy P. Tarcher Institute, Los Angeles. Institute, Tarcher P. , Jeremy 47, pp. 720‒729. 8, pp. 14‒16. pendency” genstern (eds.), Press. Guilford (pp. 143‒173). New York: ment of substance abuse ment of substance pp. 473–479. family drug and the Nursing pano Beach, Florida: Health Communications, Inc. pano Beach, Florida: Health Communications, Problems (AOD) holics pp. 266‒272. self differentiated for Professionals Who Work with Chemical Dependents, Their Spouses, Dependents, Their Spouses, Chemical with Who Work Professionals for and Children Johnson Institute. and codependents who did and did not complete treatment not did and did complete who and codependents Addictions of the tional Journal pendence, North Charleston. dent Publishing Platform, Lisansky Gomberg E. (1989): Lisansky Gomberg (1996): J.R. McKay Homila M. (1994): Kiehne A.M. (1988): Harkness D. et al. (2008): D. Harkness Drug and Other Alcohol with of Families in Adult-Offspring Distress Psychological Harkness D. et al. (1997 Fagan-Pryor E.C., Haber L.C. (1992): Fagan-Pryor J., Friel Subby R., L. Friel (1984): Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, Brewer L.G., Zawadski M.L., Lincoln R. (1990): Morgan Morgan J.P. (1991): (1985): R. Norwood (1990): O’Gorman P. Cermak T.L. (1991): Cermak T.L. (1986): (1988): Cermak T.L. Burn S.M. (2016): (1998): L. Timmen M.D, Cermak Page 52 (1986): A. Wilson-Schaef Wekesser C.(1994): Wegscheider-Cruse S.(1985): (1992): J. Spector S., Sunderwirth (1990): J.L. Fischer L.A., Spann & Row Pub.,SanFrancisco. [in:] pp. 27‒31. Communications Inc. Family ofAddiction Quarterly Dynamics CODEPENDENCE AS ANISSUEINTHEALCOHOLIC’S FAMILY Alcoholism Co-dependence. Misunderstood –Mistreated Choicemaking, . SanDiego:Greenhaven Press, Inc. Identifying codependency Identifying Krzysztof Trębski Codependency:the When right isn’t chemistry Pompano Beach,Florida:Health , 2,pp.23‒31. [in:] The CounselorThe Harper , , 8, ,

Halina Stecko The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jaroslaw Sylwia Stecko University of Rzeszow

AROUND THE TERMS: ”SOCIAL HELP AND SOCIAL WORK”

Summary: This article deals with considerations on the subject of social assistance and social work. It aims to provide definitions and characteristics of both social assistance and social work. It can be concluded that social assistance is the oldest method of providing social security and social work is one form of social assistance.

Keywords: law, social assistance, social work Introduction

Social assistance is the oldest method of providing social security and has a very long tradition. The origins of social assistance date back- to antiquity. Even then, in communities there were people in need of help due to illness, disability, age, orphanhood or poverty. Before the modern notion of so cial assistance was shaped and implemented, social assistance had changed in its concept and forms of activity. Its development can be divided into several phases, which are reflected by the changing name of this phenomenon: a public charity, social care and social assistance. - In the Middle Ages support to those in need, i.e. the poor, the crippled, the elderly and others came from the Catholic Church through its extensive char itable activities, in particular through a number of monasteries, fraternities, charitable societies established also for this purpose, and to some extent guilds- and municipal authorities. Such activities at that time could hardly be treated merely as a form of private charity because all these organizations, in a way per formed, tasks of the state. The transformation of state regimes and the formation 54

Page tics ofcorrectional facilities, andwork was compulsoryfor anybody fitfor it. characteris some had institutions These users. potential discourage to as so level lowest the provideat theypoor,living conditions that the assumption the with but for facilities envisagedestablishing 1834 revolution,of Actindustrial the the of try thorities were faced with the task of organizing public charity. In England, the coun about the collapse of the previous political and social solutions. Therefore, state au port increased sharply. At the same time the ideas of the sup French of Revolution need brought in those of numbers the that production of means capitalist of ment develop and factories of appearance the However,care.afterfamily only wasof it deprivedindividuals help to community the on obligation an imposing assistance, Law or the Poor Relief Act), considered as the first source of law in the field of social changed thesituation. of the modern state with its extensive administration engulfing public service has lc hrh Jws cmuiis n piae niis A eape f h state the of example An entities. private and communities Jewish Church, olic munes. Public bodies engaged in charitable activities were supported by the Cath During the partitions, the respective responsibilities in this regard rested on com communities andprivate persons. therefore on communes supported by the charitable activity of the Church, Jewish restedresponsibility of burden The significant. wasregulation state and force in regulations partition also were There years. subsequent in extended and added were establishments charitable and health of organization the on provisions er wid 1842 in poor,and the for care the on introduced was law a 1817 as early as Poland,Congress called so century.the 18th in the Then, of end the at namely the of end the at issued regulations legal the in found be to are of socialassistance[Muszalski,2007,p.171‒172]. care. The First World War and then the Great Depression led to further expansion in 1922 the system of social provision was established to appear alongside social social By care. organized an into charity public state and followed communal there of Gradually,transformation infirm. the and orphans elderly, the for institutions shelter-like and help immediate after activity social of development the in stage another was which introduced, were elderly the for benefits cash fixed 1891 In implementation. its helped government local well-developed secure a and to livelihood, a unable those for care of provision included 1849 of constitution ish Dan The England. than approach different a taking yet care, social creating of A similar evolution similar A tookPoland. in place charity public of beginnings The Poor (Old poor the of law called so the passed Elisabeth Queen 1601, In On the Polish ground, public charity dates back to the eighteenth century. n h nntet cnuy Dnak ae o h frfot n h area the in forefront the to came Denmark century, nineteenth the In providing fixed benefits to the elderly in England in 1908 and Denmark and 1908 in England in elderly the to benefits fixedproviding AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko Rzeczpospolita ------, 55

Page ------a com a 1/2016 – dealing, among other things, with the issue of pov of issue the with things, other among dealing, – boni ordonis The presented history of social assistance shows that it replaced the pre the replaced it that shows assistance social of history presented The

In connection with the processes of political transformation in Poland, After regaining independence in 1923, a law on social assistance as assistance social on law a 1923, in independence regaining After 2015, 163 [consolidated text in Law Gazette]). This law into entered force May 2004 and is the outcome of efforts made to adapt the Polish legal regu legal Polish the adapt to made efforts of outcome the is and 2004 May st U. childbirth allowance, to family benefits. This law was amended many times, but of persons entitled. the scope of benefits or the group the changes did not affect vious social care. The concept of social assistance introduced was into the Polish U. (Dz. 29.11.1990 of Assistance Social on Law the in time first the for legislation on 1 on lations of to the the Union requirements European [Nitecki, 2009, p. 29]. As a re social of area the in bodies government local of position the regulation, this of sult transfer the was followed that change important An strengthened. was assistance of various allowances and benefits, e.g. fixed sick child allowance or temporary social assistance has undergone rapid transformation. sequent This changes was in the due law to of social sub assistance social of field the in which development legislation of period the of end took The 1992‒2004. place in the years 12.03.2004 on Assistance Social on Law the of adoption the by marked was work (Dz of local government came to an end. Social activity became the burden of trade unions operating in workplaces. In 1961, the competence in the field of care was taken social over by the Minister of Health. Then in 1973 health care centres tak was 1980s and 1970s the in role whose workers social of groups established social workers. professional by en over by charity [Sierpowska, 2007, p. 14]. charity [Sierpowska, by prehensive regulation corresponding to the needs and demands of society was passed. It provided the aims and of communes and scope other local and state government units of of administration. The care, defined the responsibilities welfare system created by the act was in force until 1950 when the institution handicapped and orphans were taken care of by parish custodians, which includ which custodians, parish by of care taken were orphans and handicapped ed both lay people and The the supervision clergy. of institutions providing help and care came to be the responsibility of the newly established Central Welfare Council. In 1864, communes assumed responsibility in greater the area of public for example communal charity, bodies were able to levy special taxes to be used of good order ‒ order good of On erty. 2 December 1817, in Congress Poland a law was passed on the care for there Poland of Kingdom the in 1842, in Then work. to unable those and poor the appeared a lengthy act regulating matters related to It public concerned charity. the activities of hospitals and other care institutions, parish houses for the derly and el infirm, as well as societies and charitable establishments. Old people, Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, taking over control over public charity can be seen in setting up a commission Page vided for in Article 67, paragraph1, of the Polish Constitution (The Constitution (The Constitution Polish the of paragraph1, 67, Article in for vided rights ofthepublic[Leoński,2007,p.431]. social the of part forming provisions the by regulated is function This situation. difficult a in families and individuals to support and assistance social functions, care [Nitecki, 2009, p. 30‒31]. The state is obliged to provide, through its various cial assistance, but not every social assistance act will be synonymous with social cept of social care, which means that any form of social care will also be part of so con the includes it and nature in broader is assistance social of concept the that or a family overcome hardships or difficult situation they might have. This means individualan helping at aimed efforts the also livelihoodbut essential needs, the meeting therefore,involvesonlyovercome themselves.not It, to unable are they which difficulties overcometo families and individuals enabling at aimed policy No. 64, item. 414, 1998 consolidated text). It refers to the institution of state social gulations 56their distribution. for procedure and rules and benefits objectives, the regarding within contained act devoted to this that subject, is, the act on social assistance and the regulations ‒ andwide– performing agiven serviceorprofession [Nitecki, 2009,p.31]. for conditions better create to aiming support state of form a is itary,which etc., mil teachers, officers, police individualprofessionale.g. groups,the for state the classified associalassistance. are activity state the of spheres what decides that legislation the is it therefore, sense. It is determined by thecontent of the existing rulesinthis area of activity carried out through its entities that will mean social assistance in the above aspect aswell asitsnarrow andwidemeaning. wayconsideredpositivebe its can in assistance social that suggests negative and this in formulated definition The . 31] p. 2009, [Nitecki, own their on resolveto able not are they which situation difficult a in families and individuals for efits ben providegovernments local and state the of authorities policy,whose social state of institution an as recognized be may assistance social Thus, 30). p. 2001, (Jończyk, assistance social and provision social insurance, social covers ments) amend with 483 item 78, No. U. (Dz. 1997. April 2 of Poland of Republic the of The narrow sense of social assistance is associated with the normative the with associated is assistance social of sense narrow The Social assistance can also be perceived in the narrow sense – negativethe In view, frombenefits includes assistance social of scope the The positive value is based on a positive indication of the spheres of state pro security social the that assumed is it subject, literaturethe the on In The wide perspective of social assistance is associated with any legal any with associated is assistance social of perspective wide The permitting equivalent benefits, which are necessary to satisfy the needs sensu largo AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” [Leoński, 2007,p.440]. Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko sensu stricto law and, re ------

Page ------1/2016 appeared social law’ social It should be noted that the definition given in the law on social assistance social on law the in given definition the that noted be should It The Social Assistance Act in Article 2, paragraph1 defines social assistance social defines paragraph1 2, Article in Act Assistance Social The According According to Wojciech Muszalski, the purpose of social assistance place in the sphere of social The security. social and economic reforms that had been carried out new created forms of benefits that lay outside the classification of social security (insurance, supply, aid). One example of this kind of benefits is unemployment benefits [Sierpowska, 2007, p. 55]. The it tend does its not control of have these forms of assistance. In however, Poland, social law may ex (Act (Act of 12.03.2004 on The Social Assistance Dz. U. 2015, poz. 163, j.t.) best re flects the essence social of assistance this is concept. sometimes Currently, more often placed in the newly emerging branch of law, i.e. the social law. In Poland, this type of law does not have a long tradition. The term ‘ in the literature in the early 1990s and referred to the changes that had taken own efforts, resources and capabilities. According to the regulations set out in Ar in out set regulations the to According capabilities. and resources efforts, own ticle 2 paragraph 2 of the Act, social assistance is organised by units of central and local administration in cooperation with organisations such as foundations, associations, the Catholic Church, other churches, religious groups, employers persons. and legal and both natural rial and non-material matters, and in particular it should enable the beneficiaries the enable should it particular in and matters, non-material and rial [Muszalski, 2010, p. 155]. their difficulties on their own overcome to as an institution of state social policy aimed at enabling individuals and families to difficult overcome situations, which they are not able to using overcome their themselves in a difficult situation that cannot be relieved through their own work work own their through relieved be cannot that situation difficult a in themselves p. 130]. 1980, [Kuta, is the The support aid active of be may in therefore the provided all needy. cases an where individual is unable to cope alone. This support is the duty of the state mate both concern may Assistance society. whole the of organization of form a as an example, indicating the types of acts included in the broad sense of social as sistance [Michalska-Badziak, 2002, p. 211]. The legislator can, therefore, make changes in this by modifying regard the laws listed or adding new ones. Another important issue is how to view social assistance. In the subject literature, Tade usz Kuta sees social assistance as community support for individuals who found social assistance includes such laws as the Act of 21. lowances, 06.2001 (Act on of Housing 21. Al 06.2001 on Housing Allowances, j.t.) Dz. Act of 28.11.2003 U. on Family Benefits 2013, (Act of poz. 28.11.2003 on Family Benefits 966, Dz. U. 2015, poz. 114, j.t.) or the Act of 13.06.2003 on social of employment 13.06.2003 on (Act social employment Dz. U. 2011, Nr 43, poz. 225, j.t.) on social employment and others. This enumeration is not taxative (exhaustive), but just Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, of individuals or families whose own efforts are insufficient in this regard. Here, 58

Page of socialwork asaspecificfieldofscienceandpractice omitlay in: to these goals [Kamiński, 2000, 432]. It can therefore be said that the conducivedistribution conditions social create to and functioning social of ability the store re improveor communities or groups individuals, helping in consisting activity professionala is work social that stated Workersis cial it Association), (National So of Association National US the of documents the In 431]. p. 2000, [Kamiński, need in people the helping to related activities professional of beginning the as regarded be shall date The Work. Social of Conference National Association can ‘ term The assistance. social of forms main the of one considered discipline, relativelyyoung a Social is work 8]. p. 2003, [Żakiewicz, law administrative the with connection remains close and in formed fully not is it law, of branch independent an of status the f oil ok a b fud n h Saue f h Cleim f oil Workers Social of Collegium the of Statute the in found be can work aims social practical of the of definition interesting An interaction. social and nections environment, con systemof the into back them the bringing and providingbyconditions material with bond lost who individuals, of relationship the building tal organizations [Głowacka, 1998,p.5]. non-governmennetworkof substantiallythrougha out carried be should tance assis social of system local the writes: Głowacka Eliza Józefa sector. mental As level to thelocalauthorities. part of the environmental benefits of social assistance from the state government substantial a shifting in benefits many see Analysts assistance. social of ization decentral the is which of important most changes, significant further troduced frameworkadministrativenew followingthe the in reformfunctioning in which ing new conditions for granting aid. The year 1999 is the first of social assistance after 1923, new Act on Social Assistance. The Law was amended in 1996 thus add has been subject to rapid changes. The changes were initiated in 1990 by the first, troduced themethodofindividual casesto socialwork. social of basis in who Richmond fromMary came field this in contributions scientific work. Outstanding the of homeland the considered is country the hence 3) 2) 1) An important part of the local system of help should be the non-govern the be should help of system local the of part important An Social assistance in Poland since the beginning of political transformation These assumptions were formulated for the first time in the United States, tive assistanceandpsychological andsocialcare. dividuals andsocialgroups; The practice of social work in the concept of Werner Boehm is about re about is WernerBoehm of concept the in work social of practice The attempts to apply and take advantage of achievements in the field of effec attempts to apply scientific research to identify the living conditions of in the dynamic development ofthescienceman; AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” social work’ Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko appeared in 1917 in the name of the Ameri the of name the in 1917 in appeared ------Page

------59 1/2016 and aspirations [Szamgalski, 1996, 78]. This approach views nities.” nities.” In this definition of social work less emphasis ‒ one than ‒ in is the placed American on the preventive and educational functions [Szatur-Jaworska, of 1995, such p. activities 108]. Finally, as rightly observed by Charles Galton Darwin and Brett A. Seabury, most definitions focus on improving the interac tion of an in with to optimize individual order the the environment development Here Here is the definition presented by the European Council in Resolution No. 16: “Social work is a specific activity, whose task is to facilitate mutual adaptation of individuals, groups and social environments in which they live and to devel op a sense of individual self-worth through the use of the possibilities inherent in the people, in interpersonal relations, and resources shared by local commu The social worker is responsible not only for material assistance, but also diverse diverse also but assistance, material for only not responsible is worker social The activities of an educational, rehabilitative and therapeutic character addressed to individuals and families who experience difficulty in social functioning for all sorts of reasons, be it psychological, physical, or social, or because of different kinds of addictions [Szmagalski, 1996, p. 77]. In a social work somewhat is narrower perceived by sense many Western European countries, also in Poland. and solving social problems. Social workers, as professional caregivers working with people, develop their capacities and increase their ability to social act, assistance and provide measures and develop social structures that facilitate this action [Dubois and 1996, Miley, p. 25]. The above approaches to social work in dicate that in the United States the of range in is wide. activities very this regard in both the environment as well as the individual in difficulty, the latter unable to balance being the demands of the on environment its own. [Olubiński, 2004, p. 24]. In turn, Brenda Dubois and Karla of Krogsrud social Miley, work, two emphasise other the theorists professional aspect of activities in this field. cording to them Ac social work “includes aimed activities professional at improving the living conditions of individuals and society and alleviating human suffering the primary goals of social work mainly as the development of human ty capaci to solve their problems, and the ability to contact the relevant social services which can help achieve self-fulfillment. William Gordon agrees with such an ap proach, assuming that the aim of practical actions in social work is intervention to means which maintain environment, the and individual the between balance a a system of interactions and relationships between individuals and certain so cial institutions, stimulating an individual’s ability to perform their vital and tasks meet their vital needs. A similar view of social cus work and is A.Minahan, who assume shared that it by is A. a specific type Pin of interaction between people and their which their affects social ability environment to fulfill life tasks, their own values Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, Virginia. In and this intervention, sense, analysis social is work primarily in West Page tional social assistance were already known in the Middle Ages, its highest develop highest its Ages, Middle the in known alreadywere assistance social tional institu individualand examplesof although And, education). of sociology and agogy ped (social theory educational of influence the developedworkunder mainly social country,our in that stressed be should It role. large playeda partition or occupation faith.Christian the of principles the on experiencebased the addition, In lifeof under noted that in Poland from the very beginning there was a be strong must support of it the all, church of First factors. various by caused was This ones. German West or on vironment [GarvinandSeabury, 1996,p.30‒31]. en the tobehavior-and their changing by ‒ individualsto both benefit optimum bring which interactions, such create to strive should worker social a mind, in this With environment. the to contribute can [individuals] they what 2} velop, individualwhatthe 1} receives fromenvironmental the resources orderin tode namely:ways, two in understood be can optimization this and individual, the of Thus, socialwork comprisesactivities suchascare, education, andculture. development. successful its supporting as well as shortcomings developmental its compensating individual, an of needs 60the meeting both as work social view PolandTherefore,in 74‒75]. pedagogy p. social1974, of [Kamiński, pioneers the participation appropriate their through groups and individuals of opportunities ological and socio-cultural character, as well as of strengthening the development activity the is of work both meeting “Social basic and developmental that needs, of accepted balancing the shortcomings and bi service, or care social health, to relation in field distinct a as pedagogy,but social within work social situated ki in the communist period, similarly understands social work,. Aleksander Kamins it lives [Radlińska, 196,p.26]. which environmentin transformthe to as well as problems, own solvependentlyits inde to capable it making development [entity’s] its optimize to serve itself, finds interpersonal, group, or environmental nature, of which, regardless of the situation activitiesin which the entity the all as assistance social considered Radlińska 25]. p. 1961, [Radlińska, power” human by environment of processing the words other in efforts, their improvement and organization of joint action for the good of the people, Radlińska, according to whom “socialwork meantextracting andmultiplying human in Poland. The forerunner in this regard, and especially in social pedagogy was Helena work social of development professional and scientific the of beginnings the marks also period interwar The that. do cannot themselves who those of needs livelihood tained an act of help and care. It defined care as satisfying, from public funds, the basic con it as caresystemstatedevelopment of of the in roleplayed significant 1923 a of betweenperiod the in seen is ment twothe world wars. Constitution the time that In lkadr aisi wo eeoe te ocp o sca pedagogy social of concept the developed who Kaminski, Aleksander In Poland, the definition of social work somewhat differs from the Anglo-Sax AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko ------Page ------61 1/2016 November 1990 on Social November Assistance 1990, Dz. Nr U. 98, poz. 99].

granting and payment of benefits provided for by law; by for of benefits provided and payment granting social work; of the necessary social infrastructure; and development provision analysis and evaluation of phenomena resulting in demand for social as sistance; The situation changed after War World II, namely in 1953, when Poland 1) 2) 3) 4) Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, for themselves for and themselves their nearest [Czarnecki, 2009, p. 149]. The Act also precise ly defines social groups eligible for aid. It lists 15 common situations in the which state social assistance authorities are obliged to assist. Contrary to popular belief, poverty is not a condition entitling to assistance. In the light of the above mentioned Act, social assistance consists of: is an institution of state social aimed policy, at enabling individuals and families to difficult overcome situations, which they are not able to using overcome their The own definition and efforts, resources taken from capabilities.” the Polish Act seems to better reflect the meaning of social work, for it stresses help and not help doing is to people all not do who others. the for offered not Therefore, work build to a future an better effort make to change but want those to who any want prevention prevention of social dysfunction. The Law on Social Assistance does not but mention that social social work, this assistance. is It due is believed of 12.03.2004 ba voluntary on largely still are kind this of actions where character, European to sis. In the European definitions “non-professional” action is central and govern ment support agencies The such only reads law that activities. “social assistance fessional activity, fessional aimed activity, at helping individuals and families to strengthen or re gain the ability to function in society and to create favorable conditions to this end” [Act of 29 definition of areas that of the activity it social above transpire should work From be focused on, namely 1) boosting the lost or weakened strengths and abilities, 2) meeting specific needs and providing individual and collective resources, 3) in connection with the transformation of the political Since the system early 1990s in there has our been an country. intensive development in both theory, research and practice of social work. The achievements and efforts in the devel opment of the theory and practice of social work in Poland culminated in an act is defined social as work 1990. “a Therein, pro on social assistance of November nationalized nationalized all forms of assistance. The prevailing view at the the socialist system, by providing work time for all, would eliminate was misery and pov that rendering erty, social assistance It unnecessary. was only in 1960 that the insti tution of social carer was restored again, alongside which appeared the Polish Committee for Social assistance, nursing homes etc. This situation lasted until the end of the 1980s, but radical changes in this area took place in the 1990s Page worker isanemployee who: social work methods” [Mikulski, 1981, p. 12]. According to this definition, a social through and professionally needs social satisfying specialist a is worker “social whom to according Mikulski, Jerzy by presented are worker social a charac of teristics worker.The social of profession the to linked closely is work social of nature practical The ambitions. and needs recognized socially meeting and lems discipline is of a practical nature, because it practically means solving social prob 62 professionals shouldbecharacterized by: such Hence, values. moral appropriate for calls thereforeworker social a of role and to prevent the marginalization of people dependent on social assistance. This those who require such assistance to be able to become part of an active social life only but people assist to others, amongst is, Act the workersunder social of task workers.social The professionalof employees basic ethics of obligations and the forth set specifically assistance social on law the to 06.1996 14 of amendment The disciplines. related or sociology,psychology rehabilitation,education, social from a school of social workers or university studies in: social work, social policy, worker is a person who has the appropriate qualifications, namely has graduated ing peopleinneed. has worker social changed the and improved becoming a system,professional who is focused education primarily on help improved continuously and tensive depending on the needs of the individual, groups or communities. Through an 4) 3) 2) 1) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) n iw f ril 4 o te a o Sca Assac o 19, social a 1990, of Assistance Social on Law the of 49 Article of view In changed have role professional their and worker social a of profile The kulski 1981,p.13‒16]. vidual case method, groupwork, methods of organizing environment [Mi or demonstrating concernfor ahumanbeing; this that demonstrate work social of tasks and objectivespresented The text ofidentifiedneeds(Act of12March 2004onsocialassistance [Zarębska, 1983, p.29]. carries out activities through the following methods of social work: indi work: social of methods following the throughactivities out carries deals withtheneedsofindividuals, smallgroups andcommunities; performs their professional activities by means of solving social problems specializes inhumanaffairs; the development of new forms of social assistance and self-help in the con the implementationoftasks inresponse to identifiedsocialneeds; el at ceruns, r eiuns dpnig n h cs a hand at case the on depending seriousness or cheerfulness, tact, real sincerity andkindness,forbearance andpatiencetowards theapplicants; eagerness to assistallthoseinneed; friendly interest andkindness towards people; AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko

). ex ------Page ------63 , Wy , t. IV, t., IV, 1/2016 Ekono , ,,Praca ,,Praca , t. 1, Wydaw socjalnej Szkoły sił, społecznej , ”Seminare”, t. , 16, ”Seminare”, pracy oświatowo-kultural i w Wyższej dodaje pomocy , Wydawnictwo Prawnicze , Zakamycze. który zawodowa naukowe , Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa. Warszawa. PWN, Wydawnictwo , systemu zawód, , System prawa administracyjnego prawa System interpersonalne działalność socjalno-bytowych społecznej polskiego Konferencje jako , Wydawnictwo Difin, Lublin. , Wydawnictwo Działania potrzeb Praca socjalna Praca pedagogiki socjalna. socjalna [in:] T. Rabska (ed.), (ed.), Rabska T. [in:] Charakterystyka Praca Zarys prawa administracyjnego Zarys prawa Praca Funkcje społecznego zabezpieczenia Prawo Zaspokajanie nych obywateli nych Ossolineum. Warszawa. PWN, i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne”, nr 6. i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne”, Warszawa. mii i Innowacji w Lublinie mii i Innowacji Warszawa. Interart, nictwo Warszawa. Interart, dawnictwo As indicated by the literature, the job of a social worker is a profession Kamiński T. (2000): Kamiński T. assistance protects them only from starvation. from them only assistance protects Bibliography: (2009): Czarnecki P. to to a previous state. The task of the state is therefore to help them to the extent Europe in schemes assistance Social them. to restored been has security this that are therefore aimed at restoring this feeling or keeping the sense of deprivation as low as possible. The European tradition requires that such people (excluded) are given more than just enough to survive, that is why the excluded in Europe live in the sense of smaller discomfort than, for example, in Africa, where social in social life. Thus, people who do not participate in full in public life are excluded, excluded, are life public in full in participate not do who people Thus, life. social in to a greater or lesser extent, from the benefits of developing civilization. The so sense, this In out. is who and in is who to according divided be to starts world cial se of sense their lose people Excluded exclusion. of cause main the is work of lack curity to such a high degree that they themselves are no longer able to return that poses very high demands, both in terms of skills and ethical attitude. various take to workers social for need the One is requirements these of consequence professional roles. The scope of challenges that the social worker faces is con stantly growing and they have to perform ever more difficult tasks. Nowadays in Poland there is a situation in which there is a new line of social division, as sociated not with racial or cultural differences, but with the very participation Charity, Philanthropy and Social Work and Philanthropy Charity, Kuta Kuta T. (1980): Leoński Z. (2004): Jańczyk J. (2001): Jańczyk (1974): A. Kamiński Dubois B., Miley K.K. (1996): (1996): Garvin Ch., Seabury D.A. (1998): J.E. Głowacka Page ztrJwrk B (1995): B. Szatur-Jaworska (2007): I. Sierpowa Radlińska H. (1961): Olubiński A. (2004): (2009): S. Nitecki Muszalski W. (2007): (1981): Cz. Gdula J., Mikulski (2002): R. Michalska-Badziak 64 Act of28.11.2003 onFamily Benefits(Dz.U. 2015,poz.114,j.t.). Act of06.21.2001 onHousingAllowances (Dz.U. 2013,poz.966,j.t.). Act of13.06.2003 onsocialemployment (Dz.U. 2011,Nr43,poz.225,j.t.). Act of12March 2004onSocialAssistance(Dz.U. 2015,poz.163,j.t.). Act of29November 1990onSocialAssistance (Dz.U. 1990,Nr98, poz.99). item 78, No. U. (Dz. 1997. April 2 of Poland of Republic the of Constitution The Akty prawne: (2003): A. Żakiewicz (1983): K. Zarębska (1996): J. Szmagalski 483with amendments). Społeczna”, Nr2. cjalnego dawnictwo „Żak”, Warszawa. I. Nepalczyk, Warszawa. i praktyka, dawnictwo Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa. Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych”, Warszawa, Kluwer, Warszawa. prawo administracyjne. , ”Opiekun społeczny” Nr1‒2. Prawo

Wydawnictwo AROUND THETERMS:„SOCIALHELPANDSOCIALWORK” Praca ipedagogiczne. socjalna. Teoria Aspekty humanistyczne Niektóre Pedagogika społeczna Pedagogika Prawo Prawo socjalne Prawo socjalne wsystemie prawa stanowionego Teoria do pomocy pomocy Teoretyczne podstawy pracy socjalnej pracy Halina Stecko, Sylwia Stecko cechy Służby Pomoc Pojęcia, edukacyjne ”Akapit”, Toruń. społeczna socjalnej osobowości, społecznej , Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa. społecznej socjalne społeczna instytucje, , Wydawnictwo ”Żak”, Warszawa. , Wydawnictwo Ossolineum, Wrocław. a ideologia w w Wdwito otr Kluwer, Wolters Wydawnictwo , sylwetki i: M Sal (ed.), Stahl M. [in:] polskim Polsce, zasady, i i Wydawnictwo ”Instytut Wydawnictwo WydawnictwoWolters polityka systemie modelu pracownika społeczna prawnym i: T Pilch, T. [in:] Materialne , ”Polityka , , Wy , , Wy , so - - - IN PREVIOUS VOLUME

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