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The Decline and End of the Lead Mining Industry in the Northern Pennines 1865 - 1914: a Socio-Economic Comparison Between Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale

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The Decline and End of the Lead Mining Industry in the Northern Pennines 1865 - 1914: a Socio-Economic Comparison Between Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale Durham E-Theses The decline and end of the lead mining industry in the northern Pennines 1865 - 1914: a socio-economic comparison between Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale Flynn, Colin George How to cite: Flynn, Colin George (1999) The decline and end of the lead mining industry in the northern Pennines 1865 - 1914: a socio-economic comparison between Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4569/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Decline and End of the Lead Mining Industry in the Northern Pennines 1865 - 1914; A Socio-Economic Comparison Between Wensleydale. Swaledale and Teesdale. Colin George Flynn, Graduate Society, University of Durham. Thesis for an MA, University of Durham, Department of History, 1999. Colin George Flvnn The Decline and End of the Lead Mining Industry in the Northern Pennines 1865 - 1914: A Socio-Economic Comparison Between Wensleydale. Swaledale andTeesdale. MA. 1999. In 1865, the United Kingdom began importing more lead metal than it exported and by 1885 the domestic lead mining industry had halved. This industry had been in the vanguard of the Industrial Revolution but was also at the forefront of industrial decline. Lead was cheaper as a foreign import, with the supply easily outstripped the rising demand, forcing the price of lead to fall and contributing to the fall of the industry. This thesis examines and contrasts the contributing factors that caused the decline and end of the industry in the three valleys and the effects this had on the local community. The lead mines in Wensleydale and Swaledale had already exhausted the lead deposits. The mines in Wensleydale closed down but Swaledale was under the control of a local landowner and mining company entrepreneur, Sir George Denys, who wasted money on ventures. Lead mining dominated Swaledale and the fall of the industry decimated the valley causing a large drop in population. Wensleydale had an agricultural economic base, with smaller industries providing employment, so the end of the mining industry had less effect. Teesdale was also dominated by lead mining. The main employer was the London (Quaker) Lead Company. There were still mineral resources to be exploited and the company made efforts to improve efficiency before finally being liquidated in 1905. The company invested in mining and improvements, trained its staff, provided career opportunities and had a social policy for the well being of the community, all contrasting strongly with Swaledale. In 1865, there was no alternative employment to lead mining but, when the company folded, other minerals were being extracted, quarrying and the building of reservoirs provided other sources of employment in the locality, so there was less effect than in Swaledale. The Decline and End of the Lead Mining Industry in the Northern Pennines 1865 -1914: A Socio-Economic Comparison Between Wensleydale. Swaledale and Teesdale. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis -must-be acknowlcdgca"appropria<clyT Colin George Flynn, Graduate Society, University of Durham. Thesis for an MA, University of Durham, Department of History, 1999. 1 7 JAN ZOO) I Contents Page No. 1. Introduction 5 2. Geology 7 3. Extraction and Preparation of Lead 9 4. Lead Mining Before 1865 17 5. Output and Changes in the Lead Market 1865 to 1914 21 6. Mineral Ownership and the Mining Companies 34 7. Operation and Investment, Swaledale 42 8. Operation and Investment, Wensleydale 85 9. Operation and Investment, Teesdale 91 10. Transport 108 11. Workforce and the Community 115 12. Responses to the Decline 129 13. Conclusion 147 14. Bibliography 151 2 List of Supplementary Material Page No. London Lead Price per ton, 1865 - 1914 23 Percentage of Lead Production in United Kingdom 1865 - 1914 26 Percentage of Silver Production in United Kingdom 1865 - 1914 27 United Kingdom Lead Ore Production and Imports 1865 - 1914 30 United Kingdom Lead Ore Imports and Exports 1865 - 1913 31 United Kingdom Lead and Silver Output 1865 - 1913 32 Map of Principle Mine Locations 41 Table of Mine Owners Swaledale 1865 - 1916 80 Swaledale Mining Production 1865 - 1913 82 Arkengarthdale Mining Production 1865 - 1913 83 Swaledale and Arkengarthdale Mining Production 1865 - 1913 84 Wensleydale Mining Production 1865 - 1913 90 Teesdale London Lead Company Mining Production 1865 - 1913 106 Teesdale Mining Production 1865 - 1913 107 Table of Population 1851-1911 130 Swaledale, Number Employed in Lead Mining 1861 - 1911 133 Wensleydale Number Employed in Lead Mining 1861 - 1911 134 Teesdale Number Employed in Lead Mining 1861-1911 135 Population of Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale 1861 - 1891 136 Population of Wensleydale, Swaledale and Teesdale 1861 - 1921 137 Strathmore Estate Receipts from Mining and Quarrying 1865 - 1914 142 United Kingdom Barytes Ore Production 1865 - 1913 143 Teesdale Barytes Ore Production 1865 - 1913 144 3 Acknowledgements Firstly, I must thank Lord Barnard for giving me permission to access the archives at Raby Castle and to Dr Hallas and Bernard Jennings for allowing me to study their unpublished theses. I am grateful to the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy for permitting me to consult its library in London and to the British Geological Survey at Keyworth, Nottingham, for the use of its records and canteen. The staff at the four Public Record Offices were very helpful, as were the librarians at Northallerton Public Library and the University of Durham. I must also thank Dr Bythell and Dr Lomas and the Department of History for pointing me in the right direction. I am grateful to my family and friends who have helped with proof reading and general help over the past few years. My wife, Yvonne, has done very well to accept with grace my frequent trips away for research and I am very grateful for her support whilst I have been glued to the desk and PC at home. Finally, any errors or omissions are entirely my own. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without their prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 4 1. Introduction In 1865, the United Kingdom began importing more metallic lead than it exported, probably for the first time since the official government mining statistics were begun in 1845.' Imports overtook domestic production in 1871, by 1880 imports were double the domestic output and at the onset of World War One in 1914 there was little left of what was once a thriving, successful and dominant industry. The lead mining industry increased noticeably in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, and continued to rise in the nineteenth century, peaking in recorded output in 1856.2 The industry then steadily declined with the downward trend increasing in the 1880's.3 Lead mining was in the vanguard of the Industrial Revolution but it was also at the front of the industrial decline of the United Kingdom. This decline is very similar yet earlier than those of other mining and manufacturing industries and had a great effect on the communities in the lead orefields. "The Industry usually imposed a distinctive pattern on the economic and social life of lead mining areas, influencing more than the working conditions and living standards of the miners...lead mining was part of the broad stream of British economical development".4 Lead was, and still is to a lesser extent, an important economic commodity. In the nineteenth century, lead was required by numerous trades and industries. It was used in the manufacturing of pottery, pewter, salt pans, plumbing, acid vessels, roofing, window frames, solder and type-metal. Its uses as a covering for the keels and hulls of ships and in the making of armaments and munitions meant that it was in keen demand during times of conflict, the boom years for the industry often coinciding with wars, such as the Napoleonic and the Crimean. Oxides of lead were also ingredients for paint and glass manufacture, carbonates for cosmetics and paint and acetates for dyeing and the adulteration of wine. As a result of its uses the supply of lead is closely associated with 1 The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom, ''ibid. 3 ibid.. 4 B Jennings, The Lead Mining Industry ofSwaledale. (MA Thesis, unpublished, University of Leeds, 1959), p. 2. _ 5 the rate of growth in industrial output, being a raw material for a wide variety of industries. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, lead mining had replaced agriculture as the primary industry of Swaledale and in parts of Wensleydale. Although separated by only five miles of moorland, the lead industry dominated Swaledale considerably more than Wensleydale. This was due to several contributing factors. The ore field in Wensleydale was only an extension of the main veins in Swaledale, with the exception of the small Bishopdale mine which was an isolated outcrop of Nidderdale's ore bearing rock.
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