DOCSLIB.ORG

Diving Depths of the Gentoo Penguin(Pygoscelis Papua)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diving Depths of the Gentoo Penguin(Pygoscelis Papua) SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 503 Condor 85:503 % The Cooper Ornithological Soclety 1983 DETERMINING SEX RATIOS caught birds following his plow with the use of a long- handled fish net, reaching out from the tractor seat and FROM COLLECTED catching gulls as they flew close by. The birds that were SPECIMENS shot were also feeding on invertebratesin the same fields, although only six were shot directly behind the plow. The three methods yielded different sex ratios (x2 = JOANNA BURGER 23.2, df = 2, P < 0.001). Gulls collectedby shootingwere mostly males (83%) those netted were mostly females (79%), and thosenest-trapped had an equalsex ratio (Table Ornithologists have recently shown considerableinterest 1). Characteristically, once a bird was shot, other gulls in determining the sex ratios of birds, particularly on the approached,circled over it, and were themselves shot. If breeding grounds. Field counts are possible only for sex- this behavior is related to the greater aggressivenessof ually dimorphic species.Investigators working on mono- males,it might explaintheir greatervulnerability. Or, males morphic specieshave therefore turned to the data accom- may simply have remained in the area longer. Females panying museum specimens. The method of collecting may have been lesswary, hence more likely to come closer these specimensis usuallyunknown, and may bias the sex to the plow and so be netted. Since birds were collected ratio, as I will show. by both methods in the same field, it is apparent that one In 1971 I collecteda number of Franklin’s Gulls (Lams or both samplesgave biased estimatesof sex ratios (Table pipixcan) in the vicinity of AgassizNational Wildlife Ref- 1). uge,Marshall County, Minnesota. The gullswere collected I assumethat the sexratio of Franklin’s Gulls was nearly during May and June at or within 8 km of a breeding equal in the area becauseno birds were loafing near the colonv of 10.000-l 5.000 nairs of aulls (see Burger.Anim. colony (Franklin’s Gulls loaf near their nests),and no males Beha;. 22:521-567,‘1974). Birds-were‘collected by three on territories lacked females. There were no areas where methods; nest-trapping (Burger, Bird-Banding 42: 123- birds loafed within 40 km of the refuge. I had enlisted the 124, 197l), shooting, and netting birds that were feeding aid of local farmers in reporting any gull flocks. Although behind a plow. I used all three methods only to increase I received many reports of foraging gulls, there were no my sample of specimens. I nest-trapped between 09:OO reports of any sizeable loafing flocks. Furthermore, this and 1l:OOthrouahout the incubation neriod. Shootingand was the only breeding colony of Franklin’s Gulls in Min- netting were done on the same days and in the same two nesota;consequently, there was no influx of gulls into the fields where 200-500 gulls were feeding. A local farmer areaaround the Agassizcolony during the breedingseason. My results indicate that the method of collecting can influence the sex ratio of the specimensobtained. Thus, TABLE 1. Sex ratios of Franklin’s Gulls collected by the sex ratio of this sample may be a misleadingindicator different methods. Shown are the number of each sex col- of the population’s sex ratio. The dangerin usingmuseum lected by each method. specimensto gaugesex ratios is greaterif the exact method of collectingis unknown, if the direction of the biaseshave Males Females Total not been examined for that species,and if sample sizes are small. Shot 29 6 35 Nest-trapped 22 20 42 Netted behind plow 6 22 28 Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Total 57 48 105 Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. Received 23 December 1982. Final acceptance20 May 1983. Condor 85:503-504 (ir The Cooper Ornithological Society 1983 DIVING DEPTHS OF THE GENT00 deeply than the more pelagic species.We report here on our measurementsof the diving depths of Gentoo Pen- PENGUIN (PYGOSCELIS PAPUA) euins at Marion Island. ” We conductedour studyduring November and Decem- ber 1981. Twenty-five G&too Penguinswere fitted with NIGEL J. ADAMS depth gaugesattached to leather harnessesand released. AND Harnessedbirds were recapturedupon their return to the island to spend the night ashore or to feed chicks. CHRISTOPHER R. BROWN The harnessesconsisted of a contoured collar (nlaced above the flippers) joined to a thoracic band below the flippers by four narrow leather straps. The depth gauge At Marion Island in the southwestern Indian Ocean was fitted to the thoracic band and lay flush with the (46”52’S, 37”5l ’E), the Gentoo Penguin(Pygoscelispupua) penguin’s back. The harness is described more fully in breeds sympatrically with Macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolo- Wilson and Bain (in press).The depth gaugeswere a cap- phus), Rockhopper (E. chrysocome) and King (Apteno- illary type, coated on the inside with a water-solublepow- dytes patagonicus) penguins. Duration of foraging trips der. Water entering the open end of the capillary tube and chick feedingrates suggest that, in contrastto the other compressedthe volume of air trapped in the tube, and species,the Gentoo Penguinis primarily an inshore feeder compression varied with depth as described by Boyle’s (Croxall and Prince 1980a, Williams 1980, 1981). Conse- Law. Becausethe relationshipis non-linear, however, shal- quently, Gentoo Penguinsmay need to dive for food less lower depths were recorded more precisely than deeper 504 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS depths. The maximum depth attained by the diving pen- order to validate the biological significanceof maximum guin was indicated by the boundary between the dissolved diving depths. Such studies will require more expensive and undissolvedpowder. A similar device has been used and sophisticateddevices, such as the autoradiographic to measure diving depths in seals (Kooyman 1965) and devices of Wilson and Bain (in press) or the electronic Emperor Penguins(Aptenodytes forsteri; Kooyman et al. recordersof Kooyman et al. (1982). 1971). We thank Pieter van Litsenborgh for assistancein the Penguinswere recapturedone to eight days after release. field and Rory Wilson for kindly allowing us to use his Nineteen of the recaptured birds showed depth traces. unpublisheddata on JackassPenguins. Scientific research Four others had not been to sea in the interval between at Marion Island is carried out under the auspicesof the releaseand recapture,and two others lost their harnesses. South African Scientific Committee for Antarctic Re- Maximum diving depths recorded ranged from 3.5 m to search. Financial and logistical support of the Antarctic more than 70.0 m, the median depth being 9.0 m. The Division of the South African Department of Transnort diving depths were non-randomly distributed (x’ = 22.3, is gratefully acknowledged. P < 0.005, n = 19) with 16 dives reaching less than 20.0 m; two more attained 40.0 m, and only one dive exceeded LITERATURE CITED 70 m. The maximum diving depths attained by the pen- guins were not significantly correlated with the time in- CONROY, J. W. H., AND E. L. TWELVES. 1972. Diving terval between release and recapture (r = -0.291, P > depths of the Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis pupua) and 0.1). Blue-eyed Shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps) from the Penguinsswim at three levels in the water: on the sur- South Orkney Islands. Bull. Br. Antarct. Surv. 30: face, at the travelling depth (two meters or less in the 106-108. JackassPenguin [Spheniscus demersus]; R. Wilson, pers. CROXALL,J. P., AND P. A. PRINCE. 1980a. Food, feeding comm.), and at the foraging depth, the latter being the ecologyand ecologicalsegregation of seabirdsat South most variable and, generally, the deepest. Their ability to Georgia. Biol. J. Linn. Sot. 14:103-l 3 1. dive to great depths is well established.A depth of 130 m CROXALL,J.P., AND P. A. PRINCE. 1980b. The food of has been recorded for the JackassPenguin (R. Wilson, Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis Papua and Macaroni pers. comm.), more than 240 m for the King Penguin,and Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus at South Georgia. 265 m for the Emperor Penguin (Kooyman et al. 1971). Ibis 122:245-253. Circumstantial evidence indicates that Gentoo Penguins KOOYMAN,G. L. 1965. Techniques used in measuring may dive to 100 m (Conroy and Twelves 1972). Dive diving capacitiesin Weddell Seals.Polar Rec. 12:39l- duration for Emperor Penguins may exceed 18 min but 394. the longest dive recorded for Gentoo Penguins,observed KOOYMAN,G. L. 1975. Behavior and physiologyof div- feedina at shallow deaths, was 2 min (Koovman 1975). ing, p. 115-l 38. In B. Stonehouse[ed.], The biology The mean dive duration of the JackassPenguin, slightly of penguins,Macmillan, London. smaller than the Gentoo, was 2.5 min (R. Wilson, pers. KOOYMAN,G. L., C. M. DRABEK,R. ELSNER,AND W. B. comm.). Assuming that an appreciable proportion of a CAMBELL. 1971. Diving behaviour of the Emperor dive is spenthunting and pursuingprey, the time available Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri. Auk 88:775-795. for descentand ascentis limited. The dive duration of the KOOYMAN,G. L., R. W. DAVIS, J. P. CROXALL,AND W. Gentoo Penguin suggeststhat the modal depths of 3.5- B. CAMBELL. 1982. Diving depths and energy re- 20.0 m recorded in our study probably representthe nor- quirements of King Penguins. Science2 17:726-727. mal foraging depths, dives to 40.0 m or more being un- VOLKMAN,N. J., P. PRESLER,AND W. TRIVELPIECE.1980. usual. This is supported by the finding that birds recap- Diets of pygoscelidpenguins of King George Island, tured up to eight days after release still had not dived Antarctica. Condor 82:373-378. deeper than 20.0 m, despite the opportunity to make sev- WILLIAMS,A. J. 1980. Aspects of the breeding biology eral foraging trips and, consequently,many dives. of the Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Global Population Assessment of the Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A global population assessment of the Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) Noah Strycker1*, Michael Wethington2, Alex Borowicz2, Steve Forrest2, Chandi Witharana3, Tom Hart4 & Heather J. Lynch2,5 Using satellite imagery, drone imagery, and ground counts, we have assembled the frst comprehensive global population assessment of Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) at 3.42 (95th-percentile CI: [2.98, 4.00]) million breeding pairs across 375 extant colonies. Twenty-three previously known Chinstrap penguin colonies are found to be absent or extirpated. We identify fve new colonies, and 21 additional colonies previously unreported and likely missed by previous surveys. Limited or imprecise historical data prohibit our assessment of population change at 35% of all Chinstrap penguin colonies. Of colonies for which a comparison can be made to historical counts in the 1980s, 45% have probably or certainly declined and 18% have probably or certainly increased. Several large colonies in the South Sandwich Islands, where conditions apparently remain favorable for Chinstrap penguins, cannot be assessed against a historical benchmark. Our population assessment provides a detailed baseline for quantifying future changes in Chinstrap penguin abundance, sheds new light on the environmental drivers of Chinstrap penguin population dynamics in Antarctica, and contributes to ongoing monitoring and conservation eforts at a time of climate change and concerns over declining krill abundance in the Southern Ocean. Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) are abundant in Antarctica, with past estimates ranging from 3–8 million breeding pairs, and are considered a species of “least concern” by BirdLife International1, but the popula- tion dynamics of this species are not well understood and several studies have highlighted signifcant declines at monitored sites2–6.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Threatens Penguins
    SEPTEMBER 2009 Climate Change Threatens Penguins By: Shaye Wolf Penguins are not just found in •11 of 18 penguin species are Antarctica declining and considered an Penguins—waddling wonders of extinction risk the Southern Hemisphere Although penguins are commonly associated with Antarctica, penguins •Two species are considered Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, are found in a variety of habitats stable. family Spheniscidae) are flightless in the Southern Hemisphere. seabirds found almost entirely in Eighteen different penguin species •The population status of the the Southern Hemisphere. Although inhabit areas from Antarctica to the remaining five is unknown. their wings have become useless for Equator. They can be divided into Studies have linked climate change flight, they have become superbly three groups: to past, ongoing, and projected adapted to swimming and diving. population declines of many For example, Gentoo penguins •Four penguin species breed in Antarctica and/or the Antarctic penguin species. Because penguins can swim up to 35 km per hour— live in different ocean habitats of compared with 9 km per hour for islands: the Emperor, Adélie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo penguin. the Southern Hemisphere, climate the fastest Olympic swimmer. change affects penguins in these Emperor penguins can dive to •Most penguin species breed on regions in different ways. depths of more than 520 m to find islands in the sub-Antarctic waters food—deeper than any other bird. of the Southern Ocean (a.k.a. How is climate change affecting Penguins must return to land or sea Antarctic Ocean), the South Atlantic Antarctic penguins? ice to rear their young, however, Ocean, the South Pacific Ocean, and they are renowned for their The Antarctic continent is warming and the Southern Indian Ocean: as a whole,1 but the Antarctic feats of endurance as parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing UAV Monitoring of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands’ Iconic Land-Based Marine Predators
    fmars-08-654215 May 26, 2021 Time: 18:32 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 01 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.654215 Developing UAV Monitoring of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands’ Iconic Land-Based Marine Predators John Dickens1*, Philip R. Hollyman1, Tom Hart2, Gemma V. Clucas3, Eugene J. Murphy1, Sally Poncet4, Philip N. Trathan1 and Martin A. Collins1 1 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3 Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States, 4 South Georgia Survey, Stanley, Falkland Islands Many remote islands present barriers to effective wildlife monitoring in terms of Edited by: challenging terrain and frequency of visits. The sub-Antarctic islands of South Georgia Wen-Cheng Wang, National Taiwan Normal University, and the South Sandwich Islands are home to globally significant populations of seabirds Taiwan and marine mammals. South Georgia hosts the largest breeding populations of Antarctic Reviewed by: fur seals, southern elephant seals and king penguins as well as significant populations of Gisele Dantas, wandering, black-browed and grey-headed albatross. The island also holds important Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil populations of macaroni and gentoo penguins. The South Sandwich Islands host the Sofie Pollin, world’s largest colony of chinstrap penguins in addition to major populations of Adélie KU Leuven Research & Development, Belgium and macaroni penguins. A marine protected area was created around these islands in *Correspondence: 2012 but monitoring populations of marine predators remains a challenge, particularly John Dickens as these species breed over large areas in remote and often inaccessible locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Ecology and Diving Behaviour of Macaroni Penguins 27
    1998 Green et al.: Foraging ecology and diving behaviour of Macaroni Penguins 27 FORAGING ECOLOGY AND DIVING BEHAVIOUR OF MACARONI PENGUINS EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS AT HEARD ISLAND K. GREEN 1,2, R. WILLIAMS 1 & M.G. GREEN 2 1Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia 2Current address: National Parks and Wildlife Service, Snowy Mountains Region, PO Box 2228, Jindabyne, New South Wales 2627, Australia ([email protected]) Received 7 May 1997, accepted 6 June 1998 SUMMARY GREEN, K., WILLIAMS, R. & GREEN, M.G. 1998. Foraging ecology and diving behaviour of Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus at Heard Island. Marine Ornithology 26: 27–34. Over the chick-rearing period, Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus foraged to the north-east of Heard Island within an approximate 300-km radius, feeding mainly on euphausiids and fish. As the season progressed, the amount of euphausiids in the diet declined by 93% with the diet becoming almost totally composed of the myctophid fish Krefftichthys anderssoni. Penguins foraged mainly on the Heard Island shelf area (seas shallower than 1000 m). Penguin dive profiles were complex, unlike the simple ‘V’ shaped dives recorded elsewhere. Diving was mainly between dawn and dusk to depths of 10–60 m, and the deepest dives were undertaken during daylight hours. The connection between the observed diving patterns and the diet was difficult to elucidate because K. anderssoni only migrates vertically into surface waters at night and is believed to be out of the penguins’ diving range during the day. INTRODUCTION METHODS Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus on Heard and Diet McDonald Islands are thought to number about two million breeding pairs (Woehler 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Playful Penguins by Melissa Michael
    Playful Penguins By Melissa Michael www.teachertreasurehunter.blogspot.com •Emperor Penguin •King Penguin •Gentoo Penguin •Macaroni Penguin •Adélie Penguin •Little Penguin Emperor Penguin HABITAT: The emperor penguin lives in the Antarctic. It will spend its entire life in the Antarctic waters and on the ice. They are never on land. FOOD: They mostly eat Antarctic silverfish. They may also eat krill or squid. PREDATORS: Their main enemies are orcas and leopard seals. The chicks are also prey for sea birds. COOL FACTS: *The females lay one large egg and then the males take care of it. The males keep the egg on their feet and cover it with their brooding pouch. The brooding pouch is Credit: Photo by Lin Padgham; Creative Commons license loose skin covered with feathers that can APPEARANCE: The emperor penguin has cover the egg. The males will not eat black feathers on its back. The feathers in anything for the 2 months when they care front are white. They have a black head for the egg. and black beak with an orange stripe. *They are the largest penguin in the world. There are yellow patches on each side of its They are about 44 inches tall. head. The chicks have gray feathers with a *They can dive deeper than any other black and white face patch. bird. © 2013 © 2013 Michael Melissa King Penguin HABITAT: They live on islands of the sub- Antarctic and ice-free ocean waters. They never live on pack ice like their close relative the Emperor penguin. FOOD: They eat small fish and some squid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fish Component of Pygoscelis Penguin Diets by Nina J Karnovsky
    The fish component of Pygoscelis penguin diets by Nina J Karnovsky A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences Montana State University © Copyright by Nina J Karnovsky (1997) Abstract: Long-term research on the breeding biology and foraging ecology of Antarctic seabirds has shown that these birds are excellent indicators of the environmental conditions of the Southern Ocean marine ecosystem. Since 1976 three species of penguins, the gentoo, Adelie and chinstrap, have been studied on King George Island, Antarctica. The coexistence of the three species during their breeding season could be a result of species-specific differences in prey, foraging habitat and/or feeding behavior. Previous studies have shown that krill is the major component of the diet of all three species. The importance of fish in their diet has been underestimated and not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze which kinds of fish species, and to what extent, the different penguins rely on fish. I examined interspecific, intraspecific differences in the piscivorous portion of diet of the three penguin species. These data will be used for examinations of interannual variation in the penguin diets in the future. Changes in the percentage of, or a shift in species assemblages of fish eaten (preyswitching) could reflect variations in environmental conditions. Such a change might be expected because krill populations have declined in the past decade due to a decrease in winter sea ice. Krill depend on sea-ice for protection from predators and for feeding on the ice-algae populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Penguins: up Close and Personal
    Penguins: Up Close and Personal Penguins: Up Close and Personal by ReadWorks A penguin is a type of bird that lives in water and on land. The black-and-white appearance of penguins is known as countershading, which is a form of camouflage that helps keep them safe in the water. Wild penguins are found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Most live within the polar region in very cold climates around Antarctica; however, some species of penguins live in warmer climates in South Africa, New Zealand, and some countries in South America. While there are over 17 different types of penguins, this passage will focus on only three: the emperor penguin, the king penguin, and the little blue penguin. The biggest of all penguins, the emperor penguin, is almost three-and-a-half feet tall-that is almost as tall as the average first grader! And they can weigh up to 88 pounds. Incredibly, emperor penguins breed on the ice in Antarctica during winter. They face temperatures of -22 ReadWorks.org · © 2013 ReadWorks®, Inc. All rights reserved. Penguins: Up Close and Personal degrees Fahrenheit and below. After the female lays an egg, the male keeps the egg warm and protects it for a period of two months-during which time he doesn't eat at all! The female makes a hunting trip for those two months, sometimes traveling up to 50 miles to reach the ocean. When she returns, she regurgitates food for the chick, and then the male goes and finds food for himself. In the wild, emperor penguins live 15 to 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Breeding Dynamics of a Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis Papua Population at Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula
    2000 Quintana & Cirelli: Breeding dynamics of Gentoo Penguins at Cierva Point 29 BREEDING DYNAMICS OF A GENTOO PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS PAPUA POPULATION AT CIERVA POINT, ANTARCTIC PENINSULA R.D. QUINTANA & V. CIRELLI GESER (Grupo de Estudios Sobre Ecología Regional), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Ciencias Biológicas, Pab. II, C. Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina ([email protected]) Received 4 October 1996, accepted 24 September 1998 SUMMARY QUINTANA, R.D. & CIRELLI, V. 2000. Breeding dynamics of a Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua popu- lation at Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Ornithology 28: 29–35. Aspects of the breeding biology of the Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua were studied at Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula (64°09'S, 60°57'W). From a breeding population of 1044 pairs (85% with two eggs), 83% raised at least one chick to fledging. Survival in different subcolonies was neither correlated with perimeter-area ratio nor with distance to the sea. Chick mortality at the end of January 1993 was 23.9%, whereas for the 1991/92 breeding season it was 14.0%; for 1993/94, 23.9%; for 1994/95, 33.0% and for 1995/96 24.3%. By 17 February 1993, chick mortality was 32.3%. Chick survival was regressed against time for nine selected subcolonies, showing a high correlation between them. Covariance analysis among the regression line slopes showed a non-significant result (F = 0.42, P > 0.05). No significant differences were also observed when Tuckey’s multiple contrasts test was performed on the proportions of surviving chicks in-between weeks (P > 0.05), showing a gradual mortality of chicks from egg-laying to créching.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gentoo Penguin As a Candidate Species for the Ccamlr Ecosystem Monitoring Program
    WG-CEMP-90/14 THE GENTOO PENGUIN AS A CANDIDATE SPECIES FOR THE CCAMLR ECOSYSTEM MONITORING PROGRAM IP. Croxall and T.n. Williams* Abstract Based on dietary and other biological information collected over several years at Bird Island, South Georgia and at the South Shetland Islands (both within Integrated Study Regions (ISRS) of the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program), we suggest (and provide a full bibliography of supporting literature) that the gentoo penguin meets the specified criteria qualifying species for inclusion in the CEMP. The extensive dependence of this species in these ISRs on Euphausia superba, (including in winter), its residence in the ISRs in winter and its early attainment of sexual maturity are all features of special relevance to the CEMP. Resume Les informations portant sur le regime alimentaire et la biologie, collectees sur plusieurs annees a l'ile Bird, en Georgie du Sud, et aux iles Shetland du Sud (toutes deux dans les zones d'etude integree (ISR) du programme de contrOle de l'ecosysteme de la CCAMLR), nous amenent a suggerer (en presentant la bibliographie complete de la litterature de support) que le manchot papou repond aux criteres specifies de selection des especes ainclure au CEMP. Le fait que cette espece depende largement d'Euphausia superba dans ces ISR (meme en hiver), sa presence dans les ISR en hiver et sa maturite sexuelle precoce presentent un interet particulier pour le CEMP. Pe3lOMe Ha OCHOBamlVl ,l(aHHbIX no pal..\HoHY H ,l(pyrHx 6HOJlOrHlIeCKHx ,l(aHHbIX, c06paHHblx B TelleHHe HeCKOJlbKHX J1eT Ha OCTpOBe Bep,l(, IO)KHa51 reOprH5I, H IO)KHbIX OpKHeticKHx oCTpoBax (06a YllacTKa HaXO,l(51TC5I B npe,l(eJlax PatioHoB KOMnJleKCHblX HCCJle,l(oBaHHti no IIporpaMMe AHTKOMa no MOHHTopHHry 3KocHcTeMbl), Mbl npe,l(nOJlaraeM (H npe,l(CTaBJl5IeM nOJlHblti cnHCOK cnpaBollHoti J1HTepaTypbl), lITO nanyaccKHti nHHrBHH OTBellaeT BceM He06xo,l(HMb1M KpHTepH5IM BKJllOlIeHH5I BH,l(OB B IIporpaMMY CEMP.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future for Flipper Banding African Penguins: Discussion, Recommendations and Guidelines
    Petersen et al.: Appendix to Marine Ornithology 33(2): 75-79 E1 THE FUTURE FOR FLIPPER BANDING AFRICAN PENGUINS: DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDELINES SAMANTHA L. PETERSEN1, GEORGE M. BRANCH2, ROBERT J.M. CRAWFORD3, JOHN COOPER4 & LES G. UNDERHILL4 1BirdLife South Africa, c/o Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa ([email protected]) 2Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 3Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa 4Avian Demography Unit, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa INTRODUCTION detecting adverse effects, the bulk of peer-reviewed evidence is that metal flipper bands can be detrimental to a range of species. Flipper banding has enhanced our understanding of penguin biology and aided management decisions since the 1950s (Williams 1995). Most evidence of adverse effects of bands has been derived from More recently, however, a body of evidence has emerged to suggest sub-Antarctic and Antarctic species, although the temperate-water that this marking technique may no longer be the method of choice Little Penguin Eudyptula minor (Dann et al. 2000) has also been in all circumstances, because concerns have been raised about the demonstrated to be adversely affected by flipper banding. Evidence potential adverse effects of flipper bands (Ainley et al. 1983, Culik et of such effects is currently lacking for Spheniscus species. This al. 1993, Trivelpiece & Trivelpiece 1994, Hindell et al. 1996, Clarke should not be taken to mean there are no adverse effects, because & Kerry et al. 1998, Froget et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin 85
    1999 Wilson & Peters: Foraging behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin 85 FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CHINSTRAP PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA AT ARDLEY ISLAND, ANTARCTICA RORY P. WILSON & GERRIT PETERS Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany ([email protected]) SUMMARY WILSON, R.P. & PETERS, G. 1999. Foraging behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica at Ardley Island, Antarctica. Marine Ornithology 27: 85–95. The foraging behaviour of 20 Chinstrap Penguins Pygoscelis antarctica breeding at Ardley Island, King George Island, Antarctica was studied during the austral summers of 1991/2 and 1995/6 using stomach tem- perature loggers (to determine feeding patterns), depth recorders and multiple channel loggers. The multi- ple channel loggers recorded dive depth, swim speed and swim heading which could be integrated using vectors to determine the foraging tracks. Half the birds left the island to forage between 02h00 and 10h00. Mean time at sea was 10.6 h. Birds generally executed a looping type course with most individuals foraging within 20 km of the island. Maximum foraging range was 33.5 km. Maximum dive depth was 100.7 m although 80% of all dives had depth maxima less than 30 m. The following dive parameters were positively related to maximum depth reached during the dive: total dive duration, descent duration, duration at the bottom of the dive, ascent duration, descent angle, ascent angle, rate of change of depth during descent and rate of change of depth during ascent. Swim speed was unrelated to maximum dive depth and had mean values of 2.6, 2.5 and 2.2 m/s for the descent, bottom and ascent phases of the dive.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging and Diet of Southern Rockhopper Penguins at Steeple Jason and Beauchêne Island, Falkland Islands – a Summary Report
    Foraging and diet of Southern Rockhopper penguins at Steeple Jason and Beauchêne Island, Falkland Islands – a summary report Falklands Conservation September 2012 FALKLAND ISLANDS OFFICE. PO Box 26, Stanley. Falkland Islands Tel: +500 22247. Fax: +500 22288 Patron: HRH The Duke of York KG KCVO ADC. Falklands Conservation is a company limited by guarantee in England and Wales No. 3661322 and Registered Charity No. 1073859. Registered Office:14 East Hatley, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 3JA. Registered as an Overseas Company in the Falkland Islands. Foraging and diet of Southern Rockhopper penguins at Steeple Jason and Beauchêne Island, Falkland Islands – a summary report September 2012 Sarah Crofts Falklands Conservation Acknowledgements UK Overseas Territories Environmental Programme People’s Trust for Endangered Species Falkland Islands Government John Cheek Trust Rockhopper Exploration PLC Desire Petroleum PLC BHP Billiton Wildlife Conservation Society Note: The aim of this document is to report on the progress of the project since the completion of the two year field work to the funding bodies of the project. The data has not completely and comprehensively been analysed and therefore this report does not necessarily reflect the final information that will be published as a result of the project. Please do not cite without the permission of the author. Falkland Islands Note: The maps in this report are projected with the co-ordinate grid system shown above. To avoid clutter- ing the maps the graticule has been removed so tracking data is more clearly displayed. Please bear in mind when interpreting the maps to avoid misreading the latitudes in particular, as they do not run in perpendicu- lar grids and therefore co-ordinates on the map do not align in a straight line with the axes.
    [Show full text]