The Roadmap to LTE for IoT and M2M Connectivity Solutions
korewireless.com/lte The People Powering IoT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction from Alex Brisbourne, CEO, KORE Wireless Group Inc.
1. Ready, set, transition: IoT’s move to LTE a. Commercial IoT to replace 2G b. LTE takes center stage as new standards emerge c. Key to technical terms
2. The future is now: IoT’s need for speed a. Healthcare b. Asset management c. Digital signage d. Subprime auto dealers e. Usage-based insurance (UBI) for auto carriers f. Utilities g. Streetlights h. Video security i. Rolling connectivity j. Food safety
3. 3G Now or Straight to LTE: That is the question a. Other considerations for switching to LTE b. Business cases for holding on to 2G/3G
4. Conclusion: All Roads Lead to LTE a. The roadmap to LTE b. Straight to LTE? Or 3G first, or T-Mobile 2G? c. In the end, it’s all up to you
2 INTRODUCTION
Since 2003, when machine-to-machine was but And yet, we understand that LTE may not be the a nascent concept and “Internet-of-Things” had best fit for all applications and priorities at the barely been coined a term, KORE has been advising present moment. Some businesses may choose to customers to always use the network that best fits ride out the 2G and 3G lifecycle for as long as they their unique needs. For many, even most of our possibly can, for any number of reasons. We get it. customers, that has meant tapping into lower-cost But ultimately, our perspective is that all wireless 2G GSM or CDMA networks to achieve the best applications, phone and non-phone, manned and match between technology and economics. IoT was unmanned, will need to make the leap to LTE. indeed synonymous with the small data packet.
Now IoT is but a subset of the expanding Internet of Things (IoT) market—a market that IDC projects will have 212 billion devices online by 2020i—and operators would be remiss to ignore There will emerge the opportunity they have to transition into the LTE more “networks-with- world of faster data speeds and a more efficient use of spectrum. More importantly, as we look towards in-a-network” in the the future, the use of LTE technologies quite simply LTE standard, both provides the longest possible deployment lifetime at a device level and for our customers, and in the long run can save at a network them the most money. technology level. Now is the time to change. Market events have forced almost every IoT stakeholder to reconsider their thinking – AT&T will decommission all 2G technologies (GPRS, EDGE) from its network by the end of 2016. Now is the time to change. What we do know for certain is that there is Market events have forced almost every M2M tremendous staying power in LTE technologies. stakeholder to reconsider their thinking as AT&T has Customers who adopt LTE modules in their decommissioned all 2G technologies (GPRS, EDGE) applications will immediately recognize the longest from its network as of December 31st, 2016. possible life-cycle from all available options on the market today. In fact, we see the most Beyond the obvious, there are other reasons to extraordinary thing about LTE is that it carries a consider not only a migration to 3G technologies, very broad structural set of standards. Today’s but even a full upgrade to LTE modules in both iteration of LTE is merely the very first step in what new projects and existing IoT implementations, the fully realized LTE network will eventually look as AT&T has announced that they will allow no like. In the first section of this guide, we will take new 3G activations on their network after the time to preview the multiple, and potentially December 31st, 2018. confusing, emerging standards.
3 High-performance, high-bandwidth networks deployed today can already handle with aplomb the most data-intensive consumer devices available, whether they be iPhones, iPads, or Galaxy phones. But what we see deployed today is only the beginning for LTE networks. There will emerge more “networks-within-a-network” in the LTE standard, both at a device level and at a network technology level. They all utilize exactly the same radio access technologies, the same infrastructure, the same security and authentication services, and the same quality of service management. Yet, they’re designed to be able to scale upwards to much higher bandwidth, to fuel applications that go beyond what we can even imagine today.
Let us not get ahead of ourselves. Our customers have told us how they are going to deal with these transitions, and that their decisions are going to Alex Brisbourne be varied, based on each use case and its specific CEO, KORE Wireless Group Inc. requirements. In the words that follow, we have tried to distill these cases into digestible, actionable advice, which we present in the hope it offers the right insight to help you determine the best way for your business to move its IoT to LTE strategy forward.
4 1. READY, SET, TRANSITION: IOT’S MOVE LTE
2G cellular networks, for consumers, were a But the market is rapidly expanding, even as 2G giant leap forward. Even the most optimistic networks go dark. Cisco projects 103% annual analysts could not have envisioned the growth growth in the number of IoT connections through of data traffic on cellular networks back at the the end of 2019. dawn of 2G in the early 1990s. Some numbers to help you grasp the exponential growth in IoT users are beginning to need more bandwidth as mobile data traffic from smartphones and well, particularly as they increasingly see the value tablets: In 2014, mobile data traffic was 30 of incorporating video. In the security and fleet times the size of the entire Internet circa 2000, monitoring/management markets as well or 2.5 exabytes per month by the end of 2014. as digital signage, businesses see growing returns For the first time, video in 2014 comprised more in dropping higher resolution technologies that than 50% of the total of mobile data traffic, and require faster, bigger data pipes into the average smartphone ate up 45% more their workflows. bandwidth than it did the previous year. When it finally is sunsetted for data traffic, 2G will The consumer IoT market also exploded; have been with us since around 1999, having been by the end of the 2014, 109 million wearable in service for 20-plus years. That’s an extremely devices generated 15 petabytes of monthly trafficii. long lifecycle in high-tech. Today’s 3G networks are effectively transient; they really only came of age COMMERCIAL IOT TO REPLACE 2G around 2010 with the dawn of EVDO CDMA and For the commercial IoT communications market, 3G HSPA networks. In 2010 and 2011, they really things moved a bit more slowly. While consumers got traction. chased bandwidth-intensive applications requiring video and HD graphics on their LTE devices, most IoT applications didn’t really need such wide bandwidth. Since IoT mostly meant exception-based reporting (alerts and alarms when something was amiss), the bulk of that work involved shifting small data packets over networks to the right people or machines at the right time, as opposed to streaming video on a smartphone or tablet.
As consumers abandoned 2G networks that didn’t work with their touchscreen devices, commercial IoT users welcomed the newfound bandwidth it opened. In fact, in 2014 only 1% of the 3.2 billion In 2014 there were 3.2 IoT connections globally went over LTE networks vs. billion IoT connections 23% on 2G iii. globally. Cisco projects 103% annual growth in that number through the end of 2019.
5 LTE TAKES CENTER STAGE AS NEW STANDARDS EMERGE Two misperceptions have been holding LTE back LTE has reached nearly full for IoT applications: Its reputation for expensive saturation in the U.S., and the modules and limited network coverage compared cost of modules has dipped to 2G and 3G. Because carriers have nearly into the mid-$30 range completed the LTE infrastructure and device manufacturers are offering competitive pricing on (or, exactly what 3G LTE-connected devices, those trends – while they modules cost in late 2014) might have had some grounding in 2014– have and is trending downward. already become myths.
LTE has reached nearly full saturation in the U.S., and the cost of modules has dipped into the mid- $30 range (or, exactly what 3G modules cost in late Even more promising for business that rely on iv 2014) and is trending downward . Taken together, IoT are Category 0 and LTE-M devices, which these trends make 3G appealing to a much smaller could be powering IoT devices by the end of this group of IoT users. year. These low-power devices will support short bursts of data transmissions. Chipsets for these LTE promises to have a lasting impact, and not devices exist today, although it’s very early on the only because it features the fastest throughput implementation curve.v and deepest saturation of cellular networks. It will host a number of emerging standards, including In the following sections, we will explore the future User Equipment (UE) Category 4, Category 5, and of LTE for IoT, who will be using it and for what Category 6 that will create even faster throughput business applications. We also will examine which using the same LTE infrastructure. Category businesses will benefit from switching sooner, and 6-enabled devices promise download speeds which ones might hold on to 2G or 3G to their of 300Mbps, or twice as much as Category 4 bitter ends. standards. Specs exist for even faster Category 7 and Category 8 LTE devices, as well, but those won’t see widespread development adoption for a number of years.
Two misperceptions about LTE that need to be dispelled: one, that modules are too expensive and two, that the network offers limited coverage.
6 KEY ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS:
2G (second generation) Second generation (2G) cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.
3G The third-generation (3G) mobile communications standard allowed larger data files to be transmitted via cellular networks, enabling more sophisticated messaging and web content to flow to smartphones, the use of which became widespread thanks to these networks.
4G/LTE LTE, commonly marketed as 4G LTE, is the current standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) A digital communication technology used by some carriers to provide PCS service. Also known as IS-95A or cdmaOne. Other technologies used are TDMA and GSM.
GSM (Global Standard for Mobile) A digital communication technology used by some carriers to provide PCS service. Other technologies used are CDMA and TDMA.
Category-0 Emerging LTE standard to support IoT. Devices use low current, and transmit short bursts of data.
Category-4 LTE standard supporting 300Mbps download/75Mbps upload.
Category-5 LTE standard supporting 150Mbps download/50Mbps upload.
Category-6 LTE standard supporting 300Mbps download/50Mbps upload.
IoT (Internet of Things) See IoT.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) See 4G.
IoT (Machine to Machine) While the Internet of Things (IoT) typically refers to consumer devices, IoT casts a broader net covering IoT uses as well as commercial applications of wireless sensors such as defense, industrial automation, security and many others. While IoT automated communications can be wireless or wired, the scope of this e-book covers cellular wireless networks.
7 2. THE FUTURE IS NOW: IOT’S NEED FOR SPEED
IoT communications and alerting is a broad concept, therapy patients take their medications in the not confined to wireless cellular networks. In fact, right dose at the right time. For frailer elders, one of the earliest IoT telecommunication devices, always-on devices trip alerts to a monitoring a caller-ID box patented in 1971, was fully wired. company if they fall in their home. Sensors pipe Today’s IoT communications commonly happen data into monitoring systems and electronic over wired networks, over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and medical records; when something deviates from cellular frequencies. the expected pattern, physicians and/or nurses receive alerts. Furthermore, mobile devices carried New standards promise to expand IoT usage in by visiting nurses and home healthcare workers general, including over LTE, and they work by will feed information directly back to central data collecting short-range signals and porting them to a repositories via cellular networks. Wi-Fi or cellular hub for transmission to a computer for processing and further routing. ASSET MANAGEMENT Knowing where your company’s vehicles are – Talking about standards may be interesting to or receiving data about cargo getting delivered – engineers, but the rest of us are more concerned can yield positive results such as loss prevention with the real-world implications of IoT technologies for rental car companies, bottom-line improvements that need LTE some, if not all, of the time. Here of just-in-time supply chains for manufacturing are ten examples, some of them in early-adoption companies, and pinpoint delivery information to phases and some more mature; some need LTE enable better customer-relations for retailers. simply because their sensors live outdoors or in It can also increase driver efficiency and safety otherwise tough spots where Wi-Fi isn’t available or by monitoring traffic conditions and strategically too unreliable for the critical re-routing vehicles around trouble spots. Dashcams nature of the device. mounted in public-service vehicles and heavy goods transportation is another form of asset monitoring HEALTHCARE utilizing streaming video. Many IoT applications are emerging in healthcare and more will come in the next few years. Why? Many of them are driven by three trends: One, personal fitness and wellness monitoring wearable devices for consumers; two, “aging in place” – keeping elders at home and out of nursing homes for as long as possible, with help from people and assistive technology, some of them powered by “always-on” devices over LTE networks that deliver the low latency they require; IoT communication is not and three, “accountable care,” which rewards confined to wireless cellular networks. Today’s IoT providers for solving patients’ health problems communication also happens before hospitalization is necessary. The latter two over wired networks and Wi-Fi and Bluetooth frequencies. involve keeping tabs on everything from heart failure to patients’ vital signs to tracking dementia patients’ locations to confirming that behavioral
8 DIGITAL SIGNAGE USAGE-BASED INSURANCE (UBI) FOR Why portray your product on a massive billboard, AUTO CARRIERS a small bus-station panel screen or anywhere Auto-insurance carriers have begun tracking in-between with a static image when you can customers’ habits as a way to reward safe driving. have dynamic audio and high-resolution video The idea now has turned into a way to monitor content to make it come alive? We’ve all seen the down to the number of miles driven for more transformation in signage over the last decade. forward-thinking companies. It’s a way to level But all of these connected screens cannot function a playing field in which two-thirds of drivers pay on their own. That’s where IoT over LTE networks higher premiums than they should, effectively comes in. Wires are awfully cumbersome and subsidizing high-mileage road warriors. One such limiting for those hard-to-reach, often elevated carrier – and KORE customer – saves each of its locations, especially outdoors. customers an average of $500 per year, basing insurance rates on mileage readings with sensors SUBPRIME AUTO DEALERS customers plug into the diagnostic port in their A distant cousin of fleet management, dealers who cars, which in turn relays data to a smartphone app. finance vehicles with subprime auto loans have a problem: Sometimes they need to repossess the UTILITIES vehicle. IoT setups involve inexpensive (~$50) GPS With the emergence of LPWA modules in IoT – sensors, keeping the car in the dealer’s sights until Cisco predicts 933 million modules operational the loan is paid off, at which time it’s deactivated. by 2019 -- electric, water and gas utilities will use How big is this market? In the 2nd and 3rd quarter these standards to connect meters. With expected of 2015 alone, more than $110 billion in auto loans 10-year lifespans for these modules, utility were made to borrowers with credit scores below companies will want to standardize on LTE from 660, the cutoff for a “good” rating.vi the start, because 2G and 3G will be gone by the time the modules need replacement.
9 FOOD SAFETY Stopping – or even preventing – a mass outbreak of food poisoning requires constant monitoring of a traceable food supply. Today, investigators follow contaminated food after the fact, tracing it to its source. IoT can make the process much closer to real-time, as food production and storage environments are monitored with sensors and sent alarms when conditions deviate from spec. After an outbreak, IoT-enabled food supplies can be documented and traced back to the source of contamination much more quickly. STREETLIGHTS Regulators are looking to food producers to shore It might sound boring to the average consumer, up food protections as the FDA rolls out new but the IoT potential for saving more than 50% rules as directed by Congress in the Food Safety of lighting costs is extremely interesting to city Modernization Act (FSMA). managers, who see streetlights accounting for up to 40% of total municipal budgets. IoT can help with powering lights on at the right times, dimming them when appropriate to save energy, and alerting It might sound boring to crews when a lamp burns out. IoT can also help the average consumer, enhance safety: For example, increasing light but the IoT potential vii in areas where emergency crews are at work. for saving more than
VIDEO SECURITY 50% of lighting costs is For both commercial and consumer applications, extremely interesting to video security via IoT is growing in popularity, city managers, who see street- thanks to LTE’s capabilities to support the streams (which are also decreasing in size, down to 10kbps). lights accounting This is not your father’s do-it-yourself rig, either. for up to 40% of total Small and large enterprises can track assets and municipal budgets. goings-on at their properties with video controllers from a centralized location, which not only enhance visuals during playback but also remotely control pan-tilt-zoom camera settings. These are just 10 examples of what’s here, and what’s to come in the rapidly expanding market for ROLLING CONNECTIVITY IoT over LTE networks. There are many more in use Many new cars now are equipped to be rolling wi-fi today, and that will emerge as technology advances hotspots, enabled by LTE networks. Standalone LTE and creative enterprises adapt new standards boxes can enable mobile commerce in vehicles too, and utilize the speed and reliability of LTE signals such as food trucks, with payment terminals. to improve efficiencies, security and ultimately the bottom line for both commercial clients and consumer end-users.
10 3. 3G NOW OR STRAIGHT TO LTE: THAT IS THE QUESTION
With all these exciting new technologies comes OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR a cost, which precipitates the business question SWITCHING TO LTE for IoT needs: At what point does the price- According to research firm ABI,viii several other performance ratio tilt the scales toward LTE, factors make LTE appealing for organizations which will have the longest lifespan of any cellular utilizing IoT communications for applications other network technology? than video (the obvious application):
Clearly, any business installing new sensors would §§ Indoor penetration. One of the biggest best be served starting out on LTE to future-proof advantages of LTE is that it solves this problem their investments. Take the example of pipeline vexing other network implementations, opening or utility-line alert sensors, many of which are in new applications and expanding existing ones wilderness or underwater settings. In those cases that have been limited by coverage problems. – or anywhere an organization is expending capital Owners of smart vending machine distributors, to place sensors in tough-to-reach places and for example, will likely welcome LTE connections hoping they will function for the next 10 years, as fixed lines become less available. continuously – LTE just makes sense. §§ Infrastructure and coverage. In the past, Another clear case for LTE now is new instances of limited LTE network coverage was an issue. bandwidth-intensive applications, such as digital Now, in developed and undeveloped countries, displays and streaming video in signage or security. LTE covers 80% of the population centers and As devices and content evolve, LTE offers the has even expanded into rural and sparsely scalability to grow with the sophistication of these populated areas. technologies. Any business whose IoT needs include §§ Security. Cryptographic keys in LTE use a low tolerance for network latency and high needs 128- and 256-bit encryption keys that provide for throughput should consider switching to LTE, a higher level of security. too, sooner than later.
BUSINESS CASES FOR HOLDING ON TO 2G/3G That being said, who doesn’t need LTE? … any business installing First off, IoT users who have had 3G devices installed in the past five years, and need new sensors would best them to function only for the next five. be served starting out on Those products are mature, and many of LTE to future-proof their them probably have a few more years’ worth of usage left before they will need investments. replacement – at which time it will make sense to retrofit for LTE.
11 Other organizations that continue to utilize IoT for It is important to keep in mind that there’s a reason low-bandwidth alert/alarm systems and await the the carriers are sunsetting their 2G and eventually promise of their OEMs developing LTE Category-0 3G networks: Over the past three to four years, or LTE-M modules for their specific applications. applications as a whole have been getting richer. These will run on bands dedicated to IoT/IoT Human nature drives us to richer content. 2G, connections globally; their developers promise when it goes dark, will have been in service for lower power use and will likely cost less than 3G 20-plus years. That’s a long lifecycle in technology. and 4G devices. As of now, many of these are still in 3G networks, in contrast, will likely have had development, which means rollouts the shortest life-term of any technology in our could happen closer to the 2G sunset dates – industry, when all is said and done. LTE is the one or even after. ix fundamental network that combines coverage, IP end-to-end, and in-building with subterranean This will put those OEMs’ customers in a dilemma: accessibility. While LTE might have started out as a Upgrade now to LTE, or wait? This tricky decision cost-prohibitive option for IoT, its standardization will come down to numbers, as each organization and adoption by more than 650 carriers around will have to weigh the costs of two potential the world has driven costs down rapidly. The LTE upgrades, either to current 3G or LTE modules now networks as we know them today have become the and then the cheaper Category-0/LTE-M modules networks that go the distance for the customer. later. The total cost of ownership of a dual upgrade approach also includes other factors, such as the $400-$1,000 per truck roll. COST PARITY
While jumping from 2G to LTE might incur more LTE may have started out up-front costs, it will be partially offset because as a cost-prohibitive option the superior speed of LTE networks for these for IoT, but now its applications will incur less airtime than 2G and 3G. In this case, going straight to LTE would standardization and offset at least some of those costs of skipping adoption by more than 3G-connected devices. 650 carriers around the world has driven costs CONCLUSION: ALL ROADS LEAD TO LTE If you’re not yet thinking of LTE, you’re not alone. down rapidly. Many organizations utilizing 2G and 3G networks for IoT are only in the exploratory phase of developing their upgrade paths. But the time is Data-rich applications need LTE now. For less-rich now - with AT&T’s 2G sunset behind us coupled applications, businesses have choices. Our stance with their announcement that there will be no new is this: If you intend to be running a business five 3G activations after 2018 - other major carriers are years from now, you had better get on the LTE scheduled to follow suit in the coming years. bandwagon. You could defer the time at which you commence that development, but you’re going to have to do it.
12 THE LTE DECISION-TREE When you think about your IoT strategy there are several migration choices that can move your operations from 2G to LTE, based on your timing and bottom-line needs:
AT&T 2G TO T-MOBILE 2G TO LTE
AT&T’s 2G sunset happened December 4G/LTE 31, 2016, but T-Mobile has committed to support their 2G network for IoT applications to 2020. Although the future is LTE, migrating right now may be too disruptive for your business. You just need more time. If this sounds like your situation, this may be the best strategy for your business.
2G to 3G to LTE When AT&T announced they would be 4G/LTE sunsetting their 2G network, you may have suddenly found your business threatened, especially if you have thousands of 2G devices out in the field. If you aren’t quite ready to make the leap to LTE because of concerns about the availability and cost of modules, then making the move to 3G might be the right choice.
2G to LTE Do you need to update your company’s 2G devices that are at risk to go dark? Organizations using 2G modules are in 4G/LTE the best position to move to LTE, because they will enjoy the greatest network speed bumps, airtime savings offsets and avoid the double-jump from 2G to 3G to LTE compatible modules.
13 Carrier 2G Network 3G Network
Committed until at least 12/31/2021, however AT&T Shutdown 12/31/2016 no new 3G activations allowed after 12/31/2018 Shutting down end of 2019 Shutting down end of 2019 Verizon for 1xRTT for EVDO
T-Mobile Committed through 2020 No formal announcement
Committed through 2022 Sprint No formal announcement for 1xRTT
Rogers Committed through 2018 Shutting down end of 2025
DEFER THE LTE DECISION IN THE END, IT’S ALL UP TO YOU 2G GSM on AT&T to 2G GSM on T-Mobile: Take some time to consider your IoT usage. Some organizations may want to remain on 2G for Only your organization can determine when the any number of reasons. T-Mobile has extended its jump to LTE will be optimal. Just know that it must 2G network for IoT/IoT applications until 2020, happen sooner or later. Planning properly for the so if an organization is in an area T-Mobile covers, transition can save capital investment as well as this can be a reasonable option. airtime costs – and potentially keep the 2G-to-3G- to-LTE double upgrade off your financial ledger. 2G to 3G: Let’s say your IoT operation involves modules that have easy access for switching, KORE sees it this way: LTE brings infinite and 3G modules for your application are far possibilities to the world of IoT & IoT, less expensive than their LTE counterparts. beginning now. Or, you’re not quite certain the IoT application you’re supporting will last beyond a few years. To consult a KORE expert for guidance on In this scenario, and others where financial barriers an upgrade plan tailored to your IoT needs, are holding back an LTE migration, a 2G-to-3G call 877-710-5673 (KORE) or migration might be your best move. email [email protected].
14 SOURCES i. “Internet of things: $8.9 trillion market in 2020, 212 billion connected things,” ZDNet.com, Oct. 3., 2013. http://www.zdnet.com/article/internet-of-things-8-9-trillion-market-in-2020-212- billion-connected-things/#! ii. p.2 Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2014–2019. February 2015. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual- networking-indexvni/white_paper_c11-520862.pdf iii. p.14 Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2014–2019. February 2015. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual- networking-indexvni/white_paper_c11-520862.pdf iv. “LTE – bringing a new spectrum of opportunities for IoT and IoT.” KORE blog post, July 22, 2015. http:// www.koretelematics.com/blog/lte-%E2%80%93-bringing-a-new-spectrum-of- opportunities-for-IoT-andiot v. “LTE Category-0 & LTE-M low power IoT device roadmaps.” IoTdevzone, May 18, 2015. http://iotdevzone.com/blog/2015/05/18/lte-category-0-lte-m-low-power-IoT-device-roadmaps/ vi. “Surge in Subprime Auto Lending Draws Attention.” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 19, 2015. http://www.wsj.com/articles/total-u-s-household-debt-rises-to-12-1-trillion-in-third- quarter-1447948826 vii. “Smart Streetlights are the drivers of the Smart City.” IoTnow.biz, March 16, 2015. http://www.IoTnow.biz/2015/03/16/31124-smart-streetlights-are-the-drivers-of-the-smart-city/ viii. ABI Research paper, Future of 4G in IoT/IoT: applications, verticals, and LTE CAT1, CAT0, CAT-M. 2015. ix. “LTE Category-0 & LTE-M low power IoT device roadmaps.” IoTdevzone, May 18, 2015. http://iotdevzone.com/blog/2015/05/18/lte-category-0-lte-m-low-power-IoT-device-roadmaps/
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