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Cranbrook Institute of Science Bloomfield Hills, Michigan PLANETARIA * * and their * * USE FOR * * EDUCATION * Observatory Museum PlanetariuT C ranbrook Institute of Science •.. ..• .. • PLANETARIA .. PAPERS FROM • A SYMPOSIUM • and • HELD • SEPTEMBER 7-10, their • w 1958 1"" " ... , USE FOR • 11- 11- EDUCATION • 11- 11- 11- • ¥ BuUetin 38 • CRANBROOK 1959 • INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE 11- 11- ..Jf .. Miriam Jagger, Editor Dr. Donald H. Menzel's lecture represents an elaboration of an article, "The Astronomer's Stake in Outer Space," which first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly for November 7 1958. Copyright 1959 by Cranbrook Institute of Science Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Library of Congress Catalogue Card No. 59-11561 LITHOPRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CUSHING - MALLOY, INC., ANN ARB,OR, MICHIGAN, 1959 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ... .. 11 INTRODUCTION OF DONALD H.. MENZEL - Robert R. McMath ...............•....... 14 OPENING ADDRESS: OBSERVATORIES IN SPACE - Donald H. Menze 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •• 15 Session I: ASTRONOMICAL SUBJECTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE Introductory Remarks - Everett R. Phelps ...••....... 'I. 32 Use of the Planetarium in Teaching Navigation - Gordon S. Mc Lintock . ''I . 35 Calendars and Time Measurement - George E. Folkman 'I ••• 40 ... DISCUSSlon· . • . • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • . • . • • • . 45 Session II: FITTING THE DEMONSTRATION TO THE AUDIENCE Introductory Remarks - Joseph M. Chamberlain ........ 'I. 47 Teaching Aids Used to Correlate Classwork in the Elementary Grades with the Planetarium - Margaret K. Noble .. 'I. 49 The Use of the Planetarium in Secondary Schools - John C. Rosemergy .....•...........•... 'I. 55 The Use of the Planetarium for College and University Classes - Freeman Miller ....••...........•..... 'I. 61 The Planetarium and Adult Education - Claudia Robinson • . .. 65 The Program of the Fort Belvoir Planetarium - James Harris 'I......................... 69 Planetarium Programs for the Handicapped - Raymond J. Stein . • . • . • . • . • •. 72 The Planetarium and the Junior Museum - John Ripley Forbes . • . • • . .' . • • • • • .• 75 5 Session Ill: TRAINING PROGRAMS Introductory Remarks - Richard J. Pfrang. • . · . 78 The Educational Task of a Planetarium - M. H. Degani . 80.1 Satellite Tracking Practice in a Planetarium - Richard H. Emmons .. • . .. 82 Training Planetarium Demonstrators - Group discussion . •. 90 Session IV: CORRELATIONS AND COOPERATION Introductory Remarks - Clifford E. Smith ......... · . 94 Integrating the Planetarium Program with General Science and Special Subject Interests - C. V. Starrett . .. 97 The Planetarium Program and the School Curriculum - Ray J. Howe ....".................. · . 101 Motivating Teachers for More Direct Educational Use of the Planetarium - Louise Davis ..............•... 105 Correlating Museum Exhibits with Planetaria - Frank L. McConnell . • . .• 109 Correlating a Planetarium and an Observatory -M. T. Brackbill ...•............•..•..... 118 The Planetarium as a Community Service -- Charles G. Wilder. 122 The Planetarium and Local Astronomy Clubs - Raymond J. Stein • . • . • • . • . • . .. 126 Session V: ARCHITECTURE AND EQUIPMENT Introductory Remarks - Robert Snyder ... • . • . .. 129 Experiences with Planetarium Construction - William G. Hassler. • . .. 130 Architectural Problems of the Small Planetarium - William E. Kapp . .. 135 Planetarium Buildings - Design and Construction - Herbert N. Williams . .. 144 6 Session VI: REFERENCE AND SALES MATERIALS; EXHIBITS The Role of Reference and Sales Materials in a Planetarium - Maxine B. Haarstick . • . • . • . • • .• 151 Planetarium Exhibits - Maurice Gene Moore ............ 158 Session VII: PRESENTATION METHODS AND SPECIAL EFFECT TECHNIQUES Introductory Remarks - James A. Fowler .. .. 161 Presentation of Planetarium Program - James H. Harnden. .. 164 A 45-Cent Planetarium Project - William Schultz, Jr. .. 167 A Report on the North Canton Planetarium - Richard H. Emmons ........ • . • • .. 170 Autumn Stars - A Recorded Lecture - Richard H. Emmons. .. 173 Sound Effects in the Planetarium - Dan Snow . • . .. 181 The Development and Use of Auxiliary Devices in the Planetarium - George W. Bunton . • • . • . • . • •. 185 Special Effects'Easily Produced - John M. Cavanaugh .. .. 191 Special Effects and Accessory Projectors - Mearl F. Carson ................•....... 194 The Use of Black Light in the Planetarium - Thomas W. Voter. • . .. 199 CRANBROOK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE . .. 205 Photo and identification of participants 201-203 Note: Blank pages not included 7' Robert R. McMath Planetarium .;:) .I lVlJ:'V';:)l U lVl Vl't J:' L.t\l"'4 I:!J J..t\.ru.t\. AND THEIR USE FOR EDUCA TION The Symposium on the Educational Use of Planetaria, * of which the ,('5>llected papers are here presented, was held at Cranbrook Institute of Science, September 7 through 10, 1958. This is the first such symposium to concern itself particularly with the problems of the smaller planetaria, and it is to be hoped that the papers here pub­ lished will have widespread use. Representatives from each of the 120 planetaria in the United States were invited to attend. 101 persons registered, representing 67 institutions; one delegate came from Hawaii. Though it was felt that the Symposium would be of greatest benefit to persons associated with the smaller planetaria, there were representatives from the larger planetaria in New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, -Flint and the Air Force Academy. The plan for the Symposium was prepared by the undersigned, but its organization and conduct were in the hands of James A. Fowler, Curator of Education at this Institute. The sessions were held in the Robert R. McMath Planetarium of this Instit1:1te, a room designed by William Edward Kapp, equipped with a Spitz Model 1-::A projector, and seating 95 persons under its 30 foot dome. Delegates were housed and fed at an associated institution, Cranbrook Academy of Art, to whose staff we are most grateful for cooperation. The Symposium was conducted under a grant from the National Science Foundation. The delegates to the Symposium so welcomed this opportunity to present their ideas and to discuss their problems that they proposed that this event be followed by similar ones. To that end they formed a Committee to plan a Planetarium Association and named James A. Fowler as its chairman. Robert T. Hatt Director, Cranbrook Institute of Science * The group discussed the need for establishing a standard plural form and a standard definition for planetarium. The word is now used to define a buHding, a room or an in­ strument. Director Hatt spoke in favor of following Webster's New International Dictionary (Merriam) in using planetaria as the plural form. Dr. Armand Spitz expressed prefer­ ence for planetariums (to correspond with museums), a choice in which he has the back­ ing of Sir Harold Spencer Jones. No open discussion took place in the matter of definitions, but these proposals came out in private conversation: it was suggested that the instrument be called a "sky pro­ jector;" the room, a "sky chamber," "sky-room," or "planetarium;" and the building, a "celestium," "celestarium," "sky center," "sky-dome," "star-dome," or "stararium." Q PREFACE This Symposium contains abundant evidence to show that in the field of audio-visual aids there is perhaps no more fascinating or potent an educational device than the planetarium. At its best, the planetar­ ium is a broadly informative, dramatic stimulus to learning; at the very least, it is an effective means of presenting certain astronomi­ cal concepts. There is an inherent drama in the planetarium demon­ stration which reinforces its educational function and which largely accounts for the spectacular popularity that it has enjoyed in the rel­ atively few years since it first appeared on the national scene. Speak­ ers at the Symposium cited one instance after another in which plan­ etaria have not only drawn capacity audiences to their own programs, but have stimulated new public interest in the programs of affiliated museums and observatories. _ The speakers were unanimous in their assertion that the plane­ tarium is .i>"rimapily an educational device, but they differed in their emphasis on its dramatic aspect. There is apt to be more emphasis on "good theater� among planetaria which are engaged in public edu­ cation than among those which serve chiefly as specialized teaching or training aids. For example, there is very little importance as­ signed to the dramatic content of demonstrations which are presented in connection with the instruction of astronomy and celestial naviga­ tion at universities and military establishments. In these installa­ tions, the major emphasis is on factual demonstration; the planetar­ ium is regarded less as a theater and more as a tool which helps the instructor to demonstrate or to explain various phenomena and concepts. No matter how prosaically it is used, however, the planetarium retains its particular fascination; it is so intriguing a device, in fact, that instructors are reminded by one speaker that the demonstration is subordinate to the lecture and should not be allowed to consume a 0. 1 disproportionate amount of teaching timeo It is interesting to note j that 1nany institutions which originally installed their planetaria as specialized teaching aids have since capitalized on the dramatic re- sources of the instrument to develop auxiliary educational programs for the general public. Several military establishments were repre- sented at the Symposium by spokesmen who observed that such pro-
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