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Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany: Power, Politics, and Family in Late Medieval Scotland

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Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany: Power, Politics, and Family in Late Medieval Scotland “Whatever the world admires in a prince.” Robert Stewart, duke of Albany: Power, Politics, and Family in Late Medieval Scotland by Shayna Devlin A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Shayna Devlin, June 2019 ABSTRACT “WHATEVER THE WORLD ADMIRES IN A PRINCE.” ROBERT STEWART, DUKE OF ALBANY: POWER, POLITICS, AND FAMILY IN LATE MEDIEVAL SCOTLAND Shayna Christine Devlin Advisors: University of Guelph, 2019 Dr. Elizabeth Ewan Dr. Susannah Ferreira Robert Stewart, duke of Albany (1340-1420), was the second surviving son of Robert II of Scotland. Over the course of his career, he served many roles in the Scottish government including Governor of Scotland for his absent nephew James I. Albany is famous in Scottish historiography for the murder of his nephew and heir to the throne, David, duke of Rothesay. Chroniclers and historians from the late fifteenth century until today have ascribed to Albany a nefarious royal ambition. This devious ambition supposedly led him to stage coups against his father, Robert II, and brother, Robert III, to seize power in Scotland. Undoubtedly Albany was a deeply ambitious man. However, not much consideration has been given to the idea that Albany, in his governmental roles and as regent for three kings, was not acting on a deeply held desire to sit on the Scottish throne. Rather, Albany’s role in governance is an example of medieval corporate monarchy wherein the entire royal family assisted the reigning monarch in ruling the kingdom. The structure of corporate monarchy has been used previously to examine queens and the role of women in the institution of monarchy. By applying this structure to a male member of the royal family, this dissertation seeks to place Albany in the wider European context of regency in the late medieval period. By examining how Albany fulfilled the roles and duties of kingship for two adult monarchs and a third absentee monarch, this dissertation seeks to uncover how Albany performed essential roles of governance within the parameters of a corporate monarchy. To succeed in his role, Albany cultivated a royal identity and presented himself as the highest royal authority in Scotland. Through the examination of Albany’s governmental roles, his relationship with the nobility of Scotland, his presentation of himself as a prince of Scotland, and his interactions with the institution of the church, this dissertation firmly places Albany in the wider European context of rulership in late medieval Europe and demonstrates how Albany was integral to the daily governance of Scotland, and to the survival of the early Stewart dynasty. iv Acknowledgements: First I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Elizabeth Ewan and Dr. Susannah Ferreira for their continuous support and guidance throughout this process. Their immense knowledge, suggestions, conversation, corrections, and patience have been invaluable. I cannot imagine a better supervisory team. I would also like to thank the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Mairi Cowan, Dr. Peter Goddard, and Dr. Michael Brown whose insightful comments, suggestions, and difficult questions encouraged me to think both more broadly and more deeply about my research. Over the course of my research I have been aided by many archivists and librarians but would like to say a special thank you to Teresa Lewitzky in the McLaughlin Library Data Resource Center for her many hours of assistance with the creation of the maps for this dissertation. Additionally, I would also like to thank the History Department and Centre for Scottish Studies for their generous funding which allowed me not only to undertake this degree but also funded my research in Scotland. I also thank Dr. Marian Toledo Candelaria for both her encouragement of my research on Albany, and the many hours and late nights we spent discussing Scottish history and the exercise of kingship in Scotland over the dinner table. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my family, my parents, Penni and Bill, and my siblings, Sherrie and Sean, for their support of not only my research and academic pursuits, but in life generally. v Last but certainly not least I would like to thank my partner, Garey, without his love and support none of this would have been possible. vi Table of Contents: Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv List of Names viii List of Maps and Images ix Source Abbreviations x Introduction: Robert Stewart, duke of Albany 1 Historiography 4 Records and Methodology 14 Conclusion 19 Chapter 1: Kingship and the Corporate Nature of Monarchy 21 Late Medieval Kingship: Duties and Theories 22 European Context: Regency in Medieval Europe 27 Scottish Context: Guardians, Lieutenants, and Governors 30 Conclusion 37 Chapter 2: Governance and the Corporate Monarchy Under the Stewart 39 Dynasty Pre-1380 Corporate Kingship 43 Chamberlain 54 Carrick Lieutenancy 1384-1388 58 Albany Guardianship 1388-1392/3 62 Ducal Creation 79 Rothesay Lieutenancy and Murder 82 Governorship 1406-1420 92 Conclusion 98 Chapter 3: Courting the Nobility: Marriages, Bonds, and Patronage 99 The Central and Western Highlands 110 The Earls of Douglas and the South of Scotland 123 Northeast Scotland and the Balance of Power in the Highlands 141 Fife, Menteith, and Perthshire 161 Conclusion 181 Chapter 4: Trading and Raiding: International Relations 183 Diplomacy 186 Warfare 200 Trade 211 Conclusion 217 Chapter 5: Power, Piety, and Politics in Religion 219 Schism and Heresy 224 Religion and Scottish Politics 235 Defense and Confirmation of the Rights of the Church 242 vii Promotion of Family and Favourites 243 Expressions of Personal Piety 250 Conclusion 259 Conclusion 261 Appendix A: Affinity Chart 266 Appendix B: Family Trees 273 Bibliography 275 viii Names Due to the repetition of names and titles such as Robert Stewart or earl of Buchan major figures have all been assigned one title which will be used throughout the dissertation for the sake of simplicity and cohesion. With the exception of Robert II and Robert III, most figures will be referred to by their most distinguishing title or historical moniker. For example, Albany will be referred to as Albany throughout the dissertation regardless of his current title at the time to avoid confusion. If a certain aspect of a person’s title needs to be emphasized it will be in the text (eg. Albany as earl of Fife in 1372). Robert Stewart, Albany duke of Albany, earl of Fife and Menteith, Governor of Scotland Murdoch Stewart, Murdoch/duke Murdoch duke of Albany, earl of Fife and Menteith, Governor of Scotland John, earl/lord of Buchan, earl of Ross, Constable of France Buchan Robert Stewart, son and heir of Murdoch Robert of Fife Walter Stewart, son of Murdoch Walter of Lennox James Stewart, son of Murdoch James the Fat King Robert II r.1371-1390 Robert II Robert II prior to 1371 Robert the Steward King Robert III r.1390-1406 Robert III Robert III prior to 1390 John, earl of Carrick/Carrick David, duke of Rothesay and earl of Carrick Rothesay Alexander Stewart, earl of Buchan, lord of Badenoch Badenoch/Wolf of Badenoch Alexander Stewart, earl of Mar, son of Badenoch Mar Walter Stewart, earl of Caithness and Atholl, lord of Brechin Atholl Earls of Douglas where relevant will be referred to as 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc. earl ix List of Maps and Images 2.1 Albany Stewart Lands 50 3.1 Highland Marriages 122 3.2 Lowland Marriages 133 3.3 Doune Castle 162 x Abbreviations Aberdeen Register = Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis, 2 vols. Burlington, Ont.: TannerRitchie Publishing, 2010. Annals of the Four Masters = O’Donovan, John, ed. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters From the Earliest Period to 1616, 2nd ed., 7 vols. Dublin: Hodges, Smith, & Co., 1856. Benedict XIII = McGurk, Francis. Calendar of Papal Letters to Scotland of Benedict XIII of Avignon 1394-1419. Edinburgh: T and A Constable, 1976. Boardman, “Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan,” = Boardman, Stephen. “Lordship in the Northeast: The Badenoch Stewart I, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, Lord of Badenoch.” Northern Scotland, 16 (1996): 1-30. Boardman, The Early Stewart Kings = Boardman, Stephen. The Early Stewart Kings, Robert II and Robert III. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1996. Boece, The Chronicles of Scotland. = Boece, Hector. The Chronicles of Scotland Compiled by Hector Boece. Translated by John Bellenden, edited by Edith C. Batho and H. Winifred Husbands vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1941. Bower, Scotichronicon = Bower, Walter. Scotichronicon, 9 vols. Edited by D.E.R. Watt. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987. Brown, “Alexander Stewart Earl of Mar” =Brown, Michael. “Regional Lordship in North-East Scotland: The Badenoch Stewarts II Alexander Stewart Earl of Mar.” Northern Scotland 16 (1996): 31-54. Buchanan, The History of Scotland. = Buchanan, George. The History of Scotland Translated from the Latin of George Buchanan with Notes and Continuation into the Union in the Reign of Queen Anne. Translated by James Aikman. Glasgow: Blackie Fullarton & Co., 1827. Day, “David, Duke of Rothesay” = Day, Linda. “The Life and Political Career of David, Duke of Rothesay.” MA diss., University of Guelph, 1988. CDS, iv = Bain, Joseph. Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, vol. 4. Burlington, Ont.: TannerRitchie Publishing, 2004. Clement VII = Burns, Charles, ed. Calendar of Papal Letters to Scotland of Clement VII of Avignon 1378-1394. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable Ltd., 1976. CPL, viii = Twemlow, J. A., ed. Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Papal Letters, vol. vii, 1417-1431. Burlington, Ont.: TannerRitchie Publishing, 2006. CPR-Petitions, vol. 1 = Bliss, William Henry, ed. Calendar of Papal Entries Relating to Great Britain and Ireland Petitions to the Pope, 1342-1419, vol.
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