Resolution Improvement in Fluorescence and Phase Optical Microscopy Emeric Mudry

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Resolution Improvement in Fluorescence and Phase Optical Microscopy Emeric Mudry Resolution improvement in fluorescence and phase optical microscopy Emeric Mudry To cite this version: Emeric Mudry. Resolution improvement in fluorescence and phase optical microscopy. Optics [physics.optics]. Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2012. English. tel-00822086 HAL Id: tel-00822086 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822086 Submitted on 14 May 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. These` present´ ee´ a` l’universite´ Paul Cezanne´ Aix-Marseille III pour obtenir le grade de docteur en sciences Resolution improvement in fluorescence and phase optical microscopy Emeric Mudry 25 septembre 2012 Membres du jury : President´ Colin Sheppard Rapporteur Dominique Lesselier Rapporteur Rainer Heintzmann Examinateur Emmanuel Beaurepaire Examinateur Sylvain Gigan Directeur de these` Anne Sentenac Codirecteur de these` Patrick C. Chaumet Codirecteur de these` Kamal Belkebir Discipline: Optique,photoniqueettraitementd’image Laboratoire d’accueil : Institut Fresnel, ´equipe S. E. M. O. EcoleDoctorale´ : 352– Physiqueetsciences de la mati`ere Remerciements Je voudrais d’abord remercier chaleureusement Anne Sentenac, mon directeur de th`ese, pour m’avoir permis de r´ealiser ce travail de doctorat sous sa direction, et pour avoir dirig´emes recherches avec sagesse, motivation, disponibilit´eet enthousiasme. Je la remercie aussi de tout l’effort qu’elle a mis dans la correction de ce texte. Nulle doute qu’il ne serait pas aussi bon sans son aide et je l’imagine soulag´ee de voir cela enfin fini. Je voudrais maintenant remercier Patrick C. Chaumet et Kamal Belkebir mes co-directeurs de th`ese: Patrick pour son encadrement rude et juste et pour m’avoir enseign´etous les secrets du calcul num´erique; Kamal pour ses talents d’inverseur et parce que ses intuitions les plus surprenantes sont les plus efficaces. Je dois aussi remercier tous les institutions qui ont permis `acette th`ese d’avoir lieu, le min- ist`ere de la recherche pour l’avoir financ´ee, l’´ecole doctorale et feu l’universit´ePaul C´ezanne pour l’avoir supervis´ee, et surtout l’Institut Fresnel qui m’a permis d’accomplir ce travail dans un cadre agr´eable, simple et efficace. Now, I would like to thank all the members of the jury of my defence. First Pr. Colin Sheppard who has accepted to come from abroad for presiding the jury. Then, I would also like to thank Pr. Rainer Heintzmann for his careful review of my thesis and for his frequent encouragements and useful advices all along my PhD. I am also grateful that he came from so far away for the defence. Je voudrais aussi remercier Dominique Lesselier pour avoir accept´ede relire ma th`ese en pleine ´et´e. Je le remercie de son rapport si d´etaill´eet regrette qu’il n’ait pu venir `ala soutenance. Je remercie enfin Emmanuel Beaurepaire et Sylvain Gigan d’ˆetre descendus si loin en pro- vince pour ma soutenance. Je voudrais maintenant remercier Jules Girard qui a fait sa th`ese exp´erimentale en parall`ele de la mienne, pour sa motivation, son franc-parler et pour m’avoir montr´etous les fruits qu’ap- portent une collaboration ´etroite entre th´eoriciens et exp´erimentateurs. Je voudrais aussi remercier toutes l’´equipe SEMO, pour leur aide et pour l’excellent esprit qui y r`egne. Je remercie en particulier l’´equipe des exp´erimentateurs, Hugo, Guillaume, Jules, Eric,´ Nicolas et Yi, toujours prˆets `as’int´eresser au diverses id´ees parfois maladroites que nous pouvions leur pr´esenter, Slimane et David pour des conversations qui sortait parfois tr`es loin de la physique, mais aussi le reste de l’´equipe qui a toujourset´el`apour ´ me conseiller. Je dois aussi remercier tous les membres du troisi`eme ´etage, pour leur disponibilit´epour toutes questions scientifiques et pour la joyeuse animation qui r`egne dans la salle caf´e, remercier aussi les membres de l’´equipe d’administration sans qui bien peu serait possible, en particulier, Nelly, Frederic et Magali, remercier enfin tous les membres de l’institut Fresnel avec qui j’ai pu collaborer. 3 Je voudrais aussi remercier ma famille qui m’a ´elev´eet ´eduqu´e, mon p`ere pour m’avoir transmis son goˆut pour la science, et ma m`ere pour me montrer qu’il y a aussi une vie hors de la science. Je remercie aussi mes amis qui m’ont aim´es et soutenus durant ces trois ans, tout parti- culi`erement pendant la p´eriode tr`es tendue de la r´edaction. Non posso finire senza ringraziare Federica, la pi`ubella donna del mondo chi ha accettato di divenire la mia sposa. Contents Resum´ e´ du travail de these` en langue franc¸aise 9 1 Contexteetcadred’´etude. .. 9 1.1 Principesdebased’unmicroscopeoptique . ... 9 1.2 Lamicroscopiedefluorescence . 11 1.3 MicroscopieTomographiqueparDiffraction . .... 12 2 Miroiretr´esolutionaxiale . ... 13 2.1 Microscopie tomographique par diffraction au-dessus d’unmiroir . 13 2.2 Microscopiedefluorescenceau-dessusd’unmiroir . ...... 15 3 R´esolution transverse et ´eclairement structur´e . ............. 16 3.1 Eclairement´ structur´een microscopie de fluorescence . ...... 16 3.2 Microscopie tomographique par diffraction d’objets `a fortindice . 18 4 Conclusion .................................... 18 Introduction 21 Notations 23 I Basics of fluorescence and tomographic phase microscopy 25 1 Basics of microscopy 26 1.1 Modellingoftheimagingsystem. .... 27 1.1.1 Generallawofimagingsystem. 27 1.1.2 Sinecondition .............................. 27 1.2 Qualitycriteriadefininganopticalmicroscope . ........... 29 1.2.1 Resolution ................................ 29 1.2.2 Contrast.................................. 29 1.2.3 Noise ................................... 30 1.3 Transferfunction ................................ 31 1.4 ‘Super-resolution’ techniques based on image treatment............. 32 CONTENTS 5 1.5 Thestructuredilluminationapproach . ........ 33 1.5.1 Scanningmicroscopy.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 1.5.2 Patternprojection. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 1.6 Conclusion .................................... 34 2 Basics of fluorescence microscopy 36 2.1 Fluorescencecontrastmechanisms . ...... 36 2.2 Imageformation.................................. 37 2.3 Point-spread-functionmodelling . ....... 38 2.3.1 Two-dimensionalPSF . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 2.3.2 Fullthree-dimensionalPSF . 40 2.4 Conclusion .................................... 41 3 Tomographic Diffraction Microscopy 42 3.1 Diffractionprocess .............................. .. 42 3.2 Evaluationofthefieldinsidethesample . ....... 45 3.2.1 Born approximationand linear reconstruction . ........ 45 3.2.2 RenormalisedBornapproximation. ... 46 3.3 ExperimentalimplementationofTDM . ..... 47 3.3.1 Measurementtechniques . 47 3.3.2 Transmissionvsreflectionconfiguration . ...... 48 3.4 Conclusion .................................... 48 II Mirror and axial resolution 51 4 Mirror-assisted Tomographic Diffraction Microscopy 52 4.1 Two-dimensionalscalarconfiguration . ....... 53 4.1.1 Illuminationwithspolarisation . .... 53 4.1.1.1 Modellingofthediffractedfield. 53 4.1.1.2 Reconstructionofthesamplepermittivity. .... 55 4.1.2 Illuminationwithbothpandspolarisation . ...... 56 4.2 Three-dimensionalvectorialconfiguration . .......... 58 4.2.1 Modellingthediffractedfield . .. 58 4.2.2 Reconstructionofthesamplepolarisability . ........ 59 4.2.3 Numericalexperiments. 60 4.3 Conclusion .................................... 61 5 Isotropic Single-Objective microscopy 63 6 CONTENTS 5.1 Principle...................................... 63 5.2 ISOmicroscopy:TheoryandExperiment . ..... 64 5.2.1 Introduction................................ 64 5.2.2 PrinciplesofISOfocusingandsimulations . ...... 65 5.2.2.1 Time-Reversalfocusingtheory . 65 5.2.2.2 Simulation of the Point Spread Function (PSF) of the ISO microscope........................... 66 5.2.2.3 Discussiononthephasepattern . 69 5.2.3 Experimentalresults . 70 5.2.3.1 Descriptionoftheset-up . 70 5.2.3.2 GlobalPSFoftheISOmicroscope . 71 5.2.3.3 Tuning an ISO microscope, cautions and preliminary studies 73 5.2.4 Conclusion ................................ 78 5.3 Furtherworksandexperiments . .... 79 5.3.1 Radialpolarisation . 79 5.3.2 Two-photonmicroscopy . 79 5.4 Conclusion .................................... 81 III Transverse resolution and Structured Illumination 82 6 Structured illumination in fluorescence microscopy 83 6.1 Introduction.................................... 83 6.2 Blind-SIMreconstructionmethod . ..... 84 6.2.1 Principleofblind-SIM . 84 6.2.2 Descriptionofthealgorithm . .. 85 6.2.2.1 Positivity............................ 86 6.2.2.2 Boundaryeffects. 87 6.2.2.3 Initialestimates . 88 6.2.2.4 Computationaleffort. 88 6.2.3 Deconvolution of the wide-field images obtained under uniform illu- mination ................................. 88 6.2.4 Regularisationandstoppingcriterion . ...... 88 6.3 Application of blind-SIM to speckle and periodic illuminations. 89 6.3.1 Syntheticdata............................... 90 6.3.1.1 Blind-SIM appliedto randomspecklepatterns . ... 90 6.3.1.2 Blind-SIM applied to distorted periodic illuminationpatterns 91 CONTENTS 7 6.3.1.3 Performance of blind-SIM
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