The Development of Traffic Liability: Volume 5 Edited by Wolfgang Ernst Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-47575-5 - The Development of Traffic Liability: Volume 5 Edited by Wolfgang Ernst Frontmatter More information

T H E D E V E L O P M E N T OF TRAFFIC LIABILITY

Rail and road accidents are examples of new sources of harm, particularly personal injury, which arose almost simultaneously across Western Europe. Th e area of rail accidents provides early examples of a move away from fault liability in certain countries, but not in others. Although statutory regulation and extra-statutory standards form part of the context of liability, private law actions for damages and the plasticity of fault ideas remain central to the law’s response. Insurance determines the relative importance of private law actions. Traffi c liability is a fi eld in which diff erent solutions have been developed by diff erent legal systems. For example, France developed strict liability in the 1920s and 1930s, and no-fault liability in 1985, English law has remained wedded to fault. Th e stability of each legal solution suggests that the background insurance position has been settled in the diff erent countries, albeit in diff ering ways.

wolfgang ernst is Chair of Roman Law and Private Law at the University of Zurich Faculty of Law.

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comparative studies in the development of the law of torts in europe S e r i e s e d i t o r s J o h n B e l l a n d D a v i d I b b e t s o n

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC LIABILITY

Volume 5

Edited by W O L F G A N G E R N S T

University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521199537 © Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2010 First paperback edition 2014 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Ernst, Wolfgang. The development of traffic liability / Wolfgang Ernst. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-521-19208-8 (hardback) 1. Liability for traffic accidents–Europe. I. Title. KJC1706.E76 2010 346.40322–dc22 2009042809 isbn 978-0-521-19208-8 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-47575-5 Paperback Hardback only available as: ISBN 978-0-521-19953-7 6-volume set Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

C O N T E N T S

S e r i e s e d i t o r s ’ p r e f a c e vii List of abbreviations x

1 General introduction: legal change? Railway and car accidents and how the law coped with them 1 wolfgang ernst 2 Th e development of traffi c liability in England and Wales 12 roderick bagshaw 3 Th e development of traffi c liability in France 50 geneviève viney and anne guégan-lécuyer 4 Th e development of traffi c liability in Germany 75 sebastian lohsse 5 Th e development of traffi c liability in the Netherlands 112 cees van dam and gerrit van maanen 6 Th e development of traffi c liability in Spain 151 isabel gonzález pacanowska 7 Th e development of traffi c liability in Sweden 190 sandra friberg and bill w. dufwa

Appendix: code provisions 228 I n d e x 239

SERIES EDITORS’ PREFACE

Th e European Legal Development series has arisen from a project funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) from January 2005 until February 2008. Th e aim of the project as a whole was to examine the nature of legal development in Western Europe since 1850, focusing sharply on liability for fault. Behind this, there is a more abstract purpose: to attempt to cast some light on the factors that have infl uenced the way in which the law has changed over this period. Legal historians have looked at the general question, usually focusing on the rather facile distinction between the English Common law and continental European legal systems. Th ough rooted in the sources, these works have been marred by a somewhat unsophisticated methodology and an inevitably selective use of evidence. Comparative lawyers have developed far more sophisticated methodolo- gies, but their theoretical perspectives have too oft en borne little relation to empirical data. Over the last twenty years, tort lawyers have looked at the same types of question, but their analysis has invariably been at a high level of generality and has rarely looked at the historical component. By bringing together experts with diff erent disciplinary backgrounds – comparative lawyers and legal historians, all with an understanding of modern tort law in their own systems – and getting them to work col- laboratively, we have aimed to produce a more nuanced comparative legal history, and one that is theoretically better informed. Th e topic of legal development is broad; to make it manageable, we have undertaken a programme of work that has been built up from a number of case studies and has moved towards a more general analysis and conclusions. Although we have been concerned with the development of the law, and although many of those involved in the project have been lawyers, we have also been concerned to include and benefi t from the insights of historians and scholars in other disciplines. Liability for fault between 1850 to 2000 has been our major area of study. Around 1850, there were many similarities in approaches to liability for vii

viii series editors’ preface fault across the legal systems of Western Europe. But since then, there has been signifi cant divergence. Our method has been fi rst to chart the changes and then to seek the explanations for what happened. Although there have been many changes in tort and delict laws over the period, the idea of liability for fault remains central to private law approaches to the compensation of victims of harms caused by the actions of others. As a fi rst stage, the project worked on six case studies, which illustrate the general theme of liability for fault and its development within the period: • l e g a l d o c t r i n e • medical liability • product liability • relations between neighbours • technological change • t r a ffi c and railways. Th is research involved scholars from a range of countries, in particu- lar England and Scotland, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Sweden, Austria and Italy. Each working group drew on the expertise of both senior and more junior scholars familiar with diff erent European legal systems, and contained a mixture of comparative lawyers and legal historians. A second stage has involved further groups examining a number of salient factors in legal development. Th e topics covered in this stage are: • institutions and professions • social and political ideas • the economy (including the impact of insurance). A fi nal strand to the work is an overview book. Th is book, edited by Wolfgang Ernst, provides us with a good example of the benefi ts of this approach. We gain a clear insight into the way in which established principles of tort engaged with the problems thrown up by new technologies in transportation, fi rst in railways and then in relation to roads. Alongside these, we see the way in which regulatory law, private insurance and state-run compensation schemes developed to deal with the issues the law now confronted. Regulatory law and the requirements of private insurers dealt with many of the issues of prevent- ing accidents. Improving the working conditions of railway employees or the conditions of the roads had very rapid and important impacts on the number of deaths and personal injuries. Aft er some time, compensation

series editors’ preface ix systems outside tort off ered remedies to many of the victims of accidents, whether these be the employees of railway companies (through workmen’s compensation) or non-driver victims of road accidents. In this matrix of legal interventions, we can see that the place of tort law and of fault in par- ticular changes. We become aware of its limitations. Th ere is the question of how far the law of tort or delict changed in the period, and how far it was simply bypassed in order to prevent accidents and provide compensation. In addition, we see the very important place of insurance as a context for measuring whether tort law needed to change and whether it was adequate in channelling compensation. Th e factors for legal development identifi ed in this book are ones that will be developed in later volumes. Particularly in relation to this book, the editors are grateful for the contribution of Matthew Dyson, a PhD student on the AHRC project, who made a signifi cant contribution to the formulation, discussion and execution of this part of the project, as well as reviewing the text of sev- eral contributions. His own work on the relationship of criminal and civil fault will be published separately and will complement signifi cantly the understanding of the topics presented in this book.

J o h n B e l l a n d D a v i d I b b e t s o n

A B B R E V I A T I O N S

A A M N Anales de la Academia Mattritense del Notariado A C A r a n z a d i c i v i l A c P Archiv für die civilistische Praxis ADHGB Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (General German Commercial Code) ALR Allgemeines Landrecht (Prussian Civil Code 1794) BGB Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (German Civil Code) B G H B u n d e s g e r i c h t s h o f B G H Z E n t s c h e i d u n g e n d e s B u n d e s g e r i c h t s h o f s i n Z i v i l s a c h e n B O E B o l e t í n O fi cial del Estado (Spain) B W B u r g e r l i j k W e t b o e k ( D u t c h C i v i l C o d e ) C A C o u r t o f A p p e a l Cass. ch. Cour de cassation, chambres réunies C a s s . c i v . C o u r d e c a s s a t i o n , c h a m b r e c i v i l e Cass. com. Cour de cassation, chambre commerciale C C C ó d i g o C i v i l 1 8 8 9 ( S p a n i s h C i v i l C o d e ) C C J C C u a d e r n o s C í v i t a s d e J u r i s p r u d e n c i a C i v i l C C m C ó d i g o d e c o m e r c i o c h r . C h r o n i q u e CIV Additional Convention to the International Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Rail (1973) C J C h i e f J u s t i c e concl. Conclusions C O T I F I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n v e n t i o n o n T r a n s p o r t b y R a i l C P C ó d i g o P e n a l D. Receuil Dalloz (France) / Decreto (Spain) / Digest of Justinian D A D a m a g e s A c t ( S w e d e n ) D A R Deutsches Autorecht D C R e c u e i l D a l l o z c r i t i q u e D P R e c u e i l D a l l o z P é r i o d i q u e D s D e p a r t e m e n t s s e r i e n E C E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y x

List of Abbreviations xi

EGBGB Einführungsgesetz zum BGB Engelhard and E.F.D. Engelhard and G.E. van Maanen, Aansprakelijkheid Van Maanen voor verkeersongevallen (Nijmegen: Ars Aequi, 1998) E V O E i s e n b a h n v e r k e h r s o r d n u n g ( R a i l w a y T r a ffi c Regulations) EWCA Civ England and Wales Court of Appeal, Civil Division FED Forsikrings- og Erstatningsretlig Domsamling (Denmark) F . R e g l e r o C a m p o s , F . R e g l e r o C a m p o s , Accidentes de Circulación. Accidentes Responsabilidad Civil y Seguro(Cizur Menor, Aranzadi, 2004) H G B H a n d e l s g e s e t z b u c h H R H o g e R a a d J C Jurisprudencia Criminal JCP Juris-Classeur Périodique, la Semaine Juridique J F T Tidskrift uitgiven av Juridske föreningen i Finland J U R J u r i s p r u d e n c i a J W Juristische Wochenschrift J Z Juristenzeitung K B K o n i n k l i j k B e s l u i t L G D J L i b r a r i e g é n é r a l e d e d r o i t e t d e j u r i s p r u d e n c e L J L a w J o u r n a l ; L o r d J u s t i c e L O P J Ley Orgánica della Procedura Judicial L O V L o v e r ( N o r w e g i a n l a w s ) L R C S C V M Ley de responsabilidad civil y seguro en la circulación de vehículos de motor M L R M o d e r n L a w R e v i e w M P M e m b e r o f P a r l i a m e n t M R W M o t o r - e n R i j w i e l w e t 1 9 2 4 M v H M a g a z i j n v a n H a n d e l s r e c h t N J Nederlandse Jurisprudentie N J A Nytt Juridiskt Arkiv N J B Nederlands Juristenblad N J F Nederlandse Jurisprudentie Feitenrechtspraak N J W Neue Juristische Wochenschrift N S N e d e r l a n d s e S p o o r w e g e n N T B R Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Burgerlijk Recht o b s . O b s e r v a t i o n s O L G O b e r l a n d e s g e r i c h t s h o f P R A P r u s s i a n R a i l w a y A c t 1 8 3 8 R D R e a l D e c r e t o R D C i r c u l a c i ó n Revista de Derecho de la Circulación R D N Revista de Derecho Notarial R D P Revista de Derecho Privado R G R e t t e n s G a n g ( N o r w a y )

xii List of Abbreviations

R G A T Revue générale des assurances terrestres R G L J Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia R G Z R e i c h s g e r i c h t s i n Z i v i l s a c h e n R H P F I G R e i c h s h a ft pfl ichtgesetz (Imperial Law on Liability) R J R e p e r t o r i o d e J u r i s p r u d e n c i a R J C A R e p e r t o r i o d e J u r i s p r u d e n c i a C o m u n i d a d e s A u t o n o m a s RRCSCVM Reglamento sobre la Responsabilidad Civil y Seguro en la Circulación de Vehículos a Motor R t . N o r s k R e t t s t i d e n d e R T D c i v . Revue trimestrielle de droit civile S . R e c u e i l S i r e y S A N S e n t e n c i a A u d i e n c i a N a t i o n a l e s S A P S e n t e n c i a A u d i e n c i a P r o v i n c i a l e s S O U S t a t e n s O ff entliga Utredningar S O V seguro obligatorio de viajeros S S T S S e n t e n c i a s d e l T r i b u n a l S u p r e m o S t b . S t a a t s b l a d S T C S e n t e n z i a s T r i b u n a l C o n s t i t u z i o n a l STS Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo S T S J S e n t e n c i a s T r i b u n a l e s S u p e r i o r e s d e J u s t i c i a S t V G S t r a ß e n v e r k e h r s g e s e t z ( R o a d T r a ffi c Act) 1952 T C T r i b u n a l d e s C o n fl its T D A T r a ffi c Damage Act (Sweden) T P R T i j d s c h r i ft voor privaatrecht T r b . T r a c t a t e n b l a d T r e m a T S T r i b u n a l S u p r e m o V R Verkeersrecht W . W e e k b l a d v a n h e t R e c h t WAM Act on Liability Insurance of Motor Vehicles w p W o r k i n g P a p e r W P N R Weekblad voor Privaatrecht, Notariaat en Registratie W V W W e g e n v e r k e e r s w e t 1 9 9 4 ( R o a d T r a ffi c Act) Z A k D R Z e i t s c h r i ft der Akademie für Deutsches Recht