AMERICAN FRIENDS S E R V I C E COMI'1ITTEE
HINUTES
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF CIVILIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
May 26, 1941
PRESE:t.TT: Harold Evans, Bernard G. Waring, E:nily Cooper Johnson, M.. Albert Linton, Elmore Jackson, Ray Newton, Thomas E .. Jones, Philip E. Jacob, Esther B. Rhoads.
REGRETS: Clarence E. Pickett, Homer L.. !-1orris, John w.. Nason, Isaac \.Joodard, James Hatchett.
OPENING: The meeting opened with a brief period of worship .. l''liNUTES: The mimeographed minutes of the last meeting were mis-dated May 17th instead of May 12th. The word "Section" should be substituted for "Committee" in speaking of the Peace Section of the American Friends Service Committee. With these corrections, the minutes were adopted.
PATAPSCO: On May 15th, twenty-six draftees arrived.. The other twenty- four men who had been assigned have all been deferred or reclassified. The men from New Jersey were accompanied by Selective Service officials who showed a sympathetic interest in the camp. Ohio, Pennsylvania; and Maryland had sent their men unaccompanied.. The group represented nine different denominations.
The Episcopal men found letters from Bishop Lawrence awaiting them.. They were assured of the close friendship of their fellow church men whose deep interest would include sharing in the financial sacrifice which these men are having to make.
Newspapermen from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, New York, and Chicago were there. Paul French had prepared releases for them which covered the background and ~urpose of Civilian Public Service. On the whole, the write ups were good ..
SAN DIMAS: :r-1 .. Albert Linton told briefly of an interesting visit whi.ch he had paid to the San Dimas Camp where he was very favorably impressed with the personnel of the camp and with the value of the work project. VJhich is experimentation and research in watersheds and reforesta tion.. Draftees are expected to arrive at San Dimas on June 2nd.
FUTURE PlANS: Thomas E .. Jones reported that James P. Hullin and re;?resenta- ti ves of the Mennonite and Brethren Committees with Paul French had worked out plans for the assignments for all of the 1003 men whose questionnaires had been studied by Hay 7th. Of these, it is estimated that 25% will be deferred or reclassified.
Friends Camps may receive between three and four hundred men by July lst. It has been thought best to fill the present camps before opening others. San Dimas can accommodatel20, Patapsco, 125 (after repairs are completed), Ne1N England Camps, 100, and Q,uaker Hill and Cooperstown, 35 each. At Herom, some American Legion members have Minute~-Executive Committee of Civilian Public Service
-2- protested the opening of a camp for conscientious objectors, but it is hoped that this camp will receive draftees soon.
DECISIONS: 1. The policy of filling up the present camps and expanding only as new camps are needed was approved.
2.. The problem of housing work equipment at Nerom and Quaker Hill had been discussed vri th the proper officials in 1-Jashington, and, vri th the new fiscal year beginning July 1, 1941, it is understood that provision will be made by the government for these buildings and also for the necessary gasoline and oil.
With this understanding, the Executive Conrraittee approved the opening of these camps.
3.. The Catholics are anxious to open a camp in New England and would like the Ashburnham camp which the A.. F.s.c .. has leased. It was decided to cancel this lease in order that the Catholics may have this site.
4.. Ray Newton gave a brief report of an exploratory trip to Mexico. Friends have been asked to assist with reconstruction work following the recent earthquake.. The plan is for volunteers to leave as soon as arrangements can be made.. Ray Newton and Thomas E. Jones were asked to make arrangements for IV-E men to be used in this work if and when Selective Service agrees ..
FINAl~CES: Thomas E. Jones reported that among Friends the organization for raising funds to·· support Civilian Public Service men is well started.. This is true of a number of other denominations which are now organized so that it is possible to bill the church instead of the boy. The boy goes out to bear a testimony backed by his Heeting or Church., Other denominations are :working toward such a Committee ..
Thomas E., Jones presented budgets shovTing that, if all the boys are able to pay their camp fees, the camps will be self-supporting .. He is making every effort to find and enthuse groups and individuals who are back of these boys so that these fees may all be paid. 'I
20,
Knndle
/ J I
i/ i· ,,, u
) j
:AD c P 2. c Ai,,i e ?f3 Relay Post Of'f:'Lce I~a:cyland
Publicity Dlr·ectoi' American Friends Service Committee Philadelphia, Pennsylvania I Dear ~,J.:c ( 01:> Jviadmrt) :
I F?.ecentJ.y ther•e a~opeared in the Phi1adelnhia Bulle~ t:tn a:n. article :r:'e1ative to cp;:_; camp }Wojects seneraJ.. Specific mention was made of a ~oat breec1in1g experi1ile.Jl.t wldch allegedly VIas al~ousiD.g cmJ.s:1.derab1e :i.nte:eest awong the f'runers of uary- land. 1 s Eastern ,c:ihore, Now v.re have nothing b '.''e honestly !::lnm•eciate all vaJ.id m1blicity regarcl i 'I ing the cmn·o :o:cogrsm., but we feel tJ:1E1.t in thls case v.re should be more than a little embar•1:<.=ts~Jed -.··, J.·:• O'J.E'l ~ of'- +'heV-- ..Fas1-p-r·n:.J- V...J- 1---'--~.lJ.o'-·eL -C-~J.1-'f'rlr~"'1er·..,o '-' c-lesl'- t~o11q+-'ad -'----UV ·",~-- ·11 the Bullet:Ln account should actually descend upoJJ. the c m11p goat-ish informe.tion • . i Very trulv yours. ;lr-~C~/ c:::Y.t> d. :K P ~ ~~ 4 Tb.e oiJ.e conliJlete corJ"Jr of' tlle D.J.')tlcil~e v..re ll8¥cl_ iYl c antp seem,s to have gone the 1Nay of the goats, blJ.t for ·youi' J.nforma t :l.on 1 t appeEu~ed in the .l:tven-· .=!:~FS. Bul}_e·~.2:~~' l''riclay, Jan1..wry 2, pages 1 anc1~2~~~ & TK Erne returned to Fi let d to e office. c l t has poli07 of the rrlends Cotttmi ttee oarefull7 all 1 publl.oi ty, but the news front is quite a task 1n itself. Iou e if have ever had anr oontaot at all with o w~1lea of er world. ·~ for your tter our at s to you. Cordially, Ruth Hunt, soo re Publici Committee RH: \I \ / .AREAS OF FREEDOH In the Selective Service and Training Act of 1940, the Federal Government has provided a positive vray of clealing 1·Iith .Conscientious Ob,jectors. 1l1he detention camps of 1917 have been transformed from }Jlaces of 8.bnse to caJaps of creative living. The lai·J enables selectecl teachers ancl project S"Llperintendents to 1·1ork 1·li th camp assignees in (lis covering the meaning of freedom ana. methods of relating personal convictions to the larger vrorld. Civilian Public Service provides a neu interpretation of home and foreign missions; fm'thers a cooper- ative method in building Yider foundations for vrorld 11eace; and. provides admin- istrative ancl financial autonomy to churches in training individuals for the responsibilities of our times. I 'i·T.hile church and. sta.te have long s'lrpplemented each o'vher in the clev- elopment of education and human 1-1elfare they have furtherecl indivicloo.l autonomy in matters of conscience. :Sy holding to this hard won heritage, the chm·ch has gone beyond the ste-te in fm·thering good. citizenship. It has sensitizecl the state to hmnan need, discoverec3. ne1:1 methods in public 'ltrelfare, ancl clrmm a line bet\reen forces 1·1hich make for creative living, ano. those vrhich MJltiply fesr and. resentf1Jl submission. In 191JJ"/, the American F.riencls Service Committee came into being to provide an Ol)};'JOrt"Lmity for men of sensitive conscience to serve creatively. It took boys from army concentration camps in America ariel put them to building homes, clearing fields, feeding children and stopping disease in the vrar=torn areas of France, Belghl.m, Germany, Polancl, a.ncL Russia. For hrenty=four years in t1:.renty I countries this conuni ttee has 1:1orked vii th governments to stregth.en the consciences ancl free the spirits of men. l'lherever it has gone, fear has removed, con= fidence restored, e,ncl ln·igges of und_erstancLine; erected_ bet\·Teen nat':i:ons ancl races. In 1938 vrhen diplomatic pressm'e failacl to save non-Ayrans in. Ger= \A "" -t , ,. t., 4 #1C many from st~rvation, threefitizens with a ~u.e,ker record. of disinterested good.-vrill \·rere able to open cloors for relief and rehabilitation. In 194,1 \'lhen offers of relief for earthquake s1.rrferers in Hexico i'Jere made by the .American Government and politely cleclined because of Hexico 1 s fear of obligation to her northern neighbor 1 the American Freinds Service Committee v!as requested to send 100 men to reconstruct these clevastated regions. Volunteer Hork camps in America as \ In a period. of increasing poHer and. gro) States Government needs the help of the disinterested apostles of persuasion • .A Hell trained. contingent of frienclly ambassadors in the long run, may be the most useful method. of extending areas of freeclom. II J3y entrusting the ao.ministration of camps to church gro'llpS, the J.i'ed~ era.l Government h...as provided. opport'lmity for the spread of constructive idealism at home anc. abroad. It h.. as enabled the chm·ch to revitalize its program of home and. foreign mission, it has openecl trhe way for actionist 1)rograms to tmder-gird and st.1p:plement one hcmdred and fifty years of teaching and evsngelism, ancl it has permitted the clevelo:pment of mutual resJJect and creative idealism in an end.uring quest for a more ab1..mCl.ant '..ray of living. Economic ano. political im= perialism as vl811 as religious bigotry have hao. their day and in their ]illace has arisen a spirit of tolerance and human understancling that WaY make possible the -3- establishment of an international bill of rights, a free exchange of comr,Jercial tec:h... nical, and. Cl..Ut'lu·al achievements, an enlargement of the 11 good Samaritan policy11 , ancl a, repudiation of "VJar. The recognition of this ppportu.nity and the acceptance of responsibility to train youths along these lines may mark a ne'l'r era in the development of the ch'nrch. r4oreover, the Civilian Public Service Prog:~,·ara provictes an acLd.i-tional reason for interdenominational cooperation. A joint sharing of heart stirring e:x;periences through -vrhich boys pass in the cam);JS sho'llld bring the churches themselves nearer together. This sho·uld make it easier for the boys 'I'Jho return from camp to enter most effectively into the religiot.ls life of the cormm.mity. ~Phis strengthened fellm·mhip of the churches in the United States, \'Then m1ited uith that of independent and. autonomous church bodies in foreign lands, sho·nld provide the living cells for a nevr world ord.er based. u:pon pers"Lmsion, integrity, humility, and eLevation to God. III :By making avcdlable Civilian Conservation Oor11s Camps, the Federd Govenllnent has provid.ed oppo:rtu1'1ity for Creative Pioneers to become exponents of constructive id.ea.lism at horne and abroad. It h.::ts brought campe:rs face to face v.Ji th the necessity of developing a non-violent teclmique in extending areas of freeclom. Obedience, self-control, self-reliance, courage and. persistence are as essential in Civilian Public Service as in army training. Obeclience to a v;ay of love inc~dea,ling '"i th conflict situations is essential. This obedience requires both commitment and d.iscipline. Consistent daily practice in the art of living constructively i'!ith others is necessary. Coming from vridely varying religious faiths and social aml economic backgrom1ds, members of Civilian Public Service are required to live together. In forest ancl on farms their hs.bHs and. opinions may jostle each other but en rollees can neither run a':!a'Jr iior resort to force in settling their cU.fferences. -4- They must discover oneness \'Ti thin the grO'Llp by holding steadily to the icleal of patience and love as revealed by Gocl; by judgine contentious caiupers not by their opinions but by their accomplishments on a work :project, in a d_iscussion grm.Jp, or at a meeting for vrorshi11; ancl by maint<.dning standard_s of toler Jehoval1 1 s Witness, a Moslem, a Baptist, or any one of the eighty other denomin= ational representitives nmv in camp may • at first, sho-vr little promis~ of cooper= ation, btlt by the end of a month they sing as they VTork and_ plan as they pray to bcdld a more practical and_ bouyant faith in l'lorlcl Peace. Horeover, training in the cLissolution of race 1)rejuuice by non=violent mea1.1s has been demonstrated_ in Civilian Public Service Camps. Instead_ of resorting to arg,"''J.ment s or complaints, a group of \·Jhi t e ancl colored campers overcame the prejuo_ice .of a -vrork project official by each memb.er ass'Luning the role· of the most o_isadvantaged anct responcl.ing to abuse 1·d th a double portion of goocl i'lill ano_ love. Again i·mrk projects vere given neH significance by a restudy of the needs of the neighborhood_ and the type of work availa,ble. Oamr)ers and community i·rere consul ted and -vrere brought into an arJIJreciative '\mclerstancling of ee.ch other. J3y becoming alert to the needs of individuals in the community ancl sparing no pains in meeting them, campers have become Civilian Public Servants, incleed. In training for individual fellm·lship, much time is neecled and medite,tion is essential. The sou~ must be searched. The most vigorous and persistent dis cipline is callecl for. Trc:dning for the life of the spirit in camp requires sub mission to coercion but it is a coercion that leacls to order a.ncl not to chaos, to truth and not falsehoocl and to creation and_ not distruction. Success in living and -vrorking w·ith persons of varied beliefs ancl e:xperience in camp and the S'LU'!'O'LUl cting comnrnnity prer}ares the way for su.ccewsfnl residence in conflict situations else,·Jhere. Oarpentry 9 plu.mbing, agricult'L1re, reforestation, health and recreati«m -5- in training camps in America may open the vray for reconstruction vwrk in Latin America, Europe and the Orient. And shop work, ind.ividu.alized study, the prepar ation of a.n essay and. the rendition of an artistic performance are forms of creative pioneering that may extend areas of freedom both to home comnn:mi ties and to reconstruction centers abroacl. IV If the above program is to be carri eel out, it must be s1.1pport eel by the participants ancl those "Vrho share in their belief. Ho half-vay measures are 11 I>Ossible A boy vrho goes to camp must 9 like the rich young ruler, go and sell al1 11 • He must stake all he hE~s upon an advent'lJ.re that may lead through blood, tears, prison and death. There is no way for viV:icl, self-respecting, citizens to escape the:: C8,ll of, the nation.. Creative Pioneers lRllSt preserve values that are ,,rorth more than life. The fact that an expression of those values has been permitted. conscientious objectors under the administration of the historic peace churches, makes the req_uirement for complete sacrifice for this creative vlay of life all the more compelling. Every boy -vtho chooses· to go to a Civilian Public Service Camp and every :person v1ho, remaining at home, d.ecictes to go \vi th him in spirit, should reAl:i.ze the difficulties of the choice. Not only may such persons receive neither pay nor support b1.1_t be cteniecl a pension and. a job t NaintenEmce of this position obviously req_uires Church and not Fed_eral 'i:mpport. For ,,fi th su.;pport goes control and i'li th con·trol goes loss of perspecUve ancl confusion of purpose. State trained a.mbassaclors can never te.ke the place of representatives of the church vrho vli thout sus11icion :pf personal gain can bear a 1 message of neighborly concern. State trained missionaries can only be imagined. To concieve the term is to cteny the possibility of their realization. For with such an undertaking comes the disintegration of church and state and the multi- plication of suspicion ana. vrar. Cost 1v'hat it may, the Church must keep control of the Civilian l\1..blic SeN ice Program. Even tho1.1.gh the State drafts boys conscientiously opposed to v7ar ancl allov.rs thlim to i·rork in the v1ood.s and. on farms, this dees no:b really constitute alt;ernative service. Real conscientious objectors, 11 Creative Pioneers 11 , are not content to bi1..y themselves out of 'l;he army or out of jail. They are not l·rilling rn . to remain at home i>Thile others defend ·t;he nation. :l:hey want to holcl. the sector in national defense that has been assigned. theHl. They \·Jant to maintain the Good Heighbor Policy, the Pm·rer of Persue.sion, and the Soverignty of Conscience. This sector must be d.efenclecl vri th \'Jell trained people and a clear cut l)rogram. 1t ·must be adeq.'L1Ettely financecl and. it must be free. Let the Church accept the opportunity. Let it help hold the consciences of its boys. Let it share the cost vrith others. Let home and foreign mission organizations cooperate to bring nevr life to a vrorthy institution. Let autonomous churches abroad join hancls with those at home to bind. up the broken hearted. and set free the spirit of the Lord in a nevr age. Only i·Jhen the churches have triect and fgilect should the State offer sup~port. Even then, it sho11ld. confine its efforts to plant, equipment anct food v1hile program and. personnel should remain with the churches. It might also :provide all genuinely 11 Creative Pioneers 11 vJi th 11 schol- arshil)S 11 , something like those nm1 given college students by the N. Y.A0 In receiving either form of aid., hovrever. let care be exercised lest the camper and his chm·ch be clenied the opportunity· to give their· all for the maintene.nce of lib- erty a.ncl the extension of AREAS OF FREEDOI Hethods used in 1)roviding support for Oi vilian Public Service Campers are: L. Sale of Civilian Public Service Certificates in denominations of from $1 - $35 per month. 2. Formation of C~P.S. Clubs for programs of devotion, knitting, seuing, and giving. 3. Every member canvass through use of the envelope system. 4. ~'he dilmer table C.P.S. container f.or daily contribution 5. Inclivich1al Contribution to Travel, Publicity and General Expenses. Send. contributions through designated church agencies or the American Friends Service Committee, 20 South 12th Street, ~hiladel}Jhia, Pennsylvania. A f On the 15th of May, 1941·, th¥ first Friends' Civilian Public Service Camp, direction of the American Friends Service Comrni ttee, welcomed fifteen men who had been certified by their local draft boards as 11 conscientiously opposed to participation in war in any form. u One year hence some eight hundred men are in Frienda 1 Civilian Public Service Camps~ of which there are ten located from New Hampshire to California. In the meantime, conscription in time of peace hae changed to a draft. The 11 work of national importance" done by the camps is chiefly soil conservation~ forestry, and recreational area improvement. It varies from un- skilled to highly technical scientific vtork 1 the latter giving adequate scope to the scientific abilities of men with advanced illlivereity degrees. Almost without abilities of the men to full capacity. In this respect, as in the army and in private and governmental enterprise, much depends on proper personnel placement, but the limitation of freedom of a.ction, characteristic of war time, is probably felt to a greater degree by the men in CPS than in the a.rined forces, and , certainly more eo than in private enterprise. A small number of men e.re on detached service in hospi tale and research laboratories and with agencies making social studies. This group will increase in number as opportunities are opened in environmen·ts where a friendly attitude, or at least tolerance to conscientious objectors, prevails. 'rhough the large majority of the public is Undoubtedly not in sympathy with the ste.nd of' c. o. 1 s; where opposition is expressed it is usually by semi-political, patriotic organizations or pressure groupe. Foreign units have been planned, but the State Department has felt that the time was not appropriate to permit C.P.s. men to work in other lends. They are willing to reconsider their decision as conditions change. When the CPS plan was taking form, members of the Society of Friends who were active in the matter, supposed that there would be government camps and that if Friends VHH'e given the oppjrtuni.ty of directing civilia.n '1'70rk of national im- portance, the men in their groups would be those who wished to work under Friends' auspices and who were also acceptable to Friends. This would have insured a homogeneous group. For Friends the task would have been far simpler and within the scope of their experience:' at home and abroad. The decision of the national administration of Selective Service not to administer camps, at least for the· time being, for men certified by their local boards as pppoaed to participation in war, but to ask the Brethren, Friends and Mennoni tea, as the histo.ric peace churches, to administer them, so changed the task as ·t.o make it essentially different, at least for Friends. Because of the smaller number of Friends in camps, and the preference of 11 non-histo:rio-peac)',:-church11 conscientious o~j~9t9ra ~. ~~ UM.J_ ...- p~..tv ~ ~ r:.~, to be in Quaker directed crunpe, Friends have had an average of abou~sixty or ~~ more religious organizations and no religious affiliation whatever, and holding ot~/c.~ / almost every political and social doctrine. What opportunity to do useful civilian public service remains? The intrin- sic value of the work remains. The opportw1ity to put that extra measure of d&- votion and epiri t into the work which makes it eay something about the essentially religious quality of the motive in doing it remains. The significant opportunity for the highly educated men to learn the values in skilled hand work remains. The opportunity of slightly educated men to lee.rn ueefu~ knowledge in out of hours classes remains. But a great task ie added: _.., the development of a homogeneous group dedicated ·to the· building of what Thomas R. Kelly in 11 A Testament of Devotion11 called, the 11 beloved c.ommunity. 11 ·.... ~ Administrative plan fo:r;'"'Crvilian Pt11?1~g ,.S.ex:.:v:i~' ·under the aus pices of trw American Fri~rrcts-~·se'rvice Cornmi ttee. PREFACE This is a tentative, preliminary, outline of an administrative plan of Civilian Public Service under the auspices of the Am erican Friends Service Comm.i ttee as discussed by certain officers anc1 staff members of the American Friends Service Committee on December 11th. It is submitted as a basis for further thought rather than a plan for immediate action. - PtffiPOSE From the standpoint of the American Friends Service Committee, Civilian· Public Service is undertaking to provide, under religious auspices, alternat1ve service of national importance for con scientious objectors to the National Selective Training and Ser vice Act of' 1940. In doing so, it endeavors to reveal a way of' life that "removes all occasions for wars." Through constructive effort that reveals the springs of' an increasingly abundant life, it hopes to educate and inspire the conscientious objector and the community at large with the far reaching implication of Christ ian patriotism. PROGRAM Work Camps: In carrying out the above purpose, attention must be given to the spiritual and educational requirements of the clraftees, the community from which they come, the neighbo:r:hoods in which they are to work, the Society of Friends, and the larger community of which it is a part. This can best be done through the establishment of work camps, varying in size from thirty to two-hundred each, and located with reference to proximity of the draftees affected, and in accord with importance of the work un= dertaken. Curriculum of Studies: The curriculum will be designed to pro vide a thorough understanding of, and comrnittment to, the spirit= ual foundations and the Christian pacifist way of living and to develop a skill and efficiency in citizens who, upon finishing their training, may fit helpfully into the community to which they may return. To this end, a daily meeting for worship of from twenty to thirty minutes will be held before embarking upon the days activities. Study projects, seminars, and special lec tures will be arranged in the evenings. Every effort will be made to help the individual work his way through to the fullest understanding of his .own inner convictions and of the position -2- held by the Society of Friends, regarding the non-violent way of life. Furthermore, study courses, individual readings, papers, dis cussions, seminal'S, and other methods adjusted to adults of varied educational backgrm.md and experience, will be offered. Some students will find their greatest interest in manual arts, mechanical drawing, and other forms of mechanical and technical skills. · Others \'Jill be interested in exploring the possibilities of such plans for international union as ttUnion Nowu, A World Society of Nations,. and international economic and cultural associations that will bind the peoples of the world together across national and other artificial boundaries. Still others will~ interested in the more immediate problems of living to gether, generally discussed under the heading of the Social Sciences, and still others will wish to pursue work in the field of art, music, religion and literature. As far as possible, the camp director or some other qualified person in consultation with the camp vJill determine a field of interest and will outline a schedule of study -~nd reports that can be acoompJished within an hour and one-half period from 7:30 to 9:00 each ni~ht for~three nights a week. One night a week should be kept for seminar reports, general discussions and other matters involving entire camp interest an.d information. One · evening·could very well be utilized for outside lecturers, music, dramatics, and other forms of entertainment arid cultural advance- ,· ment. One day, probably Saturday, should be reserved for wash ,rf'"v'> ing and mending, letter writing, recreation and other requirements ~I'J,SJJ j of an individual and personal nature. On Sunday, all campers ~· should attend a meeting for worship, and insofar as possible, par- fS"'' ticipate in such outside community recreation, religious and social activities as can be arranged to the benefit of the camp- ers and the community. · The daily work schedule, beginning around 7:00 in the morning, should also have educational value both from the stl:mdpoint of the larger aims of Civilian Public Service and the physical, in tellectual, and spiritual balance that such a program can produce. PERSONNEL Personnel should consist of a director of Civilian Public Service, an assistant director in charge of office activities, and camp management, directors and staff members of the various camps, and associates in the .American Friei1ds Service Committee and in the religious and educational.institutions of the Society of Friands throughout the country. This personnel should be selected by a proper agent of the American Friends Service Committee in consul tation with the director of Civilian Public Service. -3- SUPPORTING PUilLIC The Supporting Public should constitute: First: Church organizations, foundations, and individual inter est in a constructive approach to dealing with conscientious ob jectors to the National Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. Second: National and state organizations of the Society of Friends such as the Five Years Meeting, the General Conference of Friends, various y·early meetings of all types of Friends, and the local quarterly and monthly meetings of which the conscientious object or is a member .. Third: National, state, and local church or other religious or ganizations outside of the Society of Friends to which conscien tious objectors belong. Every effort should be exercised in keeping in touch with this constituency through letters, publicity, and field work. Insofar as possible, agencies already existing in these organizations should be used to disseminate information and obtain financial support for the conscientious objector. It is estimated 'that $30.00 per mont~l for a year will be required, aside from overhead expenses, to mat1tain a camp. L GENERAL ADMINISTRATION In order to administer the above program, there should be an Execu~ive Board consisting of from seven to twelve people who should be chosen from the standpoint of t,heir proficiency and interest in the religious, educational, and finacial requirements of the program. Associated with this cormui ttee under its three fold interest might be a number of associate members or advisers who could help spread interest and increase the effectiveness of the whole undertaking. TIME SCIDiDTJLE Dec. 12 to Dec. 15: Outlining purpose and defining administra tive procedure of Civilian Public Service. Dec. 12 to Jan. 1: Completion of arrangements for campers at Baltimore and Cooperstown camps; study and location of camp sites in middle-west and west coast; completion of arrangements for permanent camp director for Baltimore. Dec. 211> to Jan. 1: Conferences on personnel and additional camp locations, equipment and program. This involves cooperation with the Peace, Social, and Industrial sections of the Service Gormnd: ttee, and educational and religious leaders in the Society of F'riends .. __ , -4- Dec. 22: Temporary office space should be available for Thomas E. Jones. Jan. 1 and following: Thomas E: Jones confers with leaders of various church groups regarding methods of handling the conscien tious objectors and obtaining support for them; meets with leaders of the Five Years Meeting and other Friends groups regarding fin= ancial responsibility for Civilian Public Service; further con ferences with leaders of Brethren ·and Menn6nite churches regard ing spiritual and educatlonal programs of camps; checking these with selected college admi.riistrators and other nationally known educators and religious leader_s; visiting work camps and consul tation with directors and cmnp·staff regarding administration of camps, and the responsibilities and opportunites of the work program. HOWARD W. ELKINTON 6514 GERMANTOWN AVE, Patapsco PHILADELPHIA, 1 June 25rd 1942 PENNA, II N.'2 ~ 1 Dear Mary:- Maybe a-word or two from Patapsco will add to thy grist: Pacaifist Studies: As thee knows Harrup Freeman has been busy la{Srly to line up in the several CPS Camps study groups who will do some definite research and thinking on Peace and Pacifist philosophy. (Maybe it is awkward to suggest that there is still room for thought on these items) but last night those interested went into a huddle and determined to work further along these lines. The choice for the group was almost equally devided between "Peace Proposals" and sub-title studies and 11 Feeding 11 and its relief data .. The difference of opinion turning, as usual, on whether a man was primarily interested in the theoretical or practical; whether one approached the War from the platform of ideas that lead to propaganda etc. or whether one wished to study food costs for units of 100, 1,000 or 100,000 persons against the evil day when we can bring relief. Arthur and I may be called upon to recall what was done in France and Poland.. Personally, I shall be happy to work with l''ran Warburgh on listing (and studying) the Peace Proposals ~ already offered- in World War II; their propoganda effect and timeliness e.g. Germany's five or six offers, The Atlantic Charter, Hitler's suggestion to eliminate fortifications within Europe and costs of same etc. etc. the battle behind the battle tlmt is raging. Civilian vs Go~ernment CPS CamRs: Thee has undoubtedly heard of this issue. Not a new one exactly. It came to a head recently when Bishop Oxman of the Methodist group and certain persons representing the Episcopalians and Luth erans importuned~Gen .. Hershey to the·effect.thatthe government setup.some.Government operated CPS,Camps .. ThQuakers) to pay the bilL He was arid is relq.ctant to go to Congress for ,rdoneyfestablish Gov. operated camps. lie awaits the yote just taken. I suspect his personal 1 wish is for a large -overwhelming 7 vote for CPS' civiliS:n mgnt. Therby he will have ananimition to shoot the disturbing churcJ1men. But one will_11bt know the result for a dey o~ two. (Dave. Swift will have the figures by.the time the,e. gets this.) 'l'he issue is not quite i as simple as it seems. The essential complicationis due to the fact tha·t if the SeJ.ective Service has to go back to Congress for money for the. CPS Carnps, Congress will steep the wholeo/.Program into discard .. We hold our breath but:not our purses, please .. Dr,. Lehman: Thee {na,y have seen our friend. He was at Ba.ltoa on Sunday at a regional CPS conference and will probably be regional direc·tor of·. the. Melinoni te CPS Camps ~a.s"t of the ~Ussissippi .. He went to Wiesbaden vTith the embassy crovrd and returned on the Drottningholm. ', He visited the Quakerburo before he left Berlin (I think late Dec.) and reports that they were! very busy - 1flith Christmas prospects (?) some emigration aid and collection of mu.sical instruments for the interned etc. I was most interested to le,arn what hap:pened. to Le:h..m£1jn and also to Stewart Herman of the American Churche~c;....t.. :, ..... Immediately upon declaration of war Lehman was arrested .. He was released, however, and given the choice of' going it e.lone or taking semi-diplomatic status and proceeding to Wiesbaderi;,. He and MacMurray, with whom Arthur worked on Polish Relief, chose the semi diplomatic status. TheAuswaertigesamt, Dr. Albrecht, to be speciifc said that they were willing to allow them to tarry but the Geste.po might not be. (We see here the complete independe11ce of the two branches of the present German regime) If the Gestapo decided to arrest again and to intern there would not be much prospect of help from the Auswa.rtigesA-.t. This issue is of slight~' .. more than academic interest to ' · • -A Slightly more than a yc.ar ago it was a 'profound.··issue as we discussed it together in Berlin. The subsequent cable, and its 'disappointments' is well known. The attit!l.ude that JGV had1 hai!J not been exactly forgotten. His specific reference to Dr. Lehman and the application:tb.t.'t'"Mf!s: Lehman then had made to the .State Dept. was held out in sharp contrast to our 'policy' .. It is clear now that Dr. Lehman chose under conditions of war to accept the advice of the U.S. Embassy crond and under semi--diplomatic status undergo his 5-6 months at Wiesbaden. For a Quaker representative to have done this would have been bad on two counts; 1st the inaction would have been something and of more moment we would have been tied to the gov{irnment kite that much. On the other hand for an American t() have tarried on the job would have had two unfortunate reactions either he would have been a potential trouble attractor or the German Friends would not have carriecl the responsibility that they have carried. These things seem t.o be even more clear now than then. I hope some day thee ca.n fall in with Alfons Paquet, Margareta Lacl:mmnd, Hans Albrecht and others as their 1weight 1 was great on that June day - really that long week end when we wrestled with these thoughts, in advance. The war had not yet come. No one wanted it to come. It seemed tragic that our countries were to be separated by such cleavage yet we had to face ·~he future with as much concerned intelligence as we could muster. Patience solves much. It was not until this morning that I' heard about Dr. Lehman. Ted Knauth: Another non-Qw..t>:er friend whose company I sought in Berlin was Ted Knauth. He is in Nevi York City now .. A year ago he was wracked with what to do with his family. He split it. His .two sons are here with him. His wife and three daughters are in Leipzig. It seems strange this year to hear Ted :w:x say that an invasion cannot be made too soon. He writes me of Hitler 1 s doTinfall and the policing of Europe by C1Gorman troops under American officers. It seems fantastic. He is struggling to have his wife and daught ers exchanged :for 'Teutonst.·I am, frankly, bothered vtith» how to.understa.nd such persons. He is active in the Loyal Americans of German Descent movement. The avowed and constant purpose of this organization is to put 1 suspiscious 1 persons who have been fired, f~ thru no fault of the~r own, onto a,.ct:i,ve, defen_se_ work~. 'I'o roll out the guns and crush Hitler. N.Y. Yearly Meeting: I think thee got me into this .Y .M. Htg. at Oakv1ood this c "ming Sat. & Sunday. Nice folks thereabouts. I 1m glad to do what I· can but sorry,. in a \7ay to leave Patapsco. There's agood gang dovm here. A bit. maligned and stained viith some sin but the project has a great deal to be said for it~ Chas. Eng lish of the Phila. Playgrounds Asso. touched off a nev1 fuse of interest. Also the. reports from tho Patapsco men >rho went. to Camp Antelope ht3.vo drifted back and lol instead of the 8 months a year fighting :fires - fine alternate vrar-simulated service - there are possibly 2 firHs a year. Further some thought that the camp W I am not sure whether thy father vrould be interested in reflections regarding Dr. Lehman or not. I hoped to stop in and see him this spring bu·t time slid by I did no·t get it done. Its all water under the bridge or over the dam or both but every now and then I have an idle moment I $-look at the water again, even the turbid mudd~ chocolate stream we soe roll past us at Patapaco. 1 Mit besten Gruessen, Brethren Service Cmnmittee e..nd the l!ennon:Lte Cent:eal Committ<3EJ, 1rith the SeJ.eetive :3e:t,ric<3 liclminist:ca:t.1on to fOl' the swxpoJ:·t of OiYllie.n Public Sel'Vice CLsilnj1f3 to 1:Thleh men corJ.::;cient:i.ou.s ob,jectoJ:' s·ta:l:,1.u: ·by the clro.:fi; boarcl.s c.J.·e c;,ssie;necL 1'he .Ame:cice.n :l!'rier1cls Se1;yice Committee secu:cr~g the contributions fo:c the S1l[>~)o:ct of these cam:LJS :f:com the follo,,d.n~; sources: (l) contrilmt:i.ons :;:·1·om the clr::d'tecl. !!len., ( 2) cont:ci l)ut ion<; f:com their femU.11.er::, ( 3) con~ tri'butions from the i:)oeiety o:f Fr:Lenc:Ls throu{)1out the UnHecl 2·ta.tes, CO''(" t..•.J.J, .l (4)~· cont:dJ)lJ.t:i.ons solicitecl f:com interested_ pe:csonro ou.tside the Society of F~iends. A.tt;e·,ltion shoc1ld be CD.llecl. to tl1.e :fa.ct. tha:l; t1n'ee-f6urt1ul of the men in the ccmgs SUl}>)Ol'te(l ·by the AmericDn l!'r:Lench; Sel'v:Lce Oom~ mittee are not merr~e~s of the Society of Friends. ~i:he total buclc;et CDlJ.ecl. to the fact ths.t theBe r,1en ax·e cloinb uork Etl))l'OYecl by the SelecU.ve Sm:v:lce Ju'lJn:i.ni~djJ:'[1.'tion GS of n.?.t:tom ~i.'he men :ceeeivo no compenBe. . () . \: ··'' OJ.e:cence J'J. Ptckett I1:x:eC"l1. t ive Sec:c e tar-y- Ame:d.ean ll':c:Lencls Eiervtce Conllni I; teo i) ,J'une 5, 1942 I. SELECTIVE SE:rl.VICE .Al>iEND!V~TTS OF UECEi,LBER, 1941 The follovling changes were made in the Selective Service Act by the amendments of December, 1941: l. Registration: All males bet\-reen the ages of 18 and 65 are required to regis ter. Under the Act of 1940 onl~r thoso bet\.men 21 and 36 were required to re gister. (Section 2). Those between 20 and 44 inclusive (except those who have already registered) are required to register on February 16, 1942. The place of registration is the local draft board in the district in which one resides. No date has been set for registration of men of 18 to 19 inclusive and 45 to 65 inclusive. The now registrants shall be classified in the order \vhich the President de signates under such rules and regulations as he may proscribe. (Section 4) 2. Military and Civilian Service--extension of age limits--aliens included: All males from 20 to 44 inclusive are liable for training and service in the land and naval forces of the United States, unless they are deferred or exempted by lD)tl • .Aliens, except those of 11 enemy 11 countries, are req_uired to accept training and service as above, unless they renounce all rights to future citizenship in the United States. (The Act of 1940 originally inclucled only those aliens who had declared their intention to become citizens--i.e., taken out 11 first paperstt.) (Section 3) Over-28 deferment is abolished: Men over 28 years of age are no longer de ferred. However, the President is authorized to defer by age groups cmy men \•Those ages nre such thn.t he finds their deferment advisable in tho national interest. The President may designate the deferment of any such nge group. (Section 9 amending Section 5(e) ) Term of service is extended from 18 months to 6 months after the duration of the war. This provision applies to conscientious objectors. VCLrious provisions in reg[\rd to war risk insurm1ce of those in the armed for ces are not applicable to conscientious objectors. 3. Minor chan es in Provisions Deferring Persons i'i'i th Dependents: The Section 5 deferring persons with dependents is amended by allovJing the P:cesident to defer 11 any or all of those men 11 in this status. The old law provided for deferment of 11 those menll in such a status. Tho only purpose of tho amendment would be to allow greater flexibility in regard to deferment or non-deferment of persons with dependents (Class III). 4. Provisions Regarding Conscientious Objectors Remain in the Law: It should be noted that the Section of the law exempting conscientious objectors from training and service in the land and naval forces of the United States is neither amended or repealed. This Section (5 (g)) reads as follows: 11 Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to require MY person to be subject to combatant training ~nd service in the land or naval forces of the United States who, by reason of religious training .qnd belief, is con scientiously opposed to participation in war in nny form. Any such person claiming such exemption from combn.tant training and service boc0.use of such conscientious objections whose claim is sustn,ined by tho local board shall, if he is inducted into the land or nava.l forces under this Act, be assigned to nm.1combatant service RS definGd by the President, or shall, if he is found to be conscientiously opposed to participRtion in such noncombato.n:h -2- service, in lieu of such induct ion, ·oe assigneo_ to work of national import ance tmder civilian direction. Any such person claiming such exemption from combatant training and service because of such conscientious objections shall, if such claim is not sustained by the local board, be entitled to an appeal to the appropriate appeal board provided for in section 10 (a) (2). Upon the filing of such appeal vJi th the appeal board, the appeal board shall forthwith refer the matter to the Department of Justice for inquiry and hear ing by the department or the proper agency thereof. After appropriate in q_uiry by such agency, a hearing shall be held by the Department of Justice 1;1i th respect to the charact or and good faith of the objections of the person concerned, and such person shall be notified of the time and place of such hearing. The Department shall, after such hearing, if the objections are found to be sustained, recommend to the appenl board (1) that if the objector is inducted into the land or naval forces Q~der this Act, he shall be assigned to noncombatant service as defined by the President, or (2) that if tho ob jector is found to bo conscientiously opposed to pnrticip<".tion in such non combatant service, he shnll in lieu of such induction be assigned to work of r1ational importar1ce under civilian direction. If after such hearing the De pnrtment finds that his objections are not sustnined, it shall recommend to the appeal board that such objections be not sustained. The nppenl board shall give consideration to but shall not be bound to follO\V' the recommenda tion of the Department of Justice together vd th the record on r~.ppeal from the local board in making its decision. Each person 1.>rhose claim for exemp tion from combatant training and service because of conscierl.tious objections is sustained shall be listed by the local board on a register of conscientious objectors." There is some doubt concerning the status of men from 18 to 19 inclusive and 45 to 65 inclusive. There is no training prescribed for such persons as yet. II. DRAFT LAW PROCEDURE FOn CONSCIE~TIOUS OBJECTORS (References are to Sections of the Selective Service Regulc.tions, which may be pro cured from Superintendent of Documents, \'lashington, D. 0., for 10¢ each. 1. Registration, February 16, 1942--at the office of ;,rour Local Draft Board. 2. Get your Serial Number from your Local Draft Board--(it will be posted in the of fice of Board). 3. Get Order Number from Local Draft Board (posted in its office). 4. Arlswer Questionnaire (form 40) when it is mailed to you. This must be done vli thin ten days of mailing by Local Draft Bor>.rd (Regulations Section 621.2), Llllloss extension of time is granted because registr8nt is sick or too far away. i'!hen ques·t;ionnaire or any other notice or paper is once mA.iled to your address by the Local Board, you are presumed to have notice of the contents thereof. Therefore, it would be wise to check with you Locnl Board at frequent inter vals to inq_uiro whether rmy paper has been mailed to you. At the time of receipt of your questionnaire, ..,.sk for Form 47--this must bo returned within ten d,qys of its issuance, not necessRrily 111ithin ten days af ter iss\k~nce of questionnnire. Evidence: You may attach to questionnaire any evidence you wish. :Be sure to give all the evidence that is pertinent, since no new evidence is admissible in ~ppearance before Local Board or ~ppenl therefrom, except by consent of the Local Board, Evidence submitted ivith the questionnaire should be in the form of affidavits, depositions or other 1 doctL'Tlents. 1 In this Gonnection, all statements made should be notarized. Only information vrhich you consider im portant should be submitted. Conciseness is recommended. Claims for Deferment by Persons Other Thnn Rog:istrnnt (Section 621.4 (b) ond (c): A general form for this is Form 42. Aff:i.d:wi t -of d.epenclen ts over 18 yen,rs of ago (Form 40o.) or affid.1.vit to su~pport clo.im for occupational defer ment (Form 42a) maJ' be filed within the time allovred for the registrant to re turn his questionnaire. Information in support of such claims should bo nt tached to them. Permit to Leave United Stntes (Section 621.9): Applicntion to do this l'i!£W be filed \vi th tho Local Board on Form 351. Such requests may be grnntod in tho discretion of tho Local Board if rogistrnnt 1 s absence is not likely to inter fere with propoor o.dministration of Selective Service .Law. Any registrnnt leaving tho United States 'must first fill out questionnaire, Form 40. CLASSIFICATION (BY LOCAL DllAFT BOARD) The follo1..,ring are tho classes nnd subclasses into vThich registrrmts may bo put: Class I--Availablo for se1~ice. Olo.ss I-A: Available for general military service. Class I-A-0: Available for general noncombn.tant service as o. con scientious objector. Class I-B: Avr-dlable for limited mili tar;r service only. Class I-B-0: Avnilo.ble for limi tod noncombatrmt service as D. con·· scientious objector. Class I-C: Member of land or naval forces of United Stntes. Clnss I-H: Man deferred by reason of ~e. The provision of the Lavr deferring mon over 28 years of ago hn.s boon ropo0.led. Hovrovor, the President mny cren.te such age deferment groups n.s he, in his discretion, sees fit. Class II--Deforrod because of occupational status. Class II-A: lV1an necessnry in his civili;:m ,n,ctivity. Class II-B: MRn necessary to nn,tional defense. Class III--Deferred becn.use of dependents. Class III-A: ivbn vrith dependents. Class IV--Doferred specifically by law or because unfit for military servico. Class IV-A: iVinn who has completed service. Class IV-B: Official deferred by lavl. Class IV-0: Nondeclarant alien. Class IV-D: IvJinister of religion or divinity student. Class IV-E: Conscientious objector available for general civilian work of national importance. Class IV-E-LS: Conscientious objector available for limited civilian 1.vork of national importance. Class IV~E-H: iv!en formerly classified in Class IV-·E or IV-E-LS since deferred ·by reason of age. (See note under Class I-H) Class IV-F: Physically, mentally Ol.' morally unfit. Classification is not permanent, but l:1.sts only as long RS the reason for defer ment exists. There nre no exemptions, but only deferments. 5. Classification on Grounds Other Than Conscien~s Objectio~. No registrnnt may be classified as a 0.0. until :tfter his physicAl examination, and claim for exemption as a conscientious objector shall be dealt -vri th only if he would have been placed in Class I-A or I-B. (Section 622. 51) Classificntion of the registrant before physical examination should be made by considering in which of the follovJing classes the registrr:tnt should be placed in the following order: IV-F, IV-D, IV-C, IV-B, III-B, III-A, II-B, II-A, I-H. 6. Physical Examination. Notice to report. (Section 623.31) No one in Clasnos II, III, or IV (except IV-E) is required to report for physical examinn.tion. Examinntion by Examining Physician. (Usunlly at len.st five days after date of mailing notice). (Section 623.33) In dot.lbtful cases, registrant will be referred to Medical Advisory Board. 7. Classification as a Conseientious Objector. Local Board may decide to classify rogistrnnt as a 0.0. solely on the basis of questionnaire and Form 47, withou'c requiring him to n.ppear personally. In such case, notice of classification (Form 57) is given to 0.0. by mail.(Section 623.51) If it is found thnt the registrant is a C.O. to combat~nt service only, ho shall be placed in ClrtSs I-A--0 or I-B~O dependil'lg upon his physical fitness. If the registrant is found to be a C.O. to both combatBnt n.nd noncombntant sorvico, he shall be placed in Class IV-E or IV-E-LS depending upon his physical fitness. ~lhile there is nothing in the Regulations stating whether the registrant may ap pear before the Local Board prior to the time of his classification, thoro are a1roady mnny instances where this has been done. Procedu.ro on appenrn.nco is taken up belov1. If Local ]oard classified a C. 0. in class other than IV-E, he may ei thor request in writing an opportunity to appear before the Bon.rd, or appeal to the District Appeal Board. 8. Personal Appearance Before the Local Board. (failure to ask for [l:ppearance does not bar appea~ Who ma ear. Registrants clrtssified in any subdivisions of Cln.ss I (except 1-H and IV-E Md IV-E-LS. Registrants classified in II or III may not appear. (Section 367, old Regulations). Written request for opportunity to appear must be filed with Local Board within ten days after mailing of notice of classification, in case registrant is clas sified in any of the subdivisions of Olnes I (except I-H) or Class IV-E. -5- Time of aupearance is to be fixecl by the Locnl Board. The Locrtl Bonrd shall notify registrant of time and place fixed for his n;ppen.r;:mce. A:epearance. Registrants may not be represented by an attorney. There is no statement as to whether or not he may be represented by character witnesses, (Section 369 (a), old Regulations) but this h<.tS been allowed in practice. Registrant may discuss his classification and point to class in which he thinks he belongs. Board members before whom registrant appears may impose such limi tations upon his time as are deemed necessary. Evidence not already contained in his file may not be introduced, tmless the Board member before whom the ree,.'-.strant appears consents. Hovrever, the regis trant may point to information in his file which he believes the Board has over looked or not given sufficient weight. He may introduce evidence supporting a claim on his part that information in the file is false or misleading. Such evidence must be written, in the form of documents, affidavits or depositions. (Section 369 (b), old Regulations) 9. Appeal from decision of Local Board is made to District Appeal Board. Who May AFpeal, those classified in n.ny subdivisions of Class I (except I-H) ftnd in Class IV-E and IV-E-LS; persons other than the registrnnt who hrwo filed claims of dependency or occupational deferment; government appeal agent, Director of Selective Service or State Director of Selective Service. Those classified in II, III and IV (except IV-E or IV-E-LS) who clr:"dm lo~tJer clnssification may not appeal until put in some other clnss; i.e., when such classes are called. Time 'H thin W'nich Appeal Must Be Made. Government appeal agent, Director of Se lective Service or State Director of Selective Service may appeal at any time. (Section 371 (a), old Regulations) Registrants and those claiming deferment in their behalf may appeal within ten days after Local Board mails them notice of classification (Form 57), or if opportunity to appear in person is re~uested 9 ten days after date set for appearance. (Section 371 (b), old Regulations) If Local J3oard finds that failure to appeal ~tTlthin the ten day period was due to lack of understanding of the right to appeal or to some cause beyond the control of the a-ppellant, it may allo'Vr an appeal any time before induction or before the sending of the registrant 1 s file to the Board of Appeal. ~al Is lviade. Appeal may be made in one of tvro ways: ( 1) Filing vri th !Jo cal Board written notice of appeaL (No particular form re~uired except 'bhat namo of registrant and person appealing must be given.) (2) By signing "Appeal to Board. of Appea1 11 on questionnA-ire {Form 40), specifying class in v1hich appel lant believes registrant should be placed. It is also advisable to state ho\V' Local J3oard erred and direct attention to information in registrant's file which Local Board has not considered sufficiently. No ne1:1 evidence is admissible I~quiry by Department of Justice (only if Appeal Board does not reclassify re~ gistrant in Classes I-H~ II, III or IV (except IV-E). (Section 375, olcl Regula tions) An appeal by C. 0, The Department of Justice gat,hers additional evidence 'VJhich it deems necessary concerning C. 0.' s record. The procedure is for in vestigation to be nm,de by the F.B.I. This may take several months. Regulations give no details as to nature of in~uiry; Department 1 s opinion is only advisory and Board of Appeal need not follow it. However, it \'Till no doubt have groat weight with the Appeal Board. Afto:r s~tch investigation, the tegisti'rmt has a hearing before the special Deputy Attorney of tho Dep~J,r.'tment of Justice (hearing officer) on a day :t'ixod. Tho re~.-. gistrant will receive notice of the hearing and is entitled to know the evidence against him which can be procured from his file. The registrant mn.y :::oe his file only under the supervision of the hearing officer. The henring itself is usually informal, although there are cases \vhere the appellant has been required to give written answer to written questions in regard to the naturo of his op position to \'Jar. 10. ~peal from Appeal Board to President. This is not a matter of right except in cases of dependency. In other cases ap peals may be made only vTith consent of the St.qte or Nntional Director of Selec~ tivo Service in cases whore he deems the appeal to be in the n.qtionnl interest or necessary to avoid an injustice. In practice the decision is made by the State or National Director in behalf of the President. All such appen.ls should be made promptly after notice of reject ion of appeal by the Appeal Board. Appeal cannot be made af·ter the registrr.mt receives notice of induction. There is no definite procedure on such an appeal. However, cases may be expedited by send ing inforoation promptly to Paul Comly French, National Service Board for Reli gious Objectors, 1731 N Street, N.W., Washington, D.O. 11. Induction: a) To Civilian Public Service Camps. If the registrant, is found to be a con scientious objector to both combatant and noncombatant service, he will be in ducted into a Civilian Public Service camp. Originally induction of conscien tious objectors was in the order in which their numbers were called. Now the as signment to camp is made by the Director of Selective Service upon notice of the registrant's classification in IV-E. The Local Board should forward that notice immediately upon classification of the registrant. No registrant may be made to report if he has an appeal pending, if the appeal has been duly made. (Section 416, old Regulations) b) ~ Military Camps (in case registrant is willing to perform noncombatant sere vice and others). Selective Service officials advise Local Board of its current net quota of men to be called. (Section 415, old Regulations) Boards select men to fill call according to their Order Number. (Section 416t old Regulations) Order to report for induction (Form 150) is sent by Local Board to each man to fill call. (Section 418, old Rogul~tions) No registrant may be ordered to re port \vho has an appeal pending, if the appeal is duly made. (Section 416, old Regulations) Tho time for reporting must be at least ten days after mailing of order to report. (Section 418, old Regulations) Registrant must report for delivery at time and place designated in order. At placo of delivery, Local Board officers order registrants to obey leaders and to report to induction station for Arm;>r, Navy or Marine Corps. (Section 426 9 old Regulations) Induction upon arrival at camp is completed by the administration of prescribed oath by Army, Na,vy or Marine Corps officer at induction station. . . (Section 429, old Regulations) No registrar~ is subject to court-martial until he has been so inducted. (Sec- tion 11 of Selective Service Act) ---· January 26, 1942