/A FINNISH GRAMMAR
L A B C EMENS NIEMI . . ,
MI CH 1 . 1 , , 9 7 T H E FI N N I S H BO O K C O N C E R N P R I N T 1 9 1 7 BY COPYR IG HT , ,
CLEMENS NI EMI
I MAR 28 Ml?
ALL R IGHT S R ESER V ED
6 M ! CI. A4 0 0 3 4 61 “ v x (
PR E PACE .
I n preparing this b o ok my aim h as n o t b e en t o F n rammar I have s ou ht writ e a c omplet e in ish g . g to pres en t on ly the fun damen t al prin ciples in th e briefes t possib le w ay n e c e ssary for the s tudy of F e Th e s tu den t s hou ld thor the innis h lan g uag . oughly mas t er th e soun d valu es of eac h le tt er b e r n v d te s I n doin s o he is fo e taki g any ad anc e s p . g e c n ronun cia ti n ab l t o ac quire a curacy i p o . I t d b b er h t Fin is h s its s hou l e r em em e d t a n , a c o na F n o - ri lan ua e i an a lu t n ative g t e in Ug c g g s , s gg i lan ua e that is t o s a th e w ords are orm ed g g , y , f of ro o ts by adding c ertain suffix es or en dings t o th e stem I n this r e o n din he h n es . oc s e t c p s f app g , a g o le tt er r e h r ar on T f s fo up ony o h m y oc cur . h e ru les for thes e chang es s hould b e c arefu lly o bs erve d in c onn e c tion with eac h less on s e m a th y c o e . — E ac h lesson consis ts of a s tat emen t of grammat ic al rin ci les a vo c abu lar e x ercis es p p , y , , an d in some c as es a b rie readin lesson Th vo ab , f g . e c ulary at the he ad of the less on will h e lp the s tuden t t o un ders tan d the s en ten c e w hi w s ch fo llo . Th e e x er cis es have b e en deve lop ed in suc h a w ay that eac h lesson b rings ou t the grammatica l prin ciples at han T d . h e ru les of s yn tax as w e ll as grammatica l ques tions have b e en sc att ered throughout a long 4 s eries of lessons for th e purpos e of leading the s tu den t gradually t o a thorough un ders t an ding of the
T c e - en din s an d th e us e o th e c as es ru les . h e as g f ic h iz ed th e orm ver are part u larly emp as , as y f a y difficu lt an d es s en tial p art in the s tudy of th e
F n a e Th e re adin less ons are o ar innis h la gu g . g s rang ed as t o give an e arly ac quain tan c e with rea l F n h n h on tinua l d n ew w o r t t in is , a d t ey c l y ad ds o h e ’ t vc ab lar s uden t s o u y .
F w re o man e e c t I ho t i u lly a a f y d f s, p e tha th s b o o k the o n l Finni h rammar o in i , y s g f its k d n E n l sh w ill b o s ome i o h e rn g i , e f a d t t e l a er of the Finnish lan ua g g e . I wish h ere a ls o t o x res m in de b t e n es to , , e p s y d s my fe llow t eac h ers for th eir va luable h e lp an d s ugg es tions whic h h ave aided m e in p erfe c tin g this b o ok . LE ME N NIE MI C S .
S uomi Co lle e Fe b ruar 1 1 g , y , 9 7. CONTENTS .
Le s s o n P a g e
— I n t r o d u c t i o n 7 1 4
i C a s e 1 5 1 6 N o m in a t v e , — A c c u s a t iv e a n d G e n it iv e C a s e s 1 7 1 9
— T h e V e r b 1 9 2 2
E s s iv e a n d P a r t it iv e C a s e s 2 3— 2 5 2 6 2 7 R e a d i n g Le s s o n ,
P o t e n t ia l a n d C o n d i t i o n a l M o o d s 2 7— 3 0
T r a n s l a t iv e a n d In e s s i v e C a s e s 3 0— 3 2
I I n i i e s n d a r t i i e s 3 2 — 3 5 m p e r a t i e A c t i e f n it , a P c p v v , v l
E l a t iv e a n d Ill a t iv e C a s e s 3 6 — 3 8
r l 8— 41 T h e A u x i l i a r y V e b O l a , t o b e 3
Ad e s s iv e a n d Abl a t i v e C a s e s 4 2 — 4 4
All a t iv e a n d Ab e s s i v e C a s e s 4 4— 4 7
C o m it a t iv e a n d I n s t u c t ive C a s e s 4 7— 5 1
R e a d i n g L e s s o n 5 1 — 5 3
M e t h o d o f E x p r e s s i n g t h e Au x i l i a r y t o h a ve 5 3— 5 6 N e ga t i o n 5 6 — 5 9 P e r s o n a l a n d P o s s e s s i v e P r o n o u n s 5 9— 6 3
C o m p o u n d T e n s e s 6 3— 6 6
R e a d i n g L e s s o n 6 7— 6 9
Pa s s iv e V o i c e 6 9— 73
M e th o d o f E x p r e s s i n g F u t u r e T im e 7 4— 77
C o m p a r i s o n o f Adj e c t i v e s 78— 81 I n t e rr o g a t i o n 8 1 — 8 4
D e m o n s t r a t iv e a n d R e l a t iv e Pr o n o u n s 8 4— 8 7
R e fl e x i v e a n d I n d e f in it e Pr o n o u n s 8 7— 91 C a r d i n a l N u m b e r s 91 — 95 O r d i n a l N u m b e rs 95— 99 C o m p o u n d N o u n s 99— 1 02 Pr e p o s it i o n s a n d P o s t p o s it i o n s
C o n j u n c t i o n s a n d I n t e r j e c t i o n s D e r iv a t i o n o f S u b s t a n t iv e s a n d Ad j e c t iv e s R u l e s o f S y n t a x T a bl e s o f D e c l e n s i o n T a bl e s o f C o n j u ga t i o n F o r m a t i o n o f V e rb S t e m s Al p h a b e t i c a l L i s t o f V e r b s F i n n i s h — E n g l i s h V o c a b u l a r y E n gl i s h— F i n n i s h V o c a b u l a r y I n d e x N INTR ODUCTIO .
1 F nn i al a n o f n . The i sh ph bet co sists twe ty seven letters :
a is always pron ounced like a in sofa b is always pron ounced like b in b ed c is sometimes prono un ced like 0 in calm o r c ease d is always prono un ced like d in day e is always pron ounced like e in m et f is always pron oun ced like f in far g is always pron o un ced like g in g ame
1 h is always pron ounced like h in ho me 5 i is always prono un ced like i in din j is always pron o un ced like y in ye k is always pron oun ced like k in kodak l is always pron oun ced like 1 in lan d in is always pron o un ced like m in me n n is always pron o un ced like n in n et 0 is always pron o un ced like 0 in o pen p is always prono unced like p in pay q is always pron o un ced like c o u in c o uld r is always prono un ced like r in ro se 3 is always pron o unced like s in se t t is always pro n oun ced like t in tell u is always pron o un ced like u in put vis always prono unced like v in vest x is always prono unc ed like x in e x press 8 FINNISH GRAMMAR
y is always pron o un ced like Fren ch u o r German u z is n ot pron o un ced like E n glish z ( Z r - ts o r s ) a is always pron o un ced like a in at 6 is always pron o un ced like er in h erb There are n o silen t letters in Finn ish ; every letter o un d a a l n is s ed sep r te y as it is writte .
’
2 . o l are a e i o u a o lon The v we s , , , , , y , , . The g vowel is in dicated by th e use of tw o letters of the
am k n o o l ne - mu s e i d ; the sh rt v we with o ; as, aa ,
- m o n n al la u n u u - n o - ui r i g ; , d e r ; i, s t v e ; u , l s e e p , etc .
3 . The n on an are b c d h k l m n co s ts , , , f, g , , j, , , , , r v x z O b d n z s t . c x a d p , q, , , , , , f these , , , f, g , g, , are n ever fo un d at th e begin n ing of o rigin al Fi nn is o h w rds .
4 . on are n o ie o an on eu iu The diphth gs , , y , , , , , a o o z i ei a t or n y , y, ai, , u , , , , a d yi 5 . The diphthongs are pron oun ced
ai as in aisle
au as in h ow ui as in quit oi as in oil e i as in eight ou as in low
O eu uo t e o t u a ai oz an f the rest , , , y , , y, , , d yi h ave n o a l n in E n l ex ct equiva e ts g ish . 6 . A syllable co n sists of a vow el o r diphthong
o r o u on e o r m o on on n - with with t re c s a ts ; as, a pu,
l hic k - ha s a n au- rin - ho u n h e p ; , d ; , s . INTRODUCTIO N 9
in o lla le fol 7 . In the divisi on of words t sy b s the lo wi ng r ules must b e o bse rved ( a ) A single con sonant between two vowels must
l n l s ka - la i be j oi ned to the fol owi g vowe ; a , , f s h ;
- t - 1 a a a 0 . m l , w n n n rs e tc are al a ( b ) Do uble co so a ts kk, pp, , , w ys
u - ka 1 he - i t i c k separated ; as , k k , f o w e r ; p p , s ;
- - n ras - kas a ak ku na , w i d o w ; , h e v y . ( c ) When mo re than two con so nants between tw o
v l la on e is n ll n l owe s , the st j oi ed to the fo owi g vowe ;
m s - k m a k- ka a as l . , gr y, s t o r ; p , w g e s
8 . Syllables are o pen o r closed ( a ) A syllable en di ng in a vo wel o r a diphthong
’ s all n a - la i o k i c ed ope ; as , k , f s h ; ty , w o r . ( b ) A syllable en di n g in a co n son an t o r an aspi
rati p a t o l as vir- rat g is s id be c osed ; , , r i v e r s ; fi s a- de a i n , r .
NO T E — A s yll a bl e c a n b e l o n g o r s h o r t a c c o rd i n g t o t h e e n t h o f t im e r e u ire f o r i t s r o n u n i t i n A s a e i s l g q d p c a o . yll bl
s h o r t h e n i t e n s i n a s h o r t o e a s e u - t u - n a e s w d v w l ; , j . f b l l a - m i e y , v l l a g .
A s a e is o n if it c o n t a i n s a o n o e d i p h t h o n o r y ll bl l g l g v w l . g . i f i t e n s i n a c o n s o n n t a s vfifi- r s i n u s t i e n u d a ; , y y , j c ; e l a t n e e d e , l s .
9 . o a n n n W rd cce t is either pri cipal o r seco da ry . Th e prin cipal accent always rests o n the first syl la l o f a s o it o l a n b e word ; a , p , y u e r e d . The b e gi nner may s afely i gn o re all b ut the pri ncipal n ac ce t . 1 0 . R ules f o r vowel changes ( a ) A long vowel is shortened if followed b y the 1 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
m n m maita aa plural o r i perfect sig i ; as, aa, ; s , i sa n .
S n n 0 o u o m i (b ) tems e di g in short , , , y , f r with
’ n l a ois ta o llbille suru a diphtho g ; as , t a o , t l ; p ; ,
' ' s r i en o o in en u u n ; p ly , p ly . l n n I o t e o n ( c) Mon osyl abic wo rds e di g n u , , y , whe
o llo d i o l as uon oin f we by , rej ect the first v we ; , j , j ;
’ vie vein s on s bin , ; y , . A in ll m n ollo ( d ) disy abic ste s , whe f wed by the lu al o r m n an d t o o p r i perfect sig i , is ch ge , with
h I c h 2 o m l hth on o l o f f r s a (l g oi, if the first v we
’ kan taa kan t oi h erra h erroi le iha ihoilla , ; , l ; p , p ; koi ra hovma luis tan luis tin , ; , . ( e ) A or a is always rej ected in disyllabic ste ms n l whe fo lowed by the plural o r imperfec t sign i ; as ,
' h eitan h eitin h e tdn eitin i h . , ; ,
” n d n in - t aa t h e o l o f ( f) Verbs e i g , if first v we the m a in r s ste is a, h ve the imperfe ct either o i o i ; a , au ttaa au ttoi r t t o r h is ti o u ti h ais t a h ais o i a . , , a ; a , , ( g) P olysyllabic verbs always rej ect th e fin al a
' ' o r a in m e an o taa a o tti vas ttdd the i p rfect ; as, j t , j n ; y , vds tin y . ( h) In p olysyllabic n o un s a o r a i s e I th e r rej ected o r an o r 6 o i i ollo ch ged t o 0 ( , o ) when f wed by the lu al dn mdn tien m t mat a p r sign i ; as , em ta e ; a ala,
‘ ’ lien er n r n t i n tiloil e u a e un oil e h t la h t l . ; p , p l ; y , y ( i ) A o r a is rej ected I n all vo wel stems en ding
' - - — in - ma - ma va va - m a m a - sa - i a n , , , , p , p , i , s , whe ollo i B n r d f wed by . ut if the fi al a o a is precede IN TRODUCTION 1 1
o r by two co nsonants ( except m or v ) , if the pre n lla l o n a n vo l i a o r a re cedi g sy b e c t i s the we , is
e i l an o o o r 6 O i a o r s p c t ve y ch ged t . therwise with n it fo rms a diphtho g ; as ,
s an oma s ano mi r iemuisa riemuisia , a ,
h a m misa m s Ia e de lm , hede l ia e , e i
ihava lih v erun a erun o ita l , a ia p , p
at e va a eviéi i ea ki e o zta p , p t k p , p
ah em aa h e m i al ka ainen p p , pa p a k a, l
’ ' ' ’ ' ie n em aa ien e m ici e ta a e ta ain en p p , p p p j , p j
r l n al (j ) If 0 o e ( se do m u, y , i ) precede the fi a o r a ma ma n n an o r m c o n , they y re i u ch ged for a a s an e an lan ke ais in an tr cted diphthong ; a , l k , , or l h e n i i irkois in isi vrkoan virho ais n v . ; , , or
( k ) Where stems en din g in i are fo llowed by a n n seco d i the secon d i is co tracted with the first i .
But in la a i e i u m n p ce Of short , precedes , th s for i g
’ ’ n ci ‘ r i ri t e issa he de lmb i as is s . the diphtho g , , t , ; pres ,
' im h ede mO in i n . l i er m eri p ; pres . p , p . p .
( 1) I n disyllabic wo rds a o r it become e befo re
° - o m a a n - m a as aha a the c p r tive sig s pa or mp , , p , p k em i si eva vem p ; , s ie pi .
( m ) S ometimes i between two vowels becomes j ; as alo a talo a t alo ia sauvaa a vo a auvo ia , t , j ( ) , s u j ( s ) ( n ) Stems en din g in e rej ect it when followed
i a aim en e lla aimenil a a se lla a s il by ; s , p , p l ; l p , l p la . 1 1 . Certain hard con sonan ts beco me soft or are rej ected if a short open syllable or diphthong is 1 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
ir i n l f ol clo sed by a con son ant o r an asp at o . The lowing chan ges 2 must b e Observed
( a ) t becomes d; as in ladon f or lato ( b ) t becomes d ; as in sade f o r s at e en ( c) p becomes v; as in vavan f o r vapa n om ‘ in a t f or anki ( d) k bec es ng , as k ng e k ( e) pp becomes p ; as in opin f or oppia (f) tt becomes t ; as in o t an f or ott aa ( g) kk becomes k ; as in vakat for vakka ( h ) p afte r m become s m; as in rammat f or rampa ( i ) t after n becomes n ; as in rannat f o r ran t a (j ) t afte r l becomes l ; as in s illan f o r silta ( k ) t after r become s r ; as in virran f or vi rta
' ( l ) k between le becomes j ; as in su lyen f o r sulkea (m ) k between r e be comes 9; as I n yaryen f or jdrkea ( n ) k between h e becomes j ; as in rohje tko on for ro hken en
( O) k be tween a n becomes v; as in luvun fo r luku (p ) k be tween yy becomes v; as in kyvyn f o r kyky 1 2 . Other changes o f con s on ants ( a ) ps as in lapsi becomes 3 as in las ta ( in n oun s) (b ) ts as in veitsi becomes s ; as in veis ta ( c) ts as in kaits en becomes t ; as in kaitko on ( d) ks as in ju oks en becomes 3 ; as in juos ta ( in verbs) ( e) m as in lumi becomes n ; as in lunta
1 A n a s p ir a t i o n i s a r e m n a n t Of a l o s t c o n s o n a n t wh i c h n d i t d t h e e n d o f a o r . Th o u h a r e s o u e w a s f o u n a t w d g b ly d , n n n t s 2 n t h e m o s t c a u s e s t h e s o ft e n i n g o f c e r t a i n c o s o a . O ly r e d im p o r t a n t o f t h e s e a r e h e r e t e a t . IN TRODUCTION 1 3
( f) mp as in suuri mpaa n beco mes n ; as in s uu r in ta (g) n t as in ko lmantena beco mes t ; as in ko lmatta ( h ) n s as in ko lmans ina becomes s ; as in ko lmas ( i ) k as in w heat is lost ; as in reen
1 mma al n 3 . Finn ish has n o gra tic ge der .
F nn 1 4 . There are fifteen cases in i ish
Fin is h am L N n N . atin ame . e N Nime nto 1 . o mi n ative 2 Ko hdant o . Accusative
n Oman to 3 . Ge itive 4 i w Ole nt o . E ss ve P i Osan t O 5 . artit ve l T ulent o 6 . Tran s ative
‘ “ n N Sisaolen t o 7 . I essive
' 8 E l Sisaeron t O . a v ti e i n M Sisat ule nt o 9. Illative
n M UlkO- Ole nt o 1 0 . A dessive
1 1 A la v 0 Ulko e ron t o . b ti e I m 2 A n w u m Ulkot ule nt o 1 . llative “ A a. Va ant o 1 3 . bessive j
1 4 m a e uran t o . Co it tive S r ‘ ‘ i ‘ 1 5 1 n t ructiv a f Kei no nt O . s e . M . f s ‘ a
' a i sOf fOrIn m an in an d use Their char cterist c , e g , are illustrated I n the p aradigms an d exercises which l fol ow .
n 1 5 . The different cases are formed by addi g
certain case - en dings t o a fun damen tal part called
the stem . 1 4 FINNISH GRAM MAR
1 6 . The stem i s the bo dy o f the word to which en din gs are added t o express the relati on Of the o wo rd t o other w rds .
1 k n 7 . The m ar s Of p un ctuation are the same i F n in E l b th mm i n ish as ng ish , ut e co a is used more l t o ff o n l f ll n free y set O sub rdi ate c auses o a ki ds . LESSON I 1 5
LESSON 1 .
NOMINATIVE CAS E .
i ula has n o n n . 1 8 . The n omin ative s ng r e di g The
n in - t as talo u ta lo t plural has the e d g ; , , h o s e ; l , h o u s e s o l Talo ma b e 1 i i n . 9 . In Finn sh there s artic e y l u trans ated h o u s e , a h o u s e , or t h e h o s e ;
n u . a d talo t, h o u s e s or t h e h o s e s
n in m 2 0 . Adj ectives agree with their no u s n u
! o ta o l a u I s t ber an d case ; as , s l , a r g e h o s e ; o talo t l a u , r g e h o s es . 1 2 . The total subj ect den otes the whole of the n o r n i n a perso thi g , an d is put n the n omi ative c se ; as P ik t o ee b o m . , a ul , T h e y c o e s 2 2 . The total predicate n oun o r adj ective ex l n n presses the who e Of the perso , thi g , o r quality l n t o u ut i no m which be o gs the s bj ect . It is p n the inative a c se , an d agrees in n umber an d case with u Of the s bj ect the verb ( se e also as , Han on runo ili a H e r n j , i s a p o e t ; Va pa en o n liutu , A a a Talc o o s p r r o w i s b i r d ; n is , T h e o u l h s e i s a r g e .
VOCABULARY .
l iha n le vea a , t h i , w i d e
ou u l talo h o u s e k l , s c h o o ,
vaimo m mies m a n , w 0 a n , 1 6 FINNISH GRAM MAR
‘ n eula n l a eri a , e e d e p p , p p e r
is d a dit m h r , f t h e r i, o t e
’ t e o na w l i , r a d s ei , a l
kir a b va u j , O O k ku , p i c t r e
i o h va s , l a r g e y , g O O d
t eravd a van ha O l , s h r p , d
’ ' s ileti m itka l n , s o o t h p , o g fi
' tuo ll h r g taalla a, t e ea , h e r e
on ovat r , i s , a e
a n aun i a u u l y , a d k s , b e t i f
‘ H vdci a vaa O a H vaa iltaa G O O d y p i , G O d d y . y ,
n n H vaa u m en t a m o n n . e v e i g . y h o , G o o d r i g H vaa o ta o y y , G o d n i g h t .
E XERCISE I .
A 1 I a 2 A h 3 I a . . sa j aiti . . iti ou yva . . sa j
' 4 N l n k 5 Ku a o a h a . e n a on iti y t yvt . a o pit . . va
' k n i 6 l on le e a 7 H aimO on au s v . . a v . S a v . i e tie y
' t aalla 8 Ti e n l 9 T r n l t o t . . o . e avat e u a va Si ea .
' ' t uolla 1 0 Ka nii kir at t e rava n e ula a a . . u t j , j p peri
' ova taall 1 1 K n i k l n i 1 2 n t a. . au s ou a o so . . Sei a o n k pit a. 1 2 B . . The father an d mo ther . . A beautiful
o o k 3 l 4 are b . . The school is arge . . The ho uses la 5 An Ol om a rge . . d w an is here . 6 . The Sh rp n dl ar F n 8 ee es e there . 7 . athers a d mothers . . The o a m o o n l n 9 r d is s th a d o g . . The picture is beauti f ul 1 0 o an la k 1 1 . . G o d d rge bo o s . . The ho use is la 1 2 L n rge . . o g roads .
1 8 FINNISH GRAM MAR
ut in tive verb . It is p the accusative case ( see al o as Min d o len lukenut kir an I a v s , i , h e a k Ann a kir a minu lle v m e r e d t h e b o o ; j , G i e t h e b o o k
VOCABULARY .
ve itsi k n lei a , i f e p , b r e a d
e rh e a m l s is ar p , f i y , s i S t e r
s erkku o u n o ika o , c s i p , b y
' t tto l a u huon e y , g i r , d g h t e r , r O O m
ain a l a v a I , a w y s u s s , w s e
t ama ien i m l 1 , t h i s p , S a
m arkkina a k u usi n t , m r e t , e w
t eatt eri kirkas , t h e a t e r , b r i g h t
r ouva M r t aide a , s . , r t
n eiti M h erra M , i s s , r .
Kuin ka t e voitt e ? H o w d o y o u d o ? Oikein h vin kiitos l e l l a n k o u ! y , V e r y w , t h y
EXERCISE II .
A 1 n i i 2 m n n 1 t a a o O a a . . k . a ve s . Is . T p j irj
3 V n in i 4 ma on kau ii te n . a h a m e st en kuva . . Ta n t k ii n 2 n 5 ii a t en mie sten ( aun de ) kuvien huo e . . V s s
' ' k ir at ll 6 Pienie ikien t tO en ov aa a . n o a j at t . p j ty j i r n e it i 8 l h on e et k ka . n u uon a v s . a h e . 7 . S s e ir s T o
1 k i s d r o e e o r e t h e e n it i e e n i n - n a n d i e t e e n p p d b f g v d g , b w t w o o el s i s c h a n e t o Th u s o i k a n e c o m e s o i a n v w g d 3 . , p , b p ,
h e n c e o a n . S e e h e r u e 1 0 m 2 h 1 0 t . S e r e d . p j l , e t e u l , LESSON III 1 9
l 1 0 h n a o . i n e 9 ama o n o n e r ee . o vat p e t . . T is p t
' T n t e ri 1 2 Ta 1 i ea . 1 a te e t t . Isan ja poj an kirj a . . c ka ma o n viisaan ja hyvan mi hen poi . ’ ’ 2 nd 1 . a u a B . . Father s house . The d ghter s ’ ’ 4 k re . mother s n eedles . 3 . S ister s boo s a here . ’ ’ ’
m l 5 M au . The boys room is s a l . . other s d ghters ’ ’ T m o 8 m l . n h a l . 6 . C o usi s knife . 7 . e s boy s ther ’ w k 1 0 F l 9 n o . . a The wa l is long . . Co usin s e bo ’ ’ h r d u 1 1 am l t e an m . s other s pict res . The f i y is ’ ’ la 1 2 M n l 1 3 u n rge . . other s sharp eed e . . Co si s ’ o u l 1 4 i m h se is arge . . S sters roo is bright .
LESSON III.
THE V E RB .
2 8 . Finn v h as i a The ish erb two vo ces , the ctive an a d p ssive .
2 9 re n a o . There a four moods , the i dic tive , p t ent ial n n al m a , co ditio , an d i per tive .
3 0 r n m . There a e four te ses , the present , i per e an d lu n an d im fe t , perfect , p perfect . The prese t perfect are called S i m p l e tenses ; an d the perfect an lu ar m n n d p perfect e the c O p 0 u d te ses . 3 1 T . O form the c omplete ten ses the fo llo win g l m n m u te ml n n e e e ts st be Observed , the s , te se Sig , and n l n perso a e dings .
1 F o r t h e v o w e l a n d c o n s o n a n t s t e m s O f v e rb s s e e p a ra ra s 2 94 n d 2 95 o h a . C n s u t a s o t h e is t o f e r s i n 2 96 g p l l l v b . 2 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
3 2 . The person al en dings f o r all ten ses Of the n v m a r fi ite erb , except the i per tive , a e : SINGULAR PLURAL
- l st pers on - n mme
2 n d - t - tt e
- 3 rd vat or - vat
The en dings distinguish the differen t p erson s of the verb .
3 3 on n ula h as n o n n . The third pers Si g r e di g except that in the presen t in dicative an d po tential the final vowel Of the stem is len gthen ed if it is n o l n n e t a o g vowel o r diphthong . Thus , s aa , I r c e i ve s aa h e e s tuo u n ; , r e c i v e ; l , I b r i g ; tuo h n , e b r i g s .
3 4 . PRESE NT INDICATIVE ACTIVE .
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 n mme a . an o n s a sa O s s , I y I , w e y 2 n t . sa o t h o u s a y e s t san o tt e o u s a , | , y y
3 . san o o , h e a s an o vat t h e a S y s i , y s y 3 5 “ . n n a h as n The prese t i dic tive o ten se sign . h i s formed by adding the pe rson al en dings to the m ste . 3 6 . The auxili ary verb t o d o d oes n ot exist in F nn H i ish . en ce the Finn ish language h as b ut one fo rm t o co rrespon d t o the three forms Of the n n d a in E n l as min e s ano n I prese t i ic tive g ish ; , l , s a y I d o s a I a m a n , y , s y i g . LESSON III 2 1
3 7 M F . . I PE R E CT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 san o i n I s a i d sano i mme w e s a i d . l , , 2 an i t u a an i tte o u a . s o l , t h o s i d s t s o | , y s i d 3 sano i h e a san o i vat t h e a . , s i d ] | , y s i d i i i m 3 8 . The imperfect in d cat ve act ve is for ed by a dding t o the stem the imperfe ct sign i an d the personal en din gs 3 9 F nn m i i ma . The i ish i perfect i n d cat ve y be an la in a u a u mina sano i n tr s ted v rio s w ys . Th s , l , ma m e an I a i d i w i n y , s d, I d s a y , I a s s a y g , u I s e d t o s a y . 4 0 . A verb agrees with its total subj ect ( 2 1 ) in n um an d r n as P o ika au 0 ber pe so ; , l laa, T h e b y i n P o at laulavat i s g s ; j , T h e b o y s s n g .
VO U CAB LARY .
sanoa a is t , t o s y ua, t o s i t
’ kir oittaa t o i ltih e ttdci n j , w r t e , t o s e d lau laa i n an taa i v , t o s g , t o g e u os t a r u n nukkua l j , t o , t o s e e p
‘ sark ed t o va a i n , b r e a k p , f s h i g r o d
ka ki n antaa r , p o i t k , t o c a r r y
uhua t o a k kats o p s p e a, t o l o o k n auraa t o l a u ouki i , g h , f s h h o o k or hankkia u n , t o f r i s h , f i s h i n g t a c k l e
o nkia t o g e t , t o f i s h
' ’ tcici a uuro i pyy , t o c t c h p , p o r r d g e 2 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
mina I sin a u han me t e o u , ; , t h o ; , h e ; , w e ; , y ; h e , t h e y .
EXERCISE III .
A 1 P h uu 2 t l 3 . . oika pu . . Si eva ytt o lau aa . . T ttO o k l l a 4 Mi k in 5 Sin s y ja p i a au avt . . nd juo s . . n ukui E l ok i Me h imm t . 6 . an ju s . 7 . pu u e ja te kir i i 8 M la l imme a n kk i at 9 o t t e e u o u . u v . j t . . j he A kir itt 1 P I k 1 1 k o aa . 0 em k e e iti j . poi a juo s . . Ser
' ku lahe ta kir an 1 2 H t t a j . . yva yttO ain a n aure a .
’ 1 3 Min n1 z 1 4 M imm 3 l . a dai lo n e aa pyy ka ja . . e o g t 1a 1 5 S i 4 r mm . . itten m e ke tamme puu oa ja syo e . 1 6 M n a n k n 5 ll i 1 M . i ha i tei e hyvat ong et s 7 . in a 6 7 ' ‘ kann o in a an an n 1 8 H k n e n kar v v t e . . an Sar i o g n s j e .
- H 1 W au n o 3 . e B . . NO I am l ghi g . Y u write . ran 4 n l n 5 mo an d . . The b oy a d gir Si g . . The ther d 6 ok Mr n father sit an d rea . . They sp e . 7 . . a d Mr H 8 Th l ok an la n . d u . s . arri s si g . e gir sp e ghed 9 M n i om n e 1 0 man a d . iss Jo es s c i g her . . The c rrie
k 1 1 an 1 2 Th an the bo o s . . The b oy r . . e brothers d l 1 a d n a kl sisters augh . 3 . I c rrie the fishi g t c e here . 1 4 H k n o ok 1 5 . e bro e the p o i t Of the fishh . . They l 1 6 Y n 1 s ept . . o u se t the letter . 7 . I wrote the l etter .
1 2 S e e 1 1 S e e 1 0 In . 3 S e e 1 1 4 e 1 1 5 a . . S S e e e . , , , d , f 1 1 0 7 8 . S e e 1 1 i . S e e 1 1 c S e e 1 1 m , g , , . , , LESSON IV 2 3
LESSON IV .
ESS IVE AND PARTITIVE CASES .
m a n e n d 4 1 . The essive is for ed by ddi g the
- - m a i ngs na o r na to the ste . This c se expresses in o u u a state o f bein g regarded as cont u s . Th s , talo n a a s a u talo i n a a s u l , h o s e ; , h o s e s ; ' ' ' i t ttb n a a s a l t ttb i n a a s l . y l , g i r ; y l , g r s 4 w 2 . The partitive den otes th at the Obj ect as o r is affected only in p art an d h as the en din gs :
a - a a l un a n ( ) , after a short vowe Of the cce ted ll l r sy ab e , o after j which is preceded by a Short lla l as ta lo a m 0 u talo a m sy b e ; , l , ( so e ) h s e ; j , ( so e ) h o u s e s
- ta - ta a a n n l n l ( b ) , fter co so ant , o g vowe , or as las ta m i l m aa t a g ; , l , ( so e ) c h d ; , l a n d ; mai l ta ( some ) l a n d s ; tyo ta k w o r .
I n E nglish the words s O m e o r a n y placed n o un o r in Fren ch the partitive con str ue 1 l a o r l + e , , e s ) expresses this p artitive S lihaa m m a l i , , s o e e t , d e a v a n d e .
v Its tive erb . case is the p artitive ( see also 2 7) as P o ika luke e kir , jaa, T h e b o y i s r e a d i n g a
O O k . e . a n a a f b ( i , re di g p rt O the book ) . 2 4 FINNISH GRAM MAR
a 4 5 . Th e parti al subj e ct den otes a p rt Of the t in h a a whole an d is pu t e p rtitive . Its predic te is l P oi a always in the singular ( see a so as , ki m r m n li m tu c e S o o a e t . l , e b y s c o i g ( so e m b o ys co e) . 4 n 6 . Th e parti al predicate n ou or adj ective d n f r u l e otes the part o a district , area , o q a ity which l n l ut i be o gs to the subj ect . It is a ways p n the a e s Tdma t al o au un kia p rtitiv ; a , o n k p , T h i s o i n h u s e s a p a r t O f t h e c i t y , ( i . e . , withi l m Mi s on u s k m a n the i its ) e k ului aa su u a, T h e i s O f a f a m o u s f a m i l y ; Hu on e e t ova t ky l
' mia o m a r e l om , T h e r o s c o d ( i . e . , the ro s lon t o la l m be g the c ss Of co d ro o s ) .
VOCABULARY .
ala le i a b p , b i t, p a r t p , r e a d s ok eri ve , s u g a r s i, w a t e r k ahvi f f m i l , c o e e a to , In i k k erma r a m uomala l a m , c e j si, g s S , t u voi b l , u t t e r b e n
uo l tuo n s la, s a t da , t 0 b r i g
uo da n a e l 0 i n k j , t o d r i k jat l a, t t h
itad l s o dd 0 a p , t o h o d, t o r y , t e t hdn e l a on a S g a r d l , h e h
la kais t a t o mena a l , o S w e e p , p p e
P uhutte ko suo men kie lta ? D 0 y 0 u s p e a k F n n S ? K lld h erra uhun vahan Y 6 S i i h y , , p . , S i r l , I s pe a k a l i t t e .
FINNI SH GRAMMAR
LESSON V .
L O READING ESS N .
V OCABULARY .
sade r a kaikua , y , t 0 e c h O
lois taa n ku to t n , t o s h i e a, o k i t
tu n keutua n e h eikko a l , t o p e , w e g
' r a katk t a l t t e y , c r d e
’ maki l l k ea o , h i it , t c r y rinn e e t t vdin en a t i S f d , l p yy y , s i e
oimia i c a p , t o p k op e tt aja , t e c h e r
latva t o o f a nauru l a u , p t r e e , , g h allo t o p p , b a l l
Tran slate into E n glish the followin g
' V JA K ELI SIS O .
Mi ull on i ko H n l o n a so Sis . a kay kon ua ( She g es t o o ol Han on h a ttO Kot ona at om v t . sch ) . y y ( h e)
' ' ' han au t a a a Han k ut o o kku vel e n un a t a iti . pi j p is t kkaa l in n H n ell on he ikot a s u on h . a a] . Ve i yv pie i
' ' ala H k c ll h nn lk Han j t . an e i voi av a. ( e ca ot wa ) .
' ’ ' ' n kk k n i k e H n n r n ek u uu au i ssa kat y ssa. a au aa aa
' ke kaa i l l o om an it e . st ( o ud y) . J sk us ( s etimes) h
' ' ' il in n S lo ( then ) han ella on n alka. ( see Aiti a t aa han ell t i m k m it n n e ( o h m ) a e aa a oa . S itte pie i
' vl n aura H n in en e i a . an o tyytyva . LESSON VI 2 7
K V T E A .
' n k n i k at ai a Po a ist uvat ko ul ussa O au s e v p v . j t
’ l PO ( in the school ) pOyt ien ympari la ( aro un d ) . m lo A rin o n ate et jat haluavat enn a n s ( o ut ) . u g s l i ta at kirkkaasti Kukkie n t uoks u t unke ut uu o s v .
m O e tt a ko uluh uo ne e se en ( i nto the school roo ) . p aj i l He uok evat m n rin antaa po kie n menn a u o s . j s ae e ll k i imim an k t e e ( to the slope ) k u k a po a ( t o pic ) .
' He he ittavat Pallot lentavat puiden latvo e n li P iki il a i lkona He j y . o en O ja n uru ka kuu u . ovat ilois ia a t t vaI S Ia j yy y .
LESSON Vl .
O N L AND O O L MOO P TE TIA C NDITI NA D S .
4 7 . . The potential mood is formed by adding t o
m m n - n e a t l an r - s e the ste the ood Sig ( f er s , , d , ,
' - le re l an on l n n , respective y) d the pers a e di gs ; as , s an o n e n I m a s a n o us s e n I In a r i s | | , y y ; ( l , y e , tul le n I m a m ur r n I i e m a . l l , y c o e ; p l l , y b t e)
4 8 . O L PRE SE NT P TE NTIA ACTIVE .
SINGULAR PLURAL
/ 1 . an n u I m a s a s ano ne mme m a s o e l , y y l , w e y s a y
2 n o n h an o n e tte 0 u m a . a e t t 0 u m a s s l y l , y y e s t s a y s a y
3 an n sano n e vat m a . s o e e m a l l , h e y l l , t h e y y a s y . 2 8 FINNISH GRAM MAR
4 9 n . The con ditio al mood has also one simple n i m n ten se , the prese t . It s for ed by addi g t o the
m mo - isi n on l n n ste the od Sign a d the pers a e di gs .
NOT E — T h e F i n n i s h c o n d it i o n a l m o o d c a n b e t r a n s l a t e d b y i n s h a n d o u 1 t h e r e t e r it t e n s e s o f s h a 1 1 u s g 0 u l d w d , p n i W 0 u l d r i n s o u t m o r e c e a r t h e F i n n i s c o n a d w l l . b g l ly h E i d it i o n a l s t a t e m e n t i n n g l is h . Th s s a m e i d e a c a n a ls o b e
’ e x p r e s s e d b y t h e u s e o f t h e E n gl i s h p r e t e r i t s u bj u n c t iv e i n s t e a O f t h e c o n i t i o n a h r a s e a s J o s O l i s i n n i i n o n n e l l i n e n d d l p ; , , I I e r a 2 : I I s o u o a f w e s o h p p y ( S u bj . ) f h l d b e s h p p y C o n d i t i o n a P e l k fis i n t t a e ii o n n i s t u i s i n I e a r e I ( l ) ; , e p , f d s h 0 u 1 a i d f l .
5 0 N L . O O PRE SENT C DITI NA ACTIVE . SINGULAR PLURAL
1 an o isi n S 0 u l d sano isi mm e . s l , I h l , w e s a y s h o u l d s a y
2 an o i i 0 u sano iSi tt e o u u l . s s t , t h l i , y w o d w o u l d s t s a y s a y n i i u l d an o isi vat t h e o u l d 3 . a o s O s s , h e w l l , y w s a y s a y
— N T E S h u is n o t u s e i n t h e s e n s e o f. o u h t t o x O o g , , l d d I x n i i n r e s s e a o t o . p r e s s d u t y o r o bl i g a t i o n . t e p s c d
VOCABULARY . h e von en vuo de b d , h 0 r s e , e koira 0 r eki s l e i h , d g , g
' kis a a aa t O s , c a t y , d r i v e h attu a s allia t o m , h t , p e r i t, t o mus a 1 a l l o t , b a c k w
’ tu m menna o lla, t o c o e , t o g LESSO N VI 2 9
- huo me nna - m t O d a y , t O O r r O w
' ' o s tie taa 0 k n j , i f , t o w uo i a t l , c h i r
EXE RCISE VI .
2 M no i imme o s 1 M n an one n . e sa s A . . i a s . , j n H lline e mustan ko iran a aa t ulisit ta n e . 3 . an sa j 4 M a mm hevo se n 1 a n valko is kis . e a e ta saa . j j ree
' ' i i in 6 T ttO nn 5 S anoisin a an t eta s . . ta e . , si , j os y 8 H m l n n 1 ane e hevo sta . an e lau aa ta aa . 7 . 8 5 aj . f’ n n i it 9 He o ne vat h t un ken n isi ta aa , j os t ul s . . t u a , 3 4 l 1 0 O i i k . S t eta g iit ja s u at pOjal e ( to the boy) . J
’ ' i n l n 1 1 m i S n , iin laulais in taman lau u . . Ta a ( th s ) a u oik 1 2 K mie sta 1 3 koir p rree p aa . . oira p urree . . o is in l n k n hvi t o i i J asi vetta tai ( or) upi ka a, j os s t
' nn 1 4 Po at mie he t ah i i . vt Oda h ta e . j ja t tO s a sy y van a an naan 1 5 Kir i i i ir e n teri ta . . jo tta s n k j e , j os anta isit a e ri a tetta 1 6 N n m p p a j mus . . aura e me taall ' lli a, j os sa tte . 1 H m 2 . m o . l e a . B y c e . They wou d go . 3 . We ul n l n 4 wo d si g the who e so g . . I may give some c and a o i ll offee bre d to y u ( s n u e ) . 5 . The black c at ul l 6 Fa m wo d S eep . . ther an d other would g o o u ul m I if y wo d co e here . 7 . Yes , o u a 8 if y w it . . If they allow it , I 9 . . m m the horse The dog ay co e here . 1 0 . ul l l r it ii i 1 We sho d ive sober y ( a t st ) . 2 . Yo u
1 W - o rds e n d i n g i n n e n c h a n g e t h e 1 1 b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s " t o it e o re t h e c - in 2 b f a s e e n s . S e e 2 7 S e e 1 1 t 3 d g . S e e 1 1 . , , d 4 S e 1 1 I e , g . 3 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
li i wo uld speak to him (hanelle ) , if he were ( o s ) 1 l l ink an d here . 3 . I wo u d write a etter if paper , , e n li i 1 4 o ul o p were ( O S vat ) here . . They w d g fish in 1 5 l l 1 m g . . She wou d Sweep the f oor . 6 . We ight e a m n m t s o e bread an d butter , an d dri k so e coffee or t e a l t m ille , if you wo u d give it o us ( e ) .
LESSON VII.
L AND TRANS ATIVE INESSIVE CASES .
’ n 5 1 . The t ran slative ex pre sse s change from o e t i n in E n l fo rm o ano ther . It s desig ated g ish by n 1 o r I n Th n n the prepositio s f , t o , t o . e e di g Of
an la I s - ksi as talo ksi ma n the tr s tive ; , l , ( de) i t o a u h O s e . 5 2 . The place within which is regularly den oted
n h n n - s o r - by the i essive . It as the e di gs sa ssa ; as , t a lo ssa i n u k la ss a i n vi l l , t h e h o s e ; y l , t h e l a In n g e . E glish this case i s in dicated by the o n i r prep sitio s n o a t .
VOCABULARY .
at a k l t e e e p , e t t e , t a
ann u a n t e e annu a k l p , p p , t e e t t e erun a o t a t o alaa p , p p , t o b u r n ka dle pp , p i e c e ki ehua, t O b O i l tu li kas vaa o , f i r e , t o g r w
’ t o w o k oro s h y , r p , a
1 e n S e o t e 1 o n p a g e 3 1 . LESSO N VII 3 l
0 liha m a peruna, p t a t O , e t
ivn to m i n as ua l i v ka a , e , t o e ir l muo dos tus m a n k jain , e t t e r , f o r t i o t e ons ana v as e mos ana O n O u n , e r b , p r
ie io i m m a nimisana n u n k l pp , g r a r , O
' u i u n a ho r a m u n , s t O v e , f r c e , y y, s t e n o ve .
E XERCIS E VII .
1 P l 2 T t o kasvo i A . . oika as uu t a ossa . . y t pit i 4 Kahvi kie h uu li l un . kaksi. 3 . Tu p a e a u ssa . k i 6 L a K n i l al i oro . 5 a s . ann ussa . au s p . t o p o p ih 8 i l P adas . i e runa ova sa . k ehuu kappa e ksi . 7 . t t p i i t ule e b e Poika kasvaa iS OkS i m e heks . 9 . Isa (
‘ i 1 1 H i3 iin m n k 0 an le uluks kot . va a . u e o c o es ) h s . t j 1 1 H l i i t ir i k iz 1 2 Han uu na a an a . as , e a s v k j p va s . i 1 4 kau un s 1 3 Pe run at kas a m a a . vva a . p g sa . . t ss
' Musti a is n l n 1 5 ssa p do sa o pa jo ( much) vetta. . Te e annus m 1 L a p sa on k uu aa ( hot) teeta . 6 . ih n 1 n l n i k i a a n an a 7 al o maa att u u a se s . p ist iss . . T o p 2 n t 1 I u o a . u . . u B . . n a ho se The ho se b r ed shes n ll m n 4 F n 3 . The b o y grew i to a ta a . . ather a d m r 5 H m l Ol othe r a e in ch urch . . e beca e (t u i ) d . i ar otaan i 7 s served ( t j ) n cups . . Gram es the formation Of the verbs and pro il 9. The meat bo ed to pieces . The man in n 1 0 o a mi e . . Coffee is b iling in the
1 T h e e r e c O m e e re s s e s a s o h e ra n s i i e s v b b xp l t t l a t ve d a ; a . M i c s m u v n lm k s l 2 a T h e m a n e c a m e 2 0 0 . . b o l d . S e e 3 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
1 l in la u 1 2 1 . . f t . co fe e po . They ive rge ho ses The n 1 oo ll a b oys grew stro g . 3 . The b k wi be re dy by
n ik i 1 4 I n d S un day ( s unn u t a s ) . . Water S ch a ge
- am 1 5 m (m uutt un ut ) into ste . . I threw so e woo d 1 n m l n 6 . o u a d aa att i to the fire . The h se is p i te ( u ) lu 1 t n w o k white an d b e . 7 I c u the bread i to t ( ah d k i 1 8 H n m l e . a o l s ) . e cuts the pot t es i to s a pieces . 1 9 ook l ulin o f o r o 2 0 . We t ( u ) y u a doct r . . We l in k ive the city Of New Yor .
N III LESSO V .
M FI I E AND I PE RATIVE ACTIVE , IN N TIV S , L PARTICIP E S .
5 3 ' . The impe rative expresses comman d o r re u I i n q est . t s fo rmed by addi g t o the stem the f ol lowin g mo o d sign s an d pers on al en dings :
SINGULAR
2 m o . od Sign p ers en ding
3 . ko o or b kO ,
PLURAL
1 m oo - r n n - e . d Sign kaa o pers . e di g mm
2 - or da - . kaa Ja , tt e )
- - 3 . ko o or t
34 FINNISH GRAMMAR
l i n in he after other vowe s except . This i f itive h as t
n an d n u a as s an o e ssa i n i essive i str ctive c ses ; , | | ,
a n s an o e n a n . s y i g ; | | , w i t h s y i g n 5 8 . The third i n fin itive is fo rmed by addi g
- r - m i n t o the stem ma o d ; as,
’ ' a n a i n a i n n n S s b md ss . y i g ; y l i , e t g This i fi itive d i ix a is use n s c ses . 9 5 . The fo urth in fin itive h as the en ding
- min en in the n omin ative an d - mi s I n the partitive ;
' as s an o min en S a i n san o mis t a om n , l , y g ; l , ( s ethi g)
’ n n l an l k t o S a y . This i fi itive is a rea s ubst tive i e E l the n g ish gerun d . l 6 0 . There are tw o p articiples o r verba ad e i e in F nn is o m j ct vs i ish . The first Of these f r ed
- ad n - va o r va t o m as san o va by di g the ste ; , l , a n len td va l n s y i g ; l , f y i g .
6 1 n - m a n . The seco d pa rticiple is for ed by ddi g
- - - - nut o r nyt t o the con son an t stem , an d n e e n e i l t o l m as sano nu t S a u . o p ) the v we ste ; , | , i d t h n t m a an o n e e t s an o n ei ta e s . | y , d e ; l , | |
OT E — I f s r o r n i s t h e a s t s o u n d o f t h e s t e m t h e y N , l , , l , a r e d o u e d a s e s s t a s h e d t u l l u t c o m e ; u r r u t , bl ; , p l y , w ; l , p i m n b t ; e n y t , C o m e .
VOCABULARY .
~ ulu s o n S u omi F i n l a n d la , g , ru koilla O a vars , t p r y y , v e r s e
' ' u k ea t o a d kiittaa t 0 t h a n k l , r e ,
' da o l lu ku c h a p t e r e l , t i v e , kki a 1 l o ko o l k ai , k , w h e vu s i 1 V m e t h r e e , f e ko l , LESSON VIII 3 5
EXERCISE VIII .
2 L L a la 1 L l ke ka mme 3 . u l l u . u a . A . au . au a .
1 4 2 L Ol E l k On m . 5 . ue k i r . koot viisi vi sya . a O S uo i
'
i i k t Han t ulko o n nn . u ta aat e . me luk a . 6 . K t . 7 ta e
' 9 P h n o s n K i i m e . ko ha 8 . a kki ruko lkaa m . u u o , j
' ' 1 0 1 1 S Okaamme uo kaam tOO Nau . tah . . ra . y ja j
1 2 Ki ir n 1 3 P k ht OO me . . rjo it a k je ta aan . . oi a t a 1 4 L alko i i 1 5 n n o u puh ua . . apsi t kea. . Si u ( y )
' ' ita l m 1 6 L k m ll n m na a t u e an . e a p . u a ( by readi g) i 3 o n 1 T o liva imas a m n un pi . 7 . ytt ja poika O t u s , i
' t dta ht l w as k n 1 8 ok y t e ae ssa ( whi e I wor i g ) . . Ju
' se mi n on r lli 1 H n e n i l l m n ne ve e sta 9. a u . t e . p taa a a a A 1 . in o l n 2 L n . S g the wh e so g . . e t us si g .
’ 3 Le t 4 L L . m a n F n l 5 the re d . . o g live i an d . . e t m a T l 6 . l o the re d three verses . O be ( O a ) go d is to a L . t be h ppy . 7 . e us read the whole chapter 8 L t . e m a 9 L e 1 1 L the pr y . . t them laugh . . o ng l Am a 1 2 L 1 H . e a n ive eric . t us pray . 3 . e h s othing 1 4 1 5 o . m to say . . I want to g . The boy is Swi 4 1 m 1 Y o . h s m mi ng . 6 . o u m ust go h e 7 . She a ( so e ) 1 8 n n vana . mu readi g to be do e ( t e ht a ) . They st om 1 m n o o c e here . 9 . Swim i g is a g d exercise . 2 0 . The bo ok m ust ( be
1 S e e 1 4 6 a Lo n i e Fi n a n l it . l e t F i n a n i e . , . g l v l d ( l d l v )
3 e e e 4 h e i s s w f h e t h i rd i n i n i t i e 5 U s e S 1 1 U s e t i i e e o t . , f v t h e i n s t r u c t iv e o f l u k e a O f t h e t h ird i n f i n i t iv e . 3 6 FINNISH GRAM MAR
LESSON IX.
L AND LL I E ATIVE I AT VE CASES .
6 2 . The place f r O m w h i c h is regularly de n d o m n n ote by the elative . It is f r ed with the e di g
- s t a o r - s ta s ta lo s f r o m h e u s e k , ; a , ta, t h O ; y
' la s ta o m l l a a i in . s l , f r t h e v i g e This c se i E n d c ate d in glish by the prepo sition s O f o r f r O m .
6 3 . The illative is fo rmed : a l n n n he la l the m n ( ) By e gthe i g t st vowe Of ste + , m n in a o o l as talo on i n 0 if the ste e ds sh rt v we ; , l , t t h e h o e u s .
( b) By adding t o the mon osyllabi c stem con tain
in a lo n o e l o r on n on an s - h g g v w diphth g the - co s t _
- n n n , betwee which is i serted the last vowel Of the
’ ' m as kuu hun i n 0 m 0 n t b hon ste ; , l , t t h e o ; y l , t 0 t h e w O r k
( 0 ) By addin g - s e en in the singular an d - s nn in the plural after the lon g vowel t o the St em conta in in mo an on e lla l as ven ee s een n g re th sy b e ; , l , i t o i n o a ven e sii n o o a . t h e b t ; l , i t t h e b t s
6 4 ll h l 1 n t 0 . The i ative expresses t e p ace . w h i c h mo ti on takes place an d is den oted in E ng l n n r o ish by the prepo sitio i t o o t . LESSON 1 x 3 7
VOCABULARY .
in tu kirkas l , b i r d , b r i g h t
' maa l a n k la l l a , d y , v i g e
ki kko u uu r , c h r c h p , t r e e
kau un ki vuori m o u n a n p , c i t y , t i
ur nko u n e lto l a i , s p , f i e d
ais taa t o n udo ta t o a l l p , S h i e p , f
len tiia’ o f l laaks o a l l , t y , v e y
I X E XE RCISE .
irko 2 I sa m n 1 H l st a . u e e k . A . . yva po ika t e ee i in u unkii Han m n vie raisiin ma h . ka p n . 3 . e ee n 5 alo o n 4 P o m Am rikaa . . o jat t ule vat S u e st a e . T 1 i ihin P ka L in u n at 7 . t le v u . h u t . n s t e ty pu s a 6 . p oi t t t n i Oul n 8 Ko lm ve l e sta on ja y O m e vat k uu . . e j n 9 1 P o M n k 0 . ka tee s . . ies o ri as i h ukk i n 1 1 M i ir n olm e s ollari t a » u vetee . . O n k ja k t a d s
1 L a l i aan 3 1 Mi h et m atk u tav 2 . psi tu c e s sa. 3 . e s at k lasta k laan au n i t kiin 1 4 Mi y y ja k pu g s a ka upun . . na ast uin la ks o o n 1 5 L inn un a . . pesa on puussa . 1 2 . t o oo l . o l o m . an d B I g sch . Boys gir s c e o m o o l H l f 3 . e l fr sch . so d the bird o r three dol ars . 4 H 2 . e in n b ut i n 5 M n is rich frie ds , poor n mo ey . . e am m F n lan t o Am c e fro i d erica . 6 . The ho use is ma o o de Of w d . 7 . The bird flew do wn fro m the
. 8 . S un . n n o m tree The bright . shi es i t the roo
9. an d l are o l 1 H Boys gir s g ing to scho o . 0 . e comes
I S e e 2 0 8 2 3 . S e 2 1 2 . 2 1 e S e e 9. 3 8 FINNISH GRAM MAR
o m 1 1 n ll fr the wo o ds . . They we t from the vi age t o 1 2 F m n n n n 1 L t the city . . rom o r i g t o eve i g . 3 . e m t 1 4 n the g o o church . . They stepped i to the u 1 m 1 am ch rch . 5 . We stepped into the ro o . 6 . I c e m 1 L u 1 8 L e o o om t t . t fr the r . 7 e us g o o ch rch . m n b o t o n the se d the y o t w .
LESSON X .
THE L Y V OL LA O B E AUXI IAR E RB , T .
6 5 . The verb o lla is irregula r in man y Of its o m f r s , b ut it will be Observed that all the m o o d Sign s an d person al en din gs follow sequen ces already a l in l n est b ished the regu ar con j ugati o .
E PR SENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE .
6 6 ’ . SINGULAR . PLURAL .
1 o len m a . a o em e , I m l , w e r e
2 o le t r t r e . o u t o le t e o u a , t h a , y h r e on ov e a . 3 . , h e i s at , t y
M I PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE .
6 7 . . SINGULAR . PLURAL
1 in w o limme . o l , I a s , w e w e r e 2 t o litt e o u . o li , t h o u w a s t , y w e r e 3 w Olivat r . ol i, h e a s , t h e y w e e LESSON x 3 9
O L PRES ENT P TE NTIA ACTIVE .
6 8 . SINGULAR . PLURAL .
1 li n e n m lien emm e m a . e ; I a y b e , w e y b e
2 lie e t 0 ie n e tte 0 m a . n , t h u m a y l , y u y b e e s t b e
l n e lien eva h e 3 . ie e, h e m a y b e t , t y m a y b e
O O L PRE SE NT C NDITI NA ACTIVE .
6 9 . SINGULAR . PLURAL .
1 o lis in u l o lis imm e . , I S h o d b e , w e s h o u l d b e
2 o lis it o u u l lis itte 0 u l . , t h w o d s t o , y u w O d b e b e 3 lis i l . o o u o lis iva t u l , h e w d b e , t h e y w o d b e
M I PERATIVE ACTIVE .
70 . SINGULAR . PLURAL .
1 . o lkaa mme l e t u , s b e 2 l . o e o lkaa tt e , b e , b e
3 o ko o o . l n l e t h i m o llf o t , b e , l e t t h e m b e 40 FINNISH GRAMMAR
F ' IN INITIVE S .
o m o la t o I . sho rter f r , l , b e lon o m o llaks eni i n O a ger f r , , r d e r t h t I m a y b e i n n In l a n . II . . o less , b e i g , b e i g i n b I n o lemass a . n e . III . , etc , b e i g , g N mi en m u n o m o e n . . l , ( st) b e , b e i g Pa o emis ta i n rt . l , b e g
L PARTICIP ES .
72 o leva n o llu n . . . t I , b e i g II , b e e
VOCABULARY .
taivas s k a n ta t , y , h e v e y yy} m u S t
' tahti a ilvi l o u , s t r p , c d
kuu m o o n k lma l , y , c O d
ilma a i r a lammin , , w e t h e r , w a r m
' ni en b l u s e ta n l si n , e , u c e valk ea ta ti n , w h i t e , au t
h'il ain en s 1 e n n t n ow j , i t , y ,
u ko ti 0 m q i e t , h e toivoa t o , w i s h , t o h o p e
42 FINNISH GRAM MAR
LESSON XI.
ADESSIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES .
la a o r n 7 3 . The adessive expresses the p ce t O
‘ r Ob e ct w an n w h i c h , o the j i t h w h i c h ythi g is
m n d n - lla o r as do n e . It is fo r ed with the e i gs ,
t a lo lla a t o u kad e lla o n l , t h e h s e ; l , t h e O r ha an i u h a n d ; s tin ki jan ra ll , I b O g h t t h e w m L on b o o k w i t h m y O n o n e y . (See ess
XV) . 4 on t n u o n 7 . In E nglish the prep o siti s a , o , p , o r w i t h den o te the en din gs o f this case 5 l 7 . The place f r O m w h i c h is regular y
den oted by the ablative with the en dings - lta o r
' - ltd as t alo lta m 0 u t tb lta ; , l , f r O t h e h s e ; y l , m 1 l n I f r O t h e g i r . This re ati o 1 8 n dicated in E n l o n m r g ish by the prep sitio s f r O o O f .
VOCABULARY . ka tto O O aikha l a , r f p , p c e
' lattia f l O O o taliin a a l l o , r p y , t b e c t h
tuo li a te e va ti , c h i r , s a u c e r
’ ' b ta a l m us te i p y , t b e , n k
' lus ikka s 0 k n a , p O n y , p e n
k ahve li O k l i k n a n , f r y jy y , p e c i l
ka la f i s laatikko o x , h , b , d r a w e r lau t anen l a raha m n , p t e , o e y
saa da t o o lkaa h va l , r e c e i v e y , p e a S e uu ttua 0 1 a k kir uri p , t c j , s e c r e t a r y LESSO N XI 43
X I E XERCIS E .
A 1 Ka n is k n ll 2 H i . . u irj a o po yda a . . an st uu t uo lil a Mi d o n e it se ll i l ‘ l 3 . n ve l l a . sy v a ja ka h .
' 4 P k kir o itta k n ll 1 Min a éi a. 5 l . oi j a y . u ta puutt uu a lk h a n ak min lle l i r ha 6 . a v k n a. O a y ja a t aa u y jy y a O alta l l l 2 8 P ii d 7 m n ma tii . . . O l p y I a t u tun ky . yta na on ii alla 9 P k i r h i t 1 0 L d . . a a al a p y oi sa aa s . . ap i O a t 1 1 M i s s i l u a e lt . uto s kato lt ah s a . ies p a ma an . 1 2 l nk i . Is a l i a tu c e m a ta kaupu n . 1 Th a l lo on a l 2 . e at B . e t b ec th is the t b e . . I n k 3 o n with a knife a d for . . The butter is the la 4 k ll l 5 t m a . I e at a p te . . The for fe fro the t b e . l en an n l re i b o a tab e . 6 . The p d pe ci a n a o x n the l Pl m a . a me n l t b e . 7 e se give so e fish o a p ate . 8 i in a 9 a l in in k 1 0 . I S t the ch ir . . Write etter . . I s e m n a m a 1 1 1 e with y eyes a d he r with y e rs . . The n k n d n r n 1 2 k ife , for , a spo o s a e o the table . . There are a at l 1 five se ts the tab e . 3 . I work with my an ‘ 1 4 m mo u ‘ h ds . . I speak with y th .
HO LL I At H TE SSA ( the otel ) .
ka m in lle n K lla te Olkaa hyva ja ant a a u h uo e . y n Kir o ittak n imen ne n am sae tte se ( it) . j aa ( yo ur e )
- o k R o kaa pOytakirjaan ( into the registry b o ) . u lis o k aliss on O tia a t uo S aatt e ruokasa sa . R u as a p y , j
' ' PO all o ku e a t e evat e a laut as ia t lej a . yd a n pp j , j , , vei i l i i l i L a le i iii k hve l a us ko t ve t t . a ii S , a , a ja sa sit j p
1 S e t h u h as 2 S e 2 3 5 e r . e e l e . 44 FI NNISH GRAMMAR
ll an aan m e illa on h va ovat myo skin po yda a . T y Palveli a t uo lih aa vih ann ek sia m an i ruokah alu . j , , s
' m n ia M n a an h vin k e it et sta k o ita ja o e . i pid y y
' M n a e n do n ot s O alkiruo ( co oked) lih ast a . i ( I ) y j h ia M n a t m u a o an k u n k a v . kaa ( dessert) n y , tt t pi i
' ' ist a M n a an n so j uon vetta lasist a j a teeta k up . i p e ikalla n m n a se keri a kahviin ja te eh en lus . S itte i ik lla M n a s On lih aa a e kotan ( stir) teen lus a . i y j p
' ' ' l M n s On le i aa o a soke ri run oit a laut ase t a . i a y p , v it ,
° i ir kk a Ve it se llan i m l k le ivok SI a j a p a a . ( , with y ) ei ii iir kan Kahve lilla on rak an . kaan le ivan ja p a . sy p
' ' i n ll on Olk aa Ve it sella pan en vo ita le va paa e ( ) .
i a aan ko k n k ahvia hyva j a ant akaa lasi ma t o . S upi
' M n miai e n m ll in tahi teeta. in a syo aa s aa use a ( the
‘ ’ ' m o n r k li M n i da a k n r ing ) uo asa ssa . i a st un pOy ss , u
' ' On Paivallisen on uole n ai an aikaan at sy . sy p p v ( n o on Illalli en n il ll ) . s syO tase a .
LESSON XII.
L L AND A ATIVE ABE SSIVE CAS ES .
76 l . The allative expresses the p ace t 0 w a r d s m o on ak la n w h i c h ti t es p ce , a d is fo rmed with
' n d n - lle as t alo lle t o o u I n the e i g ; , l , t h e h s e . E n l o on t o n d a g ish the prep siti i ic tes this relati o n .
7 7 . The abessive expresses the a b s e n c e or
’ 1 a k om n h - - c Of s ethi g . It as the en dings tt a o r t ttt LESSON XI I 45 as talo tta w , , i t h o u t a h o u s e ka de tta | ; | , w i t 0 u a a n h t h d . In E nglish the preposition i O u n n n w t h t de otes the e di gs Of this case .
V OCABULARY .
takki a k n ka , c o t e , S h 0 e 0 hous ut u s ukka , t r o s e r s , S O c k , s t o c k i n g liivi v aita , e s t p , s h i r t tas kuke llo w a alka , t c h j , f O O t kau lus l l a kir e l , c o r j , e t t e r
t as ku k s orm n , p o c e t i, f i g e r
na i b u t t o n urho o llin en a pp , , b r v e
' i man w i h kave a w l k l , t o u t ll , t 0 a
' ' ko hd o r rikas y , p o , r i c h
E XER CIS E XII .
A 1 H ir i t h alle e rille 2 Ann a an k o t aa v a . . . . j y p p . n i ill 3 t al a 4 I SO ka aok ky a a d e . . S e h on t ott . . poi j i L ll e h i 5 h a t tO e . se o usu tta ja t ak tt a . . a eta kirj y A i h e ll Han n 6 . n r ll e e 7 . o iti a to i ah aa kOyha e m . l t 8 An t k amme r kauluksetta ja t ask uke lot a . . a a a h n n i aa rh lli l all 9 kk o a tt a . u oo se le pOj e . . Ta i p
' 1 0 I l h i i k ir e en O alle 1 1 Me uok . sa a ett p t an k j p j . . j m i i 1 2 An t akaamme kO Sim e suk tta ia keng tta. . y
' ' ll mi ll i mait o a ha e c he e le paa, voita ja . 1 n l h e 2 . I a t . . B . se t etter to boys Give the m n H w n e m n e u m . a 3 . o y to the poor . is itho t o ey 4 . w n w l oa I e t o ut ithout col ar , vest , trousers , or c t . 5 Th . e poor boy is w ithout mother an d father . 46 FI NNI SH GRAMMAR
w n m 7 . The little girl is with o ut a ho e . I e t to 6 . 8 a t o th e city Of New Yo rk . . Give the w tch the big 1 0 am 9 He u n . . I brother . . is witho t fi gers 1 1 I S o u without co at an d tro users . . The shirt with t
2 b o un u an d k b utton s . 1 . The y r s witho t shoes stoc
n i gs .
e KAUPPAPUODI SSA ( At the Stor ) .
? Missa (where) on vaat etavarakauppa Se on Haluaisin ost aa valt akadulla ( on the main street) . n liivit h enkselit a n a a of taki , ho usut , , , p ri ( p ir ) n nkia an m Os villasia alusvaatt e ita j a pari k e . Ost y
in i n kaulan auh an n en aliinan k valk ean pa da , , , pyy
' “ i n n ak n a o tat uuk n . h e liin an , lakan an , tyy y , t i j p y T uo p uk u ( s uit Of clothe s ) s opii minulle ( will fit ? m K i k l n h w m e m ak saa S e n e ) . u n a pa jo ( o uch ) s
' ' in lm m l ri ama uku Olisi h t a on k o eky m ent a dol a a . T p h va m ut k n a lii n l h e t Ho usut y , ta ta i hi at oy t a y y . ’ 2 S O ivat min ll aremmin Onk 1 lla h alvem ia p u e p . o tei p
‘ ( cheaper) pukuja ? Onk o 1 tama p uk u t aysivillai e l ol K ll e n a Sik si mak aa n n ( a l wo ) . y a s o , herr . se s
' ' ' n iin l n M n n o i t pa jo . i a e pida tasta mu d s a . Sita
' ' ait si s n liia k all Mik n aman p (beside ) se o n is . e o t ? puvun hint a S e m ak saa k ak sikymm e ntaviisi dol
' l H m n o n n a a va a a se . ri . y , i st
' ’ Min un pit aa men n a viela raut akauppaan ( into a a o m ak e isk au n r kak a the h rdw re st re) , ppaa , uo up aan lih aka aan R a t ak p , upp . u aupasta o stan k ab y i
1 S e 1 3 1 2 8 2 e . S e e . LESSON XIII 47
n k it oke riastian ve i e t kahve lit in a pannu , up , s , ts , , se i lin at ek a in L ih kau ast OS ll n ke n u uo va a . a a ke o , t , p p
n li m k ra - i a a lam n lih aa Ma haa a ka a v aa . ta , , o t j p ke iskaupast a ostan m on e nlaisia ( all kin ds Of ) h e m i i i k n l n hn k ake s a . S tten u o e t e yt o st O m n k iin P rh n i 1 l in n e en ot . e e e on Sitten i o e n i e johdo sta .
N XII LESSO I.
M E AND A C O ITATIV INSTRUCTIVE C S E S .
78 . The comitative is fo rmed with the en din g
- n e i n the possessive s uff x , a d expresses the person o r Obj ect i n w h o S e comp an y an action ak la h l m l t es p ce . It as the p ural for on y ; as , ta lo i n e ns a h l S o u l , w i t h , h e r , or t h e i r h s e o r h o u s e s
"
79 i - n s . The i n structive has the en d n g ; a , kasi n a n m a n o f a n l , w i t h h d s or b y e s h d s . u lm l i l l a ( sed a ost a ways n the p ura ) . This c se de n otes the m e a n s o r m a n n e r i n a c c o r d a n n n n c e w i t h w h i c h a ythi g is do e .
8 0 . The vowel stem Of n oun s an d a dj ectives is
un in - n a m et iv n ula fo d by dropp g , or Of the ess e si g r ; as ,
1 S e e 97 . 48 FINNISH GRAM MAR
E lat o na ow l ssive l , v e luku In a lapse n a talo In a hyvaln a kylmaln a
’ Sieva na
1 n f n n a ec 8 . The co n so na t stem o oun s a d dj tive s is fo un d by dropping the en dings of the parti n l tive si gu ar ; as,
P a n las t a n nan rn las rtitive si g . l , co so t ste , ul t a t | , um ta, kalliS ta I , vet ta l ,
'
kat ta,
M ll n n in s h l r o st disy abic words e di g i ( if t , , , , , n t rt t h la l of m , l , , n , precede t e st vowe the ste ) l n be o g t o the above group .
NOT E — S o m e n o u n s a n d a dj e c t iv e s m a y h a ve b o t h t h e ' o e o r t h e c o n s o n a n t s t e m a s l a s e n a t h e o e s t e m v w l ; , p l , v w l l a s e l a s t a t h e c o n s o n a n t s t e m l a s . p ; | ,
1 S t e m s e n d in g i n e h a v e i i n pl a c e o f e in t h e n o m in a t ive s i n u a r S e e a s 7 g l l o 2 3 .
50 FINNISH GRAM MAR
VOCABULARY .
r leuka 11 juu i, r O O t , c h i k m re a a run o , s t e d b r e s t
s lma suu m o u i , e y e , t h
a S voimakas S O n n en , n O e , t r g
u kea o a hammas 0 O l , t r e d , t t h k au la n k purra, t o b i t e , e c ad korva a p , h e a d , e r
‘ a 0 a vierailla o S kua ll , t h e r , t v i i t u l u ida 0 S m hu li, i p , t w i
' ' varsi a m n ahd a 0 s kas i , r , t e e
E XE RCISE XIII .
A 1 Mi k nkiin vaimo ine nsa a la . . c s men i aupu j p
' ' i n n 2 H k ivat ka k n vo im n m e ts aa . s in e sa . . e juo s i i
' ' iki n 4 H n k i n ll n . a uo 3 . I sa o n t aa a po e sa . j s vetee n 5 n i in 1 lm n n h a ko n s ui pain . . O O ke si i a d ja rvi k ll l l in 2 7 P ka k i o . un M e k n a . a . 6 . ies su s asi ja j it nr i m rin 8 Ha t puu unko se so o aassa j uu . . n t ek e e yO
' ta kak n ka n 9 l ie raile e k u n is a si si . Ve i v a pu g s S iskoin e e n 3 1 0 L t k l in . . a se uo sevat a a l in p j p j ja o . 1 1 n i i i . a a va m o u u l e n la n i lin V h p h i p (f tteri g ) k e . 1 2 H' ' ' . an kaant i m n u u y i n selin . 1 m . . an am an l n B The c e with his wife d chi dre .
’ 1 O n O i k e i n i t i s r i h t e t c 2 I n s r , g , . t u c t iv e c a s e k il s i n i a ,
j a l o i n , W i t h h i s h a n d s a n f 3 d e e t . S i s k o i n e e n o r s i s
k O i n e n s a , i t h h i s s i s t e r T h h w . e l e n gt e n i n g o f t h e l a s t vo e o f t h e s t e m h a s o c c u r r e i n i w l d s s k o i n e e n , i n pl a c e o f t h e o s s e s s i e s u ix p v ff . LESSON XIV 5 1
H im wi his an n b 2 : e sw s th h ds a d feet . 3 . The oy
‘ m an o f hi 4 An l n reads by the e s S eyes . . O d wo ma l n 5 n came with her chi dre . . The b oy is divi g with l hi an an d 1 the he p Of s h ds feet . 6 . The tall tree
n in o un m an f 2 sta ds the gr d by e s o its roots . 7 . I m 3 8 l i . . a o e t m bite with y teeth I s a w th y teeth . 9 H am m m i . e c e ho e fro school with h s b o oks an d
n l in k 1 0 A m l b n pe ci s his poc et . . s a l oy is r un i n g n o n 1 1 H k n with shoes o . . e wor s with both h a ds in 1 2 m the Office . . The teacher ca e t o school with hi l s p upi s .
N XIV LESSO .
R G L O EAD IN ES S N .
Tran slate in to E nglish an d fi n d all the cases in the followin g :
PUUT .
ik n l i i a uurin e e n n e Maassa kasvaa ka e a s a p uit . J
' ovat maa ssa kiinn i ja I m e vat ( suck ) m aast a ra
' ' in to a alo a a lammOtta n e e ivat vo i m n v . V tt j e es l it o a uu P ui urimm at ( arger ) k asv vt p t .
l a lle m aah an uurist a ret le ve n evat a ja . J
i n ko R un ko akaut uu lhaalla pu de n r u . j y
' n kai a on e ac h ( i to bran ches ) . Jo se ss ( )
t h e h o f h i s h a n s n d e e t k ii s i n e l p d a f , 2 B 3 h y m e a n s O f i t s r o o t s , j u u r i n . U s e t e
c a s e . 52 FINNISH GRAM MAR
n lehtisilmu a a kuk h aarassa on Oksia . Oksissa o j j
’ Kevaalla uhke avat lehdet a kukat kaumpuja . p , j
' lmia He delma H lma uissa on h e de . auken evat . e de p l i l Nle kas puut e ivat kasva vil e n a (wi d) . (they)
' ' k ll in all h e de lmat k vavat sie men e sta. Sy sy a ( f ) yp
' ll muutt uvat lehdet ke lta isiks i u syvat . Syksy a , p i i r k ik i h rm iksi Vihdoin n e ut oa n a siks , us e s ja a a . p K iki a i Ol lehtia Niis vat p o is p uista . a ssa p uiss e e . n l h i n i ll i i u a set on e ul a e t e s jasta . S e a s a ( s ch ) puit me kuts umm e ( call ) havupuiks i (fir tree )
POSTI KO TTOR I A A P N SS ( t the ost Office ) .
n i Haluai in ul Min a Olen o nto kaupu g ssa . s ( I wo d
' i n ri P like) ky sya, missa (where) on po st ko tt o . osti k nt ri on t ll Haluai in o k k viiden o t o uo a . s st aa a si
' sentin po stime rkkia ( stamp) ja kymme n en kah den
' ' e n in M n h etan ir i i l i s t . i a la k je en a d l en ( t o my
' m S uom e en Han Odott aa kir et mi ul other) . j ta n t a .
' L ahetan kir ee n se rkuillen i m H j yOS . e ovat New Yo rkin kau un is a He o saa n l n p g s . vat p uhua e g an in
' kielta elvasti M n l i i s . i a h a ua s n vakuutt aa (to re
' ' ist e r aman kir n P l 1 g ) t jee . a jonko Siita men ee va ? k uut ukse e n Vakuut us m aksa k mm n a y e e n se nttia. e i Ole al on Olk Se p j . aa hyva ja kirjoitta kaa n i
' m nn a o s ott e e nn e a an M e e j t h . utta ulkomaalle va k a n u maksaa k mm e n e n en t i H t s y s t a. aluaisin la h ettaa ab aa S uome e n P l ? r . a jonko lahetatt e Lahe
' t an n o n a u a a dollaria S i ( bo t) s t . e raha tayt yy la
1 P ? a l j o n k o , h o w m u c h LESSON x v 53
' k lil K n ll m l hettaa ve s e la . e e e ( t o who ) se ahete ' ? ' ' ' taan Olk aa hyva ja lah ettakaa se kan sallis - p ank
' kii S om e s a h n an Kii l n u sa . R ah t la eta t aan . to s pa n jo , herra .
LESSON XV.
METHOD OF E XPRE SSING THE AUXIL IARY O H V T A E .
8 2 . The auxiliary t O h a ve h as n o exact e q uiva l n i F n n e t n i ish . It is , however , expressed by the verb o lla ( 6 5 ) which is always in the third person sin gular ( regardless Of it s subj ect) an d the word correspon din g t o the s ubj ect in E nglish in the a a dessive c se ; as ,
Minul a on I a v . l , h e Min li I a ulla o , h d . Mi n t a a null o ollu v . a , I h e h d M n i a a i ulla o l o llu t , I h d h d .
' M n m h inu lla lie e I a a . e , y v e
Mi l n e e o ut m a a nu la lie ll , I i g h t h d h d . Minul i 0 l l la o lis , I S h u d ( wo u d) h a v e .
Min ull o i o u t o l a a l si ll , I s h O 11 1 (I (w u d ) h v e a h d .
8 3 . Some idiom atic phrases
' Minulla on k lma I m l y , a c o d .
‘ Minulla on lcimmin I a m w a m , r . 54 FI NNISH GRAM MAR
e I a m u s . Minulla on ku r , b y
n o I a m t h s . Minulla on ja , i r t y
ka a m u n . Minulla on nal , I h g r y n H e l o k n a t Hdn ka tso o minuu , i s o i g m e .
O t eita a m l a len iloin en n ahde ssani , I g d u t O s e e y 0 . l m T rve tu lo a O . e , W e c e
VOCABULARY .
on n e llin e n a kert omus , S t 0 r y , h p p y
n e l a u vihann es a l i , f O r , v e g e t b e k o h e de lm a u ka si, t w , f r i t
' ' lain ehti a arvi l a k a, t O w v e y , e kurkhu o ki , t h r O a t j , r i v e r
rin t a m eri e a o a n a, b r e s t , s , c e
m os kin a l kuvas tin m o y , s O , i r r r
harvo n l d m m rsk S 0 m i , S e O y y , t r
' uo ti 0 s ads tad o a p , S t r e , t s v e
XV E XE RCISE .
' A 1 M ll n k ak k 2 P o alla Oli . . in u a o si atta. . j ’ 1 T ’ n el a m e n aa Olla on Ollu on a aa . j o . 3 . yt t pal j r b
’ ' 4 Min ll n k k ilmaa 1 k ak k r a 1 k ak . u o v a a a si S , si o , si
alka 1 a k i n n a 5 M n ih an n e k ia a . v s j j y S e . i a o stin a h e e lmi is Mi ll j d a puo d ta . 6 . n u a lien ee Ollut viisi
’ dollari 1 L k r H a . 7 . aa a o uok se e a e en 8 R j j i j j v . .
1 1 4 6 S e e . LESSON x v 55
' ' 9 t . n oli i saastan . n ella olisi Ollut rahaa , j os h a s y 1 0 A urinko a kuu lk . Hevo se lla on n e lja ja aa . j
' ii 1 2 Pien ella 1 1 S i me i lain eht . . i a at . uu pa st v . r r d lmia' pOjalla on h e e . 1 1 I a tw o an an d tw o a . 2 . I B . . h ve h ds e rs l 4 3 h as m u . . have also tw o f e et . . The boy so e fr it n 5 Th e We bought some vegetables i a store . . l 1 6 The la e iv sm all girl h as tw o red app es . . rg r er 8 m . k h ad . r un s in to a la e . 7 . I have so e coffee
- 9 ul av t m . I m ay have a letter o orrow . I sho d h e
1 0 mi av h ad me i . h ad two letters . . I ght h e so fru t 1 2 h m i . as 1 1 . A mirror is br ght . The brother so e h a l o ran ges an d the Sister as pp es .
M A E E T I HMISE N R UU II N J S N .
Min ull on s kak i ilm s kak i ko rvaa kak i a pa , s s a , s , s
' ' l z il i in n n Kor uu l S m ll m . h t a , e uka ja suu . a a ae villa m n k l n S uus on min ulla h am aat a i a uu e . sa p j
' k l H i m i n Ki l ll mi n a u un ie i . ampa lla a syon . e e a p h m i n Mi l n Min ulla a s n l k o . ja t a . u a o asvt ja otsa
' i k lk K ll min S katta ja ka si j a aa . asi a a i l ir i n i O ke alla kadel a min a k jo t a . O
' kade SSa m n n ve it se n kahve lin a lu i a pida , j
' kan kun l n m Min ll I I r Si , O e syO assa. u a on V S I s o me a k um ai ki n ill p se ssa n ( o e ach ) kade ssa. Jalo a
' m n kavelen uoks en a h aan Min ull o i a , j j ypp . a n
' i varvasta k um ai e s akin O l vi si p s s ( n each ) ja assa .
' ’ ' Kun on k lma lma n iin kaS I ssan I i n kzi in e et y i , p da s ,
’ 1 Use t h e i i n r 2 e s s e s u a . e e 1 4 6 v g l S , a , 56 FINNISH GRAMMAR
’ m im n a Jaloissan i etta kalvosime ni pysyisivat la p a .
' ' ' pidan s uk at ja kengat j a kenkien paalla pidan paa
'
Kaulassan i n a un . N n kok ruu lyk engat . pida h t ai o iman a miin i pysyy lamp .
LESSON XVI.
NE ATION G .
8 4 e are ma e n a in F nn . V rbs d eg tive i ish by l n n o n a p aci g the egative bef re the verb . The eg tive is capable of takin g the pers on al en dings ’ ’ u l all an la en m an n o e t Th s , iter y tr s ted , e s t I ; , ’ ’ ’ ’ n o t o u ei n o t h ; , t h e , etc . 8 5 . The conj ugation Of the n egative f o r all m o o m ds except the i perative , is as follo ws :
1 st on n en lu l e m pers si g . , p ra m e 2 n d e t , ett e
' 3 rd ei e iva , t 8 6 . The conj ugati on o f the n egative in the im pe rative is 1 st on n pers Si g . plural a lkaam me o r
e lkddmm e
a la or e la a lkaa tt e o r
' ' e lkaatt e
’ ’ ’ ’ a lkb b n or dlkb b t o r
’ ’ e lkb dn e lkb b t
— E T h e e r s o n i NOT p a l e n d n g o f t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n p l u ra l i s s e o m u s e . u s u s e fil k ii ii r ld d Th , o e l k aa i n pl a c e Of ii l k fifi fi t e } o r e l k ii iflt t e ) .
58 FI NNI SH GRAMMAR
' ' e e t ei en em aa n O In 0 e n, , p , r en e t ci kau em aa n O 1 0 n r , , p , g e e t ei ensin kaan n o t a t a l l en , , , n e t ei ain oas t aan n o t n l e , , , o y
t n ot u n n . 9 3 . The n ega ive is sed with i fi itives The E nglish n egative infin itive is expressed by the use Of the abessive Of the third i n fin itive with the amatta n o t o lla verb o lla ; as, olla an t , t o g i v e ;
a a n o t o o etc . m en em tt , t g , n a no 9 4 . L earn the n egative co j ugati on Of s a, t o a in 2 90 s y , .
VOCABULARY .
d va linen n n mu 0 n n p i l , d i e r aa , m r i g illallin en u ai va , s p p e r p , d a y aami ai n en a k a t o i , b r e f s y , n g h t laks l s S n h e l o y, e O pp , e a S y koira 0 vaike a a 1 , d g , h r d , d i f f kis a s , c a t c u l t
‘ vie la mu , y e t t t a, b u t valmis a h la , r e d y yl , y e s ilta , e v e n i n g
EXERCISE XVI .
‘ A 1 Pai lli i Ol l lmi 2 P . . va n en c e vie a va s : . ojat
' t mi i M mm ll l i e a o a a a 3 . e i a l 4 sy a st . e e syo st a .
‘ L h t l k c i l vaike a o a 5 E i k ik n y y a sy O e ppi . . y s aa Ole kot on a 1 6 Mu ta ko ira i . . s t t ja h armas kissa c
1 U s e t h e e s s i e s in u a r v g l . LESSON XVII 59
' Al l nn 8 A lkaamme l u . . vat syo ka aa . 7 . a t e ta e
’ H n n i 1 0 n i l kau u s sa . . se i S OkO tiella . 9 . a e ie e p g i i ir i i h i va k e ta. Me emme kirjo itt a s , jo s an e sta s j t
' ' 1 2 H e i at One et v la k a . e v s 1 1 . E n luke n ut la sy . y ie mi i ta aa a s .
2 N n i m n . O o e s B 1 an . . . I do n ot give y o ey nn n ot a b ut ak here to d ay . 3 . Di er is re dy yet , bre 4 o k n ot a . fast is always rea dy . . I did re d the bo 6 D O n o t r n n n l . u a 5 . We did no t se d the etter . y L n 8 ma l n o t a m . o ger . 7 . e t us spe k too uch . I y n - m 9 ul ot ot g o t o church to orrow . . We sho d n be inn r 1 0 NO on e without breakfast , d er , o s upper . . m 1 1 1 L e n 1 2 o is at ho e . . t them ot say . . They d no t l i 1 a ive n the co untry . 3 . They may not be t 1 home .
LESSON XVII.
O L AND O O O PE RS NA P SS E SS IVE PR N UNS .
9 5 . The person al pro n oun s are SINGULAR min a, I a s in , t h 0 u
i Of these s ina is use d among i ntimate fr e nds, T i le la v l n in o . e u e n re ti es , chi dre , or p etry is s d ss e l e t h in i ntimate talk . S , p u. n , e y , refers to th gs
1 t h e e s i e in u a r U s e s v S g l . 6 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
P nal n un are n l e l k o r an imals . erso pro o s i f ect d i e n n o u s . a m 9 6 . The exact possessive dj ectives , y , t h y , i F nn are e x r la kin n . h i s , etc . , a e c g i ish They
’ pressed by the use Of the gen itive Of th e person al n u n pron o un a d the po ssessive s ffixes . Of the ge i tive s Of the person al pron o un s the firs t an d secon d on l t b u n n l pers c an be eft o u , t the third perso Si gu ar l r f an d p ural a e almo st always used o r clearn ess ; as ,
minun kir a u i m m eidan kir a mme ( ) j , y ( ) j l b o o k o u r b o ok
S inun kir a si teiddn kir a nn e o u ( ) j , t h y ( ) j , y r b o o k b o o k
' han en kir a n s a s h e iddn kir a n sa ( ) j , h i , ( ) y i , h e r b o o k t h e i r b o o k
9 7 . The po ssessive s uffixes are : SINGULAR PLURAL
l st - ui m - . m e pers , y m , O u r
2 n d - s i - n n e O u , t h y , y r
3 rd - ns a o r - n sa - n sa o r - ns a t , , h e i r S h i , h e r 9 8 . P o ssessive suffixes are added t o the case
n d n b ut - e i gs , if a case en din g en ds in a con son an t it is rej ected befo re the con son ant Of the po ssessi ve
u as t alo o ni n o m u s ffix ; , l i t y ho se . 9 9 P . o ssessive s uffixes do n ot cause the weak en in O on on an m g f the c s t Of the ste , altho ugh they m a lo a lla l as k eht o n s a h i s y c se short sy b e ; , l , LESSO N XVII 6 1 c a l b ut ke hdo n ha ttu ns a h i s a b ut r d e , ; l , h t , hatu n .
1 0 0 L n l n n mina I ina . ear the dec e sio Of , ; s ,
’ u htin o r m e t e o h e t h o ; , h e S h e ; , w e ; , y u ; , I n 2 80 L a n al o c l n t h e y, . e r s the de ensi o Of the i i i 2 1 2 82 2 83 2 84 possess ve suff xes n 8 , , , .
V OCABULARY .
ldakari a i m n . d O c t O r p pp , i i s t e r
kds i n u kau i In n t h , h a d k u s , 0
ruumis 0 s ana w o r , b d y , d
kenka S 0 a us e n n , h e l , s e t e c e
k m m o v n e a pa , c O b p l i , k e
har a u S kau a k j , b r h l , n e c
viikko k o t o a , w e e sa , f r e h e d
vu i r vo t f a c e os , y e a kas ,
' n itu e aa 0 0 , S O h itt , t t h r w
u os korke a l , O u t , h i g h
E XE RC ISE XVII .
1 2 n n i i k o A . . i o n . Isan i o n taalla . Si u a t s ot
' n rke lle 4 H u n M n ll n ko a . a . 3 . i a heitan pa o i . a e
o i n ri i 1 5 Olka h a a t uo ka a l ke k k . v p s u e e laa a s . a y j k r n T i n e n m k n r n 6 . e d aa so u se i j a ha ja i tan e . a k k nne k n iall 7 Han lah tt i a ja s u kan e o vat latt a . . e kir e e n ll n 8 E n t l kir e e e e i j pOja e sa . . n saa u vie a j s n vasta usta lt n i 9 Kir mm ovat O alla poja a . . ja e p yd . 1 0 Viik ni n l . ko , kuukaut eni ja vuot e i k u uvat ( pa ss ) 6 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
' ' ' 1 1 Menkaamme t alOOS i n . taalla olle ssan i li i an pi a .
1 2 Tulkaa kon tt o oriin i kir uriksi . n . j n ukk umaa . 2 n M a an d mo are e . . I B. 1 . y f ther ther h re se t l om 3 . I a a letter t o my brother . received etter fr 5 4 Pl a n o ur sh o e s an d o k . . my si ster . . e se se d . s c s 6 le . Yo ur ring an d br ush are on the tab . Their k H s b o is u n f o r 7 . books are on the des . i y st dyi g 1 9 M l n ot n . . the min istry . 8 . The gir s do Si g y 1 0 He a comb an d your brush are here . . received n 1 1 l a b o ok as a presen t from yo ur so . . The e d 1 2 His kn an d an are pen cil is not sharp . . ee h d hurt .
K T O I .
raka st an Min ulla o n pien i ko ti , j ota (which ) l n l n voi ann k o skaan uh pa jo . Isan i ta o a e ( I c ot) ll l n k ot on an i c lla arh ait en viih h ott aa . Si c a O e ; si p
' ' ' d n E nk n ti i ve ra aa a E u y . Opa t u s tieta. ja j ( g te) kOpa talo a ja tapaa m uist aisi ? Kaikki ( all ) on
c lla n I I n t utt ua m i n ulle Na a o rt aita a si . it p ( St irs ) l n n u n m on n t in n n l n O e esti ast u u . Ta a (this) ove o e n iin m on m an m vann ut O n Ak esti ( y ti es ) a ( pe ) . kun ast a l n lo kat on l T O e u s s ut ( o ok ) . akk avalkean
2 ' ' ' loist o ssa l n lammit e ll t PO l n . O O e y ydaSS a en syO yt . Vuot e e ssa l n n ukk un ut i n O e . Jok a se ( every) istui
m e n t unn en kn o ok i e n i ( w) , j a s k ve n ja polun
a . S c lla e n e ks is i i ( p th) i y , e n y on p mey de ssakaan in da kn O ( the r ess f n ight) .
1 2 S e e 1 98 . T a k k a va l k e a n l o i s t o s s a e o r t h , b f e e g l o w I n h e a r t h g . LESSO N XVIII 6 3
n k n k h e vo ia k ivolla Usein Oli m u a a ( with ) , un s a
imme - t o wa U se in S aato in leh ( well ) juot ( ter ) . i l o u i Mus miamm e la t ume le ( t the past re ) . U se n 1 i r i tille n auro n , k un se o avaa ( squirrel ) h aukk u
a k Muist an la ihla an m un a n ash (b r ) . vie p j ( o t i ) m ar o ist a un aise na a kOivun a j p , j (birch ) , j oss pie ‘ ' 2 li l i Ke all l n a lla m n ik it n i nt u lau o . s a O e ho a s o a poi
' m in k Talve lla l n c ll make l a k ut ( to pic ) . O e Si a a s e n u t l o n illoin l li t ( o S ide d w ) . S pa i oa O , kun j ar
' vesta s uli jaa ja k un paasimme ven e e lla so utele
' ' ' maan S ks ll aa len i i m 3 . y y a t s taa k id m e kuin linn ut
' ' kirk a ll ll k a a jaa a. n nu (to be co ti ed ) .
LESSON XVIII.
OM O C P UND TE NS E S .
1 0 1 . Compo un d ten ses are t h e p e r f e c t an d l u O p p e r f e c t . f these perfect an d pluperfect o ccur in the in dicative ; the perfect in the p otenti al an d n n l co ditio a .
1 0 2 . The presen t Of the auxili ary o lla an d the n omin ative o f the secon d participle form the per f e c t n a s O len an on t a i dic tive active ; a , s u , I h v e o o n lo l E n l s a i d . This c rresp ds c se y t o the g ish perfect .
1 T h e n a m e o f a d o a a t i c a s e A h o a O O ( 1 a n g , ll v e . . w l d c e r e d f 3 a o t r e e s i r e S e e 1 1 i . l b y f . , 6 4 FINNISH GRAM MAR
o n n m n a 1 0 3 . The imperfect Of lla a d the o i tive o f the secon d participle fo rm the pluperfect in dica t h i O an onu a a d . tive active ; as , lin s , I d s This n l l is equivalent t o th e E g ish p uperfect .
1 n f n n om n a 0 4 . The pote ti al o o lla a d the i tive of the secon d p articiple fo rm the perfect po tential L e en e n n m a V a . active ; as , i n s a o u t , I i g h t h S i d
1 5 l n 0 . The con ditional Of the auxi iary o lla a d the n omin ative of the secon d participle fo rm t he n l n s an n t perfect con ditio a active ; as , Glisi o u , I o l a Sh u d h v e s a i d .
1 0 6 . The presen t n egative conj ugation of o lla in its differen t mo o ds an d the nomin ative Of the secon d participle fo rm the n egative perfect of the n d a o n l n n i ic tive , p te ti a , a d con ditio al , while the n egative imperfect Of o lla with the secon d participle o m lu n d a f r the p perfect i ic tive ; as ,
E n o le s an on t a u , I h v e n o t s a i d ‘ E n o llu t s an onu n t , I h a d o t s a i d E n lien e s an onu t m , I i g h t n o t h a v e s a i d E n o lisi s an on ut , I S h o u l d n o t h a v e s a i d
1 0 7 . The secon d participle m ust agree in n um
u as O len s anonu ber with its s bj ect ; , t , I h a v e a d Olemme san on e e t a s i ; , W e h v e s a i d .
1 0 8 L . earn the affirmative an d n egative c on u a on o f o m un n in 2 90 j g ti c po d te ses .
6 6 FINNISH GRAMMAR
r k 1 0 has h ad fin ished o u wo r . . She received a o 1 1 a letter from her br ther . . They h ve been at 1 2 o un a l o a a on wo rk . . I have f d the r i r d st ti .
KOTI ( contin uation )
ii k k tin Vah atpa S t a ( I do n ot min d ) , jOS O o i on Oll k h Ol n c ll onn e lli e na ela ut rikas t ai Oy a. e Si a s n ll on ll lammin h olla Vaat ett a c va . yt . Si a O ut ja y
' r k i r kk l n i ll t ja uo aa, h o t o a ja a autt a o e S e a saan u .
' ' ' c ll l n la t ka an c ll on an Si a O e pse s a asti sv ut . Si a. is i
' ' t Ot e hn ll n itin in ll n ii lau y a t yt . Si c a o a i m u e kau t a lu a n l l n l i n n n j a au a ut . I t as n ( at ights ) , k un me i
’ ' vuot e e llen i k uulin aiti ruko ilevan e de stani f or , n ( me ) .
T k t n otian i M e n v la ie dan ra as aa pie ta k . utta ie
' ' n an i w ra Oike in ymmarra ( u derst d) , m t en ( ho ) r o o a h m an om kast aa sita s uu t a k tia, j t (whic ) e s m i anm k i Sie ll o n iin l o t o i in e s aa s . a n pa j n s ( differ e nt k ill k on l i 1 ) uin me a ot a . Tiet ovat t mse n a set
d n alo vat t o is ellaiset ihm i et a ( iffere t) , t t o , s oy t
' t o ise llai et o n e k a ie lla m a en Ol ko sk aan s . s s e V i y , iss nn n o ll K k n n e e (bef re ) o ut . u aa e i ( o o n e ) mi nna
' ' ie ll t nn n m ‘ S a u e ( k o w) , enka i n akaan ketaan ( n o on e t unn e K ink o i r ) . u a v isi n ve ast a maata rakas t aa ? Kuink o n ll nn e llin n a v isi O a o e , I lo in en vieras t en ihmist en luona "
Niin tin i k ll , ko y a t unn en ; m utta mika on isan m aan i ?
1 t o i s e n l i n n a e , p l u . t o i s e n l a i s e t ( s e e LESSON XIX 6 7
LESSON XIX.
L O READING ES S N .
KA AR AL I T n N I N U ( C a ary Bird ) .
L i i n ri lin l l i k isalla Ol pien i ka a a t u. Se au o kai e n ai li h in kaun is L i i a a nto i ll vaa. S O p e yv . s Si e sie
' n a r OhO a a i me ia ( seeds ) j u j ( grass ) syOtavks . Mutta e raana pai van a se makasi k uolle e na hakis tin a Sill i t t ne n 1 tki o vasti Han sa ( c ge ) . o n y tii i k .
' itki ha e delle e n vaikka a o Oli o st an ut h ane lle y , iti j “ un n li n n il in Mi de n u . S lo san oi han e lle aiti : ks i it ? ke t ash in ll n in n li u l l iin T a s u a o t O e nt . Se au aa n
' ” h vin k u n e i n i L y i nt n e k n ( former) . iisa s an oi : “ M l n ll t linn ull kiittam t un nk ul in a O e o u e a iin ( tha f ) . Mi na Olen j osk us syOnyt it se soke ripalan ( a piece o f u a vaikk oli i kuulunut l n lin s g r) , a se s (to be o g) ll ” n u e .
J A K J ANIS OIRA .
' ' Me tsastaja men i ko irin e n sa me ts astamaan ( h unt i lle n n M n h li o k ko ra sa . i g ) . atkalla ha pu e ( Sp e ) alo ilta s i nyt ta naan Oike in n o pe a ( swift ) j . ik e n t avanne t m n iin n ua h vin s ( eet) , si y
' n K m t a ta a kaukaa n k n ks n syOta . un e s s j a i j a i e , i n o k h uusi ( sho uted) ko ralle sa : J u s e , ota n k n no e asti atc h ) . Mutta j a is j no si kovi p .
1 4 t t t li n e n a s m ir S e e o 1 7 e . y , all g l . a l s , 6 8 FINNISH GRAM MAR
‘ li t b KOiran kaikki yritykset ( efforts) O va tur at .
' ' ’ P an ko a n ak han t urhaan kS iSi vaikka i ir i , etta q ,
' I on i i i n h n k kuinka VOI m an sa p n sta s . S e ta de oira m ase nt un e en a ( disco uraged) tuli isan tan sa ( mas ' “ ' n n o ir lle n : H 1 ie ter) luo . I sa ta sa i ko a sa yvapa l
' e t i n ki u k maan Ka o mit en n m n S a n j o se . ts , pie i j a s
' ' n m n e tt l o , utta si nt s ja aa ( eave) juoksussa kanas ' ' “ ” alke en a i n h n j s . Naura va , JOS t a dot , sa o i koira , “ ' mu m i a m tta u st , etta j a s j uoksi h enken sa tahden ,
’ min a taas juoksin ain oast aan le ipapalasen ( a piece ” a h n Of bre d) ta de .
I SANMAANI Fa l n ( ther a d) .
an ke rt o o usein S uome s H Is i t a . an kut suu Sita
' i anmaak i s s .
‘ ' ” Min katahden san ot S uome a isanmaaksi ? ky s in ke rran h n l y a e ta.
“ ' S entahde n a l n c lla s n t n t , ett O e si y y y (bo rn ) , etta
' e S i- isan i (fo refather) ja kaikki suk ulaise n i oy at
‘ sie lla kanan as un e et ja etta se on S uome n kan san
' kot imaa a a n v st si isa i . “ ‘ Mu a onko S uom min unkin isanm aan i vaikka tt i , ? ” Olen syntynyt Am e rikassa san o in taas “ ” Oletko uo mala n n ? i I n s i e kysy sa i . “ Ol n luonn ollise sti n a u all san o in mi n e ( t r y) a . ” Miksika? k l I i ysy san . “ Kun p uhun s uom e a ja k un isan i ja altin i ovat
' s uomalaisia n iin min akin l n o m l ” , O e s u a ain en .
1 S e 1 6 2 e . LESSON XX 6 9
“ Koska Ole t s uomalai nen ja S uo mi o n s uo malais
' n in in in i n aa i S o te n isanrnaa , i se o n S unk sa m s . u m k n a nka la s ia Ole t o n kasvan ut S uo me s e n a s , j o p ,
ll vat se n l ma t avat u m k l sa . Sic a o e a , ( c sto s ) , ie i ja lait okse t ( i n stituti o n s ) vahit e llen ( grad ually) ke hitt n e e l N kaikki uh uvat sa y t ( deve oped ) . yt p maa kie lt a ama an n n a ja ovt s a k saa ( atio ) . S uo
' m e n kan s a rakastaa S uo me a ja Sille c i Ole mikaa‘ n m n iin n aa rakas k uin S uomi , eika mikaa kieli n iin ” k un i k i i a s ui n s uo me nk e l .
' an silmat loist ivat n k un li an an o n a n Is i ( Shi e ) , s i i
' ' ' a m n mm r i n j i a y a s n , etta ha rakasti S uome a suu resti .
t o n n ( be co ti ued ) .
LESSON XX .
PASSIVE VOICE .
n 1 0 9 . The p assive fin ite verb in Fi n ish is im
on al a t o sa n o o n o un o r n o un pers , th t is y , pr is n A o co n ected with it as s ubj ect . S the s urce Of n n in F n actio is n ot me ti o ned the i nish p assive , it m l n e o m o n e ay be tran s ated by o , s e , p e o p l e , o r as s an o t n n o r m o n i t i s ; , aa , o e s o e e s a y s , o l a n F p e p e s y s , i t i s s a i d ; i ren ch by the i n defi n ite a rticle o n with the verb always in the d o n l thir pers n si gu ar .
1 1 0 - . The stem Of the passive Verb ends in ta
' - ta n o l i n n or after a lo g v we , d phtho g , or co son ant ; 70 FINNISH GRAMMAR
- - l TO m as tta o r tta after a Sho rt vo we . for the p sive Simple ten ses the regular m o o d an d ten se sign s m n in are added t o th e passive ste . It e ds ( every m o od except the imperative) in - n with th e l e n g t h e n i n g O f t h e l a s t v o w e l O f t h e
r mo o n as s an o ta an s o m s t e m o the d Sig ; , | , e tt n e en o m o n e m a o n e a . s an o a s y s , etc ; | , s e y
s a san o ttaisi in o m o n e o u l s a . y ; | , s e w d y
n 1 1 1 . The presen t in dicative Of the passive e ds
1 ' l i - n f- o n n daa , daan after a lon g vowel o r diphth g, 1 ' 1 ta n - ta l o r o on an a , an after a sho rt vo we a c n s t , 1 1 1 1 naan o r - nddn - laan - raan n o r r , , after , l, res
e c tive l as s aa da an S o m e o n p y ; , l , e r e c e i v e s ;
' ’ t uo da an o m o n e n s b da an m l | , s e b r i g s ; y l l , s o e
' o n e a m en n a (in o m o n e o e t s ; l , s e g e s ; an n a an s O m o n e u t u l la an s a m p | | , e p t s ; | | , e o n e o m ur ra an o m o n e c e s ; p l l , s e b i t e s .
N OT E — T h e r e s e n t a s s i e s i n i s a a n p p v g lw y s w e a k e e d .
- Th u s t a 4 6 e c o m e - d 1 5 - n a - n ii - - , , b a , 4 ; t , t b e c o m e n n a , u n ii ,
e t c . S e e R u e 1 1 f o r h e h n l o t r C a ge s .
‘ 1 1 1 2 - . The imperfect passive h as th e sign tuin
1 a a lon o l d on o r on n - t in fter g v we , iphth g , c so an t, t i a a o o l as saa ti in S O m O n r e fter sh rt v we ; , l l , e e
“ c e i ve d i . tuo t in o m o n , etc ; , s e e b r o u g h t ,
. tu l ti in o m o n e a m etc ; l , s e c e , etc .
1 T h e l e ng t h e n i n g o f t h e l a s t v o w e l Of t h e s t e m h a s r d o c c u e . S e e a l s o t h e r u 1 0 e e . _ l , LESSON xx 71
E n l a v ma an la 1 1 3 . The g ish p ssi e y be tr s ted i nto Fi nnish in the fo llowi ng w ay : s e a n lit o m o ne Mi raka t ta . I a m l o v e d , nua ( s e lo ves me ) M n rakas te ttiin I w a S l O v e d , i ua Mi on rakas te ttu I h a v e b e e n l o v e d , nua Min o li rakas te ttu I h a d b e e n 1 0 v e d , ua Min a as t e taan I s h a l l b e l o v e d , ua r k
l Mi e erro taan I a m t o d , null k w l M er in i ro tti . I e S t o d , nu lle k , etc 1 1 4 o r n f . The pro n un o n o u s ubj ect O the E nglish p assive becomes either a direct o r i n direct
- i F nn ( d ative Obj ective ) Obj ect n i ish . The direct Obj ect is put in the partitive ( if total in the acc usa n n ll tive ) the i direct i the a ative . 1 1 5 . The third person singular Of the auxili ary o lla in its different mo o ds an d the secon d passive a l m n p rticip e fo r the passive compo un d te ses ; as , o n s an o tt u m i o s an o tt u , s O e O n e h a s S a d ; li , o m o n e h a a s e d s i d , etc . 1 1 6 . The n egative conj ugation Of the passive is based o n the s ame prin ciple with that Of the a n l ctive , except th at the third perso Si ngu ar of the n egative an d the p assive stem with moo d Sign s are u I m n n sed . n co poun d te ses the seco d passive
a l u s c i sah o a S in n 0 S p rticip e is sed ; a , t , O e O e d e n o t s a c i o le s ano t o m n h y ; tu, s e o e a s n o t a s i d , etc . 1 1 7 a i . The p ssive h as two i nfi n it ves . The
n in n v has n i l m seco d fi iti e the Sig e or , the atter for 72 FINNISH GRAM MAR m in g a diphthong with the last vowel Of the ste . n a as san o tt ae ssa This is used in the i essive c se ; , | | , ’ i n o r i n O n e s S a y g . n n is o m ad n 1 1 8 . The third i fi itive f r ed by di g
- - m n u ma o r md t o the passive ste . The i str ctive case is used Of this i nfin itive in conn ection with
' ’ ’ itaa m u as itaa s an o tt ama n the verb p , s t ; , p | , a O n e m u s t S y .
l n - va or 1 1 9 . The first particip e a dds the Sig s
- va t o a S m as s an o tt a va t o the p ssive te ; , l , b e a t o b e a e n a d s b t vd . s i ; y | , e t The secon d p articiple h as on e Of th e follo wing
n s : - tu - t - t tu - tt are ad o sig , y, , y . These ded t the a m as s aa tu e i v t eh t m a ctive ste ; , l , r e c e d ; l y , d e ; an o tt d keit e tt O k s u S a O . | , i ; i y , c e d 1 2 0 . L ea rn the passive affirm ative an d n ega on u a on s an o a t o S a I n 2 91 tive c j g ti Of , y , .
VOCABULARY .
saada t o ihailla , r e c e i v e , t 0 a d m i r e es ta t o a vii a p , w s h py , t o d e l a y
' kunn ioitta a 0 n keittib C , t h O O r , k i t h 6 n
' ' ruo ka 0 eit taa , f O d k , t C c O O k
ku o lla 0 ais taa , t d i e p , t 0 b a k e
ns ein O n s o a u , f t e pp , S O p
itiid m u S s itt en h p , t , t e n s aada valmiiksi 0 muna , t g e t , e g g r e a d y
1 - t u o r - t y i s a d d e d a t e r a o n o e d i h t h o n o r f l g v w l , p g , c o n s o n a n t - t t u o r - t t a t e r a s h o r t o e ; y f v w l .
74 FINNISH GRAM MAR
LESSON XXI.
F M METHOD OF E XPRE SS ING UTURE TI E .
1 1 n i ll 2 . Future acti on in Fi n sh I S usua y ex n M l press ed by the prese t ten se ; as , in d lu e n huo “ m enn I l l e a - m o o a o a, s h a r d t o r r w, I re d t m ” o rrow . 1 2 2 . But future time c an also be den oted by c omb in in t h e u l o lla t o n g a xi i ary , b e , a d the first a l o f m a n Th p rticip e the i verb . e future thus fo rme d h as the followin g mean in gs :
O l n s anova I a l l s a e , s h y
o r I m a y S a y (t o - morrow) Glisin s an ova , I S h 0 u l d s a y
O R V CABULA Y .
ahke ra l , d i i g e n t la io p , s p a d e ilo in en , c h e e r f u l ihmin en n , p e r s O , var o a d j , s h e h u m a n b e i n g kas vi l a n vaiva , p t , t r o u b l e
e ilen a rakas taa , y e s t e r d y , t 0 l 0 v e
l kartan o a n ka ts o a C , g r d e , t ] 0 O k
m en es t a t o u vahin oz tt a y , s c c e e d g a , t O i n j u r e p alkita t o a muis taa , r e w r d , t o r e m e m b e r nuhde lla e li , t o s c o l d , O r
kirves , a x LESSON XXI 75
E XE RCIS E XXI .
A 1 Ol n kir o itt a kir e e n h uo me nna 2 Han . . va . e j j .
' ' ' ’ l n ll n n 3 n l h t u c e ju a a ta aa . . Si a O e t Oleva tyOS S asi a k il in e 4 H n li i i ll era ja o n . . a o s san ova s n u e .
5 Vel e n i lc h ome n n 6 i hin it a u u a . S a va o . j t e . de a g
’ K i i r ka e h m n n asvt e at ka a a o ssa . sv a uo e a 7 . v v j . sv j 8 L e le ikki at kart an o lla 9 P uut arh ri aka v . . u . aps t r s t aa a e a n 1 0 H o n ilo in n k at SOO k uin ka v a . an e a k s j . j
' ' h n n i m e n t 1 1 lkit a e kasvn sa e s yvat . . Ne (they) pa
' n i n 1 2 H ir S evat ha en va va sa . . an t eke e tyOta k ll l i ll r ll 1 ve e a a o a ha ava a . , p a j 1 I ll l m o 2 He a . B . . sh write a etter to y br ther .
ll m - m o n ll wi co e t o visit us to orr w . 3 . The I Sha la 4 P ll l om be g d . . erh aps I Sha receive a etter fr hi m 5 M m befo re he co es . . y m other an d father l w w f o r wi l go t o Ne York . 6 I as about to leave a A m an k n in a n Chic go . 7 . is wor i g the g rde with k 1 8 H l n n d his spade an d ra e . . e is always di ige t a
' l lan l l cheerfu . 9 . The p ts wi l reward his tro ub es . 1 H 0 n . . e does ot let b ad boys i nj ure the trees 1 1 H l a l n o n o . e a so remembers th t p a ts d ot gr w ll 1 2 l n ll la in we in the Sh ade . . Chi dre wi p y the
a n o - da g rde t y .
P TAR H R I a UU U . ( The G rden er ) .
Pi n i H n u e ne ssa t alo ssa as uu va ha m c s . an o pu
‘ ' t arh ri H n r hke ra i t O u . a t eke e puut a h ass a a st y ta
1 S e 2 2 e 6 . 76 FINNISH GRAM MAR
l 1 H on h a a t a allin en r l an v s v . lapio lla ja h a ava a . y j y Iloisen a han katse le e puut arh an kuko ist avia (blo s H r k st a n a m N mi e an a a a . so ng ) kasvja . iit (the ) e
' n i K vit alkit sevat mon in ke rt ai me e styvat hyvn . as p n i n k S a Sesti (m an y times ) han e va va sa . JOS u pah t t in i a illo in ut arh uri poja vah g o tt avat puit . S pu
’ ' n h l K ink t att l ehda? am u t e e e heita. u a saa e u in t T a n i n r n k ko ar n oll puu o kaun st ukse a ja va jo a o k t a e .
' Ihmi ille e laimille ii a on lo a Niin uut arh uri s j a S t i . p
' an OO P o a m n evat h a e i s aan o M c n s . j t e p s p is . i he
' an a Oli a O ill h o et en a n a m s t vt p j e yva p us . S he i uis t 2 t ava .
HOL MOLAISTE E LONLE I K K N UU ( ha rvesting) .
' Kun h Olmo laise t le ikka ivat ui n iin s r sta ( rye) , he t arvit sivat ( n eeded) Siihen se it s eman ( s even ) h en
° kea on Yk i in (pers ) . s pa o i (presse d) Oljet ( straws ) 3 3 alas ; t oin e n piti puuta n iiden alla kolmas leikkasi 3 Oljet poikki ; n e ljas k an t oi n e lyht e e se en ( lyh de : 3 3 b un dle ) viide s Sito i lyht e et ; k uude S kant o i lyht ee t 3 koko on (pile ) ; ja se it se mas pan i n e kuhilaalle
' ' a k M ( st c s ) . atti satt ui ( happen ed) ke rran n ake maan
' ‘ ' h e idan t On sa a han y , j ihmett e li h e idan tyhmyyttaan u d llall 4 (st pi ity) . I a Oli puoli pe lt o a JO le ikatt u ja t oin en uoli Oli le ikkaam M p att a . atti h alusi autta a
‘
’ — H n OT E H OIm OI i n e l u . h o l m ii l ai s e t e r e t h h N , p , w o u g t l e s s p e o p l e w h o m a d e g r e a t bl u n d e r s o n a c c o u n t o f t h e ir s t u p id i t y a n d c a r e e s s w a Of d o i n t h i n s l y g g .
1 S e e 2 2 6 2 S n h i n m u i . e e a a h s t a va t , t e y w i l l a l w a y s r e m e m e 3 r i t . S e e L e s s o n X X V I I 4 S e 1 5 2 b . e . LE SSON XXI 77 ho lmolaisia a le ikat ak n n i j otti se e se , m ka viela o li ikk matt K n ha i l t n n le aa a . u n o l o e a t n p t u tyo nsa , n han pan i sirppinsa ( sickle ) kuhilaan paalle ja men i
' ' n ukkumaan Holmolaiset t uli m lla n ki . va aa u a vat t , , iin etta beidan ruk sa o li jo le ikatt u, ja s irppi oli k uhilaalla H re ti ihm t li a K n n e uu s e e vt . u ka a . s t he u
' n e uvotte livat i u ulivat vii tasta ( d sc ssed ) , t he
’ m n iih n a k l n ei S e p ato see n ( con c usio ) , etta se llaine n
' ' u o oli n an ( s ch ) ty oid ( witch ) tyota , ja etta n oita
' oli m uu un ut an ir ik i tt ( ch ged ) s p s . Tama o li siis h ukutett n e 1 n 1 ava (to be drow ed ) , etta se e aan p
' ’ la l n h vaa otaan Mu a e i ollut isi ( spoi ) beida y t y . tt hyva ko ske a n iin vaarallise en e sin e e se en ( obj ect ) sen vuoks i ot ettiin ank ol s idottiin sen aa t o ( p e ) , p
' han silmukka (tie ) ja talla he vetivat ( drew ) sir in k hilaalt a K ko o ukko u oli p pois u . o j ( gro p ) ih i ii i ir i i me ssaan ( won dered ) S ta, k u nk a s p n tayty ulk h idan e ras a arve n ran t aan vaikka k e a e p s J , se kaiki n vo imin ( with all its might) ta ist e li ( fo ught ) vast aan Vih o in aatiiin ir i ven e e se e n a n t . d s s pp j y
' ii ll r V rte n an l soudett n ke ske e ja ve a. a e (h d e ) si
’ ' n i l e i dott ii iso kivi laj illa koys l a ( rope ) , etta se i i h e i n n o n o usis veden paalle , ja s tten se t ett (thr w) a n M ah ak i onn e k i un una l j rve e . utta p s s ( fort te y )
' n i a n t art t ui ( catch ) sirpin tera ( edge ) ve ne e la t a , in i n w n a hol kivi pa o , ve e kaat ui ( as tur ed over ) , j
' molaise t paasivat ( escaped ) toin t uski n ( h ardly ) n n i t i b ad a oida paho s a paulo st a ( tr ps ) . 78 FINNISH GRAM MAR
LESSON X XI I .
E E COMPARISON OF ADJ CTIV S .
— e of 1 2 3 . Finn ish a dj ectives have three degre s m a a e an d co mparison , the positive , the co p r tiv , the l super ative .
m a n t o 1 2 4 . The comparative is fo r ed by ddi g
' the stem o f the positive the sign s - mpa o r - mp(i
which are weaken ed to - mma or - mmii —m as suu The n omin ative sin gular en ds in pi ; , i re m . l p , b i g g e r
- n in n om 1 2 5 . The s uperlative h as the sign i the in i e l i e t o o at v sin gu ar . Thi s s add d the p sitive
s m as suur in In o a e te ; , l , b i g g e s t the ther c s s
n - 7Zm a - mma 1 1 i th n ula the sig s p i se e , h ) n e si g r ;
- im i - mm 1 1 i h l u a e p i i se e , h . ) n t e p ural o cc r ft r o l m as suur imma lle t o the v we ste ; , l l , t h e b i g im b n suur mi lle t o t h e i e s t o . g e s t ; | | , g g ( es) 1 2 6 A f . dj ectives o vari o us degrees with pro per c onson ent al an d vowel chan ges are declin ed like u an n s bst tives , a d they m ust agree in n u m b e r an d a n o un m o i en e le c s e with the the y dify ; as , p l o alle o s m a l l o ienille o i le o p j , t t h e b y ; p p j l , t m a l l o t h e s b y s , etc . LE SSON XXII 79
H w 8 2 w w Q e w 3 $ $ 8 3 m a a m a i g e 2 5 z m S e 3 fi s uw s 5 3 w g g S k 5 ? o h 9 . 6 5 i o ? g a . c w s . ? w Q ? . ? H 8 a 3 H m m . . H 5 r H. m H w a m 8 o < U s m m H < 0 m o Q m . H m m m m 5 H o m o o o m 5 m o w s m m o o w r m d m H. i m H m m H H. H H. a t z a H s m o m w m w H. fi H m H H . :
8 O a w s . m 3 0 3 Q a S e g 9 o s a $ H 8 s w o w H s 8 g w 5 3 3 g a 3 w s 6 i s s S 5 3 3 v s fi 3 s 3 g 3 3 m s s g S s 5 . 5 3 s e a S 3 fi s x . m fi E 3 s S 3 ? 3
s 3 . A s MS u C o
m s 8 fl m a s $ c w $ i $ m m E a a 9 c t a s w 6 i a a 8 w 8 z U s S fi e w .s w k s 3 s m s 3 3 m 3 . fi a s m H s S g s . s 3 3 s s y .s m S s 3 s s s C H o G . o o a 80 FINNISH GRAM MAR
l n n of a in 2 77 1 2 9 . L earn the dec e sio dj ectives , 2 9 2 78 , 7 .
VOCABULARY .
maxr a n a. 1 ome , a p p e j , b e r r y
n a l m o n mans ikka a sitruu , e , s t r w b e r r y ruo kahuon e d i n i n g mus tikka b l u e b e r r y ku kka l o r o o m , f w e r
vierashu on e a r l o ruusu o s , p r , r e n o u m akea e kyllin , e g h , s w e t
i - hema e n . i n ku . a d n ii . n a s s , , g r e
ku n a n m rs k in en s o m i , t h y y , t r y
es a m m vuo den aika a o n k , s u e r , s e s
kevat n h a c m o u , s p r i g p , s r , b i t t e r
EXERCISE XXII .
A 1 M m n n i ke m u n n un . . in un o e a on ma a pi k i si m n 2 T i t Mut i n n o a 3 . o e a lvi on vuo de a s . s . . a pisi j
' t a k n n in i 4 ill in vihe ria esa o iha vuo den a ka . . S o ‘ i 5 Han uo o k m r kk t . r h asvaa aassa ja uusut ku va . ant o i l b an k r m l ll i r na on a j ah e am a le poja e . 6 . S t uu h a amem i om P n k n n iin pp p kuin e na . 7 . ie i po i a o ahke ra k n t in 8 h n n iim ui yttok . . Vie ras uo e on kau k u n ruok h n e 9 n i em i pi i a uo . . Syksy o myrsky s p
' k u n k a 1 0 ir i al . S n v i es . ai k je e n rakka mmalt a ysta
' ' ' an 1 2 . na o let ka h i t i . Si pit , an on pit emp , mutta t uo m on k iki ies a st a pisin . 1 . An . l B app e 1 s sweeter than a lemon . 2 . G oo d strawberries an d blueberries are foun d
82 FINNISH GRAM MAR
a v u on are in u 1 3 2 . Wh en n eg ti e q esti s trod ced by - k0 o r the enc litics are always appen ded t o
' E o hdn tu le ? s 11 o t the n egative wo rd ; as, ik I h e ' ? c o m i n g ? E ivdtko h e kirjoita D 0 t h e y n o t w r i t e ?
l n n f n o a 1 3 3 . L earn the dec e si o o the i terr g tives i 2 87 n .
VOCABULARY .
koko ns m n suu nn it e lma s, m , e e t i g , c h e e us kd aa o a hil aa u l lt , t d r e j , q i e t y
o b e l l h aukku a o a k k e ll , , t b r , d s tdéi t a t o 1 n s u l t pyy y , o c t c h
aam vo i c e s o u n d kwkko o , , , r o s t e r
’ ’ ie tcici n tt aa t o a k t , t o k o w o , t e k lla hu m u y , y e s m, o s e
’ keksici n , t o i n v e t
S EXERCI E XXIII .
' ' A 1 K ? T n n ni . k l 2 l a . . u a t u e e . aalla t u e e mi u is 3 M k ? ‘ 4 n in ul . i a mies sin a ole t . Ken en kirj a; o s
' ' l ? 5 K ? M na a . e n l e ta sin a saat rah aa 6 . issa si ? ole t ll t ii 8 o E k n . u . 7 . iko po ika t ullut kaupun Tule eko h an n n ? 9 K m i a m ta aa . u pi teista o sas p re
' ' min laks n a 1 0 K ~ ? y s . eta han t aht o o 1 1 .
' Kum aiselle o alle ul kir e ? 1 2 p p j t i j . Oliko han t ul lut jun alla tahi j alan ? ? 1 I m - . . s o o n m 2 B br ther c i g ho e t o day . What m ? ? an are ou 3 . he o y W re have y u bee n 4 . Did LE SSON XXIII 83
b ? 5 i wo we not give the ook to yo u . Wh ch of the t ? w m l n ? 7 is here 6 . To ho sha l I se d the letter . ? From wh at city do yo u co me 8 . D id the rooster ? H n la c au m u ? crow 9. as ot the b ck at c ght the o se 1 a r o 1 0 . Yes , she caught it . 1 . To wh t city a e y u ? 2 m on a n o ? going 1 . Did yo u co e the tr i or by f ot
K A HIIR ET ISSA J .
K i i al on hiiria nt h e n issa pyy dyst ja so p j . Se a d
' hiir an e lka ivat Ke rran hiiret itivat ko et h ta p s . p
' ‘ i H k k ivat uurin ite lm n K a ko usta a tassa . e e s s a . iss n il i k n n a t uli ai a hyvin h jaa . Se e h auk u ut k ui ko ir .
' l k k kko S nt h e n aa Se e i lau an ut ui n u . e a d he p tt i vat an n a k ll n ki an kaulaan S illo in kaikki p e o ss .
' li i n k llon n e n M e i k ka n kuu s vat kissa e aa . utta u a u k l nn a k llo a kaulaan H va s a tan ut p a e a kiss n . y unn it e lm m n h ukkaan s u a e i .
I ANMAA I n n a i n S N ( co ti u t o ) .
’ l n i n n l n n O i jo kauan t eta yt , etta oli s uo ma ai e , lin r k n m n i l n n ii o a asta ut s uo e k e ta, oli n luke ut kau ta r m l n ll t lai i a unoja ( poe s ) , o i n k uu ne u suo ma s a l u l ‘ uj a , k un ait in i t ai j ok u m uu ( some o n e ) o li n iita
' ' l l n m rr i au a ut , utta nyt vasta ymma an , m t e n S uo mi o ll mi in l i n m i voi a n unk sa aan .
' K rr n k in l n i i e a ysy isa ta , mite nka s uo mala s illa o n n iin al on o m n ii p j ia kau ta lauluja . “ Isan i san o i : S uomen kaun is luonto ( n ature ) on
1 S e e 1 6 3 . 84 FINNISH GRAM MAR
’ n l i ek i kehittanyt ( developed) ka samme se l a s s , etta l me n valoisat se rakasta a run oja ja lau uja . S uo ke sayiit (s ummer n ights ) ja lint ujen laulut ovat
' hn n ihmi et itavat run oist a a lau t e ee t se , etta s p j l t uis a . n i Ilolla k uunt elen ( listen t o ) aina , k u isan i t a l i r i kl ve je ni ke rt oo S uomen t uh an s st a ja vsta, ko s s ll h n i ri ta M kin a t a (waterfa ) ja i a st a saa s . yos h luan k uulla S uom en mon ista k uuluist a (famous) i i n i k eh e m eh sta, ja a sist a (women ) , jot a oy at t n e t maan k l i k i l m ill H luan sa uu u sa s u ko a a ( abro ad) . a luk e a m o k e r o mu ia otka uh vat k uinka y s t ks , j p u S uom e n kan sa on uskollise sti (faithfully) t ehnyt
' tyota isanmaan sa hyvaksi Kun m n E r n ii h e en u opaa , n n haluan n a da Suo m en kaikkin e ihan uuk sin een (with all her splen do i dan m k i n . N e rs) yt t , i a on sa maan i .
LESSON XXIV .
DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE N U S PRO O N .
1 3 4 mon n . a o r a a The de str tive pr oun s a e t m ,
' lu n ame} o r n dméi e t t h i s , p . t , t h s e ; uo , t h a t , 1 u . n uo o s e o r a l e p , t h s e ; , i t t h t , p u . n , t h o s e . These pron oun s c an be used substan tively an d ad l m t o n . a o o r n jective y They y refer pers s thi gs , an d must agree in n umber an d case with the words f o r n which they sta d . LESSON 'XXIV 85
1 3 5 l n un r ke w h o . The re ative pro o s a e jo , , i a a n an d w h c h ; mik , w h t . They refer to perso s things an d c an be used as s ubstantives or ad c tive s je . n 1 3 6 . The relative pro o un m ust always be ex
n l o o o m pressed in Fi n ish , a th ugh it is fte n itted
’ ’ n li Ys tcivcit o i rakas tan T h e in E g sh ; as , , j ta, , o m o Kir e on kiiu f r i e n d s ( w h ) I l v e ; j , j ka m t o a nis o k o l y , n k u , T h e b o ( which ) h e s d i s b e a u t i f u L
It should be n oticed that the relative clause in Finn ish is always separated fro m the mai n clause m by a co ma . 1 3 7 . L e arn the declen sion of the demon strative an d la n n n 2 8 2 8 re tive pro ou s i 5 , 6 .
R VOCABULA Y .
’ ravzn to la a a n t eri m , r e s t u r t a a, e a l
'ma atalo o l vahva 0 n j , h t e , s t r g liik e u n kes kus t e ll o l , b s i e s s a, t t a k
' karhu a éiéittaéi , b e r p , t o d e c i d e
' ' s o imus ve cici l p , a g r e e m e n t t , t o p u l ko ntata i e , t o c r a W ] s t d , t o t i e
’ s e lvci l o tkais ta , c e a r p , t o k i c k
’ cirki a o n m i n k lki j , r e s , d y , s i d e
S E XERCI E XXIV .
A 1 . am ir . a k m n k kk 2 T poi a paatti e n a oon . .
M n a ann an ll t oll ir n 3 M n i ta e yt e k ja . . issa o hyva 8 6 FINNISH GRAM MAR
m l ? 4 a a ravint olassa t ar ravint ola ja aj ata o . T ss k a 5 k on t uolla jo illaan kahvia ja ruo a . . Mies , j o a ,
‘
‘ - 6 Kahvila o st a ul n . e i ole kau e on t yton seta . . , j t e ,
' ' ' ' n l am mieh et t ekevat o ko k a a taa ta. 7 N a ty ta
T 1 ek e ii a hke rammin ku n vasti . 8 . uo m e s t e ty t a i
' ’ h n lo e sa ta I O Han ama 9 He vetavat kar u u s s . . t . . p
' n r n r int ol s 1 1 on syonyt hyva ate i a tassa av a sa . .
' K in l n a ? 1 2 ar etta‘ mm u ka pa jo maks a ateri a . J j e e o t ll vi aja e a . 1 ? 2 B . . Wh o is this boy . That b oy is my o o l r l 4 br ther . 3 . Th se f owers a e beautifu . . The m an m o w m n 5 Who y u sa is y frie d . . These pic u re m l t res a ore beautiful than tho se y o u so d . 6 . In a do l ? T m n wh t city y o u ive 7 . o who shall I se d l ? 8 F om this etter . r whom did y o u receive that e n ? 9 ? . e are o 1 0 A pr se t Wh re y u goin g . n hotel an d a au an ar o n 1 1 r rest r t e f u d here . . We take o u m al at l 1 2 T e s this hote . . he boys t o whom I shall n e o ok are m o o se d thes b s y g d frien ds .
HOL MOLAISTE N ME TSASTYS .
Ke rran men ivat h o lmolaiset k arh uja m et sasta m aan . Kun olivat t ulle et karh un e lle n p sa , iin he e n sin soivat vahvan a n K a . un o livat n e et teri syo ,
' niin he etta P ekka konttaa e n sin pesaan a t uo ka b un ulo s r 2 j r . Va muuden vuok si he olivat
' s it on e et kii den o han en alkaan a y ( r pe) j s . Jos hata .
1 j ii r j e t t ii i t o u t r a i n , h s . S e e a s 1 2 w b l o 1 m . V a r , m u n d e n vu o k s i , f o r p r e c a u t i o n o r i n o r d e r t b e , o s a f e LESSON ‘ XXIV 87
l n n n P kk otk i n ( tro uble ) t a ee , e a p a see , ja ha en
' ri veta at n ulo S e ll in oli t ove n sa v ha et s . a en Sopi m s P kk kontt a 1 aan a 1 van i un han u . e a s pes , J a het k ' ‘ i ' oli paassyt pesaan , n i n karh u p uri hanelta paan o Hiuk n liikutti m P kka alko an a p is . . a ( oved ) e j j s ,
' h n l Ulko uol l i l mutta pi an a kuo i . p e la ( o uts de) o e “ vat t o ve rit ( fellows ) san oivat : Nyt Pekka pot ' ” k i ll i ll i arm n l h va lla aisi . S e a s sa a e v aa o e y o . ill i e i t P k n l P kk li n S o n vt va a u os a o aato . he e , j e a p Niin i l ! N in , t ot se st i (tru y) paaton i holmolaiset
' ' n e u ott eli at anoivat m m tarko itt isi V v ja s , ita ta a a m Y i ' i ' i ll ( ean ) . ksi h e sta Vaitt ( argued ) , etta e o ut n iin varmaa ain oliko Pekalla s illo in ( cert ) , paata “ kaan k n h n n n si T in en n : Oli } u a pesaa ko tta . o sa oi
' hanella n l aan k ink liikkui . N se v u a a paa ai , a p rt ,
' k n h n i” u a soi h e rne ita aamiaiseks ( for breakfast) .
LESSON XXV .
AND RE FLE XIVE IND E FINITE PRONOUNS .
1 3 8 . l iv n un i it e l I The ref ex e pro o s s , s e f . t is used with the possessive s uffixes except in the n m na a n ul n l e le n o i tive c se . Its si g ar a d plura d c i n are l s o s a ike ; as ,
1 - k a a n is o n s t r e n t h n i n ly a g t e g p a r t icl e . 8 8 FINNISH GR AMMAR
mina, its e m e l f , I y s me its e , w e 0 u r s e l v e s
’ mina lle its e lle m o m etlle its e lle mme l , t l , t o m y s e l f o u r s e l v e s sina its e t h 0 t e it o o u l , u t h y s e, y u y r s e f s e l f s inu lle its e lle S i t o t eille its e lle h n e 0 , t h y i l , t s e l f y o u r s e l f '
l h e its e m hdn its e h e h i m s e f , t h e y t h e s e l v e s hcm e lle its e lle ns a t o h eille its e lle ns a o l , l l , t h i m s e l f t h e m s e l v e s
NOT E — A n y t ra n s it iv e v e r b c a n b e u s e d r e fl e x iv e ly w i t h t h e r e e x i e r o n o u n i t s e s e if t h e s e n s e a o s t h a t fl v p , l f ll w , t h e s u e c t o f t h e e r a c t s u o n it s e a s t h e o e c t a s bj v b p lf bj ; ,
l e i k k a a n i t s e a n i , I c u t m y l e i k k a a m m e i t s e a m m e , W 6 s e l f c u t o u r s e l v e s l i k k i a i ii e a a t t s e s , y 0 u c u t l e i k k a a t t e i t s e n n e , y 0 u c u t y o u r s e l f y o u r s e l f l i k k a a i t s ii n a i an a e e s , h e c u t s l e i k k a a va t t s e s , t h e y h i m s e l f o u t t h e m s e l v e s 1 3 9 . The in definite pro n o un s are
o ka e ve r a n huhin j , y , y , e a c h , e a c h o ku j , s o m e o n e o n e
o m ihum i o n o mih j p p , e f in , a n y o n e
t w o hum ikih b t h e p , o t h mo lemmat o ku kaan , b t h , a n y o n e
’ ’ ’ “ ercis S o m o n h enkcicin n , e e , a y o n e m e ni m a n kaikk , y i, a l l
' ' yo hain en o n e kin , e v e r y e g , s o m e
S ome of these are fo rmed from the relative an d nt r 1 e rog ative pronoun s by adding the particle s
90 FINNI SH GRAMMAR
. m han e i an tan ut t aloan sa kummallekaan kaa, utta
' i t illen omen k llekin i A t o ii a an u . h e sta. 9. iti an ty s i i olla 1 1 R ka 1 0 H vitin it sean i an on so t . . a sta . u p
’ 2 L hin it i ‘ i n a i i nn 1 a a o t t se a s . k t o e . v aatte s a . psi g g n l o a on e of B . 1 . The m other gave a app e t e ch l n 2 E a on e of o ul do his her chi dre . . ch y u sho d n k o u 4 E on e best . 3 . S ome o e as ed for y . . very wh o wants t o travel in E nglan d must first cross 6 H A l n 5 l o l . e the t a tic . . I myse f wr te that etter . l 1 Am l 2 n o u w . u u himse f sa it . 7 se yo rse f whe y m 8 L lo n n 3 9 co e to o ur city . . et us ve o e a other . . All m 1 0 of o ust be ready t o g o . . Both these r ses are a l 1 1 n k 1 2 be utifu . . No o e nows where he is . . r l n B oth the left an d right eye of the horse a e b i d .
HE O E K V S N VAR AUS .
' E raalt a t alon pojalt a varastettiin yo lla b an en pa ras h evo en a Han m n m arkkin o ille o s s . e i , j ita pi
' dettiin ra s i i e a sa eta se ssa ( remote) k aupung ssa .
° ' ' Sie lla han n ak oma h evo sen a o a an i n s , j ta er s aiv o ut o m t ar o i h uoke ast a hinn t N sti ies j s as a . ope a 4 han tartt ui h evo sen ohjak siin kiinn I j a h uusi “ ' ' ama on m n n vo e n i in ll T i u h e s . S e on m ult a ta a ” “ viikolla varast e tt u . Out o mies san o i : Te e re h
' d t t e h va m ama h evon en on m n n aik . u v y , y ies T i ,
1 H ii n i t s e h e h i m s a l f e t c 2 H u vi t a i t fi i m u s e , , . s e s , a u f 3 R 0 r s e I e t c . a k a s t a k a m i y , a m e t o s i a m m e , l e t u s l o v e n 4 o e a n o t h e r . S t e m h u u t a a o f h i c h t h e i n a a i s , w f l d r o p p e d e o r e t h e i m e r e c t S i n i 1 0 e t h u s o r m i n b f p f g ( , ) f g
h u u t i , b u t t e t e e n t h e t w o o e s i s c h a n e d t o Th i s b w v w l g s . c h a n g e a a s o c c u r s i n t h e i m e r e c t lw y p f . LESSON XXVI 91
” k e on s uure sti t e idan he vo nne n k ine n a s se a o . S illo in t alonpo ika pe itti h e vose n sa m ole mm at s il ' “ n o h von en o n t e i an ii mat ja s a oi : J s e d , n n sano ' ” ’ ' lm kea m n k k m on o . o s aa , u pi Si a s Ta a vasta si pe a “ ” “ ' ” : a n Niinkii ? e tte a t ie tan tkaan ! ti V se . p y “ i l n i E i i m n n in h s an o ta o po ka . , e , i a sa o e pa uo “ mio m k n i ik ss a (by ista e) s a oi v eras . O e a ” lm ll k Sillo i t lo i an Si a Si a on s o e a . n a npo ka s oi “ n l i o i t n t ol t Nyt si a o e t t se t d s a u ( proved) , etta e
' a aleh e li a Kat kaa mie h e ! ll h e v t . o t var s ja j s , Ta a ” ' ' vo e lla e i le k m ika n ilm k Ym arilla s o u p a S a so ea . p “ se isovat miehe t sano ivat : Nyt t uo mies jo ut ui kiinn i ( is Varas ote ttiin kiinn i ( w as a r n i k arrested) ja s i a g a st u sensa .
LESSON XXV I .
A A UMB S C RD IN L N E R .
1 4 1 . S imple n umerals are 92 FINNISH GRAMMAR
l o n r 1 4 2 . The n umbers from e even t twe ty a e fo rmed by addin g the s uffix - t ois ta t o the co rre i l n a spon d ng n umber be o w t e ; s,
1 1 1 m itois ta . yksit o is t a 5 . es
2 1 huusitois t a 1 hah it is t 6 . . s o a
1 ho m i 1 7 s eits emdn t ois ta 3 l e to s t . . a
’ 1 4 e a ta 1 8 hahdeks an t o is t a . h lj to is . 1 d t t 9. yh ehsan ois a
1 4 3 n n . Numbers den oti g t e n s, h u d r e d S ,
o u n l l n r om oun t h s a n d s , a d m i i o s a e c p ds m ll om n n with the s a er n ume ral first . B oth c po e t
a re l n l p rts a dec i ab e .
hahsih mm eit ma y eh td 70 . s s e nkymm en td
he lm eh mm e ntéi 80 hahde k n k m h td y . s a y me
’ n e l cih mm en td 90 hde k d m j y . y s nhy men td
viisih mm 'n 2 y e id 0 0 . haksisat aa huus ihymm en ta ho lme tuhatt a
1 4 4 . The n umbers from twenty up between n u n d o u n r t e s , h r e d s , t h s a d s , etc . , a e fo rmed by placing the larger n umb er first followed u d m all m by the req ire s er n u ber ; as ,
2 1 hah i m . s kym en tayksi 3 1 ho lm e m . hy m en tdyhsi 41 éi ' . h e lj hymmen téiyksi 5 1 i . visihymmen tdyksi 6 1 h . uusihymm en tdyhsi 71 ’ . s eits emcin hymm en tdyksi LESSON XXVI 93
kahdeksan hymmen tayksi
’ yhde ks cin kymme n téiyhs i s atayksi hahs is ataayks i ho lmes a taayks i n e ljéis ataayksi viis isa taa yksi kuusis ataayks i s eits e mdns ataayksi kahde ksah s a taayks i yhde hsdns ataayhs i tuhatyhsi
n r 1 4 5 . Both cardin al an d ordi al n umbers a e l n a l b ut a nl o f n um dec i b e , the first p rt o y .the bers fro m t e n t o twenty is declin ed ; the secon d p art l n ois a ways remai s in the p artitive ; as , yhde lle t
’ t m h le t o l n m e n h e ltci tois t a a ie e l , t h e e e v e ; y d
’ mi he tci o m l m e n e l v n . , f r t h e e e e 1 4 6 . The n umerals are used m uch the s ame w in F n in E n l ll ay i n ish as g ish , however , the fo ow ing peculi arities Should be n o ticed : ( a ) If the cardin al n umber is in the n omi native o r a u a i o n e mil oo na m i l cc s tive ( except yks , ; j , l i o n ) the word m o dified by it Sho uld be always
’ in a n ula as k k i mies ta the p rtitive Si g r ; , a s , t w o m e n ko lm oik ; e p aa., t h r e e b o y s . ( b ) In other cases the n umeral agrees with the m i i word it odif es ; as, kuude lle m eh elle , t o S i x m e n , etc . 94 FINNISH GRAM MAR
n are 1 4 7 . Names of the mo ths
’ n h eimikuu J u l t ammikuu, J a u a r y , y
’ m kuu F u a e le ka n A u u h e l z , e b r r y , g s t m aalisk uu M a s s huu S e p e m , r c h yy , _ t b e r htikuu A 1 1 le kakh a t o hu , p r , O c b e r
o M a marm skuu o ve m b e r t o uk kuu, y , N
e dhuu n ou luhuu m h s , J u e f , D e c e b e r
k re 1 4 8 . The days of the we e a
t ors tai u S a M . maan an tai, o n d a y , Th r d y
i S a er an t ai a t ist ai, T u e d y p j , F r i d y viik o n S lam n tai S a u a keski k , W e d e , t r d y
’ t u n a d a y sunnun az , S d y
— no t NOT E T h e n a m e s o f t h e m o n t h s a n d t h e d a y s a r e i n n i s c a p it a l iz e d i n F h .
m are o m 1 4 9 . The distributive n u bers f r ed by
- r 4 mm as kaksittain t w o the en din gs ftaih o , , ,
’
ci n e o n e . b y t w o ; yksitt in , o b y
EXERCISE XXVI .
k i o k t l A 1 K i a uva t a ossa . . . aks i m e sta j a y s p i as
' 2 ii it man ai aa 3 o e n v . . Vu s o . V ko ssa on s e se p d sa
' k k i i k a 4 M n in k n a s t o sta kuu autt . . in a uku ahde ks a n i t i m n i 6 t u t a . 5 . Jun a myohas y kym e en t unt a . .
' ' Kaytava on yhde ksan j alkaa pitka ja n elja jalkaa
' l a i o k in eve . I om a n 8 7 . s a aa a p p i p sata pau a . .
Tassa h uon e e ssa on k ahdeksan t uolia j a yk si poyt a; 9 Ha . n on laulan ut k ah de llekymm e n elle mieh elle a kolmellek mmen ll n i ll j y e e a se e ta ssa huonee ssa . LESSON XXVII 95
1 0 P0 1 113 on ruokaa kuu eksi vn kok i . 3 d s ( see
' 1 1 Y i in k k ittain o a s ui at l 1 2 . ks tta , a s p j t a t v u o s . . l ll t hi o Kah de sti o en o u C c ag ssa . 1 re me n a d B . . There a five n three boys in 2 How o ld are ? n this room . . y o u 3 . I am twe ty n l 4 H w an a r o e years o d . . o m y d ys a e there in a k ? 5 ar n i k 6 wee . There e seve days n a wee . . r l m n H w There a e twe ve o ths in a year . 7 . o man y lla i k ? do rs do y o u h ave n yo ur poc et 8 . I h ave o n n w n - ll 9 ne h u dred a d t e ty five do ars . . The boys in n n 1 0 l k in stepped , o e by o e . . I co lected ( oko s ) m o n 1 1 Pl this ney from five m e . . ease give me ll 1 2 r i l n fo ur do ars . . There a e f ve chi dre an d fo ur m n in m wo e this roo .
LESSON XXV II .
A MB S ORDIN L NU E R .
1 5 0 . The formation of the o rdi n als is b ased f nal upon the same pri n ciple as th at o the cardi s . o l o o a n al It Sh u d , h wever , be n ticed th t ordi s , except
’ ensimciin en an d t oin en o n e n d in , f i r s t , , s e c d , s in the n omin ative ; in other cases - n t e ( we akened t - 7 m 1 1 o e se e , i) .
’ l st ensimciin en 1 9th yhdeksas to is ta 2 n d t oin en 2 oth kahdes hymmen e s 3 rd ko lmas 2 l st kahdes kymme nes yhdes
’ 4th n eljcis 3 oth ko lmashymme nes FINNISH GRAMMAR
m en es hdes 5th mzdes 3 1 st ko lmas hym y
6 th kuu des 40th n eljéishymm en e s
’ hdes 7th s eits em as 41 st n e ljcis kymm eh es y
8th h ahde hsas 5oth viides kymme n es h mm en es hdes 9th yhdehsas 5 1 st viid es y y m e n e s l oth hy mm en es 6 0th huu deshy m mm en es hdes 1 1 th yhdes t ois t a 6 1 st huu des hy y
’ ‘ 1 2 th kahdes tois ta 70th s eits emcis kymm en es
’ 1 3 th ho lmas t o is t a 71 st s eits emcishymm en esyhdes
1 5th viides tois t a 80th hahde hs ashymm en es
’ ’ l kahde ks ask mmeh es hdes 1 5th n e lycis t ois t a. 8 st y y l 6 th huudes t ois ta 90th yhdehsa shymm eh es
’ as h mm en es hdes 1 7th s eits e mcis t ois ta. 91 St yhde ks y y
1 8th kahdeks as to is ta 1 00th sa das
o d n al 1 5 1 . Fraction s c an be expressed by the r i n um 0 a a o r a d n al o d n al ber 3 , p r t , b y the c r i r i
i e - o r i viides 0 3 a kaksi age ; as, vi d s s a o yks ; ko lmas - os aa .
’
1 5 2 . Pa e a l al a ak s a le, h f, w ys t e the p rtitive l Singular e xcept when it m o difies a n umera ; as,
~ u o li auh a ihaa, a l o u n d o f m e a p p a l , a h f p t ; u o i u i a l p l h us , h f p a s t S i x .
1 5 3 . Multiplicatio n s are expressed by c om
n n o d k ert a ak n t o erran see bi i g the w r ( we e ed k , ‘ 1 1 k m n , ) t i e s , with the cardin al o r o rdi al n um as ko lm e k ertaa 1 46 o m ber ; , ( , a ) k l e, t h r e e m S viisi k erte ei emdn t i e t h r e e ; a s ts , f i v e
’ m S n n o n t i e s e v e ; tice e simciin en herta, t h e
98 FINNISH GRAM M ‘AR
kahdeksan I i S h a l a s K e llo on puo li , t f p t ’ l o k e I g h t o c c . t il o lmen i Ke llo on viisitois t a minuut ia yl k , It S li f i f t e e n m i n u t e s p a s t t h r e e ( t . the m o r r e n n u e . clock is . past ove fift e i t s ) ’ l o k K on i i ta i s l V n o c . e llo yks t o s , I t e e e c
E XERCISE XXVII .
i i 2 Pal A 1 N o ke sakuun vi de s a . . . . yt n pa v
z ? mm n n ~ 4 K ll u li e e . j onko on kello 3 . e o on p o ky .
' K i i illa i m n 5 nko ello on viisi m n uutt a va se t se a . . O ' l ' " ? X ll h uomenn a h e in akuun n e jas paiva 6 . y a s e
' ' l n K n t ule e n iin a a aivalta lma ie ee . 7 . u syksy , p iv p i
’ ' ka k lmemm ak i 8 Ke ak on vuo den k uude s y y s . . s uu
' kuukausi 9 E n unn unt ain a iident ena al a . . s v si , p v n a o ulukuut a m n hi n 1 l m u j , e en C c ag oo . 0 . Co u b s lo si Am e rikan vuon n a 1 492 1 1 K llo it emal . . se s y e — t a aam mi i 1 2 n s me jo aa a st a . . Ju a laht ee New
Yo rkiin uoli alkeen uol n ivan 4 p viisi j p e pa . ? 1 m 2 - . . a i I l B Wh t ti e s it . t is ha f past five .
3 . is n m n u f It twe ty i tes o Six . 4 . It is fifteen mI n ut e s a o u 5 - T - fter f r . . o day we celebrate the Fo u o f ul 6 In . 1 1 l J . a 9 5 l rth y the ye r . 7 . I Sha se e o u on n of R y the te th day December . 8 . ead an d l n a the sixth e eve th ch pters o f this book . 9. l at 3 2 0 F n S 1 I ive iftee th treet . 0 . The first day
1 Y l i m e a n s o e r o r a s t a n d o r h v p , g v e n s t e g e n it iv e c a s e . 2 P l ? a j o n k o o n k e ll o ? w h a t t i m e i s i t 3 O n k o h u o m e n n a
h e i n fik u - u n n e l j ii s p iii vii ? I s t o m o r r o w t h e F o u r t h ? o f J u y 4 al k e e n u o e n fii vii n h n l j p l p , i n t e a f t e r n o o . LESSON x x vm 99
1 1 i m n f of the week is S un day . . The f rst o th o
1 2 n - M the year is Jan uary . . The twe ty Sixth of ay 1 91 6 .
LESSON XXV III .
M S C O POUND NOUN .
n r 1 5 7 . Compo un d n o u s a e ‘ ( a ) Co - ordin ate in which case the hyphen is
used to separate the words from each o ther ; as ,
i - F n i h - E n l i S uo mala s en lan tilain en n S . g , i g s h (b ) Those in which the last word is defi ned by n m n the first o e which precedes it . The first co po e nt pa rt is often either in the n omin ative or gen i n in i n l n tive , a d th s case o y the last compo en t p art
’ ' n l as is cinmaa a l a n is tin i s i f ected ; , , f t h e r d ; maalle a l a n raut atie a i l , t o t h e f t h e r d ; , r
a rauta tiel' e h ' r ' i l r o r o d ; l , t o t e a a d . But if the first word of a compoun d n oun is an adj ective then both compon ent part s are i n flected ; as vieras mie w i t n lit vi a s S . s a , , e s ( er , S t r n g e mies m a n vieraa llemiehel e t h , ) ; l , t o e w i t n omatun to n n omantunn on e s s ; , c o s c i e c e ; , o f
t h e c o n s c i e n c e .
1 T h e hy p h e n i s a l s o u s e d f o r c l e a rn e s s b e tw e e n t w o c o m p o n e n t p a r t s i f t h e f i rs t w o r d e n d s a n d t h e s e c o n d w o rd
e i n s it h t h e s a m e o e s o u n a s e s l - i s fi o r e a t h e r b g w v w l d ; , , f f . 1 00 FINNISH GRAM MAR
AHTI J A PAIMEN .
P aimen ist uI ke rran j o en rann alla ja vuoli 2 Vahin o ssa l ut o si ve it si hé (chipped) p uuta . g p
' ' ' n Suruis n e n kade stan sa jo kee n ja men i pohjaa .
' k r ti San sa ( in so rrow) paimen alko i itke a kat e as . 3 k n Han ul aim en e n luo Ahti kuuli han e n it u sa . t i p ' “ ' ? ” ja kysyi h an e lta: Mita itke t Paimen san o i hé 2 n n u H A suke l si elle syyn ( reaso , ca se ) . eti hti ( dove ) pohjaan ja t o i paimen elle kult ave it se n
' kn f l P m n i tt an ut a y aan sa ( ife o go d) . ai e e o sit , “ ” ’ n o i : E 1 le n i i Han i ki ha d l se o mi un ve t se n . t y e e
' l n A k l i h n N han t o i h o e aa aa . ee . hti su s t s po j yt pe ave it sen ( kn ife of Silver) ja t arjo si Sita paime o “ ' ' n ll P n mi e e . aime s an o i t aaskin : E i sekaan o le ” ' n un e it n i A k l l rr n oh aan v se . hti su e si vie a ke a p j i i n ll i f n ja t o pa m e e e raut ave t se n (k n ife o iro ) .
ai n an a m n ilo ll om i ti A ii i m T p i e a s . hti k tt p ai e
' n e n re h e lli t t o H n h i i m syy a ( h n esty) . a la jo tt pai e
' n ll m o le mm at ka k ult a e i e h o e it e n e e se v t s n etta pe av s .
' To iset ai at an ie m k n E as s v pi t taa ta an t apau se . r “ paimen ajatt e li : E hka min ullakin o n yht a hyva ” o nn Ha m n n . n o r n t h i ti k i e i j en a aa , e t jo e e n veit
se n a alko i itke a A l i lt ve it j . hti tu i taas ja t o k u a “ se n H r T . an t a jo si Sita paime n e lle ja san o i : atako ? ” “ ” itke t P a m n an o : . r H n o ik i i i e s i Juu i Sita. a a s
' k n a iko i ott n Mu Ah ( stretched) at e sa j a aa se . tta
1 V h n h n 2 90 n o t e 4 . a i g o s s a , b y c a c e , e t c . S e e p a g e , A h i h h F m o t t h e o d f t e e a i n t e I n n i S h t o . , g o s y h l g y
1 02 FINNISH GRAM MAR
' M ilo isen a e t ee n ain a a e i ies , j oka p ( forw rd) j oi ,
' h ainn ut Viime in ul han kotiin a a ollen kaan av . t t . t i
'
i l n vast aan . kuormin e en . Va mo tu i ha ta “ ” n llut mieh e n i ? Missa o let n iin kaua o , “ ' 1 ' k n im on i I detaan A i l i a va . N la o le m l as a , yt p P n ul lle Min ulla re i a a a t e . s uu t p dot ( feast) . e p t ' ” n f l on reki tayn a ( full o ) ka oja . To de llakin ( truly) mieh e n i “ ' A ll li k on l k uh kettu ivan t o de a . Ja sa si vie a a is kin n k i i l k lle n ( se e j o a loys n t e ta uo e a .
“ ' Vaimo l ll i ll t ele t o ol tu i ree e . Vo , mita h u ut ( f in mie he n i ? E h n l n k l ie g ) i a tassa o e yhtaa a aa . V ' ” ' la vahe mmin Mi i tassa kettua n aen . e sta kovast havetti w a a ( s shamed) . “ ' ' K lla h omaan imon i ieka nn m y pa u , va . V s ( c u g ) ” e t on m ill k k o n k t h t k t u e e ai a epp se (tric ) e ny .
LESSON XXIX .
A B A S AND A B U . TTRI TE , PPO ITIVE , DVER
1 5 8 . An attribute is a direct modifier of the s ubstantive an d is used as follows An adj ec tive o r s ubstantive attribute agrees in n um an d a m ber c se with the wo rd it o difies ; as, “ H va: oika ta le e o o y p , T h e g d b o y i s c o m i n g ;
‘ He lsinki S h e m en iicikau un ki on m h e , p p , S uo e lahd n ran na lla H e l S i - n f o , g r s , t h e c a p i t a l o f
1 A l a o l e m i l l fis i k fifin d o 11 o m i , t n d , e t c . LESSO N XXIX 1 03
F i n l a n d i s l o c a t e d o n t h e G u l f o f l n F i n a d . NO T E — I f t h e s u b s t a n t iv e a t t r ib u t e is n o t m o d if ie d t h e n ’ e d e c i n e d s l a s t o r l l ce h d e l l e l ii ll e t l n k l r ve n I i t c a n n o t h l ; a , j , e i s e n t a l e t t e r t o R e v e r e n d L h t .
1 5 9 u in a mo . An appositive is a word sed re i n direct w ay t o describe o r t o defin e a n o un or o n a are : pron u . Its c ses ( a ) The essive if a s ubstantive or adj ective is
' n o s P o ikan hcin e t ti ms in used as a app sitive ; a , a , I , h i m Nuoren o ikana mi s a s a b o y , k n e w ; a p , e o li k e in iloin n A u n m a n y e , s a y o g b o y , t h e w a s v e r y c h e e r f u l (when the man w as a o un b o w a l y g y , he s cheerfu ) . (b ) The n omi n ative o r p artitive when a s ub sta ntive is used as an appositive with so me lo cal c a o m n n P o se t odify verbs a d s ubsta tives ; as , ja t
’ s eis o va t héide t lan t eilla rivissci o , T h e b y s , w i t h t h e i r h a n d s o n t h e i r h i p s a r e s t a n d i n g i n l i n e ; Mies juo ks ee likaa kas vo is sa m , T h e a n , w i t h d i r t o n h i s f a c e , i s r u n n i n g . 1 6 0 A l r . dverbs den ote m anner , p ace , time , o M f m r m degree . any o the a e pri itive words used
“ ie a i o r n 11 as a as v e o o . dverbs ; , l , y e t ; h t , pia , s , etc 1 6 1 ‘ . But a gre at m ass o f adverbs are formed by adding the fo llo wing en din gs
a - s ti t o a kk a s l ( ) dj ectives ; as , ra a ti, d e a r y .
- t en on un as s it n mit en (b ) to pr o s ; , e , s o ; , h o w ; o r - n o n iin ne t express directio ; as , t ne , h i t h e r ; s inn e , t h i t h e r . FINNISH GRAM MAR
(c ) - tus ten o r - tyst en t o n o un s t o express a l n in n a s t eh d n eutral re ati o ; as , r tu , S i d e b y s i e ; h n i n a n éi t s t en a d . k si y , h d
1 6 2 - k( o r - h(m - a o r - a a . The suffixes m , p p h ve
n r m a e a stre gthen in g o affir tive fo rc ; as ,
’ Hcin héi tu i H i o m n l , e d d c e . H O hc m ha l e, r h o m m o n n n e l a aa a S . , e h S e e y P o ika a s e o l w a u p i, I t s ( j st) a b o y
’ ’ T ttb hcih o n ko ton u u a t y , T h e d a g h t e r i s o m h e .
1 T - i n n n 6 3 . h e particle h h h as a stre gthe i g
’ o m an n o r l o Hcin in a e e f rce e i g t o o a s ; as , h t l , H e o m n t o i s c i g o .
” l c b n f o r 1 6 4 . No absolute ru e an e give the f d A S ule o llo p ositi o n o a verbs . a r , they f w the
Hit aa h un iis ti n verb ; as , u lau l a , S h e S i g s l s w e e t y .
S EXERCI E XXIX .
A 1 h t ret mieh et o h via . . Nama koy a n uo y at y
‘ ’ i n i O lait a 2 S n kir e n run o ili l ve l elt a . pp . . ai je ja ta j
3 P o an la l n k n i 4 N r n m ie h e n a . j u u o au s . . uo e a han li im P l n o 5 k kk a aa a . vo akas . o n u u aa . i a u p p j 6 T . tt o ast uu h uon e e e en l n alo i a 7 A u y s u ta j ss . .
rin ko aist k irkkaa i a m i i 8 P h u a aa s la ma t . u p t j p s . j u u vo imakk aasti a e lvast i 9 H k n aa uu p h i j s . . an i s p
' ' an n 1 0 P . t i 1 M n . o a e ovat rinn t e 1 a t e j s s a ust n . . i
’ e n o le la kir o ittan ut h n ll 1 2 Han a e i a e . vie j e . p
' ' o san n ut laks an an y sa t aan .
1 06 FINNISH GRAM MAR
ll n n n 1 6 7 . The fo owi g prepositio s gover the gen itive case :
l 1 o s o u li o , a ke lki, t h r g h y , v e r c r s m dri a o u n kau tta, b y y p } r d
’ ci i 1 o u hesken i n m l p , t h r g h , t h e i d s t poihhi} a c r o s s o f
ll n o on o n 1 6 8 . The fo owi g postp siti s g ver the partitive case
h i h o hden a a n ai n o a ke t , , g i s t , p , t w r d s itkin a l o n t o w a rd s p , g n e vailla w i t h o u t ko htaan , f o r , i r ,
'vart efh f o r f o r S p e c t t o , , t h e
' m et en a l o n a c s a k e o f y , g , , n h as t en vas t oin a c o r d i g t o , ,
ai i a i n s t o w a r d s p ts , b e s i d e s g , t
vas tac m a n , a g i s t
n 1 6 9 . The followin g prepo sitions gover the p artitive case
e nn en aitsi d , b e f o r e p , b e s i e s
ilman itkin a l o n , w i t h o u t p , g
’ ’ ’ hes h e llci - lici - lle n vas t a déitci o o S , ) i p , p p i t e m h as t en vas t o ih o t h e i d S t o f , , f r , a
lihi like la n a n t , l , e a r g i s
' lcih e lléi m ari r r n , n e a r y p , a o u d
1 C a n b e u s e d as pre po s it io n o r p o s tp o s it i o n wi th o u t c h an g e f m n in O e a g . LESSON xxx 1 07
S EXERCI E XXX .
A 1 Mu a ko m aka o an lla 2 T uo . . st ira a p yd a . . m n n ari 3 M n k mies o n atk ust a ut maa ymp . . e e kir
o n ha k n s an . 4 ul an n m n n tah ko ne n a sa . . T e t e i u mm i i n N t m e ma k usta e oh o sta koht . te i . 5 . .y t p j
' ' P r i ok k n m kO h a ht a 7 . a o e vt a . 6 . jat pu j j e pit i Ta y
' k n r aa ill 8 Pitk mie h i vat po i a o ah va a . . at e t se so
’ i H l nn nn min 1 n a 9 . u 0 . se aa v ste n . an t u i ta e e en a .
' ' ' l n irk 1 1 T r n l n Ta o o lab ella k ko a . . yta me i ky aa t i itin ht oa 1 2 M ok imme la laa vas o n a a . e u s sa t . j pi m ' jan e t san . 1 H a 2 B . . e c me befo re I did . . We h ave trav e le d F l n l n through i n a d . 3 . The fami y is Sitti g a un l 4 l l ro d the tab e . . This itt e boy is witho ut o an d m o n 5 l n d Sh es ey . . We s ai ed up the wide a au ul 6 lk be tif river . . I wa ed through the forest an d a l n cross the fie d . 7 . The boat is i the midst wa s 8 n n s 9 H of high ve . . They sta d behi d u . . e is om n f o r o k 1 0 n l n c i g y ur s a e . . The pe ci is ear the n l 1 1 l i k bott e . . I ive across the street j ust oppo o 1 2 at n o re un site your h use . . The c a d d g a der a l the t b e .
KAR HU KAL A PYY F N N NTI ( The Bear C atching ish ) .
Ke t k li o n vatsan sa ta t ee n u n t t u, j o a o sy yt y , ist i y
’ 1 I S O ka a hyvilla mielin m e tsan rint e e ssa ( edge ) . s
' l i r K n ul ha ( pile ) o li vie a se n ve e ssa. arh u Sitte t i
1 h vi l l ii m i e i n c o n t e n t e (1 e t c y l , , . 1 0 8 FINNISH GRAM MAR
' 1 n H vaa aivaa kett u kulta ( a ) . n e n luo kse sa . y p , de r ? ” Mit en o let saan ut n o in paljon kaloja ” kin ut Olen n e j arvesta on . “ lis E ko o e tt aisi min uakin Sepa o li hyva saa . t p ” onkim aan ? l i l llan i kett u k u ta . Kylla m e e , “ z ? ” N mite n e ka i o , s yp “ l a M n a an n I n l e k . Kylla se n san o S u , rhu e e v n ll avant o a ol in th e on akin t alvi- l a o e ( , h e ice) j i t i ll Pan e n n al on t ahtia t a vaa a . n a , k un o p j Sitte
' t n siin a a an liikku b antasi avan t oo n . I s u Sitte iv un a m atta (witho ut moving) aam u asti . Ved Sit
' ' n Sillo in o n kala t artt un ut kiinn i t e b antasi l S . i n r a lla a alla k e ka vaan . S ( atta ch ) jo a s e e (h ir) i t v ” m n a n i origi . “ Kii k i ke t l n l on h va n u o t o s a , t u k u t ase . Sepa y e v
“ ' ” P h n i 3 k k l e ni da a as a u u t as . i yv , rh am an a ilt an oli ko akk an o l Tah S a va p en ( c d) . de t kiiluivat ai alla Ka u ok m i i k n t va . rh , j a u st etu n e uvon m en I ar ll Sie lla h an n ve e . u a , J ist i heti h ti
' ' n n avant o on a an a an ra - n n ee . V h j pe sta tu si ha
' ' ikaan kuin ( as if) j Oku o lisi purrut han e n han taan e ii ' i 1 s . S ta a h an l Oike n h ville m l n K la p tu i y ie i . a t
' n e n t ure vat it se n sa kiinn i I st un n hil y p . aiva jaa .
' ’ Tasta a t ule al o l p e p j n ka oja .
' Siin a u k a u a n a aam S ist i rh i uun asti . illa aikaa
1 k u l m t a e a n s l it . g o d . B u t b e t e e n i n t i m a t e r i e n d s i t l w , f m e n 2 a s (1 e a r . N o m i t e n s e k ii i ? W e h o i s i , y p l l , w t ? d o n e 3 P i d a h vfin fis i m a e u s e o f h i e y , k t e a d v s .
1 1 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
' m n n e . 1 72 . Interj ectio s expr ss e otio They
ei oi joy ; h ,
i i tti . mockery ; aha, p t , hi i , etc
n i voi oi haa e tc . sorrow an d pai ; a , , , , oh o ha kah hoi astonishment ; o , n , a , , ah i disgust ; hyi, , n , etc .
S EXERCI E XXXI .
la 2 A ist uu M n l n a na lau t . . A . 1 . i a ue j si iti
' ' i ill n k i a t seka ke rtoo ke rt omuk s a laps e e . 3 . Se a s e ta
‘ 4 M n en a voi t ehda y aan po ika nauravat . . i a Sit ,
' 5 Niin han anoo t oiset aa e hka veljen i t ekee . . s , t s H a i ll muk an a t ulisi suu t oisin . 6 . an lup s tu a a , ett i n o t aan ! 8 N t m k He O at t u s . re pi jou ko . 7 . , p j , y j y n i t 9 Ole l t n h en k kas a . o e asvt vva . n sa a ut , s ta d taa
' ' l n l 1 0 o le luok en i n iin a, kunn e s ha t u ee . . J s t u t s ,
' ol iloinen 1 1 oko m n a m n un vel en i t u en . . J i tahi i j
' le e n u vast aan a e malle 1 2 Han ka tta t Si a s . . y y yy
’ a iink in i in ( cts ) n u han e i t unt si m ua . 1 n b B . . I we t t o the office , ut y ou did not come . 2 A . S soon as you have fin ished your work come to m r P y office . 3 . Ou trip t o aris will be interesting, o u om 4 n if y c e with us . . Then I shall stay i Paris un l o u m k 5 l ti y co e bac . . I sha l either brin g your m al o r ake o u o n e here t y t a restaura t . 6 . Which do ou row r t l ? y wish , to o o padd e 7 . Both my n d an d I w ll v o u 8 n frie s i isit y . . I have ot seen y o u f o r a lon m o e m m ll g ti e , h wever, I r e ber yo u quite we . 9 . w as a n m o I bse t fro sch ol because I w as Sick .
1 0 . S am t o me f o h i n he c e visit , r s e s my au t . LESSON XXXI
1 1 n ot inv n e u n l a . They were ited , co s q e t y , they st yed 1 2 P a ill a n l away . . erh ps he w st y here u ti yo u m co e .
KE TT A U J JANIS .
i t n hte en Ke u a Ke rran t ul vat ke t u ja j a is y . tt s “ ' ' ” n o i janikse lle : E ipa sin ua kukaan pelkaa! “ ' ” K k lkaa? a n u a sinua pe vast si j a is . “ i i k “Mi Ka kki m n ua vasta si e tt u . n ll n i k n ln k ikki luulevat min na su u a o p t a hanta , i a
' ' de ksil k m atkan aasta n ake at Se ntahde n mi v . , un p
' ' n l n ! ” n ua pelataa , m utta e i sin ua pe kaa k ukaa
“ ' z ” “ L k mm n i n M n n n yO aa e vet o , s a o j a is . i a ayta ,
' min l n ” etta ua pe ataa .
To in en suo st ui i i he n l o iin S n S a v t . , j eto y itte he
' ' me n ivat h e a kavele maan a n iin n h uoma i y d ss , j j a is s 3 ( n oticed) lammaslauman aidan S ivulla makaam as
' sa l n K n iin n ( s eepi g ) . un j an is aki taman , n ha h a i mm l m n L am at l t ivat ypp s heti la as au aa . pa pe as y
’ ’ S iita a h a i m nk k rke i at an ii j ypp s vat i a e s v . J is S ta ilosta han ve o n vo itti alkoi n auraa a han , etta d , , j n auroi n iin kovasti han e n uu re e i ris iin a , etta s p s t . J
’ ' S iita paivasta alkaen onkin j an ikse n s uu ollut ristiin lk h a i . S en it ui p n en se .
1 l u u l e va t m i n u a s u d e k s i t a k e m e 0 a 0 , f r w l f . 2 L fik ti fim m e e t o l e t e t y v , u S b . 3 l a m m a s l a u m a a o c o f s h e e , f l k p . 1 1 2 FINNISH GRAMMAR
K A PYY TI n a n KAR HUN AL N N (co tin u tio ) .
' ' ' K k an aikaan oli aam ukavel llaan ett u, j o a tah y n l n h o masi karh un urke a a . ( mo rn in g walk ) , u s ti t 11 E 1 h an karh ua Paha ve ijari ( rogue ) t uo ket u 0 .
' a tan k an Pain vast o in han uoksi k alast a an ut ut a . j j
' t l ll i ll h at olle Han h uusi S ie lta a o e . S e a an no usi k .
' r i an V im o kult a savut o ve n ( chimn ey) k autta S sa . a ,
' m n ar lle i ll i t u k a u hantin e e n e e heti j ve . S e a s u rh .
' nn i n a ava o ssas o st a a o ud t . , j vett (get) Vaim o oka o a kirn u i urn d vihast ui , j v it s ( ch e ) , t n H h n o l ( o get angry) ko vi . eti a , ko re nt (po e)
' ' ka e n k r ll P k mik ika d s aa o i a ve e . a a a u s s , ju s j h rh ,
' avant oan i pilaat ( t o spo il ) Kylla min a sin ulle pa re m i t a o a m n n o et n p a p j ( a ers ) p a . Niin lOi ( struck ) han karh ua kaikin vo imin ko
' ren n o lla K li r . a u O uu s rh s e sa hadassa ( distress ) .
' ' A n a k ove mmin ko e t i han re i h n i t p a a t aan sa irt i .
' ' ' Viim e in n all ko n h i 1 K ( fi y) kavi vi pa ast . oko hanta
’ ' ' katke si ak off avan on ii i (bre ) t o . S ta pa vasta asti e i karh ulla o le ollut
Ke tt u aa m n alon S 1 saan onka o n vaimo t s e i t , J ve o li attan t l lukit m n l j y ( eft ) se atta ( u ocked) . Sie lla
' ’ han kaat oi kirn un u n N h n ( ch r ) . ain a taas sai hy
' van a an K ll n teri . y a b a en pahat Juon e n sa (tricks ) o nn ist uivat Mu e n h . tta s ta den kadottikin han kaik
' ki stavan sa E i k sik n n y . y aa e aan tuota pahaa ke t t ua uskon u t ( trust) .
1 k ti i k o i n a h a s t i a b a d a c i v v p , c d e n t o c c u r r e d .
1 1 4 FINNISH GRAM MAR
Joko J oko - ikho - ikko in a e a l al ; ( a ) , , , , dic t oc ity m u l a kivikko a n as , rapakko, a d d y p c e ; , s t o y p l a c e ; a p i n e w o o d .
- la na l al as a ila a r (b) , desig te oc ity ; , p pp , p ’
a a u n l l a . s o n a g e ; s e t l , c e s p c e
’ - n ko - n kO - nn e e k n of la ( c) , , , xpress the i d p ce ;
' ' k l o w l a n lan ke a l a n as, alan o , a d ; y , h i g h d ;
r a n e a . h a j n , r i d g e
- is to - s to - s to n a o u of ob ( d) , , , de ote gr p
’ ivi to a 0 mttn nistO j ects ; as , ko s , b i r c h g r v e ; , n wo laivas to a l kir asto a a p i e o d ; , “ f e e t ; j , l i b r a r y .
( e) - n en is a dded to th e disyllabic wo rds an d
- in en t o mon osyllabic wo rds to form dimin utives ; m l l f l 0 w e oravain en a as , hn hkanen , a S a r ; , l l s m a s q u i r r e l .
' —lain en - lain en n o n on al l or ( f) , , de te ati ity, c ass , la n r lon p ce where a perso o obj ect be gs ; as, sa oma lain en a F i n n vena ain e n a R u S a n aa , ; l , s i ; m lain en , a f a r m e r .
- t ar - ta n m n (g) , r s uffixes de ote fe i in e n ames ; l as lan la a r o n , j ta , a w m a S i n g e r ; a o m a n w c O o k .
- a s - s a a o l - nns — s ( h) , y fter v we ; , yy ) afte r a on on an are ad t o o m c s t ded f r abstract n o un s ; as , va ans m fe e l 'e p , f r e e d o ; j ys , b r o t h e r h o o d ; iennns m a l l n e h v s o n p , s s s ; y yy , g o d e s s . 1 75 . The following suffix es are used to form adj ectives : RULES OF SYNTAX 1 1 5
- va - na i n i a l as ( a ) , , the s g s of the f rst p rticip e ; ,
' ’ va i l u l ahtava i i l t aita k n v . , s f ; , s b e
- nu t - n t the n n a l ( b ) , y , Sig of the seco d p rticip e ; in l n vis t n t a ut a si u a . s , opp , e r e d ; y y , e d c t e d
- i i ll t o s ( c) n en s us ua y added the n o uns ; a , aamuin en a l villain en o o l n , e r y ; , w e .
- in l n un s e l i ( d) ll en is a so added to the o s ; a , y l n en n l vaarallin en a n u , ight y ; , d g e r o s
° ' - is a - isa - kas - kas n l n uln as ( e ) , , , , de ote p e tif ess ; ,
' han lui a m u s eikkisa l a u l m aukas s a, f o ; l , p y f ; , i i n l a t a u m o u v l s ih s . r c h f o r ; y , h o r s
’ ’ - t on - tOn v l m - t toma - t tOma (f) , ( owe ste , ) cor respon d to the E n glish preposition w i t h o u t o r
' ’ 1 S s a voimat n l vis t maton e ; s , o , p o w e r e S s ; s i y , n i io n u e d u c a t e d (w thout educat ) .
- main en - main en n l k n E n l (g) , de ote i e ess g ish
- i S a ikama n en o i s o i S . h ; , p , b y h
RULES OFSYNTAX.
NO MINATIVE .
1 76 S 2 1 2 2 . a a a ee p r gr phs , . The n omin ative is the case o f direct ad ‘ ’ ? k Miinko a atte le tt e h rra . u n s , j , e Y o t h i
The n ominative absol ute is put in the nom n i i at ve case ; as, H(in tu li hatt n paas sa huon e e s n H a v n h n m n ee , i g h i s a t o , h e c a e i t o t h e r o o m . FINNISH GRAM MAR
GENITIVE .
I n r n n 1 79 . Po sse ss O o ow ership is de oted by ’ k P an kir a o o . the gen itive ; as, oj j , T h e b y s b o
n n o an a n 1 8 0 . S ubj ective ge itive de tes y ge t
L eivon lau lu, on erit which m akes so mething ; as ,
n n o n o f a l a k e s tai ha n is , T h e s g r i s i u l p e c a l l y b e a u t i f .
o c 1 8 1 . Obj ective gen itive expresses the bj e t
f n m a n e lho o n viis an de n a lku o a acti on ; as , Ja la p , T h e f e a r o f G o d i s t h e s o u r c e o f w i s d o m .
1 m n a 8 2 . The gen itive of specificatio n li iti g n n He l o u by mean s of mo re defin ite terms ; as , sin in kau un ki on S u omen maan aakan un ki g p . p p , T h e c i t y o f H e l s i n g f o r s i s t h e c a p i t a l O F n l f i a n d .
1 8 3 A - . dj ectives en ding in in en sign ifying ag e , m a u o r l L s i e s re , qua ity, take the gen itive ; as , ap on viihon van h a l k , T h e c h i d i s a w e e
' ' O l d Ka tava on knn den alan in e ; y j laayu n , T h e h a l l i s S i x f e e t i n w i d t h ; P oika on is tins ti n ahOin en b l i , T h e o y r e s e m b e s h s f a t h e r . 1 8 4 l . The gen itive is used with some impersona
u as itaa kas he c t a le e ta t so ii verbs s ch p , , , y yy , p , l k e l aa t arvits e e . an d h l a o l a p , , etc , with t e auxi i ry ,
' t o s Han en ta m enn a k nn H e b e ; a , ytyy ou ln , m u o t o o o l s t g s c h , etc .
1 1 8 FI NNISH GRAM MAR
PARTITIVE .
n n a 1 9 2 . The partitive is used with ou s th t n r n um as onhko mie de ote measure , we ight, o ber ; , j
' h a a o u o f m e n arvi lin tn a a l o k i , g r p ; p j , f c f o b i r d s , etc .
1 9 3 ri ion . The partitive is used also in c ompa s in l f in h n n m n a f p ace o ku , t a , a d the n o i tive o a
' n n n a vn hem i ou o r pro oun ; as, Mina Olen h n t a a p vanh m n an m l e i kui h a n . ( p ) , I a o d e r t h h e 1 9 4 T . he partitive is use d to den ote measure ; as Jo ki on ka u tta alkaa s va i , j y , T h e r i v e r s
S i x f e e t d e e p . 1 9 5 . The partial s ub jc et Obj ect predicate n oun or a djective ( 46 ) are put in the a p rtitive . 1 9 6 T . he partitive is also used in exclamati on s as H nd , y a huomen ta ! G o o d m o r n i n g !
TRANSLATIVE .
1 9 7 . The tran slative is used t o den ote a change
’ m one m t o an o as Ha n tu li vanhaksi fro for ther , , , H e a m o l d a i mnut tni vedehs b e c e ; i, T h e n o w a s a n d n s w c h g e i t o w a t e r . 1 9 8 . The p urpo se f or which anythin g is fitted o r the p urpo se f o r which a thin g o r pers on can b e u d d an la H se is expresse by the tr s tive ; as , an k e l paa papihsi H e i s a m I n i t , f i t f o r s e r . RULES OF SYNTAX 1 1 9
l i is u 1 9 9 . The trans at ve sed to express the Ko ns time at which anythi ng is to be done ; as , ko
' huomis eks i m i n w a S t lykcittiin , T h e e e t g p o s
- w p o n e d u n t i l t o m o r r o . l l mi 2 0 0 . The tran slative a so expresses the i t K r t i on lnks i l o f time ; as , i i e nl j , T h e e t t e r i m i m c a m e a t C h r s t a s t e . ame c ons id ll 2 0 1 . n n n Verbs Sig ifyi g to , er , te , m k an la i as S ane c all ue ss . a a , g , etc , y t e the tr s t ve ; , tain a uome ksi l l i i n F i n n Ka t s , T e t h s i s h ; s uin han ta h vaksi o aksi I a l l h i m a y p j , c e d
' g o 0 d b o y , etc .
E IN SSIVE .
2 0 2 . The inessive denotes existence in an obj ect o r l m a vn a as P ika is an huo the i it for gi e sp ce ; , o t n e es i s a, T h e b o y s S i t t i n g i n t h e r o o m ;
’ Mies ni ve des a m a i m m i n i n s , T h e n i s s w g t h e w a t e r .
2 0 3 . L ocal proper n ames are used either in the n o a n la iv illa v in i teri r c ses ( i essive , e t e , ti e) , or the exterior cases ( adessive , ablative , allative ) in the followin g w ay
( a ) S ubstantives en ding in - la an d n ames of
' ' o un i Vena a u a are in c tr es ( except j , R s s i ) , the ’ n o a as Mattilass a n M a t s l a i teri r c ses ; , , i t p c e ;
' Vend alla n i j , i R u S s a . (b ) Names o f coun tries en ding in maa are in t h e i n t e r i o r case when used in speaking of n thi gs that be long to a certain c o untry , otherwise 1 2 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
S aksanmaass a on haa ni i in the exteri o r cases ; as ,
ta - han nn k e a a r e a u u l . p j , T h e r e b e t i f c i i m n b ut Olin S hsan maa lla t i e S n G e r a y ; , a , I w i m a n a s n G e r y .
OT E — S u o m e n m a a F i n a n i s a a s u s e i n t h e N . , l d , lw y d i n t e r l o r c a s e s .
2 0 4 n . The in essive den otes the quality residi g in a on o r n Han e a H ' a s pers thi g ; as , ss a on ys h , e h a o l d Kir as s a on ilo s o iaa i s o m c ; j f f , T h e r e s e l o o i n o o k p h i s p h y t h e b . m n 2 0 5 . The In essive expresses the ti e withi
‘ E n a a a voi a o akaan t ehda which ; as , p w ss p lj , I n m u i n a c a n o t d o v e r y c h a d y .
2 0 6 . The place where o r o ccupati o n in which o n e is engaged is expressed by the in essive ; as ,
Olin h an nn iss w a s i n o n P oika on p g a, I t w ;
' t oss a b o t o k y , T h e y i s a w r . 2 0 7 T . he in essive is used t o den ote direct con n ection between Obj ects o r figuratively with the pers on an d abstract idea which co uld mo re n atu
all ade ss1 ve a as P oika r y be expressed by the c se ; ,
' ' on h evos en s e las a b o i s , T h e y s o n t h e b a c k o f o e Hattn on n an a T h e t t h e h r s ; lass , h a i s
' u n o n o o k Han e lda e h es a H e h g t h e h ; h y yyd s , l i n i v e s p o v e r t y .
ELATIVE .
2 0 8 . The elative is used t o den ote the o rigin f o anythin g o r the m ateri al from which anything m ad ; as Han on h vdls t e H o m S is e , y d p rheesta, e c e
1 2 2 FINN ISH GRAMMAR
ILLATIVE .
n n 2 1 5 . The illative den otes motio Into the i i k m t erior of an obj ect ; as, Men en h rh o on , I a g o i n g i n t o t h e c h u r c h or 2 1 6 . The illative is used t o express p urpo se the thin g f o r which an ything serve s o r is un fit ; s Ha e virha n H e f o r a n a , n k lpaa a , i s f i t t e d T v tuo hon tantiin o f f i c e ; ani a laake on hy a , T h i s m e d i c i n e i s g o o d f o r t h a t S i c k n e s s .
2 1 7 . lla is u t o n the au The i tive . sed de ote c se
‘ of n Mi n a kaa T h m a n a acti on ; as, es huo li l n , e d f n n i e d o s t a r v a t i o ; S o tilas s ortni s o t aa ,
‘ o l e r i h e n w T h e s d i e r p s d i a r . 1 2 8 . The illative designates pri ce o r the limit i t n i do l which a n umber reaches ; as , N sa n hin a ous
‘ lariin T h w n t o , h e p r i c e o f w e a t e u p t O n l Mi t n k n i h e a aan e d o l a r ; es e lu u ous ha t e n s t , T h e n u m b e r o f m e n i n c r e a s e d t o t w o h u n d r e d
2 1 9 . ll H o t l a The i ative , with the verbs lla, u l , verrat vih l k n L a i a a ta . s s , a, etc , expre sses i e ess ; a , p on istia a i ns , T h e c h i l d is l i k e h s f a t h e r . 2 2 0 . The illative express es the space of time u n an n a E d ri g which ythi g h s n o t occurred ; as, n
’ ' ’ o le nahn t sinu a itkacin ai a n a n o t y p k a , I h v e s e e n y o u f o r a l o n g t i m e . 2 2 1 T . he illative also deno tes the perio d o f m at an a i n k l i n ti e which ct o ta es p ace ; as, S ih e RULES OF SYNTAX 1 2 3
a ikaan a t a m o ulnn aika n , t h t t i e ; j a , a t m a m C h r i s t s t i e .
2 2 2 . The illative de notes the manner in ac i n n n K c o rdanc e with wh ch a ythi g is do e ; as , erran n l l o sin ulle omaa n tapaa i, I t e y u a c c o r d i n g t o m y w a y .
ADESSIVE .
2 2 3 . The a dessive expresses the place o n
' ' Kii ' n a ci a o k w h i c h ; as , ja o p yd ll , T h e b o i s n l o t h e t a b e .
2 4 n n n 2 . The adessive desig ates ear ess , and is also used with the third pe rson of the auxili ary o e I s v e n r ll m lla ( se as , tun e lj i inna a , I a s i t t i n g c l o s e t o m y b r o t h e r ; Minulla on kir a ja, I h v e a b o o k . 2 2 5 . The adessive den otes an in defi nite peri o d
' o f m n o m n u s Pa ti e duri g which s ethi g occ rs ; a , i
’ ' valla t een t o a d a le aéin k i n y t , y ll p , I w o r t h e d m n t n a y t i e , a d r e s t a i g h t . 2 2 6 . The a dessive is also used t o express mean s or the instrumen t by which an action is
’ a m l i n i a il i cin i cco p ished ; as , Na n s e o m ll s m ll , I S a w i t w i t h m y e y e s ; Hakhas in p uun kirr ee l la w i n a x a . , I c h o p p e d t h e t r e e t h 2 2 7 . The adessive den o tes m anner or w ay ; as Minnn ta t s aru o tt m u i n m y yy lla ilm i aa , I S t f o r w i t h s o r r o w . 1 2 4 FINNISH GRAMMAR n 2 2 8 . The price of buyi g is expressed by the a e 1 ve as Os tin s en viidella do llarilla d ss ; , , I b o u g h t i t f o r f i v e d o l l a r s
n 2 2 9 . The a dessive expresses o ccupatio with
o l a ' t o in om on e is n a e the verb l , b e , which s e e g g d ; k s o miai 0 a a a s . a , lla aa s e lla, t b e t b r e f t
2 3 0 . The a de ssive is also use d t o sign ify ag e with an o rdin al n umber used as an attribute ; as,
L a i on t oi e l vu ode l a l i s i n ps s la l , T h e c h i d n a i t s s e c o d y e r . 2 3 1 . The a dessive also den otes extern al o r in
n al n r f L in t ter con diti o o state o an obj ect ; as , a
on horh ealla ilmassa i n , T h e b i r d i s h i g h
' a i r P oik on h val a tial a b o t h e ; a y l p l , T h e y i s i o o u m o n g d h r .
ABLATIVE .
2 3 2 T . h e ablative is used t o express m oti on t from the exteri o r ; as , O a kirja T a k e
’ t h e b o o k f r o m t h e t a b l e ; S ain hirje en ha
q
‘ n e ltci d l o m h i m , I r e c e i v e a e t t e r f r . 2 3 3 . The ablative den otes the person wh o lo ses o m n o r w h o n s ethi g , is affected by a ythin g ; as ,
' Han e ltci kn o li isa H i f a t h i lit , s e r d e d ( . father v d o m him S en min n ied fr ) a s i u lt a hi e llan , I d e 11 y a m t h t ( fro y o u ) .
r o on of a e r on 2 3 4 . The qualities o p ssessi p s l Ha on h d t a are expressed by the ab ative ; as , n ye
vi t ans a H e h a s n o b a d a P oika b n o l , h b i t s ;
1 2 6 FINNISH GRAM MAR
2 4 1 . The quality which is possessed by some
’ ll T O on h va on e is deno ted by the a ative ; as, ytt y tavoillensa l h a o m a n n , T h e g i r s g o d e r s n n (the girl is good i her ma ners ) . 4 2 l nn e l 2 . The al ative den otes ma er ; as, H hu kevt hil all e en a r e a ve l n a j , T h e y t r i g l 0 l s w y .
T COMI ATIVE . 2 4 3 T h . he comitative den otes the person or o
e w " k l i l j ct ith which an action ta es p ace . It s a ways u in l l Han t vaimoin ensa H sed the p ura ; as , u li , e c a m e w i t h h i s w i f e ; Mies on m enny t ve lji n ns a T h n i e , e m a h a s g o n e w i t h h s b r o t h e r
I NSTR UCTIVE .
2 4 4 . The in structive den otes m an n er o r in st ru m n a a o m L e t e t with which n ction is perf r ed ; as, aps uo ks evat ihal a ai aloin 1 n j p la p lj n j , T h e c h i d r e a r e r u n n i n g i n t h e y a r d w i t h b a r e
' Nain s en omin silmin a w i t f e e t ; , I s w i t h m n y o w e y e S . 2 4 5 . Th e in structive expresses m an ner in which s omethin g is perfo rmed with adj ectives w in the co mparative or s uperlative plural a dverbially o m d H(i tti ir n vark in H t o ify verbs ; as, n o k i a a , e t o o k t h e b o o k b y s t e a l t h ; Han puhun kovimm a kis ta H e a k l u in k i , s p e s t h e o d e s t
0 f a l l . RULES OF SYNTAX 1 27
4 6 i 2 . The nstr uctive is used to answer the ? ‘ u n in a uan as E n vo inu iivella q estio s wh t q tity ; , t k mailittain mu tta nahin in I l , er , c o u d n o t l w a l k m i e s a t o n c e , b u t l i t t l e b y l l He huo livat mo lemmin i t t e ; , T h e y b o t h
d i e d .
2 4 7 n ini n n li . I def te a d u mited periods of time , in la l l p ce of the adessive p ura , is expressed by the
’ n u i as a amnin i n m n n i str ct ve ; , , t h e o r i g s ; illo in i n v n i n bin i n , t h e e e g s ; , t h e n i g h t s
ABESSIVE .
4 n 2 8 . The abessive de otes the lack o r absence o f r n n mann anythi ng , o i the n egative se se , er , m an n a as O en raha tta a n o e s, a d c use ; , l , I h v e m o n e lit I m u m o n R aha t a e n y ( . a witho t ey ) t tul to me e I a n n l n u e i n , c o t g e t a o g w i t h o t
‘ ' ’ ' m n E t ota e ke matta Y o u a n n o t o e y ; e la ty t , c
’ l i ve w i t h o u t w o r k i n g ; E the vo i p uh ua n anramatta ? C a n y o u n o t t a l k w i t h o u t 1 a u g h i n g ?
an i o u n The prepositi o n ilm , w t h t , Ofte pre a v f o r m a as ilman raha ta cedes the bessi e e ph sis ; , t , w i t h o u t m o n e y , etc .
2 4 w i t h t u 9 . i an o u The preposition lm , , sed with the partitive expresses the abessive case ; as , Han o n lm a H h s n o m n o r i an r haa, e a o e y i m n h e s w i t h o u t a n y o e y . 1 2 8 FINNISH GRAMMAR
S USE OF TENSE .
INDICATIVE .
2 5 0 . The presen t is used t o in dicate : ( a ) An acti on that is go in g o n at the present
m n an la d in th e ollo n a : ti e . It c a be tr s te f wi g w ys
Min a s n on a a m a n o r , I d o a , I s y , I s y i g , s a y .
F n Mina au lan huom enn a (b ) uture acti o ; as , l ,
‘ a l l n o - m o o I s h s i g t r r w . 2 5 1 : . The imperfect is used t o den ote ( a ) An acti o n which is go in g on in the p ast
’ m T t ti) aka attiaa ku as ta in h uon e e ti e ; as , y l si l , n en T h l w w e e n l o o s e , e g i r a s S p i g t h e f r , n n o o m w h e I e t e r e d t h e r . ( b ) An ac ti on defin itely completed in the past
' m as Tan aan s ain kir e en T o - d a r e ti e ; , j , y I c e i ve d a l e t t e n
2 5 2 n . The perfect is equivalen t t o t h e E g
' l P r e s e n t P O i s h i e r f e c t ; as , len s aan ut kir e en a d l e j , I h v e r e c e i v e a e t t r .
POTENTIAL .
2 5 3 . o n a e l The p te ti l expr sses a p o ssibi ity . The presen t m ay refer t o the present an d future time ;
' as H n H n , a lanlan e e , e m a y s i g; Han lan lan e e hu om e nn a H e m a n t o - m o o , y s i g r r w . 2 5 4 . The perfect deno tes completed acti on in
' n an d a as Han ien e e H the prese t p st ; , l lau lanu t , e m n i g h t h a v e s u g .
1 3 0 FINNISH GRAM MAR
ma le h a m o n o u l u lko al , I f I d t h e e y I S h d g o a b r o a d .
n l a h i (b ) In co cessive c auses ; as, V i ha han has h
' ihin minna e itt enkaan ah isi E ve n s , n s l t , i f h e a k m e l n o s e d y e t I w o u d t g o .
I n n l f m rI n ( c) n co ditio al c auses o c o pa S I O ; as ,
’ Han uhun ikaanknin han t e ciisi H k p i t , e s p e a s a s i f k n h e e w .
d In nal lau t o u e of an ( . ) fi c ses express the p rpos Z a on as . fi t a n n si cti ; , ti laulaa, e t a l psi nkh i , T h e m o t h e r S i n g s t h a t t h e c h i l d m a y l S e e p .
( e) I n relative clauses when the relative involves m f l M n so e idea o purpose o r qua ity, etc . ; as , i ulla
' e i o le h etaan ohon lno tt aisin I a ve n o n e , j , h o o m I u l u Mies ok an oisi a w h c o d t r s t ; , j a s t
' man valehte ei T h n l , l si, e m a w h o w o u d s a y u u l l i t h s w o d t e l a l e .
l nn r hka ( f) In temporal c ause with ku es o ja , u n t i l nn enknin no ; e , b e f o r e , to de te expected n al n in a action . The pri cip verb is the the p st
' M e ti m han ta mw ttaa taalla kun time ; as , e ho m e y
' n e i a ta lisi t o k h i m s s , W e t r i e d e e p h e r e
’ u n t i l f a t h e r c a m e ; E mme t ahton ee t s yOdti
’ i z i n o w a n 0 en nen hn n han s aapms , W e d d t t t h a m e a t b e f o r e e c e .
In lau v askin re (g) obj ective c ses with erbs g , qu es ting especi ally when they are in the past time ;
’ ’ as Ys tavani si etta mnis tasin han ta M pyy , , y RULES OF SYNTAX 1 3 1
f r i e n d r e q u e s t e d t h a t I s h o u l d r e m m i e b e r h m .
( ) In n i i u as Is a s ano i uh e h i d rect d sco rse ; , J o ll ,
' e tta han lahtis i kirkko o n , T h e f a t h e r t 0 l ( I J n a u l o t o o h t h t h e S h o d g c h u r c h .
A IMPER TIVE .
2 5 8 . The imperative is used in commands and
u . u An na kir a han e lle v h i req ests Th s , j , G i e m
’ ’ t h e b o o k ; E lakOOn S uomi! L o n g l i ve F i n l a n d ! 2 5 9 . In concessive sen se the perfect imperative a l u as Olkoon san onut L e t h i m is r re y sed ; , , a v h e S a i d .
2 6 0 . a i I S Im n l as i t The p ss ve perso a ; , k rjoi e t aan o n e i n , w r i t e s or i t i s w r t t e , etc . ; Ki rja on lu e ttn, T h e b o o k is r e a d ; Minalle o n s an o tt I a m 0 l Mi rakas te taan I a In u , t d ; nna , l L o v e d , etc . ( See esson XX ) .
USE OF INFINITIVE S .
1 2 6 . The infi n itive is a verbal no un capable of i nflection and of taking the po ssessive s uffixes . n f n n ur It c a also take the obj ect o a actio . The fo th i n fi nitive is equivalen t to an E nglish participia l
n n v n n in - i n as s ano minen a n i fi iti e e di g g ; , , s y i g ; kuoleminen i n , d y g , etc . 1 3 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
FI ITI E FIRST IN N V .
2 6 2 . The first in fin itive h as tw o form s ( a ) The shorter form which is used without the a n t o a po ssessive s uffixes ; s, s a o a, s y ; laulaa, t o s i n g , etc . (b ) The lon ger form is always used with the p o ssessive s uffixes an d expresses the purpose of
' n f n T ei d ak the acti o o the mai verb ; as , n o l pati sy d i n m m e a t e lit s en i e e o a t . , B r g s o b r d ( n f bri g me s ome bread o r my eating) . n E n l o n i I g ish this acti n c a be expressed by, n o o i a m l r d e r t , n o r d e r t h t , or by a S i p e n n i f i i t i v e .
6 3 2 . The Sho rter fo rm is used : a To f n n ( ) express the obj ect o a actio ; as ,
' ’ On ko t eilla hevos ta myeda? H a V e y 0 u a h 0 r se t o s e l l ?
‘ (b ) AS a predicate n oun in conn ection with an d n i a j ective . The age t s den ote d by the gen itive ; L as , ahia on m e lh ein mahdo ton ihmis en I t i s a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e f o r m a n t o l i v e u p t o t h e l e t t e r o f t h e l a w ; Kirja on h v o o t a la ke a k o a . y , T h e b o i s g d o r e d ( c) A S an attribute o f substantives den otin g o o un o u n m n d om pp rt ity, righte s ess , per issi o , uty , c
‘ m an d s Mi n . a nu lla o i ai n m d ci t oni , etc ; , t l s ns y d al , I ha v e a c h a n c e t o s e l l m y h o u s e ; Mi
' nulla on Oikeus a aa mies n los a v j , I h e a r i g h t
FINNISH GRAM MAR place of a tempo ral clause which is in dicated in
E nglish by w h e n o r a s . (b ) In the in structive an d t o express m ann er in which the acti on of the prIn p al verb is per P ithien ko tiin b o fo rmed ; as, o ika tu li , T h e y
’ c a m e h o m e c r y i n g ; TyttO juoksi minnn
hits e anraen l r an m e l a u o n , T h e g i r b y g h n I g .
I N THIRD FINITIVE .
2 6 5 . The third infin itive is used : ( a ) In the in essive t o den o te action In which
' an on e n Ha uis t elemas sa H y is e gaged ; as, n on l , e ' S k a n in t ik ettamas Y o u i s t i g ; S a o li po aa op sa, a n b w e r e t e c h i g t h e o y . ( b) In the elative to design ate an acti on from an on n n which y e ceases , o r from which a y o e is n o r o n a Tn len im a m hi dered f rbidde ; s , n as ta, I c e f r o m S w i m m i n g ; P aha ilma es ti minn t tu le mas ta B v n m e , a d w e a t h e r p r e e t e d o m c o m i n Kie in a i u m I f r g ; ls l ps a y oh s e as ta, o a l r u f r b d e t h e c h i d r e n t o n .
' ( c ) In the illative to express an action which i t m n n f s o be perfo rmed by so e o e , o r acti o o r the m an o f m n r n perfo r ce which so e o e is fit o u fit, o r f o r om on n o i in which s e e is e c uraged . Th s case it s use closely co rrespon ds t o the E n glish in fin i as Mina men en uit n ou ama n a m tive ; , p a t a , I g o i n g t o g e t s o m e w o o d ; P oika on hyva ukema n l a , T h e b o y i s g o o d i n r e a d i n g ; R ULES OF SYNTAX 1 3 5
' ‘ Han ei h ken e ta a t e ke maan H n a l o y t , e i s u b e t
' 0 Ys tavani ke ho itti min na la ula maa n M d t h i s ; , y n n u a m n f r i e d e c o r g e d e t o s i g .
( d ) I n the adessive t o express t he mea ns by an a n is m which ctio perfor ed , and with the verb o a n o n ll , t o b e , to de te a action which is abo ut to k l ta e p ace . I n the latter case the possessive s uf
are u i n n i L a fixes sed w th the i fi tive ; as , uke m lla o ii O n l a n O pp , e e r s b y r e a d i n g ; le n n uk knmaisillan I a m u l i, a b o t t o S e e p .
( e ) In the abessive to denote actio n witho ut a n f n which the ctio o the pri cipal verb o cc urs . The person is expressed by the s ubj ective ge nitive 1 s A a n huo ne e ( 8 0 ) an d the possessive s uffix ; a , s t i
s e en s in n huo maa mattas i n o n , I s t e p p e d i t t h e r o o m w i t h o u t y o u r n o t i c i n g i t ;
' ' S e tie de taan san omat tasikin I k n 11 . , t i s o w a n w i t h o u t y o u r s y i g i t .
NOT E — T r a n s it iv e v e rb s o f t h e a b e s s iv e c a s e o f t h e t h ird i n i n it i e h a e o t e n t h e a s s i e o r I m e rs o n a m e a n i n g a s f v v f p v p l . o e d l i t h e K T h o 1 n t r a t . l r j a o n l u k e m a t t a , e b o k 8 ( b o o i s W i t h o u t r e a d i n k g ) ,
' ' ( f) In the i n structive with the verb pitaa in place o f the Sho rter fo rm o f the first i n fi nitive ;
' i t s taviamme m u as , Me dan niida an taman y , W e s t
' ' ’ l itiici t e htiimrin h e p o u r f r i e n d s ; Tyo p , T h e o k u n w r m s t b e d o e . 1 3 6 FINNISH GRAMMAR
FOURTH INFINITIVE .
“
2 6 6 . The fourth in fin itive is used ( a ) In the n omin ative w ith imperson al verbs to express an acti on which mus t be performed by n om n e some On e , or which is fit t o be do e by s e o ; as Minun on e t e hemin en I m u s t o Ka , s , d i t ; y ' ' ? h o n iin s an omin en ? I S i t p r o p e r t o s a y s o (b ) In the partitive with the s uffixes t o express i in n e a e n a n n u u a on . s u . co ti o s cti It sed g tiv se t l E nn o le m en e e n ce s imp ying doubt ; as , kka si e ei
' is ta o a l o n o a t o m , I t p r b b y d e s t p y g o
' ' ’ Tn in uin ahe ein i tani lah enin t h e r e ; ns , k ka l n s uo ta aikhaa l a I a m n a t p , I f e t t h t c e e r e r a n n a l d e r e r t h a t p a c e .
USE OF A I S P RT CIPLE .
2 6 7 . Pa t l re r icip es a verbal a dj ectives . The a l n n first p rticip e de otes a contin uo us actio , the secon d participle completed acti on
2 6 8 . Participles are used a dj ectively : (a ) A s an attribute when it agree s i n case an d n umber with the word it mo difies . The first pas sive participle expresses n ecessity or desirability ; a t ie i k n l n s, pnhnt n k l , t h e s p o e a g u a g e ; n av a t h e n n l n la l a l psi, s i g i g c h i d ; laulaca la s en o f n n l p , t h e S i g i g c h i d . (b ) To fo rm compo un d muses with the verb o l l l a . When the p assive particip e is used with this r a l i ve b it expresses desir bi ity or necessity ; as, S
1 3 8 FINNISH GRAMMAR exteri o r) t o express state o r condition of Ha n n a vi sa H e i s i n as , n o hy s , S i g n t aa nvilla I w a 11 o t e o llu s p , s p (b ) In the partitive when the secon d participle denotes an acti on an teceden t b cet of acti on o f the prin cipal verb . The su j this tempo ral con structi on is ex pressed by the gen itive
' ’ ' n i u u S o t a ahde a d the po ssess ve s ffixes . Th s , y y l
' ' taan kdve lefrnaan A a n o n e o , f t e r e t i g g e s
' f o r a w a l k ; Han t u li ilois eksi he ti han en pois tn ttn ans a - H e a m u l i m m e d i , b e c e c h e e r f a l a h a n t e y f t e r h e d g o e .
The participles are used with the verbs l n fee i g, observing , hopin g , believin g , guessing, a n nk n kn n in l o f b s yi g , thi i g , owi g , etc . , p ace the o
' e c tive lau n e a t h a In j c se which begi s with tt , t . this participial con structi on th e predicate must b e
° in a u a n l n in - n a the cc s tive si gu a r en di g , as , N in
' O an ta levan i p j ( i . e . , Na n , e tta p o ika ta lee ) I S a w t h e b o y c o m i n g ( I s a w t h a t t h e b o y 0 m i n i S c g) . 2 7 1 . The s ubject of the participial con structi on i 2 1 E is put n the gen itive if it is total ( ) as , n nah n t nier i e vn n o t h s y a d n tn le a , I d i d t s e e e v i i t o rs c o m i n g ; in the p artitive if the subj ect is a l 4 p rti a ( 5 ) as , Viho llin en ajatt e li s o tamiehia
’ Olec an linn as sa Viho llin en a a tte li e tta s o tamiehia ( j , o li linnas s a n m o u o l d ) , T h e e e y t h g h t t h e s i e r s t o b e i n t h e f o r t i f i c a t i o n (T h e e n e m y t h o u g h t t h a t t h e r e w e r e s o m e TABLES OF DEOLENS ION 1 3 9 s o l d i e r s i n t h e f o r t i f i c a t i o n ) ; or the s ubj ect is expressed by the po ssessive s uffix if the principal verb an d the participi al co nstr ucti o n
’ av am u as Ha l uuli e n e e ns s ii h e the s e s bj ect ; , n t h a
' n a Oike in Han la uli a han ki s iina Oike in ( , ett te ) , H e t h o u g h t t o h a v e d o n e r i g h t i n t h a t ) H e t h o u g h t t h a t h e d i d r i g h t i n t h a t)
The passive participial con str uction is witho ut
m n l in aa us in s ubj ect an d is i perso a ; as , Nt k le e e sano ttava O n n a n , e O f t e h e a r s t h t t h e y s a y s a
TABLES OF DECLENSION
2 2 7 vo ne n . . l n n f n h e Dec e sio o the n ou , , h o r s e
All - c l n no un s or adj ectives en ding in n en, are de i ed a n i l ccordi g to th s tab e .
PLURAL .
Nom he vo se t . l
he vo se !t
he vo s i!e n 7he vo s lte n he vo si ina
he VOS l a
he vo s iIks i he vo s iIs s a he vo s i| sta 1 40 FINNISH GRAM MAR
Il hevo se en h evosi in . ] l A hevose lla h evosi lla d . l l Ab l h evo se lt a h evo si lta . ] l A11 h evose lle h ll . ] evos i l e A hevo se tta h e o si tta bes . v ! Com h evo si n e n sa h evo si n e n sa . l l l In h evosi n h evo si n str . l l
OTE — n e e e n t w o e s i s c h a n e N b tw o v w l g d t o s .
2 73 . Declen sion of disyllabic n oun s en ding in i i h n m n n l asi n tuli n t e a ve s u a . . a o i ti i g r, e g , h , h d ; , f i r e .
E — T h e e m f s n n NOT s t o th e e n o u s e d s in e .
SINGULAR .
ka te ln a
' kat lta kade lksi
' kade lss d
’ kade ls ta kat e len
’ kade llci kade ltd kade lle ka' de tta kasiln e ln sa kade ln
1 42 FINNISH GRAM MAR
rikas lt a mie s lta rikkaa hsz mi ehe lhsi rikkaa ssa miehe ssa ri kkaa st a mieh e ls ta rikkaa ls e en mieh e le n rikkaa llla mieh e llla rikkaa lta mieh e llta rikkaa lle miehe lle rikk aa ltta miehe ltta rikka li n e mi eh li ln e insa rikka li n mi eh i n
PLURAL .
rikkaa t miehe lt rikkaa t miehe lt rikas lt en mie s lt en rikkai lden miehi len
' rikkai ln a miehi lna rikkailta miehi la rikkai ksi miehi lks i rikkai ssa miehilssa rikkaijsta miehi lsta rikkai lsn n mie h lin rikkai llla miehi llla
' rikkai lta miehillta rikkai lle miehi llle
' rikkai tt a miehiitta rikkai n e miehiln e ln sa rikk ai ln miehi in TABLES OF DECLENSION 1 43
2 75 . D l n i n i ar i l iv ec e s o of the f rst p tic p e act e , laulava i n i , s g n g . N SI GULAR . PLURAL . laulava la ulava lt lanlava laulava lt Ilaulava n Ilaulava Iin laulava n IlauIaVI en E SS . laulava na laulavi na
P a l l rt . au ava a laulavi a n l i Tra s . lau ava ks i laulav ksi
In l l s l s . an ava sa lau avi sa
E l l l s ta l la i s . au ava a u v ta
Il laula a an la nlavi in . v
A laulava lla laulavi lla d . l Ab l laulava lta laulavi lta . I I All laulava lle laulavi lle . l l A laulava tta laulavi tta bes . I I laulavi n e la ulavi n e Com . l I laulavi n laulavi n n str . I I
n a l a 2 76 . Declension of the seco d p rticip e ctive ,
s u n . laulanut , g
SINGULAR .
N m laulan ut o .
13 11 13 11 11 1: laulanee t laulan e e n
laulane i de n laulane e ln Ila ulane i tte n laulanee lna la ulane iIna 1 44 FINNISH GRAM MAR
laulan ut ta laulan e i t a
laulan e e ksi laulan ei ksi
laulane e ss a laulan ei ssa
laulan e e sta laulan ei st a laulan e e ls een laulan e i s iin laulan e e Illa laulan e i 11a laulan e e lta laulan ei lta
laulan ee lle laulan ei lle
laulan ee tta laulanei tt a
" 1 1 laulan e i ne laulan ei Ine laulan ei n 1 laulan ei n 1
l n n f e i i In l l Dec e sio o pi n po ka, a s a
SI NGULAR . PLURAL .
Nom n o ka i n e . pie i p i p e It poja It pien i po ika pien e lt poja lt pie n e ln poj a n pien It en po ika | i n Ge n n n o a n . pie e p j I pien i Ien poiki len pien e ln a po ika na pieni ln a poiki lna pien lta poika la pieni Ia po iki la pien e lhsi poja lhs i pieni IkS i poji Iks i
' ' i n d o i e n ss o i ssa p e e lss p ja Is sa p i l a. p j I pien e Is ta poja ls t a pie ni lsta poji Ist a pien e Ien poika Ian pieni in poikiIin
’ pien e Illci poja Illa pieni lla poji llla pien e ltd poja llta pieni lta poji Ilt a piene Ille poja Ille pieni Ille poji llle
1 r us e V e y s e ld o m d .
1 46 FINNISH GRAM MAR
pien impa Iin pie n imma ln pie n impi Ien pien in It en pi en i mpa n a pi eni mpi na pI e n i n Ita Pa rt . pi e ni mpi a pi e n i mpa a pien imma ksi pien immi ksi pi en i mma ssa pien immi ssa
' pie n imma s ta pi en i mmi lsta pien impaIan pien impi lin pien imma Mt pien imm i Illa pien imma ltd pie n imm z Ilta pie n imma lle pie n immi lle
' ' pien imma tta pi en i mmi Itta pien impi In e pienimpi I n e
n n n a 2 8 0 . Declen si on of the pers o al pro ou s min ,
na him s h e me t e o u I ; si , t h o u ; , h e , ; , w e ; , y ; h e , t h e y .
I S NGULAR .
min a TABLES OF DECLENSION 1 47
R PLU AL .
N m me t h o . e e
Ac c me i ddt t ei da t h ei da t .
Ge n m e i dan ddn he i da n . tei I E m i n n S S . e a tei a hei na
Pa m e i te i ta ta rt . ta I hei an me i ksi te i ks i he i ks i Tr s . I I i ' In . m e ssa tei ssa hei ssa
E m e i t l . sta tei s a hei S ta
’ me i hin tei hin h e iIhin
' A m e i lla lla he i lla d . tei I
' Ab l i l lta h e i lta . m e ta . tei I All m e i lle te i lle he i lle . I A m e i tts bes . I tta tei I tta hei I
n 2 8 1 . Declen sion o f the first person si g ular
i - i m v u . the possess e s ffix n , y
SINGULAR .
m o kirj a n i, y bo k m kirj a ni, y bo ok
n f m o k kirj a i, o y b o
kir an a n i as m o ok j l , y b kir aa ni o m o f m k j l , ( s e ) y boo
° ' kir akse n z fo r m o k j I , ( ) y b o 1 48 FINNISH GRAMMAR
kir assa ni in m k j I , y boo kir asta ni m m k j I , fro y boo kir aa ni nt m ok j I , i o y bo kir alla ni on m k j I , y boo kir alta ni m m k j I , fro y boo
kirjalle ni, t o my book
kir att a ni o u m k j I , with t y boo kir o ine ni m k j I , with y boo
PLURAL .
ni m ok Nom . kirj a , y bo s
A r n i m o k s cc . ki ja , y b o
n kir i ni of m o ks Ge . a j I , y b o E i in i m o k ss . k r o a n as j l , y b o s Pa ir n m of m ok . k o a i o rt j j I , ( s e ) y bo s an kir o ikse ni f o r m o k Tr s . j I , ( ) y b o s In k . kir o issa ni in m j l , y boo s E l i i i m m o k . k r o st a n j I , fro y b o s ] m o k I . kir o ihi ni n j I , i to y b o s A i l n d . kir o l a i on m ook j l , y b s Ab l kir i t m ok . o l a ni o m b j I , fr y o s Al l . kir oille n i m o k j I , to y b o s A S . kir o itt a ni witho ut m ook bes j I , y b s Com kir . oin e ni j I , with my books 2 8 2 . Declension of the secon d person singular of o u - si the p ssessive s ffix , t h y .
1 50 FINNISH GRAMMAR
All kir oille si t o o k . j I p thy b o s A kir o itta si o u ok bes . j I , with t thy bo s Com kir o ine si k . j I , with thy boo s
2 8 3 . Declen sion of the third person singular
an d l u al Of - ns hir p r the possessive s uffix a . Thus , ans a ma m n i e r k j , y ea , h s, h , or t h e i r b o o .
SINGULAR .
kir a ns a his ok j I , bo kir a ns a ok j I , his bo kir a n s a of hi ok j l , s bo kir an a ns a as his ok j I , bo kir aa n sa om o f his ok j I , ( s e ) bo kir akse n sa f o r ook j I , his b kir assa ns a in his ok j I , bo kir ast a ns a m his o k j l , fro b o kir aa ns a n o o ok j I , i t his b kir alla ns a on his o ok j I , b kir alt a ns a om his o k j I , fr b o kir alle ns a t o k j l , his boo kir att a ns a u his o ok j I , witho t b kir oin e ns a his ok j I , with bo
PLURAL .
hi oo k kirj a ns a, s b s i o k kirj a n s a, h s b o s
kir ai n sa of o ok j I , his b s kir o in a n sa as o k j I , his b o s kir o a ns a om of his ok j j I , ( s e ) bo s TABLES OF DECLENSIO N 1 5 1
n ki ik a . r o se ns a Tr s j I , for his books In k ir o i ns . ssa a in o j I , his b o ks E l kir i n . o sta s a m j I , fro his books ] kir o ihi ns a I . n j l , i to his books Ad kir o illa ns a . o n oo k j I , his b s Ab l kir ilta a . jo ns , from his books
All kir o ill ns a o o . e t k j I , his bo s A kir o i ns a o . tta u o k bes j I , with t his bo s Co m kir o in e nsa o k . j I , with his b o s
E - ii i i w n s n e i h m n n e a n . NOT . s d e c l d n t e s a e m a r a s 2 8 4 l i l f . Dec ens on of the first person p ural o the
i u x - mme o u r n n possess ve s ffi , . The seco d perso plural is declin ed in the same manner as the first
n - 7 n perso me .
SINGULAR .
kir a mm e o ur o k j l , b o kir a mme o ur k j I , boo kir a in me o ur o o k j l , of b kir an a mme as o ur k j l , boo kir aa mme m o ur k j I , ( so e of) boo kir akse mme f o r o ur o k j l , bo ir as a mm e in o ur k k j s l , boo kir asta mme o m o ur ok j I , fr bo kir aa mme n o ur k j I , i to boo ir lla mme o n o ur k k ja l , boo m e om o ur k kirjalta m , fr boo
kir alle mme t o o ur k j l , boo kir atta mme u o ur o k j l , witho t b o ir o ine e w h o ur o o k k j Imm , it b 1 52 FINNISH GRAM MAR
PLURAL .
kir a mm e o ur ‘ b ook s j I , kir a mm e o ur o k j l , b o s kir ai mme of o ur ok j I , bo s kir o in a mni e as o ur k j l , boo s kir o a mm e m of o ur k j j I , ( so e ) boo s kir oikse mme f o r o ur ok j l , bo s kir o issa mme in o ur ok j l , bo s kir o ist a mm e om o ur k j I , fr boo s kir oihi mme n o ur k j I , i to boo s kir oilla mm e on our ok j l , bo s kir oilta mme om o ur o k j I , fr b o s kir oille mme t o o ur k j I , boo s kir o itta mm e ou o ur ok j l , with t bo kir in mme r o ok jo e , with o u b s
2 8 5 . Declen sion of the demon strative pron ouns tama tno a s e o r a . , t h i s ; , t h t ; , i t t h t
SINGULAR .
1 54 FINNISH GRAM MAR
2 8 7 l n n of in a v knka hen Dec e sio the terrog ti es , , w h o mika w ; , h a t .
I S NGULAR .
k u ha
ku ta
k u ss a
ku hnn TABLES OF CONJUGATION 1 55
P ke i art . Ita n i k Tra s . ke s i
' I n k i . e ssa ( o ther cases
E l ke i sta ar n . I e decli ed Il ke i hin l k n l . I i e Si g u ar)
' A ke i lla d . I
' Ab l ke i lta . I All k e i lle . I
OT E — K u m i h i c h o f t h e t w o is e c i n e ik e a N p , w , d l d l m r i e s e k u m a l n e n h i c h o n e i d e c c o p a a t v ( e p , w , l k e a j t ive s a n d n o u n s e n d i n g i n - n e n ( s e e
TAB F LES O CONJUGATION.
Active affirmative an d negative co nj uga o la l , t o b e .
A INDIC TIVE .
PRESENT .
A i ive i r at . ff m Neg at ve .
o len Ole mme e n o le emme o le Olet olette e t Ole ett e ole on oy at e i ole e ivat o le
In I m n o t . I a , etc . a , etc I MPERFECT A i i i rma t ve N e at v. ff . g e
oli n o limme e n o llut emme o lle e t o lit o litte e t o llut ette o lle e t
o li o livat e i o llut e ivat o lle e t
I w a s n o t . I w a S , etc . , etc 1 56 FINNISH GRAM MAR
PERFECT .
i ive Aff rmat .
olen ollut Olemme olleet o let ollut olette olle et
' on ollut ovat olle et
n I h a ve b e e , etc .
t e Neg a iv.
e n ole ollut emme ole olleet e t ole ollut ette ole olle et
e i Ole ollut e ivat Ole olleet
o t n I h a ve n b e e , etc .
PLUPERFECT .
A i ive ff rma t .
o limme o lle et
o litt e olle et
o livat olle et
I h a d b e e n , etc .
e ative N g .
e n ollut o llut emme olle e t olle et e t ollut ollut ette olle et olle et
e i o llut ollut e ivat olle et olle e t
h a n o t n I d b e e , etc .
1 58 FINNISH GRAM MAR
PERFECT .
Affirmative
Olisin ollut olisimme olle e t
o lisit ollut olisitte o llee t
‘ olisi ollut Olisivat ollee t
l n I s h o u d h a ve b e e , etc .
” t Neg a ive .
e n olisi ollut emme olisi olle e t et o lisi ollut e tte olisi ollee t
e i o lisi o llut e ivat o lisi olleet
o u l n o t n I S h d have bee , etc .
M A I PER TIVE .
A a ve ffirm ti . lk m O aam e , l e t u S b e Ole , b e o lkaatte , b e o lkoo n l , e t h i m b e o lkoot , l e t t h e m b e
Neg ative
l o alkaamme o k , l e t u S n o t b e al l n ot a O e , b e n o t alkaa( tte ) olko , b e alko n lk lk lko l m o o o , l e t h i m a OOt o , e t t h e n o t b e n o t b e TABLES OF CON JUGATION 1 59
INFINITIVES .
ll n l m I . a . . o e a shorter , o , t o b e III I es ass , e tc . llak i l onger , o sen , i n i n b e i n g 0 N m l in n h t I I . o o e m e h t a . e r d e r V , m i i n m i g h t b e ( l t . g , ( ust) b e
m Pa le mi for y being) rt . o sta , b e n ll i n I es . o e ssa , i n g b e i n g
A ICIPLE S P RT .
l i ll t . eva n o u n I o , b e g II . , b e e
2 9 n 8 . Passive affirmative an d n egative co j uga n o f o lla tio , t o b e .
A INDIC TIVE .
A irm a iv N at ive ff t e eg .
PRESENT . oll n n o ll o n e n o t aa , o e is e i a , i s
IMPERFECT . ol ii w o lt u o n e w a s n o t t n , o n e a s e i ,
’ PERFECT . on l n h n i ole o l u o n e h a s o tu, o e a s b e e e t , n o t b e e n
PLUPERFECT . o li o l u o l u o n e h a d oltu, o n e h a d e i t t , b e e n n o t b e e n FINNISH GRAMMAR
A POTE NTI L . P RESENT .
lt n i l n o a e en , o n e m a y b e e o t a e , o n e m a y n o t b e
PERFECT . l n l m i n l n ie ee o tu, o n e g h t c i lie e o tu, o e m i g h t
’ h a ve b e e n n o t h a v e b e e n
A CONDITION L .
PRESENT . o lt aisiin n e i lt i i n l , o s h o u l d e o a s , o e s h o u d
’ b e n o t
PERFECT .
olisi ol o l i li i l n e o u l tu, n e s h o u d e o s o tu, o S h d h a v e b e e n n o t h a v e b e e n
M A I PER TIVE .
lt k n l n o a o o , l e t o n e b e a kOOn o lt ako , l e t o e n O t b e
INFINITIVES .
olt aissa n I n n 1 n II . I es . ( ) o e s b e g olt ae ssa
n o lt III . I str . aman , (m ust) b e A S P RTICIPLE .
I olt ava m u . l u e n . , ( st) b e II o t , b e
1 6 2 FINNISH GRAM MAR
R PLUPE FECT .
A irmative ff .
olin san on ut olimme san on e et olit s an on ut olitt e san one et
o li san on ut olivat san one e t
h a d a I s i d , etc .
Ne ative g .
en o llut san onut emme olle et san on ee t et ollut san on ut ette olle e t san on e et
' e i ollut san on ut e ivat olle et san one et
a n o t a e I h d s i d , tc .
A P OTE NTI L .
PRESENT .
A ir a ive ff m t .
s an o n e n s an o n e min e san o n e It san o n e tte san o In e Ie s an o n e vat
I m a y s a y , etc .
e ative N g .
e n san o In e emme san o In e et san o n e ette san o In e e i san o In e e ivat san o In e n I m a y o t s a y , etc . TABLES OF CONJ UGATION 1 6 3
T PERFEC .
A irma tiv ff e .
lienen s anon ut lie ne mme sano ne e t
lien e t san o n ut lie ne tte s ano ne e t
lien ee sanon ut lie ne vat s ano ne e t
I m i a a i g h t h v e s d , etc .
N e ativ g e . e n lien e sano n ut emme lie ne sano nee t e t lien e san on ut ette lie ne sanone e t e i lien e sanon ut e ivat liene s ano nee t n I m i g h t o t h a v e s a i d , etc .
A COND ITION L .
PRESENT . i iv Aff rma t e .
s ano isi n s ano is i mme s an o Iisi t s an o is i tte s an o is i sano Iis i vat
l . I s h o u d s a y , etc
e tive N ga .
e n sano is i emme sano Ii s i e t sano Iisi ette s an o Iis i
' e i s an o Iis i e ivat s ano Iis i
n e tc . I S h o u l d o t S a y , 1 6 4 FINNISH GRAM MAR
PERFE CT .
A r v ffi mati e .
o lisin san on ut olisimm e san onee t
o lis it san o n ut o lisitt e s an on e et
o lisi san on ut o lisivat san on e et
l a I s h o u d h v e s a i d , etc .
e ati e N g v.
e n o lisi san on ut emme olisi san on e et e t o lis i san o n ut ette o h s1 san o n e e t
e i o lisi san on ut e ivat o lisi san on e et
l n o a a I s h o u d t h v e s i d , etc .
M A I PER TIVE .
A rma tive ffi .
s an o ka a m e i , an o l e t s , s a y u s s a y
s a an o kaa t e a y s ( t ) , s y an o ko o n an o ho o t s l , s l , l e t h i m s a y l e t t h e m s a y
e ative N g .
alk aamme s an o ko
' l e t u s n o t s a y
ala an o alkaatt e san o ko s , i , say n o t s a y n o t
alkoon an Zoo alkoot sano ko s o , l , 1 e t h i m n o t l e t t h e m n o t s ay
1 6 6 FINNISH GRAM MAR
IMPERFECT . san o tti in n e i n o ttu o n e , o e d i d sa , d i d s a y ni o t s a y PERFECT on ano tta o n a S c i o le an o tta o n s , e h s , e s a i d h a s n o t s a i d
PLUPERFECT . oli an o tta o n e i o l u san o ttu o n s , e h a d t | , e s a i d lu u i n o t s a i d
A POTENTI L .
PRESENT .
ano tt an e e n 0 n m a e i an o t tan e o n m s , e y s , e a y s a y n o t s a y
PERFECT . l ne ano tta o n e i l n san o t tu o n ie e s , e ie e i , e m i g t h a ve s a i d m i g h t n o t h a v e s a i d
A C ONDITION L .
PRESENT .
an o ttaisi in o n e i san o ttais i o n s , e i , e w o u l d s a y w o u l d n o t s a y
PERFECT . o lis i san o ttu o n e i olisi san o ttu o n l , e | , e w o u l d h a ve s a i d “mn d d h a ve ru m s a i d TABLES OF CONJUGATION 1 6 7
M A I PER TIVE .
an ttako on l e o n e i ano ttako l e o n s o , t e s , t e s a y n o t s a y
N I FINITIVE S .
san o ttae ssa g i ’ ' ( i n ) o n e s s a y i n g ( s an o ttai ssa 5 n n tt m n m I . a o a a u a str s l , ( st be ) s i d
A S P RTICIPLE .
n tt m a i d . v t o u I s a o a a, ( be or st be ) s n a II . s a o tta , s i d
9 2 2 . Active affirmative an d n egative conj uga
- o n v s aada t o s -a t w tio of the erb , jy h
A IND IC TIVE .
PRESENT .
i A at ve N e at v. ffirm i . g e
s aa l a saa lmme emme saa saa t saa lt t e ette saa
' saa saa vat e ivat s aa
i n o t r e c e i v I r e c e v e , etc . a
etc . FINNISH GRAM MAR
IMPERFECT .
a ti e N e ative v . Affirm . g sa i n sa li lmme en saan ut emme saa n ee t sa i lt sa i tte e t saan ut ette saan e et
' sa i sa i vat c i saan ut e ivat saan e et
n o t r e c e i r e e l ve d . I c , etc I d i d
etc .
E PERF CT .
Affirma tive
olen saan ut Ole mme saan e et o let saan ut o lette saan e et
on saan ut o vat saan e et
a ve i v ; I h r e c e e d , etc
N e ative g .
en ole saan ut emme ole saan e et e t o le saan ut ett e ole saan e et
e i ole saan ut e ivat ole saan e et
a n o t e I h v e r e c e i v d, etc .
PLUPERFECT .
A irmat ve ff i .
olin saan ut olimme saan e et o lit saan ut o lit te saan e et
o li saan ut o livat saan e et
h a d I r e c e i v e d , etc .
1 70 FINNISH GRAM MAR
A CONDITION L .
PRESENT .
A irmative e a ive ff . N g t . sa isi n s a l isi mm e e n sa i S i emme sa isi sa isi t sa l isi tt e e t sa iis i ette s a l isi s a I isi sa Iisi Ivat e i sa l isi e ivat sa isi s h o u l d r e c e i va I s h o u l d n o t r e
etc . c e i V e , etc .
PERFECT .
A r at ve ffi m i .
o lisin saan ut o lisimm e saan e et
olisit saan ut o lisitt e saan e et
o lisi saan ut Olis ivat saan e et
l a I s h o u d h v e r e c e i v e d , etc .
N e ive g at .
e n o lisi saan ut emme o lisi saan e et e t olisi saan ut ette oh s1 saan e et
e i oli si saan ut e ivat o lisi saan e et
I s h o u l d n o t h a v e r e c e i v e d, etc .
M A I PER TIVE .
A irma ti e ff v. e e t u saa kaa mm , l s r e c e i v e saa e saa kaa tt e . r e c i v e l , r e c e i v e
’ saa ko o n _ l e t h i m r e s aa ho o l e t h e m l l , l t , t ceive r e c e i v e TABLES OF CONJUGATION 1 71
N e a ive g t .
alkaamme saa o l t k , e u s n o t r e c e i ve ala saa i n o t alkaa tte saa ko r e , r e c e v e ( ) i , c e i ve n o t alkoon saa ko l e t h i m alkoot saa he l e m l , , t t h e n o t r e c e i v e n o t r e c e i v e
INFINITIVE S . t . t aa o I shor er , s da , r e c e i v e lon ger , i n o r d e r t h a t I m a lit f r m n y r e c e i v e ( . o y receivi g ) I n i n II . i n . sa de ssa a l l , r e c e i v g
n . saa de n n I str l l , b y o r w i t h r e c e i v i g In i n n r e . m s a . saa a s III | | , r e c e i v i g , c e i vi n g E l i n . saa ma st a m | l , f r o r e c e v i g 1 1 s aa m a an t o r e c e i v . | | , ( ) r e c e i v e , i n g A ll i d . saa m a a n l l , b y r e c e v i g A n bes . saa ma tt a , w i t h o u t r e c e i v i g , n o t r e c e i v i n g
n min ert n I str . saa , r e c e i v i g saa ma n m u l , ( st) r e c e i v e aa m ta om n t o s is , ( s ethi g) r e c e i v e
A S P RTIC IPLE .
m ct . . saa va n . saa I , r e c e i v i g . II | , r e c e i v e d 2 9 3 on u . Passive affirmative an d negative c j at io n g of the verb s aada , t o r e c e i v e . 1 72 FINNISH GRAM MAR
IND ICATIVE .
A irm t ve e ative ff a i . N g .
PRESENT . saa da an o n e r e e i saa da o n e l l , l , d o e s c e i ve s n o t r e c e i v e
IMPERFECT .
a — in o n r e 1 a ta o n e i n o t s a ti , e e sa , d d c e i ve d r e c e i v e
on aa ta o n h r e ol o n h s , e a s e 1 e saa ta , e a s c e i ve d n o t r e c e i v e d
PLUPERFECT . oli aa tu o h i l t n h d s , n e a d e o tu saa u , o e a r e c e i v e d n o t r e c e i v e d
A POTE NTI L .
PRESENT . saa tan e en o n e m a e i ri e n , y saa t a , o e m a y r e c e i v e n o t r e c e i v e
‘ l n e s aa ta o n e i l n v o n e ie e , e ie e saa t , m i g h t h a ve r e m i g h t n o t h a v e c e i ve d r e c e i v e d
1 74 FINNISH GRAM MAR
n 2 9 5 . The con sonant stem may be fou d by
n am n n - koon of droppi g the s e e di gs , , the m a e a ve as ta l koon n n an e m i per tiv cti ; , l , co so t st ta l es koon n n an m e S p l , co so t ste p It should be n oticed that all the con son an t stems e n d in e in n n a i a as tule n the prese t i dic t ve ctive ; , l , es e rt an e a p , p l , etc .
ALPHABE l AL B T é LIST or VER S.
9 2 6 . Alphabetical list of verbs showing the on S n ula of n n i a iv first pers i g r the prese t i d c t e , the n l third person si gu ar of the imperfect in dicative , n n l the third pers o si gu ar of the imperative active , an d the impe rative passive :
autan autt ak o o n aut e t t ak o o n
ek syk o o n e k s yt t ako o n
' e lakofin el e t t akoii n
’ e re ht yktiii n e re h dyt t ciko o n
h al ut k o o n h al ut t ak o o n
h ankkik o o n h an kit t ak o o n
' ' h e it t eiktiii n h e it e t t eiktié n
h u o m aut t ak o o n h u o maut e t t ak o o n LIST OF VERBS 1 75
hun dan h uut ak o o n h uude t t ako o n
h uvit t ak o o n h uvit e t t ako o n
’ h ypait kiitin h ypat t akofin
' ' h airit ktitin h iiirit t ziko o n
ih ailk o o n ih ail t ak o o n
im e kiiiin im e tt ako o n
is t uk o o n is t ut t ak o o n
it k e kiiii n it ke t t éiko o n
jat kak o o n jat k c t t ako o n juhlik o o n juhlit t ak o o n ju o k o o n ju o t ak o o n
' jéit t akiiii n jat e t téiktion
k al as t ak o o n kal as t e tt ak o o n
k an t ak o o n k an n e t t ak o o n
kas vak o o n kas ve t t ako o n
kat s o ko o n k at s o tt ak o o n
k e itt éikiiiin k e it e t t akfifin
' ' k e réit kii éin k e rzit t éiktion
kiit tfik o o n kiit e t téiko o n
kirjo it t ak o o n kirjo it e t t ak o o n
k o e t t ak o o n k o e t e t t ak o o n
k o h dat k o o n k o h dat t ako o n
k o n t at ko o n k o n t at t ak o o n
k uulk o o n kuul t ak o o n
k un nio it t ak o o n ku n n io it e t t ak o o n
k uritt ak o o n k urit c tt ako o n
kut suko o n k ut sut t ak o o n
ku t o k o o n ku d o t t ak o o n
' ' k yl aiil kéitin kylé ilt eiko o n ky sykéitin ky s yt tfiko o n kiive l kiiii n ké ve l t akfifin
l e nt akotin l e n n e t t akoon
' ' ' l e vait kii ii n l e vait t zikiiii n
l o is t ak o o n l o is t e t t ak o o n 1 76 FINNISH GRAM MAR
l ope tt ak o o n Io pe t e t t ak o o n
l o uk at k o o n l o uk at t ak o o n
l uk e k o o n l ue t t ak oo n
l uulk o ro n l uult ak o o n
l y o k6 6 n
l éiht e kiiiin lah de tt ak o o n
' l ah e t takii tin l é h e t e t t éiktiiin
ma k s ak o o n ma k s e t t ak o o ri
m at ku s t ak o o n m a t kus t e t t ak o o n
m e l o k o o n me l o t t ak o o n
m e n kiiii n m e n t éikéiii n
m e n e t t ak o o n m e n e t e t t éik o o n
' m e n e s t yktitin m e n e s t yt t eik o o n
' ’ m e rkit kfifin m e rkitt aikiib n
' m e t s é s t ak o o n m e t s éis t e t t aktiii n
m uist ak o o n m uist e tt ak o o n
m u o d o s t ak o o n m u o d o s t e t t ak o o n
m uut t uk o o n m uut ut t ak o o n
’ m y o kéiéin m y fit cikiiii n
' m y o h a s t yk o o n niy o hiis t yt t akoéin
n au rak o o n nau re t t ak o o n
n o us k o o n n o u s t ak o o n
n uh de lk o o n n uh de l t ak o o n
n ukk uk o o n n uku t t ak o o n
n ahkoé n n fih tfiké fin
n ayt t éikoii n n é yf e t t akiiii n
o do t t ak o o n o d o t e t t ak o o n
0 jc un an o je n t ak o o n o je n n e t t ak o o n
olt ak o o n
o mist e t t ak o o n
o n git t ak o o n o pit t ak o o n
o s at t ak o o n
o st e tt a k o o n
1 78 FINNISH GR AM MAR
s aast ako o n s aast e tt ako o n
t ah t o k o o n t ah d o tt ak o o n tarj ot k o o n tarj o t t ako o n
t art t ui t art t uk o o n t art ut t ak o o n
t e hkOOn t e ht éikOOn
' ' t ie t aikOOn t ie de t t aikOOn
t o ivo k o o n t o ivo t t ak o o n
t ulk o o n t ul t ak o o n
t unk eut uk o o n tu nk e udut t ak o o n
t unt e ko o n tu nn e t t ak o o n
t u o k o o n t u o t ak o o n
uiko o n uit ak o o n
un h o t t ak o o n u n h o t e t t ak o o n
vahin g o it t ak o o n vahin g o it e t t ak o o n
vaih t ak oo n vaih de t t ak o o n
vakuut t ak o o n vaku ut e t t ak o o n
valit k o o n valitt ak o o n
varas t ak o o n varast e t t ak o o n
vast at k o o n vast at t ak o o n
' ve t aikOOn ve de t t éik OOn
vie kOOn vie t éikOOn
vie railk o o n vie railt ak o o n
' viih t k On viihdyt takOOn
vo ik o o n vo it ak o o n
vo it t ak o o n vo it e t t ako o n
vu o lk o o n vuo l t ako o n
yl e t kOOn yl e t t akaan
' aan n an aan t akaan aéinn et t akiitin FIN NISH - ENGLISH 1 79
FINNISH- ENGLISHVOCABUL ARY.
o u aalt , wav e aj ri , driv e r aa iain e n a akku n a w m , br e akf s t , i n d o w
alas s o n ah , ala , d w ahk e ra e n al us vaat e u n o , dilig t , d e rcl th e s ah ke rast i e n alkaa t o e n t o , dilig tl y , b g i , s tart
A d o f t h e a u n hti , g o e s alla, d e r
m an aa o aika , ti e t , t g iv e
o n a u aik a , t o i t e n d p , h e lp
n arkku u ai a , always , tr n k
o o s e m s o n e o air , ar a a , tati , d p t
' n e s e s e aita , f e c e k l , t p aI t s o e o s ast ia e s s e u e n s t a , t r h u e , v l , t il
o e s u t o s e aiv , brai n t a , t p
t su t o e ajaa , o driv e a a , liv a a e l a t o n au rin k o s u n j t l , thi k , a aut t aa t o e jo , driv e , h lp
' e e a n n m d e lla , b e f o r e l i , a i al
' hkai s e li o r e , p e rhap ,
o f o m o e e n e m i o m . c i n o t n o p , c p palj . r , ,
’ e n n s u e r a t e o f o . c i e n s in kiiain n o t i , p iv pa j , l l
k a n e m o s c i k o s a , n e v r t
o e t e e n s e e n n e n ku n , e il , y e t rday b f r tha
k s a o e rr e n t in e n o m e e y , t , f r r
' s e ah u o mio m is u n de rs t a ml e l o kuu , A u g u t p ,
' lii ai in e , t o liv e g 1 80 VOCABULARY
u h t a t o e rr t o m s e e e , s o e re y , , i tak t la th
' s m o n e e t aalla f ar e ras , o e , a' e tt , that
h il aa s n u e n j , il e tly , q i tly haara, bra ch h il ain e n u e s e n h aa raut ua t o n j , q i t , il t , bra ch hi a o u n t , pric e halki , thr gh hiu s lu h iuk s e e . t , hair h el pa , ch ap , p h o it aa n s b u t o s t o e s e , ur e al ta , wi h , d ir b o mm as o o it , car e h a , t o th o e s e h an kkia t o u n s t o e t h p a, ilv r , f r i h , g h o u su o u s s n s u e t , tr e r hapa , o r , bitt r h u m e nn a t o —m o o r b u s o , rr w ha ja , r h h u o mau t t aa t o e n o n h arm aa,g ray , call att ti ,
h arvo in s e o m t o r e mar , ld k h m ut us e m u u o a , r ark hatt , hat o n e o o m kkua t o t o n su h u , r h au , bark , i lt k e s n h u o e a, ch e ap haus ka , pl a a t t i o u e uu e e h u o l e , with t car h avup , fir tr h uuli h h , lip e , t e y aa t c r t o s o u a u huut , o y , h t h e de lm , fr it ' h ukk aan in n h e de lm apuu; fru it tr e e , vai h h t kuu A kko u i , pril h e i , w e ak ' i t o m u s e n akuu u h uvt t aa , a h e i , J l y
' ' ' ’ at a t o um aci t o o h p , J p h e it t , thr w y h vin e l iku u F e u y , v r y h e m , br ary h va o l o s e , g o d h e pp , e a y , ch ap y h airit éi t o s u b e n e , di t rb ki , lif h an h e s e M r , , h h e rra , . , Sir ' ' n l a o n h o r s h e h as s e n e m n hzi e l , e h e rras mie , g tl a h i n t a e a , tail h e rn , p e
' e s s n e e n n o s e hata di s tr , d h e vo e , h r , o r s e m h ih a s e e e h y y , t a , l v
r m o s e hii i, u
VOCABULARY
kki ll k e k S I a t I n kai a a, e v e ry wh e r e , o v e n t
i n o m n e e o e ka va t , i k ll , b ll k a ah t aa t o e o k e lt ain n o j , ch e , y e ll w
' k ak sit t ain t w o b t w o k e n kai , y , s h o e t a si , w o k e n kaa n an o n e k k , y
a o o k e rt o mu s s o k lli , r ck , t ry ‘ a s e x e n s w e e k e s ci s k lli , p , d ar , u m m e r s k kala , fi h e sakuu , Ju n e k al ast aa t o s ki i k W n s a , i h k e s vi k o e e f , d d y k m o a t o s u s a m , di g t k e sk e lla in t h e m s o f , id t m o m ka pa , c b e s m k y, ta e n h e n ' ka a , k e vait s n , pri g i in n k an ar al t u , ca ar y bird ke rma , cr e am k an sallin n n o n ' e , ati al k e reit fi t e t o o e , o gath r , c ll ct k s an s a, with k e t t u f , o x k n a t e t o ' a t a o b ar , carr y kiitt aa t o n , , tha k k r t a m a a t , p k u t am a ii n n n t t , u tha kful n o e n karta , g ard , y ard e o n u ki li , t g e k k e ra s o u at , bitt e r , r ki l o m e i ppi, g ram ar k asvi n , pla t ki h ua o e , t b o il k svaa t o o a , g r w i o o k rja , b k k t s o a o o t o s e e a , t o l k , kir e e j , l tt e r o o o att , r kir ain e e k f j , l tt r
u s e e kir o aa kat , tr t j it t , t o writ e s e e k at uvaun u , tr t car o u kirkk , ch rch n an a a , ar i s c e k k f k rka , bri ght , l ar
u n e kirve s ka la , ck , ax k aulus o s s c a t , c llar ki a, k aun is e u u k o tt aa t r , b a tif l e , t o y
u un k o h dat a t o - m e e ka p ki , city , t
k u t a b o s o n a t , y k hta , o
k e h t o c e o do , radl k ira , g
k e it t iti e n o o o e s z e , kitch k k , wh l , i ‘ k e it ci éi o o o m e e e t j , c k k l , thr
' k it aéi o o o k o k o us m e e n e t , t c k , ti g FINNISH - ENGLISH 1 83
k o n t t o ri o e k un n e s u n , ffic , til , til k o n t at a t o kun , crawl , wh e n , as
o e ku rit t aa u n k rk a , high , t o p i s h
o e ar kut s ua t o o k k rva , , call , t as
o s e u s e kut o a k ka , b ca , t o w e av e
o o m e u k ti , h k va , pict ur e k o ulu s o o k lla s , ch l y , y e
' o h k lei k va , ard y , village
' kuu m o o n k l ai lla t s , y , o vi it
' u n n k lmai o k i , tha y , c ld
' kunll a t o k nai e n , h e ar y , p
' kuu kaus i m n k s a , o th y p y , t o rip e n
' k ukkaum u o w b d k s ai t o ask p , fl e r u y y ,
u o e a i o n k kka , fl w r k rk , p i t
u n s n k ki , e ach ka i , ha d
u o o ka s ivars i a rm k kk , r o s t e r , kukaan a n o n kasit s t e n n in n , y e y , ha d ha d
' kul t a o kait k t e , g ld y , cradl ’ u u n e e kave ll ci t o k lk ri , wa d r r , walk
u mm w o n k a da t o o k a , d e r y , g
' ku m ikin n f t h t w o k a t eiva p , o e o e y , hall kun n i i a o n k o h a o o o t t a , t h o o r y , p r
L .
l a mm as la um a o o f s e e laaja , wid e , fl ck h p
s o e l am aan lih a m u o n laak , vall y p , tt o e l aat ikk o b o x a i , s pad , l p l aa u san e s t a , adj ctiv e lap i , child l ah a s e n l at t ia o o j , g ift , pr e t , fl r l ah o it t aa t s e n t o o f e e , to j , o pr e t latva , p a tr p
a b l auan t ai S u l i a , thi n , at rday laul aa t o s n l ain e ht ia t o w av e , i g m o l aiva s l au a , ck , hip fl u u so n n b e d s e e a , g laka a , h t l l
m s e e laut ane n e la ma , l amb , s h p , plat 1 84 VOCABULARY
e l uke a t o e l hti , l e af , r ad a u u l e ip , br e ad l k , chapt e r
' l e n t aéi t o fl u m s n o , y l i , w
' l e vii t ai t o e s l uul l a t s u o s e t re , r t , o pp , o p
e u n s l ka, chi u me
ii n l o kka s l a , t o o u , cla s
u e n u sikka o o n l k , b u s i e s s l , s p
e s l I k na e n liivi , v t y Jy y , p cil
m e h t s liha , at l y y , h o rt lih akau a m e m e l fidéi t e t o s e pp , at ark t y , o b at , trik lih ava h de s n , fat lé , pri g
4 12i - - 11e n e ab e n liki ( , ta , ) ar l lla , e ar
' ' lin u la h tt eia t s n t , bird e , o e d
' ' l is t aa s n e l ah t e a t s t o s t o ff o , t o hi , o tart , e l o kaku u o e ak s e s s o n , Oct b r l y, l
o e t t a a t o e n d t o n s l ammin m l p , , fi i h , war
o u a t o n su t u a m o m e u e l k ta , i lt , o h rt l p , t e p rat r
m aa e n ma n a m e arth , la d rkki , ark t
m aailm a o m arraskuu No e m e w rld , v b r
m aalis kuu m o e r , March att , carp t , u g
m aan an t ai m s o l o w , M o n day atala , hall w ,
m al at a t ma o u n e a , o pai n t tka , trip , j r y
m a al ari n t k ali u c e , pai t e r ma pp , ti k t
m a o m a kus t aa e it , m ilk t , t o trav l
m a o o e m e w e aj at l , h t l ,
niah t ava o e u m m e o a t o e , p w rf l , ig hty l , paddl
m ak a m n néi t o o e , s w e e t e , g
m ak in e n n m e n e t t aa t o o s e e , ca dy , l
mak e isk u a o n e o n m e n e st a t o s u e e a pp , c f cti ary y , cc d
m s u me rkitéi t o m akkara , a s ag e , ark
m ak saa t a me s e a , o p y ri ,
m n s m e sa o e s a ikka , s traw b e rry t , f r t
m e t o un arja , b rry h t
1 86 VOCABULARY
’ o mis t aa o sa , t o o w n , part o e n o s o t e e s s m a , appl e , addr o n o s t aa t o , is , b uy o n ki s n e s o s t o s s o n , fi hi g tackl , fi hh o o k , h ppi g o n kia t o s w o s o e e , fi h ith a h o o k t a , f r h ad o n n u o t t aa t o e i , l ck , tak o n n e llin e n u o t t aa kiin n i t o , l cky , catch o o o n o s r n e ppia , t l e ar n t , t a g o e t t a a o vat ar p j , t e ach e r , e o s t n o vi o o ata , o k o w , d r
aikk a e it t aa t o o e p , plac e p , c v r
im n e e e o e pa e , s h ph e rd p it , c v r
ain aa t o e s s t o e P e P e e p , pr , w i g h kka, t r
e o e paita , s hirt p lt , fi ld
' ais t aa t o e e léit ai t o e affraid p , bak p , b
ait si s e s rh e m p , b e id , e xc e pt pe , fa il y
a id t o n e paha , bad p , i h rit
alkit a t o e e r an t ai F p , r ward p j , riday
l o un o o pal , ball p e r a , p tat
e e e s n e s pala , pi c p a , t
' o l t t a a t o u n s a o s p , b r p e t , t wa h
o m u llin n u palj , ch pe t o e , d e c e itf l
al as e n s o o n p j , bar pia ,
alve li a s e n e n s m p j , rva t pi i , all
an kk n kka i p L ba k pu ra , p e
n n ut ilvi o u pa a , t o p p , cl d
an nu an im k p , p p ea , dar
e s m n s e n s o f o n e s pappi , pri t , i i t r pi si , up . pitka , l g t ,
e e pap ri , pap r tall e s t
are m i m ' f h va b e t in o n p p , c o p . o y , pitk , al g
' t e a o n r pitk , l g
s h va e s it aa t o o t o e t o s u . o f para , p y , b t p , h ld , r gard,
e e pata , k ttl e lik FINNISH - ENGLISH 1 87
ikki s uu e po , acr o s p , tr e
o o unt o o e p ika , b y p , p rridg
o imia o t o e uut t ua t o l uc k t o n p , t pick , gath r p , , wa t
o o o m uut arhu ri n e p hja , b tt p , gard r
o o n e n n o e n h e liin a o w e p hj i , rth r , n o rth pyy , t l
' ' o n e e t aa t o b e t o as k p lvi , k py y , g ,
s a n u o n c n n is tu s e o e e o n t y , pri ht p o s iti p , ff rt , x rti py g
o n n is aa o o n p t , t o e x e rt py r e a , r u d
o st ik o n t o ri o s aa e p t , p t o ffic e p , h ad
o t kaist a t s n e n s p , o kick paa ky , wall o w
u o aas t éi t o e p d ta , t o fall p , r ach
' u u s u aatt éia t o e e p k , it p , d cid
u u t o s e aI n vast o in o n t h e o n p h a , p ak p , c trary
un ain e n re l da p , d pa va , y
u o li ai vallin e n n n e p , half p , di r
' u o t i s o e o zi p , t r p yt , tabl e
u t o e o t aki - p rra, bit p y rja, r e g i s try b o o k
’ ur e h t ia t o s o t aliin a - p j , ail p y , tabl e cl o th
s e raka , d ar re ai s t a t o p , t e ar rakast aa t o o ve , l r h llin e n e e , h o n e s t rak e n t aa t o u , b ild s rika , rich ran ais t a t un s g , o p i h rin n at ust e n s e , id e b y s id ran ais t u s u n s m n g , p i h e t n n e s o ri , l p e n s e o s ra ta , h o r , c a t in a e s r t , br a t R an ska n , Fra c e ri ust a t n p a, o ha g rata , track s ro s s o u e ri ti , c , tr bl u n ra ta , ir o va Mrs ro u . raut at ie o , , railr ad u o o as s ra vn t o n o u s m e n o o r h , g r i , ri h t , f d ruo kah uo n e n n ro o m vin t l a e s n , di i g ra o , r ta u ra t ka fo o d re h e lin n n s ruo , l e , h o e t i e s e ru k o lla, t o ray r ki , l igh p 1 88 VOCABULARY
rusk e a r s , br o w n uu u, r o s e
' ruumis ra s s , b o dy y ta , e av e s
s t o c e su st n aada , r e iv e i , e at s a d val niiik si t o S l a s e s e a a , g e t r e ady j , ca , at s aalis o o s m a e e , b ty , pr e y il , y saa ua t o t S e a s m o o p , r e ach , o arriv e il , th s e n S ill oin n ad , rai , th e sallia t o o t o m S fo r , all w , p e r it illa , s s in in e n alaa , s e cr e tl y , bl u e
a vt i n s n s l e , n apki i a , th o u s m m s inun t a a , s a e , hy s n s sa s s a a, w o rd i r , i t e r
' s n s s ai - s a - s t a - l t o t o s a s t a c . a a , y i , , , e ) m , s e n in t h e n e i a , wall i t ri o r s e in ake ll o l k s en n , c o c itt , th e se is o a o n s it t e n kun e , t s ta d , aft r that s e k o it t aa t s sit o a t t i t n , o tir , o e , o bi d
e sit ruu n a m n s , it , l e o s e s o k e a n ka , al s o , bli d s e a o n d s o k e ri s u k e tta , b th a , gar s e ll ain e n s u so k e ri al a e e o f s u , ch p , a pi c gar ’ ' s e lit t cia t o n t de s o k e riast ia s u o , e xplai , o , gar b wl
s o k e ril e ivo s e s crib e , cak
' se lk ai s o imu s e m n , back p , a g r e e t s e s o t o lva , cl e ar pia , fit s e m o in n h s o a s o u m e , s u c pp , p s n t éih de n e e f s o rmi n e e , th e r fo r , o r , fi g r s e rkku s o rm us n , c o u s i n , ri g ’ s t ci n s o ut aa t ro w e , u cl e , o s c u t o o o s ub e e n in o t rata, f ll w t , r e lati n o s e u raava n e suk a s o s o n , xt k , ck, t cki g
S e a n n uk lt aa i v , ic e , fi e s e , t o dive s s sun nu i ii , th e r e fo r e nt a , S un day
1 90 VOGABULAR Y
m s ta a , thi tays i , full
n n e e e t a ta , h r yt yy , m us t
' ' — ’ naan t o da t a t éici ta , y y t , t o fill n tati , a u t
uida t u rh o o llin e n , o s wim , brav e
ul o s o ut uun i s e u n o e n , , t o v , f r ac e , v
ulk o m aa e n un i s e e e m , fo r ig c o un try , l p , dr a
u n h o t t aa t o u se a m n , fo rg et , a y
u s e m uu s n e w i , o ft e n i ,
u skalt aa t o n e dar e , t o v e tur
n s n ro vaa , b ut vapa , fi hi g d van ld vaara , da n g e r ha, o
vaat e l o va rh ain e n e , c t h , arly
vaat e k aa i var o s e pp , wardr o b e j , had
vaat e kau a o n s o e varmaan s u e pp , cl thi g t r , r ly
vah in o it t aa t o n u e t o var un e n S o g , i j r , p , parr w
s e harm vara , thi f
vahink o n u m varast aa t o s e , i j ry , har , t al
a s n var al o s m o v hva , tr o g t , t e , b dy
vaih t aa t n e n f r fo r t h e s e o f , o cha g e vart , o , ak
vaikka ut s n e , b va e , l ft
vaik e a vas aan n s , diffic ult , hard t , agai t
vaim o o m n a aat a o s , w a vast p , pp o it e
u t a t o n s e vaiva , tr o bl e vas at , a w r
vaku u tt aa t e s vast au s n s e , o r gi t e r , t o , a w r
s s e o m a rt vat sa , s t ach
val e h t e li a un u j , liar va , car
i t o c o o s e ve it si n e val ta , h , k if valk e a e i o e , whit v e l , br th r valmis e n , r ady v e e , b o at va aa e e e r o p , fr v i , bl o d FIN NISH - ENGLISH 1 91
' ' ve rai a e s s e vu sas w is e j , gat , pa a g way
s e u s v e i , wat r v i , fiv e
' e t éia t o u t o vill ain e n v , p ll , draw , wo o l e n
vie da t o virkamie s f o ff , carry , o fic e r , ic e
e a t o e vi l , y e h ld r
vie raill a t o s vo ida t o e t o n c an , vi it , g al g ,
s s n vo i u vi e ra , tra g e r , b tt e r
e s mi s n e s s vo im a s n vi ra e , wit , tr e gth
i rash uo n e o vo im akas o e u V e , parl r , p w rf l
ih do in at s vo itt aa t o w in V , la t ,
ih n n s e e vu o de b e d v a e , v g e tabl ,
ih a a t e vu o k si fo r fo r t h e s e o f v t , o hat , , ak
t e n vu o ll a t o vih as ua, t o g t a gry , chip
' u o n n vih e riai e e n v o ri , m u tai , gr u o s viiht a t o e e o m e v , e ar y , f l at h i y
' a e e u vu kk o e e v va , p o r , w k k w f l a rs e s vurne in n s v , v r e , fi ally , at la t y
' aL'irEi o n o o e vum e in e n s v , wr g , cr d , la t k
Y .
o e o s s h t e e n o e e y i , v r , acr y , t g th r l s e e m h d svll at t h e U n e rit s e n e , Y y a , it d y y , t rpri att pt st éiva e n S tat e s y , fri d m a ri o u n k s i n , ar d y , o e y p ’ O n yk sit t ciin o n e by o n e y , i g ht
' l e t ai t o s e y , ri
' ' ’ aan o e o n e aiiti m o th e r , v ic , t , i ’ aa t o o n o u n e aan i s e n sam , pr c e t , il t
O l ljy, o i VOCABULARY
H- FlNNl H CAB ARY ENGLIS S VO UL .
a o n o m m u s e h t cc rdi g t , y o t e n a , uvi t aa
o s s li ikki an acr , y , p o d, ja
e ss o s o t e o s o t n s e vas t at a s t au addr , , t aa a w r , , va s
d e l at u n ma e a n a j ctive , a s an a a i l , l i
m h i an o n e k e n k a a n m ikin ad ir e , i a ll a y , ,
i se n u o a e o m e n adv , e v appl , a
a o f -e a A h u ht ikuu afr id , p l ta pril ,
e alki - s s a - s t a e n are o vat aft r, j , , f ) ,
n arm kas ivars i agai , taa s , a n s va s t aan as n o un m ari gai t , , v t e ar d, y p
m e air , il a art, taid
' s as ikaan ku in n i i n k u in ala , ah if, ,
l k a kk k al , i i as , un
n s o f k aik e ll ain e n ask k s a t a a all ki d , , y y , py y
o s allia e m rit s all w, att pt , y y
m o s m e lk e in s V ih do in vn m e in al t , at la t , ,
o n n o t n A u us e l k u al g , pitki , m y e g t , o u
' e o un t a alr ady, j a , t ti
s o m Oski kir e s al , y n ax, v s alway , ai n a
s e b e o back, lka , taka , lla . ' b e e m o h a s t a bad , paha lat , y y
e k an t aa ball , pall o b ar,
n an kki e ba k, p b ar , karh u
e as e o a bar , palj b at , ly d
h a kku a e u u k au n is bark, u b a tif l ,
1 94 VOCABULARY
o k lm child , lap s i c ld , y a
n o a kaulu s chi , l e uka c ll r , o o s e o m m ch , valita c b , ka pa ur o m ch ch , kirkk o c e , t ulla
o n o n m ak k a city, kaup un ki c fe cti ary, e is uppa
m at i o n s e ue n n iin u o do in clai , va a c q tly , m ,
as s u kk s u s cl , l o a
aus e u s o o k e it t a a k e it t a a cl , la e c k, , J
o in k l o e e it t aa e it t cl ck, s e a e l o c v r, p , p o
o se sulk e a ah das c raddl e k at k t cl , , , y
o aa k o t at a cl th , v t e crawl , n o u ilvi e m e m cl d, p cr a , k r a o o ss s c at , takki cr , ri ti
o e k ah t k e a huut a c ffe , vi cry, i , a c o e o k h c u k at ffe p t , a vipan n u t , l e i a
an e n m uo ka sali d g r , vaara din i g r o o , r
n e o u s va llin n n e ai vallin e n da g r , ara e n di r , p
are u sk al s s a a d , t aa di s t re , h t
a im h airi d rk, p e a di s turb , t a a d day, p iva o g , k o ira
e ar s n s d , raka d o w , ala
e e u t o lli m n i d c itf l , p e n e n dr e a , u
e e aat t aa n o da no m d cid , p dri k , ju , i a
e e s a o d p , y va drive , ajaa , j de s re h alut a t o e i , , t ah a driv r , ajaja u ik o o s s o e am diffic lt , va e a dry g d t r , rihk a
e n ahk e ra u dilig t, ka ppa
e n hk r dilig tly, a e as t i
e o k a e m a ach , j arth , a e ar o e s h e l , k rva a y, pp o
' e varh ai e s a éi arly, n ave , r y s t s ENGLISH - FIN NISH 1 95
o k e , a ah t aa e e o ka ch j v ry , j ka , jo in c n e e e u n e e o dg , r a , raj a v ryb dy, j o ka mie s e e o r o o e e o n e ith r , j k v ry , j o ka y ks i e n d lo u lo t t a , pp , pe a e ve ryw h e re kaikkiall , a e rr e re h t a , y e xp e n s ive kalli s , e e n n e m v i g , ilta y , s il a e e n a v t , t pau s
e a o n n is t ua f o o l at t fail , p l r , ia
u o o e fall , p d ta fl w r , k ukka fa s k s l e n t a ll , y y fly , a
mi ' rh e f o d fa ly , p e o , ru o ka
m o us kuu luisa o o fa , f t , jalka
n n fo r far , ka ka a , s ill a
s t kiivas fo r t h e s e o f vuo ks i fa , ak , . s e n fa t , s it o a t e n
“ e I s a o e e s fath r , f r h ad , o t a
Fe u lm k o e n o un u o m br ary, h e i uu f r ig c try , lk aa
e e t u n e a o e n e u lk o m a lain e n f l , t f r ig r , a
e e o m h o e s e f l at h e , vn ty a f r t , m t s a
e n e o n h o t t a f c , aita f rg e t , u a
e o ka h i fi ld , p e lt o f rk , ve l
n viim in ih o in o m m uo do s t aa m uo t o fi ally, e , v d f r , ,
n o t o m o n m uo do s t u s fi d , l y aa f r ati ,
n o me e n t in e n fi g e r , s o rm i f r r ,
F n n uo m o e t e e n a m i , s alai n e n f rward , p
F n n fo x k e t t u i la d , S uo m i ,
e h a n e K n s fir tr e , vupuu Fra c , a ka
e e e va aa fir , t uli fr , p
s o o k l auan t ai fi hh k , o n i Friday,
e n stavii fit , s o pia fri d , y
e e n s t a vallin e n fiv , vii si fri dly, y
o a o m s e e S e o n 02 an d fl ck, l um a fr ( cti
o o f s l am m slau m a o m s o m e e e m uualt a fl ck h e e p , a fr wh r , 1 96 VOGABULAR Y
u h e de lm a u s t a t t aa fr it , f ll , tay i , y
u e e h lm a u n s h n k fr it tr , e de puu f r i h , a k ia
n i gard e e r , puu t arh ur give , an t aa
e n n o il o in gard , karta , piha glad , e n
' a e e ra a o rt ti o m e g t , v j , p g , n n a
' e r k r t a o kult gath , e a , k o ta g o ld , a
en e m n h as m i mma kie li i g tl a , e rr e s gra r, o pp ss g e t , s aada gra , r u o h o
e t an ih as t ua h arm a g gry, v gray, a
e r a s alm iik s i n ih i g t e dy, aada v gr e e , v e r a
h o k as aa gift , l a ja gr w, v
H .
a r u l u hiu k s e t e aut t aa a u h i , t kka , p . h lp , , p
h a u li h e n n lf, p o , ka a
' ka t h e r au n hall , y ava , h e
' ' n as e e adlla ha d, k i h r , t
n in n a s k de s s a e iil o ut ua ha d ha d , k i a hid , p
n i u a o e ha g, r p s t a high, k rk a
' n l n m a happy, o n e li e n hill , ki
' e n a h u h is h an n happ , t pa t a , e
' ' o it a hard , ko va h ld , p a
m hin i t o s it aa u n n har , va g o t aa h ld fa t , p k i
e ih at a ih a o m e hat , v , v h , ko ti
u o n e s re h e llin e n hat , hatt h t , ,
a e s e e e s s o n o o o u u h v , ( L X V ) h k, k kk h a o t o ivo a t o ivo e , h n h p e , , h h s l o se h e vo n e n e a , b an c l a o n h r ,
e a h o t uu m h ad, p a , k a
ku ll a o u un h e ar , n h r , t ti
“ e s d o u s e o h art, y an h , tal
e e n t i a o e m o h o t e lli h av , a v s h t l , ajatal ,
ra sk a h o w u m h e avy, s , k i ka
1 98 ' VOCABULARY
l e n ilkk a n l e i n g , li o , o a
e n it u u s h l l gth , p lip , uu i
e s s o n l ak s e s l , y liv , a ua , e laa
e e kir e o n l tt r , j l g, pitka
val e h t e li a o s e e n e t t aa k a do a liar , j l , m , t t a
e va au s o e rak as a lib rty, p l v , t a
' e e m a l o w lif , la , m atala
o light , val
m e n k rcha t , auppias mi m lk, ait o
m n m e i d , i li m n m o n u s a m n e n a y, i , e i , kaiva t o m n m s m k e rt a m nu e m in t t i a y ti e , o n ta a i t , u
m aali kuu s s me March , s Mi , iti m m rkit a m rkki e ark , e , e Mr h rra m k M s e m ar e t t i r . ro u a ark t , , v
m s e I s n a m o n kuuk au s a t r , a t th , i
t u k k uu m o o n kuu May, o o ,
m e o iit t m o n n aam u ad w, n y r i g ,
m e su e m m m o s e n n a r , itta , itata t , i
m m o e ai t i e at , liha th r ,
m e m e lih ak au a mu o n l am an lih a at ark t , pp tt , pa
m e e k h at a m o un n u o t , o d tai , v ri
m m m m n u n s e e e o n e o ry , mu is t o y, i , ( S cti
e n s k au at ara m rcha di e , pp av
n n u n e l ah e ll a - - lt a ail , a la ar , , liki lla , ,
- ll t n m n e e c . a e , im i , )
n n s al e t i n e s u s apki , v at , ti
n o n k an s allin n e e s s t ar e e llin e n ati al , e n c ary, p
n u e l o n n e u at r , u t o ck, ka la ENGLISH - FINNISH 1 99
n e e e n e n la n o o n i dl , , puo lipa vii n e o n a a u ri n o s e ighb r , p , n e n a n e s e s n o t n s in t , p a at all , ci c kaa n n e e k o skaa n n o e h u o m a a a t v r , ci tic , t , huo m u us n e w u u s n o u s me n ravi o k , i ri h t , nt o , ru a n s u a a No e m e arr s e xt , e ra v v b r , m a kuu n n o w n t ight , y o , y n o s e o 8 5 n u m e n u m , ci ( e e S cti n ) b r , e r o n o o n e k s ik aa n u s e h o it aa h it a , ci y n r , , o aj n o s e m u i , e l
o b t de H o n o un f e y , o a acc t o , t ahde n o u t h o n e o n e k s it t i cc r , apa t ua by , y a n
o e l o k ku o n e o f t h e t w o ikum i Oct b r , a u , jo mp p o o t u k s o e n au k i t d r , o u p , a s a
o f e n 2 5 o o s e vas t a aa t a , ( s e S e cti o ) pp it , p
o e t ar a ar u s o ar o ff r , jo t , t jo , air
o irk amie o r e li ffice r , v s , , tahi
o k n t r o e t o in e n ffic e , o t o i th r , n o u it aa o ft e , u s e im ght , p l o ur m e an s e e S e o n 90 o i , Oljy , id ( cti ) ld o u t u lo s o , va n ha ,
n lla o wn o m a o m is t aa o , paa ( s e e S e cti n o , ,
e o uis t o paddl , me l a park , p
s o V ie ras h uo n e page , iy u parl r ,
n u s u part , o s a pai , t ka , kip n a t k s t a a n ni aal at a m pa s s e ge r , m u j pai t , , aali
n e m aal aa a ath , p o u pai t r , j p lk m ak saa m ak su pair , pari pay, ,
n n u e a e n e pa , pa n p , h r u e e p e ac e , ra ha pap r , pap ri u n ke ut ua e n s van h e m m at e n e trat e , t par t , p 2 00 VOCABULARY '
e n n o o r k p , ky a p , o y h a
e n l l k n o t a o e n p cil , y j y y a p t , p r u a
rmit s allia o e u o m k pe , p w rf l , v i a a s
P t r P e a k i l e e , kka pr y, ru o l a
i oim ia k rat a e s s ain aa p ck, p , e pr , p
e o f su ar k i va r s e n ah pi ce g , s o e r p l a p e t , l ja
ie n rakk e hin p , p a pric , t a
a e aikk a o n o un e aan t a pl c , p , s ija pr c , a
at e au a n u t a pl , l t n e p ll , ve a
a ikkia un s ran ais t a pl y, l e p i h , g
e ase lka h a un s m e n ran ais t u s pl , O a yv p i h t , g
l e asant us ut n n p , ha ka p , pa a
o nt p i , karki
Q.
a u i e hil ain e n qu rt , n e ljas o sa q t , j u ilk q ick, v as
t a re o n t o su b e e n rabbi , j n i s lati , t
a o a au t at i re ma hu o m au t t aa r ilr d, r e rk, n re m e m e m uist aa rai , s ad e b r ,
a s e n o s a e s e a e o r i , t a r t , l v ta , l p
ra e e s u n ravin t ol a k , harava r ta ra t ,
' ra a e urn t ak ais in y , s d e r t , palata
re s aa u a aas t a e rille e alkit a ach , p , p p r ward , p
r l k s e ad , u e a rich , rika
e alm i o ik e a r ady, v s right ,
r as o n n s o rm us e , s y y ri g,
e e n k S a r e c ive , s aada rip , yp y
re un a n s e n o u s t a d , p i e n ri ,
' ' r a it a ro t ie e g rd , p a ad ,
r s e k t t a ro o e gi t r , va uu a ck, kalli , kivi
re s - o o aiva kir a ro o o gi try b k, p j f, katt
re in h a ro o n uo n , o j s n h e
2 02 VOCABULARY
s s e s s s e i t r , i ar p ak, p uhu a sit is t u a s e e rit in e n , p cial , y , ylim aa s n ki , n ahka , kuo ri ram e n s m e s e n kirt , ha p d , kulut t aa s k t i s o n y, a vas p o , l u s ikka s e e n ukku a s e e a l p , pr ad, l vit , l e vit t a a s e e e hih a s n a l v , pri g, k e v t s e e s l igh , r ki tair , p o rra s
o n s m rk s l p e , ri n e ta p , m e ki s o s s n se is l w, hida ta d, o a
m e n s e s all , pi i tar , t hti
m o e s e k s o th , s il a tir, s o tt aa s o m s lkaa n w, l u i tart , a
ii s o n s s o , n n tati , a e m a
' o ai ua s a u s ap , s pp tay, j aad , v py a
o u s e ar s ck, s kka t al , v ast aa s e h e a s e m h O r o ft , p m t a , y y
o aa s e s s il , m t p , e k e l s o m e o u m uuan / s k e , j k , tick , ppi s o m e o n e o u s o n , j k t cki g, sukka s o m e n o t ain s o ma thi g , j t ch , vat s a s o me e e o s s akin s n e k wh r , j t o , ivi
o n o s o s a ht a s , p ika t p , py y y
o n u s o e u o t i s g, la lu t r , p
o n n o ut u in s o m m rsk s o , pia , j t r , y y
o s u u s o m m rs k in e n s o rr w, r t r y, y y s o un aan s o k e rt o m us d, i t ry,
' s o u a e s o e un n r , v k va t v , i
u e s s u ra s o th , e t la traight, p
' ' s o w k l s n e o n o , y vaa tra g , t
w l s n e e s o , n e u o a tra g r , vi ra s s e s o o s pad , lapi o traw, lki , k r i
' ' s aa ad s e m n s par e , s s t trawb rry , a ikka s s e n e s e e u park, ak . tr t , kat
s o r n s e n vo im a parr w va pu e n tr gth , ENGLISH - FINNISH 2 03
Sun s un nunt ai l o da day , s trik e , y s e illallin e n e a upp r , s tr o n g , vak v s u e varm ast i o e t e lla r ly, s tu dy , p su e n u s n e rfac , pi ta su bj e ct , al , ai s u s e e ailla m e n e s t a p ct , p s u cc e e d , y s e e lakais t a s e ll ain e n w p , su ch , o a s ne n s a s wall w , p a ky suffe r , kar i s e e m ak e a s o k e ri w t , su gar , s n o e a o s o k e ria s t ia wift , p sugar b wl , s n h e ilu a u u wi g , sui t, p k s m n n au rin k o wi , ida su ,
T .
e h e o t a th y , tabl e , p y sa n a thick , pak tail , ha t e s ra at al i thi f , vara tail o r , n s e s ne e o t t aa thi g , a ia, i tak , n a at e lla e s thi k , j tam e , k y s n o t e thir t , ja t e a, e s m o t t e e an n u thi , ta a t e a p , p t o s e n e o e t t a a h , t e ach , p o u s n re ia th , i a t e ar , p o u vaikk a h am aat th gh , t e e th , p e k o lm a st i s n o k e rt o a thric , t e ll , a a , o k u rkk u e m o t hr at . t e mp e ratur , la p
thr o ugh , lapi t e n k m m e n e n , y ' t aa vis kat a thr o w h e it , n u n , tha , k i ' T u s t o rs t ai kiit t aa h r day , than k , n 97 thy s i n u n ( s e e S e ctio ) t u o , that , m tkali aa s l i u , a p e . y pp s ul tick t p thaw , aa u h e ida n p th e ir , t ie sit o a kaul an auh a n e n m , , th e m , , a a me s e n ti , aika th e n , itt e a s t u o lla s tir , v y a th e r e , , iclla
' 6 ' n d t o ( se e S e c t i o n s 6 4 a 7 ) n am a , th e s e , 2 04 VOCABULARY
o - d an aa n s e n l a i k t ay, t n tra par t, p n a yva t m at k s t a o e , varvas trave l , u a t o - m o o e su e s rr w, h u o m e n n a tr a r , ka s a t o n ue e e k o h de ll a k a sit e lla g , ki li tr at, , t o - n n l an t ric k k e in t e m u e ight , ta a i t a , o , pp , k pp o t o o m o s kin iian e n e n , y , l , vi la t o h o t , h amm as trip , m atka t o o u e h an k alu us p, latva tr bl , t o u k s k e u s lu o t aa ch , o a tr t , t t o u m u t o t u u s r, atka tr th , t o e h liin k o e t t aa w l , py y e a try ,
o n u n Tu e s a t n s t ai t w , ka p u ki d y, t ra k u n kaan t aa c , rata t r , t ain wi e k ah d e s t i r , j un a t c , t an s kaan aa r lat e , t
U . u um l a un e ss o ll e i ait s i gly, r a ; e pam ie ly t t va l , j , p un e s e un ti s ku n n e s s aakka cl , ta l , a ti , , un r o n aall s e e n d e , alla u p , p a ( e S cti o 74) un e rs n art a k s u w ar l o s am d ta d, y mm a , a it p d, y p
t a u r e k h t t aa a g , e o i
' un e h u e ka t aa it , y dis t aa s , y t
V . va e s o m u ll y, laak victi , hri
e t a ih an n v u e h ve v ge bl e , v e s irt , y vr t n s n s k l ailla k l ai l e b , e o a a vi it , y , y y
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2 4 a b e s s i e c a s e 7 7 8 2 49. c o n s o n a n t s t e m 8 1 2 95 v , , , , , . b l a t i e c a e 75 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 n n a s , , , , , c o s o a n t s , 3 7 b . v , ,
2 3 5 2 3 6 2 3 7 2 3 8 . c o n s o n a n t c h a n e s 1 1 1 2 , . , g , , , 9 a c c e n t . c o n t r a d 4 , c t e d W o r s , 2 7 . . u i 2 2 8 m a c c s a t e c a s e 3 7 1 7 d i i n u t i e s 1 7 4 e . v , , , , v , , 8 8 i n 1 . d p h t h o g s , 4 ; h o w p r o a d e c t i e s a r e e m e n t o f 2 0 n o u n e e d 5 j v , g , ; , . m r i n 2 3 n i n c o p a s o 1 e c e s o d i s t r i u t i e s 1 49. , ; d l , b v , 1 2 6 2 77 2 78 2 79 d e r i a t i o n e a t i e c a s e 6 2 2 0 8 2 0 9 2 1 0 , , , ; v , l v , , , , , 1 75 i r r e u a r 1 2 8 o s 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 ; g l , ; p , . , .
s e s s ive 96 . e s s i e c a s e 41 1 8 9 1 90 1 91 , v , , , , . i ve c a s e 73 8 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 f u u r i m 1 2 1 1 2 2 a d e s s , , , , , t e t e , , . 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 7 2 8 2 3 0 r . 5 , , , , , , g e n d e , 1 3 2 3 1 e n i t i e c a s e 2 4 2 5 1 79 1 8 0 . g v , , , , , v r s e i n i t i n 1 6 0 f o r 1 8 2 1 8 3 1 8 4 1 8 5 a d e o . . b , d f , ; , , m i o n 1 6 1 o s it i o n o f h ve 8 2 a t p , a , . , ;
1 6 4 . i a t i e c a s e 6 3 6 4 2 1 5 2 1 6 ll v , , , , , a l a t i ve c a e 7 6 2 3 9 2 40 2 41 l s , , , , , 2 1 7 2 1 8 2 1 9 2 2 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 . , , , , , 2 42 . i m e r a t i e 5 3 5 4 2 5 8 2 6 0 . p v , , , , l h a p a b e t , 1 . 2 1 i m p e r f e c t , 3 7, 3 8 , 3 9, 1 1 , 2 5 .
a p o s i t i ve , 1 5 9 p i m e r s o n a e r s 1 0 9. p l v b ,
s i r a t i o n 1 1 n o t e 1 8 . a p , ; , b i n d i c a t i 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 2 5 0 v e , , , , i 9 a r ti c e n o n e I n F i n n s h 1 . l , , i n f i n i t i e s i r s t 5 6 2 6 1 2 6 2 v , f , , , x i i r e r o a 6 5 c o n u a u l a y v b ll , ; j 7 7 2 6 4 2 6 3 ; s e c o n d , 5 , 1 1 , i n 2 8 8 2 8 9 a t o . g , , t h i r 5 8 1 1 8 2 6 5 o u r t h d , , , ; f , a t t r i u t e , 1 5 8 b 5 9 2 6 6 . , r d i n n u m e r s 1 41 f o r c a a l b , ; i n e s s i e c a s e 5 2 2 02 2 0 3 v , , , ,
m a t i o n 1 42 1 43 1 4 4 . 4 2 2 7 , , , 2 0 , 2 0 5 , 0 6 , 0 . m r i 1 2 4 d e c i n e c o p a a t v e , ; l d , i n s t r u c t i e c a s e 79 2 4 4 2 45 v , , , ,
2 78 . 4 2 4 2 . 6 , 7 8 2 43 2 m i i s e 7 . n r i n 1 7 c o t t e c a i c o . a v , , t e j e t s , 2 5 1 1 . c o m p o u n d n o u n s , 1 7. i n t e r r o g a t i o n , 1 3 0 , 1 3 , 3
c o m o u n d t e n s e s e s s o n i n t e r r o a t i r o n o u n s 1 3 0 p , L g v e p , , X V I I I 2 8 7 . .
c o n d i t i o n a m o o s 4 9 5 0 2 5 5 m o o d s 2 9 l d , , , , , .
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2 8 8 2 8 9 2 90 n e a t i o n L e s s o n X V I . c o n j u g a t i o n s , , , , g ,
2 91 n e a t i e e r s L e s s o n X V I . . g v v b ,
c o n u n c t i o n s c o - o r i n a t e 1 70 n u m e r s c a r d i n a 1 41 o r j , d , ; b , l , ;
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n o m i n a t i e c a s e 1 8 2 1 v , , , 2 2 , r e o s i t i o n s 1 6 5 1 6 7 6 9 p p . . . 1 . 1 77 1 78 , . r e s e n t t e n s e 3 4 3 5 p , , , 4 7. 48 . n o u n s e r i a i o n 1 73 4 9 5 0 , d v t , . , . r o n o u n s rs o o e c t , t o t a 2 7 a r t ia 4 4 p . p e n a . 5 2 8 0 j . . ; b l , ; p l , l r e x f e i e , 1 3 8 ; p o s s e s s i e a r t i c i e s 2 6 7 2 6 8 2 6 9 2 0 l v v . p p l , , , , 7 , 96 e m o n s t ra t i e 1 3 4 5 2 71 2 72 a r e e m e n f ; d v . . 2 8 : , ; g t o . 1 0 7 ; re a t i e 1 3 5 1 3 6 2 8 6 irs t 6 0 1 1 9 s e c o n 6 1 l v , , , ; i n t e r f , , ; d , , ro a i e 1 3 0 1 2 0 t . , 2 8 7 ; ta a t . g v d f i 9 n t e 1 3 . a r t i c i i a c o n s t r u c t io n 2 70 , p p l , , u n c t u t i o n m p a a rk s . 1 7. 2 71 , 2 72 . r e c i r o c a a t io n 1 4 c 0 . a r t i c e s 1 6 3 p l . p l , . r u e s f o r c o n s o n a n t c h a n e s a r t i t i e c a s e 4 2 44 45 4 6 l g . p v , , , , , 1 1 1 2 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 96 , . , , , , 1 . r u e s f o r o e c h n 1 0 a e s . l v w l g , a r t i a , o b e c t 4 4 s u b e c t p l j , ; j , s i m e t e n s e s 3 0 p l , . 4 5 ; p r e d i c a t e n o u n o r a d j e c m 6 8 0 9 2 9 s t e 1 8 1 2 4 5 . t i e 4 6 . , , . , v , , s u e c 2 1 ° i 45 j t . t o t a . p a r t a . . a s s i L X X b l l p v e , e s s o n . u f f i x 8 6 " 7 s e s . 9 , 1 1 73 , 1 4 , 1 75 . e r f c n s 4 p e t t e e , 1 0 2 , 1 0 1 0 5 , , r i d s u p e a t e e re e , 1 2 5 ; d e c 1 0 6 1 1 5 2 5 2 l v g . , , in e 2 79 l d , . p e r s o n a e n i n s 3 2 5 3 r o l d g , , ; p s a e s 6 7 8 y ll bl , , , . n o u n s 95 . , t i m e i n e a rs 1 5 4 i n m o n t h s y , ; . u r a s i n 2 6 p l l g , . 1 5 5 . u e r f e c t t e n s e 1 0 3 1 1 5 p l p , , . r n s t i c s e 5 1 1 97 1 98 t a l a ve a , . , ,
o s s e s s i e . a e c i e s 96 s u f p v dj t v , ; 1 99 2 0 0 2 0 1 . , , i e s 98 x , . e r a r e e m e n t o f 40 ; n e a f v b . g . g
o s i i n 1 6 5 1 6 6 1 6 8 . p t p o s t o s , , , L n X V I re e i e t i e e s s o ; f . v , l x v o t e n t i a m o o 4 7 4 8 2 5 3 p l d , , , , 1 3 8 .
2 5 4 . w e s 2 v o l . . m 8 0 r d i 4 0 n w c h a n e s 1 0 s t e . p e c a t e . ; o u n s o r a d j e c v o e l g . ; . t i s 2 2 4 6 2 9 4 y e , , . .