land

Article Allées in and Art—Types, Preservation, and Renewal of the Living Heritage of Allées in Hungary

Kinga Szilágyi 1,* , Chaima Lahmer 2 and Krisztina Szabó 1

1 Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Urbanism, Szent István University, 2100 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Doctoral School of Landscape Architecture, Szent István University, 2100 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-302974092

 Received: 20 July 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 20 August 2020 

Abstract: Examining the history of garden art since ancient times, we find many examples of linear tree layouts supporting orientation or being used for the purpose of composition. Allées gained special significance during the Baroque as dynamic and grandiose space-forming elements. They mostly consist of trees of taxonomically similar species planted along a regular line equidistant from each other in single or multiple rows. The two-dimensional compositional elements of the layout form three-dimensional longitudinal space forms. During their evolution, both their proportions and openness constantly change. Analyses of the compositional role and functions of allées of exemplary Hungarian Baroque garden complexes in the 18th century provided a basis for setting up a novel typology. Five compositional types have been defined as the primary result of archival research. The significance of the still-subsisting historic Hungarian allées calls for unique protection similar to European heritage protection. Taking a summary of significant, surviving examples of Hungarian Baroque allées into account, methods for allée renewal are defined along with the core question of whether allées are natural landscape elements or strict architectural compositions where authenticity may be an important criterion. The methodological research is partially based on three plans for the renewal of Baroque allées in Hungary that have been worked out by the Author as the chief landscape architect of the projects.

Keywords: Baroque garden art; allée; European garden heritage; preservation and renewal of living heritage

1. Introduction “Allées have very strong architectural effects, like colonnades or the vaults of buildings. They have intense drift compelling us to pass on, to move on or to look along the line as far as the terminus.”(Imre Ormos) [1] [A1]. Planting allées that provide a virtual and visual connection and support spatial orientation was an integral part of the antique Greek settlement culture [A2]. The location of the temenos was offered by nature in the form of a shady grove where a sacrificial altar was raised, and it was linked to the town by the allée planted using trees from the natural tree canopy (Ulmus sp. Olea europea, Quercus sp.) as if representing the connection between the town and the gods. “In Athen’s agora, for example, in correspondence with the temple of Hephaestus, there was a geometrical garden, in which the rows of small trees repeated the setting of the temple’s columns” [2] (p. 11). According to Vitruvius (a Roman architect, first century BC), trees are appropriate for providing refreshment to the eyes and

Land 2020, 9, 283; doi:10.3390/land9090283 www.mdpi.com/journal/land Land 2020, 9, 283 2 of 25 body, and he suggests that promenades be built among the trees leading towards the spas and along the sport-grounds and public spaces. Besides the examples from early cultures, in Renaissance garden art allées provided the vertical framework for the plane surface along the esplanades, on the bordering of the parterres, and offered pleasant shade to walkers. In the second half of the seventeenth century, André Le Notre, the head royal of Louis XIV of France, went beyond the scale and the local space system of Renaissance and brought together the vistas, the surrounding landscape, the game parks, and the individual royal estates into a cohesive system. This new garden art style, called the French , visualized the ruling power, among other things, by applying allées. Going beyond the scale of gardens, allées played an important compositional and representational role in the union of architecture, garden art, and landscape architecture. Later, in landscape gardens, allées were integrated as spatial and compositional elements preserved from earlier periods of garden art. In Hungary, and garden art appeared only in the 18th century after the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)—closing the Habsburg–Ottoman War (1683–1697)—brought an end to 150 years of Turkish rule in the Hungarian Kingdom. In the early 1700s, late-Renaissance garden art was gradually replaced by the Baroque representative space structure, thereby giving a more prominent compositional role to the framing allées of gardens, the spatial accessories of hunts with rifles, and the allées of game parks featuring grid networks or star vue systems. The significance of the surviving Baroque allées from the 18th century is strengthened by the fact that no Hungarian Baroque garden has fully lived through the stylistic changes of garden art. In some cases, though, parts of Baroque composition, such as allées, have been preserved in their original form. The aim of the present research is to define the unique features and significance of allées in Baroque garden art in terms of improvements to the land of noble Hungarian estates. Similarly, in European garden art, the application of allées was well-known to have occurred historically in Hungary based on professional German and French literature, personal visits, horticultural relationships, horticultural studies, and invited and garden designers. However, gardens and pieces of architectural landscape art are not copies—this would not even be possible because of the living material and the diversity of the landscape and ecology. Therefore, beyond the principles of planning and design, special and unique solutions are created that embody distinctive values of historical European garden heritage. Based on a historical analysis and classification, the objective of this research is to determine the significance of surviving Baroque allées under heritage protection and facilitate the preservation and renewal of these allées by proposing a new heritage protection task and method. The living heritage of subsisting late-Baroque allées captures glorious memories of bygone times and has special value throughout Europe. The mature trees lined up in the allées with their respectable size in themselves have a high degree of aesthetic and natural value, and even their genetic heritage may have scientific importance. Moreover, allées are planned and constructed open-air creations that represent cultural heritage.

2. Materials and Methods The basis of this research was provided by decades-long, research-based, reconstruction-type planning projects for several historic Hungarian gardens and allées [3,4] [A3,A4] together with references found in the scientific literature on Baroque garden art [1,5–7], which, in certain cases, was expanded by field research, surveys, and studies of sources. In terms of references, the primary guide was Kristóf Fatsar’s monograph entitled Magyarországi barokk kertm˝uvészet (Hungarian Baroque Garden Art), which is a rich mine of knowledge of the Baroque gardens of historical Hungary. The analyses of garden art history and detailed garden treatises were based on in-depth archival research, cartographical and image sources, historical garden descriptions, and documents found in national and family archives [8]. In many cases, earlier historical garden studies [9–14] and historic cartographical archives provided further assistance. I went to sources of international scientific Land 2020, 9, 283 3 of 25 literature mostly to lay down the theoretical and methodological foundations of Baroque garden art and, in particular, allée heritage and allée renewal [7,14–16]. Besides the historic maps, archival plans, surveys, and image sources contained in the references used in the present research, military surveys and cadastral maps can offer additional information; however, the correctness and precision of the latter are far from uniform. Nevertheless, historic archives can be efficiently utilized in an investigation of the landscape connections between the core of an estate and its functional elements. After looking at the plans and contour maps of the period, it was also uncertain whether the landscape architectural plan was implemented and, if it was, whether the constructions precisely followed the plan. In terms of a significant Baroque castle garden, in most cases, more than one draft or plan was ordered and made by different masters. However, it is not appropriate to use historic surveys to resolve this issue, because it is the precision and detail of the first military survey of the Habsburg Empire (1782–1785) that are uncertain. Therefore, this research is based on primary historical references that are already published, their reinterpretation, and, when necessary, further image or written sources. Several heritage protection plans, as well as preservation studies and concepts of living heritage, were added to the original research materials based on detailed assessments and condition analyses of the tree canopy works that were carried out under the supervision of the author as a supervising landscape architect. Some of these site analyses, cadasters, and concept plans have been published [17–21], while the professional studies of and management plans for several Baroque allée heritage sites are listed in the AppendixA (A3a–d).

3. Results The nearly 150 locations of creations of Baroque garden art published in Hungarian and considered to be the primary sources for this research [8] represent the precise footprints of the development, as well as the social and manorial system, of Hungary in the 18th century. The geographical positions of the valuable Baroque gardens show a highly disproportionate spatial distribution. Due to the geopolitical, economic, and landscape structural conditions, the estates of wealthy noblemen were mostly developed in the western and north-western regions of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the vicinity of the center of the , Vienna, and close to (called Pozsony in Hungarian), the venue of the feudal assembly, which is considered to be the predecessor of the parliament. The Baroque foci of Budapest (“Pest-” at the time) and its neighborhood, Northern Hungary, and Transylvania are scarcer, while, on the lowlands of the country, in the middle region, and partly in the eastern regions, only a couple of relevant large estates flourished from the end of the 17th century (Figure1a,b). Transylvania had a certain degree of independence—as the Principality of Transylvania—during the difficult times of Turkish rule and retained the power of self-government after the unification of the country, which was effected by the House of Habsburg. The development of the noble estates was almost uninterrupted here, although, due to the isolation, the geographical position, and the Protestant opposition to the Baroque that was deeply rooted in the resurgence of Catholicism during the 18th century, Baroque castle architecture and garden art gained space only slowly, and even with a delay, and while it retained local architectural traditions it received a distinctive and somewhat provincial character. The geographical features of the landscape, the varied topography, and the large afforested areas also contributed to this. High-quality baroque castle gardens could only be developed by wealthy members of noble society, either secular or ecclesiastical, with good political connections or a profitable court status. Land 2020, 9, 283 4 of 25 Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 25

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 1. 1.(a ()a Map) Map of of the the former former Hungarian Hungarian Kingdom. Kingdom. TheThe countrycountry waswas divideddivided into three parts due to theto Ottoman the Ottoman occupations. occupations. 1606. 1606. (b ()b Hungary) Hungary in in the the 18th18th centurycentury with with valuable valuable Baroque Baroque estates estates and and castles.castles. The The territory territory marked marked in in grey grey is is the the result resultof of thethe 19201920 TrianonTrianon decisiondecision. (Sources of figures see in AppendixB). 3.1. Classification of Allées Based on Spatial Function 3.1. Classification of Allées Based on Spatial Function Within the published historical sources, maps, and archives used as references for the research, in Withinterms of the the published discussed historicalBaroque gardens, sources, one maps, can andfind archivesallées that used are planted as references in single, for double, the research, or inmultiple terms of rows, the discussed and they may Baroque have simple gardens, or comple one canx compositional find allées that or arepracti plantedcal functions. in single, In many double, orcases, multiple it is possible rows, andto derive they from may the have survey simple maps or, garden complex design compositional plans, historical or images, practical or archival functions. Insources many cases, the order it is possibleof the allées to derive in the fromplantation the survey system, maps, the utilization garden design of the plans, internal historical and external images, oresplanades, archival sources and the orderunique of or the sectional allées in accentuation the plantation of system,the rhythmical the utilization mini-spaces of the internaland their and externalornamentation esplanades, by statuary, and the uniquegarden se orats, sectional or flowerbeds accentuation calling of visitors the rhythmical to take a mini-spacesrest. The plantation and their material and the punctual planting pattern are also important aspects. However, what may have even ornamentation by statuary, garden seats, or flowerbeds calling visitors to take a rest. The plantation greater importance than these garden art details is the exact location of the allées within the estate material and the punctual planting pattern are also important aspects. However, what may have even and their connection to architectural units, gardens, open spaces created by natural elements, and greater importance than these garden art details is the exact location of the allées within the estate and external areas, which indicate relatively easily readable or visible functions. According to the their connection to architectural units, gardens, open spaces created by natural elements, and external compositional and functional goals, five main types can be differentiated. Naturally, there are certain areas,grandiose which or indicate unique relativelyBaroque creations easily readable that are or difficult visible to functions. strictly insert According into this to categorization the compositional or andthat functional include more goals, than five or main even typesall of the can fi beve dialléefferentiated. types within Naturally, the same there piece areof art. certain grandiose or unique Baroque creations that are difficult to strictly insert into this categorization or that include more than3.2. or Analyses even all of ofHungarian the five allBaroqueée types Allées within Based the on Architectural same piece ofCompositional art. Aspects

3.2. AnalysesFor each of Hungariantype, we present Baroque the All prominentées Based onexamples Architectural of Hungarian Compositional Baroque Aspects garden art. The more complex the compositional task of the allées, the more often does the same location occur when describingFor each the type, types. we It present is also theimportant prominent to note examples that the of 18th Hungarian century was Baroque a late-Baroque garden art. period The morein complexHungary. the Many compositional allées were task created of the during allées, this the period more and often some does of thethem—with same location mature occur or even when describingveteran trees the in types. their stock—survived It is also important to the to present. note that the 18th century was a late-Baroque period in Hungary. Many allées were created during this period and some of them—with mature or even veteran3.2.1. Allées trees in Connected their stock—survived Directly to the to Building the present. Complex of the Estate According to the published sources, layout plans, and maps, allées relatively rarely appear solely 3.2.1. Allées Connected Directly to the Building Complex of the Estate as space-forming, focus-formation elements connected directly to an edifice or a building complex. TheseAccording allées accentuate to the published the architec sources,tural pieces layout and plans, rather and frequently maps, all éindicatees relatively the connection rarely appear with solelythe asgarden space-forming, or the vue focus-formation de point in the elementslandscape connectedand the organic directly union to anof edificearchitecture or a buildingand garden complex. art. TheseTwo allexamplesées accentuate of the first the subtype architectural and one pieces of the and second rather are frequentlyintroduced here. indicate the connection with the gardenThe plans or the for vue the de reconstruction point in the landscape of the garden and of the the organic Esterházy union Castle of architecture in Csákvár started and garden in the art. Twolast examples third of the of 18th thefirst century subtype [8]. The and 1779 one plan, of the that second of Ehrenberg, are introduced depicts here.the foreground of the castle as Thean open plans entrance for the space reconstruction formed by ofstrictly the garden symmetric, of the double-row Esterházy allées, Castle where in Cs áthekv spacious,ár started oval in the lastentrance third of space—in the 18th centuryfront of [8the]. Theclosed, 1779 horse-shoe plan, that-shaped of Ehrenberg, ornamental depicts yard—is the foreground framed by of an the allée castle equivalent to the width of the yard. Along the longitudinal and cross axes, ways are bordered by as an open entrance space formed by strictly symmetric, double-row allées, where the spacious, oval double allées (Figure 2). The plan delineates the ornamental garden as an early English, irregular entrance space—in front of the closed, horse-shoe-shaped ornamental yard—is framed by an allée equivalent to the width of the yard. Along the longitudinal and cross axes, ways are bordered by Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25

garden in which the Baroque symmetry is loosened, and only the two inclined roads leading out from the garden accompanied by allées remind us of the Baroque structure. The plan of the double-rowed, framing allée running along the four sides of the yard of the Esterházy Manor in Boldogasszony (Frauenkirchen, Austria) dates back to the second part of the 18th century (Figure 3). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that, although the main building and the two lateral farm buildings have different facade rhythms and distributions, still, on all four sides, the allée follows the same plantation rhythm adjusted to the main building. Although the author of the Land 2020, 9, 283 5 of 25 monograph on Hungarian Baroque gardens regards this issue as sort of a planning mistake [8] (p. 82), we consider it to be more likely that this solution, which might have a slightly disadvantageous Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25 doubleeffect on all theées utilization (Figure2). Theof the plan auxiliary delineates buildings, the ornamental could have garden developed as an earlyas a English,result of irregularthe strict stiffness of Baroque space structure. The balanced rhythm and the continuously identical plantation garden in which the Baroque symmetry is loosened, and only the two inclined roads leading out from distance impart a stiff character to the yard, and the emphasis is clearly placed on the main building. the garden accompanied byby allalléesées remindremind usus ofof thethe BaroqueBaroque structure.structure. The plan of the double-rowed, framing allée running along the four sides of the yard of the Esterházy Manor in Boldogasszony (Frauenkirchen, Austria) dates back to the second part of the 18th century (Figure 3). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that, although the main building and the two lateral farm buildings have different facade rhythms and distributions, still, on all four sides, the allée follows the same plantation rhythm adjusted to the main building. Although the author of the monograph on Hungarian Baroque gardens regards this issue as sort of a planning mistake [8] (p. 82), we consider it to be more likely that this solution, which might have a slightly disadvantageous effect on the utilization of the auxiliary buildings, could have developed as a result of the strict stiffness of Baroque space structure. The balanced rhythm and the continuously identical plantation distance impart a stiff character to the yard, and the emphasis is clearly placed on the main building.

Figure 2. Ehrenberg’s plan of EsterhEsterházyázy castle in CsCsákváákvárr togethertogether with the early English garden andand thethe BaroqueBaroque foreground.foreground. 1779.1779. The plan of the double-rowed, framing allée running along the four sides of the yard of the Esterházy Manor in Boldogasszony (Frauenkirchen, Austria) dates back to the second part of the 18th century (Figure3). Its peculiarity lies in the fact that, although the main building and the two lateral farm buildings have different facade rhythms and distributions, still, on all four sides, the allée follows the same plantation rhythm adjusted to the main building. Although the author of the monograph on Hungarian Baroque gardens regards this issue as sort of a planning mistake [8] (p. 82), we consider it to be more likely that this solution, which might have a slightly disadvantageous effect on the utilization of the auxiliary buildings, could have developed as a result of the strict stiffness of BaroqueFigure space 2. Ehrenberg’s structure. plan The of balanced Esterházy rhythmcastle in Csákvá and ther together continuously with the identical early English plantation garden distanceand impartthe a Baroque stiff character foreground. to the 1779. yard, and the emphasis is clearly placed on the main building.

Figure 3. Boldogasszony—the tree plantation plan for the Esterházy prince’s manor’s courtyard. Plan of Johann Georg Weinstein. mid-18th century.

An allée encompassing a palace and a fortified castle as a protective circle can be found at different locations. The Habsburg-Lotharingen castle in Holic (Holic, ) is a star fort castle

Figure 3. 3. Boldogasszony—theBoldogasszony—the tree tree plantation plantation plan plan for forthe theEsterházy Esterh áprince’szy prince’s manor’s manor’s courtyard. courtyard. Plan Planof Johann of Johann Georg Georg Weinstein. Weinstein. mid-18th mid-18th century. century.

An allée encompassing a palace and a fortified castle as a protective circle can be found at different locations. The Habsburg-Lotharingen castle in Holic (Holic, Slovakia) is a star fort castle Land 2020, 9, 283 6 of 25

Land 2020An, all 9, éxe FOR encompassing PEER REVIEW a palace and a fortified castle as a protective circle can be found at different6 of 25 locations. The Habsburg-Lotharingen castle in Holic (Holic, Slovakia) is a star fort castle with a square layoutwith a thatsquare is surrounded layout that is by surrounded single-rowed by allsingle-rowedées on both allées sides ofon the both moat sides [8 ]of (p. the 121). moat The [8] fortified(p. 121). castleThe fortified in Köpcs castleény (Kittsee, in Köpcsény Austria) (Kittsee, is a similar Austria) star is fort a similar castle withstar fort a square castle shape with thata square is also shape enclosed that byis also an all enclosedée. The Esterh by aná zyallée. Palace The at Esterházy Süttör (now Palace Fert˝od,Hungary) at Süttör (now can Fert be partlyőd, Hungary) classified can as belongingbe partly toclassified this group as belonging too, where to the this depictions group too, of where the garden the depictions from the secondof the garden part of from the 18th the second century part show of athe double 18th century allée bordering show a double the building allée bordering complex; the however, building here, complex; the all however,ées have here, a more the composite,allées have perspectivea more composite, function. perspective function. EszterhEszterháza,áza, thethe grandiosegrandiose andand maturemature BaroqueBaroque masterpiecemasterpiece calledcalled thethe HungarianHungarian Versailles, isis aa uniquelyuniquely gorgeousgorgeous andand complexcomplex creationcreation inin termsterms ofof itsits applicationapplication ofof allalléesées (Figure(Figure4 a,b).4a,b). In In addition addition toto thesethese exemplaryexemplary sites,sites, wewe couldcould alsoalso mentionmention thethe KKárolyiárolyi CastleCastle inin NagykNagykárolyároly andand thethe silksilk manufacturingmanufacturing buildingbuilding in ÓÓbuda,buda, wherewhere allalléesées havehave beenbeen plantedplanted toto createcreate stress,stress, aa framing,framing, oror aa landmarklandmark inin frontfront ofof oror aroundaround thethe building.building.

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 4.4. ((aa)) ViewView ofof thethe EsterhEsterházyázy CastleCastle fromfrom thethe North.North. OilOil painting,painting, aroundaround 17601760 [[10].10]. ((bb)) TheThe bird’sbird’s eyeeye viewview masterplanmasterplan forfor thethe EsterhEsterházyázy castlecastle inin Fert˝od.GirolamoFertőd. Girolamo LeLe Bon,Bon, aroundaround 17621762 [[10].10].

3.2.2.3.2.2. Garden AllAllées:ées: Along the Garden PathsPaths Marking thethe AxisAxis oror FramingFraming ParterresParterres FramingFraming allalléesées inin BaroqueBaroque gardens—ongardens—on thethe borderingbordering ofof parterresparterres (or(or “patches”)—“inherited”“patches”)—“inherited” fromfrom thethe Renaissance are are also also characteristic, characteristic, but but th thee strongly strongly marked marked elements elements of the of the composition composition are areprovided provided by byvisual visual axes axes revealing revealing perspectives perspectives as as well well as as allées allées planted planted in in order order to visualize andand emphasizeemphasize thethe longitudinal longitudinal and and cross cross axes, axes, vues vues radiating radiating from from the the connection connection system, system, and and the the scale scale of theof the estate. estate. This This is also is relevantalso relevant even ifeven the garden if the directlygarden connectingdirectly connecting to the castle to isthe not castle an ornamental is not an orornamental pleasure gardenor pleasure that garden serves asthat a formserves of as representation a form of representation but is an , but is an a kitchen orchard, garden, a kitchen or, perhaps,garden, or, a grapery. perhaps, a grapery. TheThe fundamentalfundamental gardengarden artart motif,motif, whichwhich datesdates backback toto thethe ancient [A5],[A5], consistsconsists ofof fourfour patchedpatched gardens gardens divided divided by by two two axes axes and and stressed stressed by by a well a well or aor fountain a fountain that that is located is located in the in intersectionthe intersection of the of axes, the axes, which which refers refers to the to four the directions, four directions, with a with vertical a vertical stress point stress in point the central in the spacecentral to space represent to represent the connection the connection with the sky with [1, 5th].e In sky the Baroque[1,5]. In period,the Baroque the all period,ées bordering the allées the parterresbordering functioned the parterres as meansfunctioned of opening as means up of perspectives opening up in perspectives a way that provided in a way thethat garden’s provided axes the withgarden’s a dynamic axes with leader. a dynamic With the lead helper. of With the alltheées, help the of spatial the allées, system the of spatial the garden system definitely of the garden stands outdefinitely in the thirdstands dimension out in the too, third and, dimension besides thetoo, garden, and, besides the bosque the garden, of trees, the and bosque the game of trees, parks, and they the frequentlygame parks, direct they the frequently eyes towards direct the the distant eyes toward landscape,s the creating distant alandscape, feeling of ancreating endless a feeling empire. of an endlessWe empire. can observe the application of a characteristic space-bordering and framing ornamental gardenWe all canée in observe the Baroque the application upper garden of ofa characteristic the Grassalkovich space-bordering Castle in Gödöll˝o.During and framing theornamental archival researchgarden allée [8], wein the found Baroque three upper alternate garden garden of the plans Grassalkovich from the mid-18th Castle in century, Gödöllő created. During by the unknown archival plannersresearch (Figure[8], we5 found). The three longitudinal alternate garden garden with plans a rectangle from the layout mid-18th presents century, the maincreated elements by unknown of the ornamentalplanners (Figure garden 5). one The after longitudinal another: the garden flower with and a grass rectangle parterres, layout the presents bosque ofthe trees main [A6] elements enclosed of the ornamental garden one after another: the flower and grass parterres, the bosque of trees [A6] enclosed by high hedges, the ornamental water feature, the kiosk, and the open, wide central axis. Typically, the longitudinal side is closed by double allées of densely planted trees. Land 2020, 9, 283 7 of 25 by high hedges, the ornamental water feature, the kiosk, and the open, wide central axis. Typically, Landthe 2020 longitudinal, 9, x FOR PEER side REVIEW is closed by double allées of densely planted trees. 7 of 25

Figure 5. The alternate designs 1 and 2 for the upper garden of the Grassalkovich Castle in Gödöll˝oand Figure 5. The alternate designs 1 and 2 for the upper garden of the Grassalkovich Castle in Gödöllő design 3 by Andreas Kneidinger, which was supposed to have been implemented in the mid-18th century. and design 3 by Andreas Kneidinger, which was supposed to have been implemented in the mid- 18thThe century. third variant is from a French designer and, according to the onetime garden descriptions [A7], this plan could have been implemented. The double allée on the two longitudinal sides frames a The third variant is from a French designer and, according to the onetime garden descriptions spacious esplanade. Both the allées and the esplanade take a turn at the end of the garden, but they [A7], this plan could have been implemented. The double allée on the two longitudinal sides frames leave the central axis open to the landscape throughout the full length of the garden. The application of a spacious esplanade. Both the allées and the esplanade take a turn at the end of the garden, but they the allée in its framing function appears at the back quarter of the garden, where, along the longitudinal leave the central axis open to the landscape throughout the full length of the garden. The application central axis and the cross axis, the forest-like bosque is divided into four symmetric space quarters. of the allée in its framing function appears at the back quarter of the garden, where, along the On the elevated podium in the central space stands a kiosk, formally a domed gloriette, and a double longitudinal central axis and the cross axis, the forest-like bosque is divided into four symmetric allée that closes around it like an arbour provides shelter. space quarters. On the elevated podium in the central space stands a kiosk, formally a domed The peculiarity of the allée in Gödöll˝ois attributed to the fact that out of the two double gloriette, and a double allée that closes around it like an arbour provides shelter. allées—notwithstanding the successive reconstructions of the garden—the western allée and the The peculiarity of the allée in Gödöllő is attributed to the fact that out of the two double allées— esplanade have survived into the present in order to provide shelter to and a spatial boundary for the notwithstanding the successive reconstructions of the garden—the western allée and the esplanade internal, part of the chateau’s garden that was expanding its area and functions [18]. have survived into the present in order to provide shelter to and a spatial boundary for the internal, The set of reconstruction-type renewal plans [A3a–d] for the Gödöll˝oupper garden placed great pleasure garden part of the chateau’s garden that was expanding its area and functions [18]. The set emphasis on reviving the horse chestnut allée (Aesculus hippocastanum) dating back to the Baroque of reconstruction-type renewal plans [A3a–d] for the Gödöllő upper garden placed great emphasis period [17,18]. on reviving the horse chestnut allée (Aesculus hippocastanum) dating back to the Baroque period The urban garden of Bratislava, Enger Au or Brucken Au, is considered to be an early example [17,18]. of an urban public garden and was created on one of the wooded islands on the right side of The The urban garden of Bratislava, Enger Au or Brucken Au, is considered to be an early example Danube between 1775 and 1776 [8] (p. 196). This public garden, which is accessible from Bratislava via of an urban public garden and was created on one of the wooded islands on the right side of The a pontoon bridge, is a forest featuring a star vue system where the wide axial clearings serve walking Danube between 1775 and 1776 [8] (p. 196). This public garden, which is accessible from Bratislava rather than hunting (Figure6a,b). The esplanade, which has eight axes that all converge into a central via a pontoon bridge, is a forest featuring a star vue system where the wide axial clearings serve space accentuated by a solitaire tree and equipped with lawn benches, is laid out by eight different walking rather than hunting (Figure 6a,b). The esplanade, which has eight axes that all converge into tree species in the allées in order to help with orientation in the densely wooded floodplain forest. a central space accentuated by a solitaire tree and equipped with lawn benches, is laid out by eight Therefore, the garden, both in its character and its design, resembles a game park, but the planting different tree species in the allées in order to help with orientation in the densely wooded floodplain design of the allées helps visitors seeking recreation to safely orient themselves. forest. Therefore, the garden, both in its character and its design, resembles a game park, but the planting design of the allées helps visitors seeking recreation to safely orient themselves. Land 2020, 9, 283 8 of 25

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(a) (b)

FigureFigure 6. (6.a )(a Urban) Urban public public garden garden ofof EngerEnger AuAu/Brucken/Brucken Au Au in in Bratislava. Bratislava. Creator Creator unknown. unknown. Around Around 1775.1775. (b ()b) The The urbanurban park park is isa small a small woody woody island island among among the Danube the Danube branches branches with a star-form with a avenue star-form system. avenue system.

EszterhEszterháza,áza, a a latelate Baroque–Rococo Baroque–Rococo garden garden complex, complex, is the is masterpiece the masterpiece of the 18th of century. the 18th Based century. on the surviving plans and depictions, this magnificent ensemble of gardens, a bosque or game park Based on the surviving plans and depictions, this magnificent ensemble of gardens, a bosque or [A5], and hunting forests was planned and developed throughout four decades under the guidance game park [A5], and hunting forests was planned and developed throughout four decades under of Prince Miklós Esterházy on the fundamentals of a Renaissance hunting lodge and wood [11]. In the guidance of Prince Miklós Esterházy on the fundamentals of a Renaissance hunting lodge and terms of typical Baroque gardens, allées were applied with a framing and closure-forming function, woodbut [11the]. bordering In terms ofones typical on the Baroque two sides gardens, of the all ornaéesmental were applied garden within front a framing of the castle and closure-forming are unique. function,Nicolaus but Jacoby’s the bordering 1784 drawing, ones onwhich the delineates two sides the of theso-called ornamental Beschreibung garden [11], in frontshows of triple the castleallées are unique.[A8] on Nicolaus both sides Jacoby’s that mark 1784 esplanades drawing, of which identical delineates widths. theTheso-called allées, which Beschreibung consist of lime [11], and shows triplehorse all échestnutes [A8] ontrees both planted sides in that a 4*4 mark fathom esplanades order, offer of identical an arbour-like widths. closed The allpathées, (pruned which consistin the of limeBerceaux and horse form). chestnut They are trees parallel planted to the in atransverse 4*4 fathom axis order, along o withfferan the arbour-like ornamental closed garden. path Then, (pruned at in thethe Berceauxlast ornamental form). , They are they parallel break tointo the th transversee direction axisof the along two with inclined the ornamentalside-axes of garden.the Then,goosefoot at the lastesplanade ornamental and terminate parterre, at they the lateral break axis into that the closes direction the ornamental of the two inclinedgarden and side-axes opens up of the goosefootthe game esplanade park with andwide terminate hunting avenues. at the lateral Although axis replanted, that closes mixed the ornamentalboth in tree species garden and and age, opens upand the having game park many with hiatuses wide in huntingthe rows, avenues. these allées Although remain standing replanted, even mixed though both the onetime in tree species arbour- and age,like, and dome-enclosed having many space hiatuses form increated the rows, by these allis gone.ées remain standing even though the onetime arbour-like, dome-enclosed space form created by pruning is gone. 3.2.3. Allées of Game Parks: Allées in Vues Supporting Orientation 3.2.3. AllTheées estates of Game of noble Parks: society Allées have in Vues always Supporting had game Orientation parks or hunting forests with an artificial, planned vue system formed out of the tree canopy of natural forests [A9] that frequently stretched The estates of noble society have always had game parks or hunting forests with an artificial, out to multiple hectares [A10]. As opposed to the intensive horticultural maintenance of an planned vue system formed out of the tree canopy of natural forests [A9] that frequently stretched out ornamental garden, forestry and hunting types of preservation and maintenance were conducted to multiplehere. However, hectares within [A10]. the As game opposed parks—mostly to the intensive with star-vue horticultural systems—diff maintenanceerent garden of an ornamentaledifices, garden,pleasure forestry houses, and fountains, hunting typesand pools of preservation were built and in maintenancethe green spaces were opening conducted up here.around However, the withinintersections the game of parks—mostlythe vues. A game with park star-vue in this systems—diway functionsff erentas a closed garden forest edifices, garden pleasure or pleasure houses, fountains,garden with and a pools dense were tree canopy, built in that the greenis, in other spaces wo openingrds, a bosque up around on a large the scale. intersections According of to the the vues. A gamelandscape park instructure, this way these functions game asparks a closed can be forest inde gardenpendent or elements pleasure or garden an organic with aextension dense tree of canopy,the thatornamental is, in other garden words, with a bosque a definitive on a tree large canopy. scale. In According both cases, to the the allées landscape act as integral structure, connection these game parksand can uniform be independent design concept elements elements. or an organic extension of the ornamental garden with a definitive tree canopy.The garden In both complex cases, theof the all Grassalkovichées act as integral Castle connection in Pozsonyivánka and uniform (Ivanka design pri Dunaji, concept Slovakia) elements. is Thea proper garden example complex ofof a thefreestanding Grassalkovich gameCastle reserve, in Pozsonyivyet it is connectedánka (Ivanka to the pri castle Dunaji, and Slovakia) the is aornamental proper example garden of by a an freestanding allée. The residence game reserve, built du yetring it isthe connected second half to of the the castle 18th century and the includes ornamental gardena large by pheasant an allée. garden The residence that the Fekete-víz built during (“Black the water”) second river half splits of the into 18th two century parts (Figure includes 7a). The a large cross axis closing the lawn parterre in front of the castle reaches the pheasant garden with an almost pheasant garden that the Fekete-víz (“Black water”) river splits into two parts (Figure7a). The cross one-kilometer-long double allée that features a complex vue system. The triple goosefoot vues are axis closing the lawn parterre in front of the castle reaches the pheasant garden with an almost divided by cross-axes and a star vue system. one-kilometer-long double allée that features a complex vue system. The triple goosefoot vues are divided by cross-axes and a star vue system. Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 25

The game reserve of the Grassalkovich Castle in Gödöllő has a similar organization. Here, the game park is located over one kilometer away from the castle due to the landscape conditions. A road accompanied by a double allée leads the way to the game park from the castle. Starting from the semicircular reception area, a composite vue system unfolds into the pheasant garden. The cross-axis Landis 2020also, 9the, 283 middle section of a triple goosefoot vue system, while the two inclined side esplanades9 of 25 constitute the paths of the double-star vue systems [17]. Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 25

The game reserve of the Grassalkovich Castle in Gödöllő has a similar organization. Here, the game park is located over one kilometer away from the castle due to the landscape conditions. A road accompanied by a double allée leads the way to the game park from the castle. Starting from the semicircular reception area, a composite vue system unfolds into the pheasant garden. The cross-axis is also the middle section of a triple goosefoot vue system, while the two inclined side esplanades constitute the paths of the double-star vue systems [17].

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 7. 7.(a ()a The)The GrassalkovitsGrassalkovits estate in in Pozsonyivánka Pozsonyivánka around around 1780. 1780. The The game game preserve preserve is connected is connected toto the the castle castle by by the the all alléeée of of the thelateral lateral axis.axis. ( b)) The The lower lower garden garden of of the the Gödöll Gödöll˝oCastleő Castle has has a complex a complex star-formstar-form vue vue system system for for hunting hunting andand oneone axialaxial system directing directing to to the the castle. castle.

TheEszterháza game reserve is an ofexample the Grassalkovich of the type of Castle game in park Gödöll˝ohas that forms a similar a continuation organization. of the Here, ornamental the game parkgarden is located on the overhighest one possible kilometer level away (Figure from 8a,b). the The castle continuous due to the texture landscape of the garden conditions. sections A roadis accompanieddivided by space-bordering, by a double(a) all épartitione leads theallées way with to thecross-axes. game parkThe ornamental from( theb) castle. garden Starting is closed from by a the cross-axis, framed by a double allée that is opened up with a semicircular exedra symmetrically in semicircularFigure 7. reception (a)The Grassalkovits area, a composite estate in Pozsonyivánka vue system unfolds around 1780. into theThe pheasantgame preserve garden. is connected The cross-axis the middle of the longitudinal axis of the entire garden complex. The game park is bordered by a is alsoto the the middle castle by section the allée ofof athe triple lateral goosefoot axis. (b) The vue lower system, garden while of the Gödöll the twoő Castle inclined has a side complex esplanades double allée path on the two longitudinal sides, and it is closed by another cross-axis as well as a constitutestar-form the pathsvue system of the for double-star hunting and vueone axial systems system [17 directing]. to the castle. spacious exedra framed by a double allée. Eszterháza is an example of the type of game park that forms a continuation of the ornamental gardenEszterháza on the highest is an example possible of level the type (Figure of game8a,b). park The that continuous forms a continuation texture of the of gardenthe ornamental sections is dividedgarden byon space-bordering,the highest possible partition level (Figure allées 8a,b). with cross-axes.The continuous The texture ornamental of the gardengarden issections closed is by a cross-axis,divided by framed space-bordering, by a double partition allée that allées is opened with cross-axes. up with a semicircularThe ornamental exedra garden symmetrically is closed by in a the cross-axis, framed by a double allée that is opened up with a semicircular exedra symmetrically in middle of the longitudinal axis of the entire garden complex. The game park is bordered by a double the middle of the longitudinal axis of the entire garden complex. The game park is bordered by a allée path on the two longitudinal sides, and it is closed by another cross-axis as well as a spacious double allée path on the two longitudinal sides, and it is closed by another cross-axis as well as a exedra framed by a double allée. spacious exedra framed by a double allée.

(a) (b)

Figure 8. (a) The game park at Eszterháza. 1763. (b) Bird’s eye view painting of Eszterháza’s gardens, the game park, and the vue and allée system. 1773.

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 8. 8.( a(a)) TheThe gamegame park at Eszterháza. Eszterháza. 1763. 1763. (b ()b Bird’s) Bird’s eye eye view view painting painting of Eszterháza’s of Eszterháza’s gardens, gardens, thethe game game park, park, and and thethe vuevue andand allée allée system. system. 1773. 1773. Land 2020, 9, 283 10 of 25

3.2.4. Allées in the Landscape: Independent Compositions beyond the Garden

TheseLand 2020 compositions, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW present the organic entity of landscape architecture and formation10 that, of 25 while exiting the border of the castle garden (the center of the estate), reveals the perspectives not only in a 3.2.4. Allées in the Landscape: Independent Compositions beyond the Garden visual sense supported by the vue but also in reality. Landscape-scale allées may be located along roads providingThese direct compositions connections, present but they the ratherorganic enrich entity the of representationlandscape architecture in order and to formation more fully that, achieve the Baroquewhile exiting composition. the border Accordingof the castle to garden Baroque (the construction,center of the estate), these reveals are double the perspectives or, in certain not cases, quadrateonly in all aé esvisual that sense run supported as straight by as the a bowstringvue but also untilin reality. they Landscape-scale almost reach the allées horizon. may be Thelocated middle along roads providing direct connections, but they rather enrich the representation in order to more esplanade is generally covered by lawn. The two side esplanades, the so-called “counter-esplanades”, fully achieve the Baroque composition. According to Baroque construction, these are double or, in usually have a sprayed lining and serve as a service path. certain cases, quadrate allées that run as straight as a bowstring until they almost reach the horizon. OneThe middle of the monumentalesplanade is generally tree allé coveredes of the by 18th lawn century. The two is side part esplanades, of the baroque the so-called estate of “counter- Count Antal Széchenyiesplanades”, at Czenk usually (now have Nagycenk, a sprayed Hungary)lining and serve [4]. The as a constructionservice path. of the castle together with the first BaroqueOne gardenof the monumental started in 1741. tree allées Then, of in the the 18th 1750s, century as a continuationis part of the baroque of the Baroque estate of ornamentalCount garden,Antal a doubleSzéchenyi lime at Czenk tree all(nowée Nagycenk, was planted Hungary) on the [4 opposite]. The construction side of theof the main castle road. together It formedwith a 2.3-km-longthe first linearBaroque landmark garden (Figurestarted 9ina,b). 1741. The Then, “all inée the vert”, 1750s, with as a a 22.7 continuation m (12 fathom) of the wide Baroque meadow in theornamental central path, garden, consisted a double of lime around tree 600allée trees was plan (plantedted on at the a distanceopposite side of 7.6 of mthe (4 main fathoms) road. It in the rows)formed and directed a 2.3-kilometer-long the main architectural linear landmark axis (Figure far into 9a,b). the landscapeThe “allée vert”, to aspectacular with a 22.7 m viewpoint (12 fathom) of the wide meadow in the central path, consisted of around 600 trees (planted at a distance of 7.6 m (4 Fert˝olake (the Neusiedler lake), where a small grove offered a termination point and the right place fathoms) in the rows) and directed the main architectural axis far into the landscape to a spectacular for a hermitage and a chapel. Due to the spacious positioning and the Széchenyi family’s responsible viewpoint of the Fertő lake (the Neusiedler lake), where a small grove offered a termination point maintenanceand the right into place the mid-twentieth for a hermitage century,and a chapel. the allDueée to evolved the spacious into apositioning monumental and the landmark Széchenyi whose naturalfamily’s value responsible was protected maintenance in 1942 [into13], thenthe mid- it wastwentieth placed century, under heritagethe allée protection evolved into in 2001a as part ofmonumental the historic landmark garden ofwhose Nagycenk natural andvalue as was a landscape protected elementin 1942 [13], of the then Fert˝od–NeusiedlerWorld it was placed under Heritageheritage site. protection A cadaster in 2001 from as 2011 part [A11]of the defineshistoric garden 581 original of Nagycenk planting and spots as a landscape altogether, element with aroundof half ofthe the Fert stockőd–Neusiedler probably World being Heritage rooted insite. the A cadaster original from plantation 2011 [A11] and defines still-living 581 original small-leaved planting lime treesspots (Tilia altogether, cordata). The with Sz aroundéchenyi half lime of the tree stock allé probablye is a unique being heritage rooted in site the amongoriginal theplantation Baroque and all ées, and itsstill-living renewal small-leaved with intensive limemaintenance trees (Tilia cordata and). tree Thecare Széchenyi together lime with tree anallée authentic is a unique renewal heritage project site among the Baroque allées, and its renewal with intensive maintenance and tree care together has been started. with an authentic renewal project has been started.

(a) (b)

FigureFigure 9. (a 9.) The(a) The Szé Széchenyichenyi estate estate in in Czenk Czenk aroundaround 1763–1787. (b ()b The) The first first section section of the of lime the limetree tree alléeallée to the to norththe north around around 1785–1788. 1785–1788.

LimeLime trees trees are often are often used used in monumental in monumental tree tree allé es,allé suches, such as the as onethe one at Köpcs at Köpcsényény (now (now Kittsee, Kittsee, Austria Austria and Kopčany, Slovakia) belonging first to the Eszterházy family and later to the Batthyány- and Kopˇcany, Slovakia) belonging first to the Eszterházy family and later to the Batthyány-Strattmann Strattmann family’s estate. The creation of the Baroque garden and the allée was ordered by Prince family’sEsterházy estate. between The creation 1730 and of 1740, the Baroquepossibly together garden andwith thea new all éalléee was (Figure ordered 10). The byPrince double Esterhtwo- ázy betweenrowed 1730 lime and tree 1740, allée possiblystretched togetherout in the with north-ea a newstern all directionée (Figure for 10 circa). The 3 km double from two-rowedthe fortified lime Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 25

residential castle. The vista is provided by the castle of Bratislava about six kilometers away [4]. The allée runs almost parallel to the road connecting Köpcsény with the Danube and Bratislava beyond it and stretches out a little west from that until it reaches the floodplain of the Danube. No closing chord can be located on the map (not even the second military survey indicates one), but Enger Au and Brucken Au by the right side of the Danube might have been a nearby recreation target. Following the Treaty of Trianon, the territory was disunited, the hither floodplain of the Danube became a part of , and the allée unfortunately fell victim to . Its “cold trace” in the form of a farm track can still be found. There is no hope for reconstruction, so two lime trees were planted in 1991 as a living memorial to the allée [6]. Eszterháza has special value in terms of allées terminating in the landscape. It can clearly be pointed out on the first military survey map (Figure 11) that the longitudinal and cross-axes of the castle garden almost precisely meet at a 90-degree angle, and their directions are marked by the church steeples of Szentmiklós (now Fertőszentmiklós, Hungary) to the south and those of Széplak (now Fertőszéplak, Hungary) to the west. However, the vue de point is missing in Süttör to the east. Yet, for the benefit of Baroque symmetry, the eastern continuation of the cross-axis—at least on a Land 2020, 9, 283 11 of 25 planning level—should have been an important compositional element [12]. Both the bird’s eye view depiction from 1773 (Figure 8b) and the Beschreibung from 1784 by Jacoby (Figure 12) indicate that treethe all cross-axisée stretched led outfar into in the the north-eastern landscape and direction was bordered for circa by 3a kmdouble from allée. the fortified residential castle. The vistaThe is Grassalkovich provided by theCastle castle in Pozsonyivánka, of Bratislava about which six was kilometers already mentioned away [4]. Thein our all discussionée runs almost of game reserves (Figure 7a), is an interesting example of a landscape-scale allée. An allée that serves as parallel to the road connecting Köpcsény with the Danube and Bratislava beyond it and stretches out a continuation of the cross-axis to the east leads into the game park, which features a goosefoot vue a little west from that until it reaches the floodplain of the Danube. No closing chord can be located system and a star vue system beyond the stream, in such a way that the line of the allée proceeds in on the map (not even the second military survey indicates one), but Enger Au and Brucken Au by the the middle element of the goosefoot path system (Figure 13). The axial composition terminates at the right side of the Danube might have been a nearby recreation target. Following the Treaty of Trianon, riverside and directly crosses to the Eszterházy castle at Cseklész. The investigation of this direct thelinear territory link was marked disunited, by allées the showed hither floodplain that it serves of the not Danube only the became obvious a partfuncti ofons Czechoslovakia, but also as a direct and the alléconnectione unfortunately between fell victimthe two to noble agriculture. families Its that “cold had trace” close inrelations. the form It of is a also farm important track can to still mention be found. Therethatis the no middle hope for and reconstruction, western elements so two of the lime goos treesefoot were vue planted system inrunning 1991 as into a living the southern memorial game to the alléparke [6]. in Pozsonyivánka have been preserved in the modern settlement structure in the form of streets.

FigureFigure 10. 10.The The quadruple quadruple lime lime tree alltreeée inallée Köpcs in Köpcsényény (Kittsee) (Kittsee) looking looking at the castle at the of Pozsonycastle of (Bratislava).Pozsony (Bratislava). Eszterháza has special value in terms of allées terminating in the landscape. It can clearly be pointed out on the first military survey map (Figure 11) that the longitudinal and cross-axes of the castle garden almost precisely meet at a 90-degree angle, and their directions are marked by the church steeples of Szentmiklós (now Fert˝oszentmiklós, Hungary) to the south and those of Széplak (now Fert˝oszéplak, Hungary) to the west. However, the vue de point is missing in Süttör to the east. Yet, for the benefit of Baroque symmetry, the eastern continuation of the cross-axis—at least on a planning level—should have been an important compositional element [12]. Both the bird’s eye view depiction from 1773 (Figure8b) and the Beschreibung from 1784 by Jacoby (Figure 12) indicate that the cross-axis led far into the landscape and was bordered by a double allée. The Grassalkovich Castle in Pozsonyivánka, which was already mentioned in our discussion of game reserves (Figure7a), is an interesting example of a landscape-scale all ée. An allée that serves as a continuation of the cross-axis to the east leads into the game park, which features a goosefoot vue system and a star vue system beyond the stream, in such a way that the line of the allée proceeds in the middle element of the goosefoot path system (Figure 13). The axial composition terminates at the riverside and directly crosses to the Eszterházy castle at Cseklész. The investigation of this direct linear link marked by allées showed that it serves not only the obvious functions but also as a direct connection between the two noble families that had close relations. It is also important to mention that the middle and western elements of the goosefoot vue system running into the southern game park in Pozsonyivánka have been preserved in the modern settlement structure in the form of streets. Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 25

Land 2020, 9, 283 12 of 25

Only a few examples of allées in Hungary from this period could be mentioned as having this type of allée design. These grandiose, several-kilometer-long garden creations are generally for representation. On the other hand, the landscape structure is a crucial element in such developments. All of the above-listed noble estates lay on plains with a wide and open landscape. Besides Eszterháza, Nagycenk, and Köpcsény, the Esterházy residence in Tata could also be mentioned. The landscape around the fortressed castle at the Tata lake also offered the possibility to create a representative allée along the lakeshore—at least in the plan of Jakab Fellner from 1763 in which a grandiose allée of twin Landdouble 2020 rows, 9, x FOR that PEER runs REVIEW along both directions from the castle is proposed [8] (p. 217). 12 of 25

Figure 11. The Eszterháza allée, vue, and focal system in the landscape. The first military survey. 1782–1785.

Only a few examples of allées in Hungary from this period could be mentioned as having this type of allée design. These grandiose, several-kilometer-long garden creations are generally for representation. On the other hand, the landscape structure is a crucial element in such developments. All of the above-listed noble estates lay on plains with a wide and open landscape. Besides Eszterháza, Nagycenk, and Köpcsény, the Esterházy residence in Tata could also be mentioned. The landscape around the fortressed castle at the Tata lake also offered the possibility to create a representative allée along the lakeshore—at least in the plan of Jakab Fellner from 1763 in which a grandiose allée of twin double rows that runs along both directions from the castle is proposed [8] (p. 217). FigureFigure 11. TheThe EszterhEszterházaáza all allée,ée, vue, vue, and and focal focal system system in the in landscape. the landscap The firste. The military first survey.1782–1785.military survey. 1782–1785.

Only a few examples of allées in Hungary from this period could be mentioned as having this type of allée design. These grandiose, several-kilometer-long garden creations are generally for representation. On the other hand, the landscape structure is a crucial element in such developments. All of the above-listed noble estates lay on plains with a wide and open landscape. Besides Eszterháza, Nagycenk, and Köpcsény, the Esterházy residence in Tata could also be mentioned. The landscape around the fortressed castle at the Tata lake also offered the possibility to create a representative allée along the lakeshore—at least in the plan of Jakab Fellner from 1763 in which a grandiose allée of twin double rows that runs along both directions from the castle is proposed [8] (p. 217).

Figure 12. General map of EszterhEszterháza.áza. Engraving Engraving of of Be Beschreibung,schreibung, 1784. Allée Allée on on the the lateral axis terminates in in the the neighboring neighboring village village with with the the church church as as an an eye-catcher eye-catcher to tothe the west west (map (map oriented oriented to South).to South).

Figure 12. General map of Eszterháza. Engraving of Beschreibung, 1784. Allée on the lateral axis terminates in the neighboring village with the church as an eye-catcher to the west (map oriented to South). Land 2020, 9, 283 13 of 25 Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 25

Figure 13. TheThe double double allée allée that runs from Pozsony-. iván ivánkaka to to Cseklész Cseklész opens up the game park and links the two estates together. Early 19th century.

3.2.5. Allées Allées That That Mark the Road to the Castle and Assist with Orientation Trees plantedplanted along along the the main main roads roads that terminatethat terminate in an aristocraticin an aristocratic residence residence offer the experienceoffer the experienceof arrival and of aarrival representative and a representative welcome to thewelcom ownere to and the guests. owner The and all guests.ée accompanying The allée accompanying the road may thelead road through may the lead full through length ofthe the full settlement length of orthe even settlement beyond or it. even In addition beyond to it. some In addition simple solutions to some (thesimple Episcopal solutions garden (the Episcopal at Eger, thegarden garden at Eger, of Eszterh the gardenázy castleof Eszterházy at Lakompak, castle at and Lakompak, the archbishop’s and the archbishop’sgarden and game garden park and at game Pozsony), park weat Pozsony), must mention we must Eszterh mentionáza here, Eszterháza even though here, iteven shows though less init showsterms ofless aff orestedin terms roads of afforested with a perspective-opening roads with a perspective-opening function. According function. to the Beschreibung According to of the yearBeschreibung 1784 (Figure of the 12 ),year the 1784 road (Figure that opens 12), the road perspective that opens of the the castle perspective leads to of the the gateway castle leads facing to thenorth gateway and to facing the reception north and courtyard to the reception through it.cour Basedtyard on through the depiction it. Based that on wasthe depiction made partially that was for planningmade partially purposes, for theplanning road stems purposes, straight the from road Sarr stemsód and straight Fert˝olake from andSarród is accompanied and Fertő lake by an and all éise. accompaniedNeither the first by nor an the allée. second Neither military the surveyfirst nor indicate the second this tra ffimilitaryc connection survey to theindicate north, this which traffic is a connectioncontinuation to of the the north, main which longitudinal is a continuation axis of the of castle. the main Therefore, longitudinal the main axis access of the point castle. might Therefore, still be the main road thataccess a double point might allée follows still be fromthe road the directionthat a double of Sz alléeéplak follows to the west.from Thisthe direction road then of breaks Széplak to toSüttör the towest. the eastThis and road runs then in frontbreaks of theto Süttör watch-houses. to the east According and runs to the in rulefront of of symmetry, the watch-houses. both roads Accordingare afforested to the by doublerule of allsymmetry,ées that stillboth exist, roads at are least afforested partially. by double allées that still exist, at least partially.The other example is to be found at the western border of Lake Balaton, Keszthely, where Count KristTheóf Festetics other example started is to to build be found a castle at the in western 1745. The border castle of Lake garden Balaton, was created Keszthely, according where Count to the 1755Kristóf plan Festetics sheet bystarted Krist toóf build Hofstädter a castle (Figure in 1745. 14 The) based castle on garden the traditional was created French according model. to A the patched 1755 parterreplan sheet garden by Kristóf but no Hofstädter perspective-opening (Figure 14) road, based vue, on or the allé etraditional can be found French here. model. Allées areA patched used to parterreframe and garden open but the no orchard. perspective-opening However, on theroad, first vue, military or allée survey can be map, found a here. double Allées tree are allé eused along to framethe road and can open be detected.the orchard. It is However, located to on the the south first military of the castle survey and map, leads a todouble the port tree and allée crossing along the of roadthe lake. can Thebe detected. tree allé eIt starts is located from to the the Festetics south of manor the castle with and a small leads castle to the and port large and buildings, crossing calledof the lake.Fené kpuszta,The tree whichallée starts was established from the Festetics at the site mano of ther with late Romana small fortress castle and called large Valcum. buildings, called Fenékpuszta, which was established at the site of the late Roman fortress called Valcum. Land 2020, 9, 283 14 of 25 Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 25

(a) (b)

Figure 14. ((aa)) Keszthely Keszthely with with the the Festetics Festetics estate estate and and th thee ancient ancient Roman Roman camp, camp, Valcum, Valcum, to to the the south. south. The port is connected from here with an allallée.ée. 1782–85. ( (bb)) The The link link between between the the castle castle and and the the manor manor at Fenékpuszta Fenékpuszta is stressed with an allalléeée along the main road. Early 19th century.

However, thethe famous famous all éalléee of Keszthelyof Keszthely no longer no lo resemblesnger resembles a Baroque a Baroque allée. Instead, allée. itInstead, resembles it resemblesthe age of the the age mature of the landscape mature landscape garden of garden the end of of the the end 19th of century,the 19th whencentury, Earl when Taszil Earló Festetics Tasziló Festeticsplanted the planted road betweenthe road thebetween termination the termination of the castle of the garden castle and garden the small and the castle small with castle the stables with the in stablesFenékpuszta in Fenékpuszta with a landscape-scaled with a landscape-scaled allée. Compared allée. Compared with the all withées thatthe allées have comethat have down come to us down from toBaroque us from times, Baroque this istimes, a young this allis éae young representative allée representative of a new era of in awhich new era the in landscape-scale which the landscape- garden scaleelements garden of the elements previous of Baroquethe previous epoch Baroque were applied epoch were but in applied a different but way.in a different The famous way. Festetics The famous allée Festeticsleading to allée Fen éleadingkpuszta to is Fenékpuszta a loosely planted is a loosely double planted allée of blackdouble pine allée trees of withblack an pine open trees view with of thean openlandscape. view of The the almost landscape. irregular The shape almost of irregula the crownsr shape of the of blackthe crowns pine trees of the (Pinus black nigra pine) cultivatedtrees (Pinus to nigragrow) acultivated high trunk to perfectlygrow a high balances trunk the perfectly linear allbalancesée’s architecture. the linear allée’s The Festetics architecture. allée is The an excellentFestetics alléeexample is an of excellent the insertion example of the of landscapethe insertion into of the the age landscape of landscape into the gardens. age of landscape gardens. However, this is a new period in the history of garden art and allalléesées have been integrated into rural and urban landscape planning for two centuries.centuries. The The proposed proposed typology typology of of allées allées based on complex functional and aesthetic-visual aspects aspects explains explains why why and how this special garden element became an elementary space-forming tool in land landscapescape architecture, landscape planning, and urban development beyond garden art. Their Their main main functi functionsons include include connectivity, connectivity, the building of visual links, directingdirecting andand helpinghelping movement movement in in open open landscapes, landscapes, and and creating creating living, living, green green space space walls walls that thatoffer offer protection protection against against wind, wind, dust, snow,dust, snow, and sunshine. and sunshine. On the On other the hand, other thehand, beauty the ofbeauty trees of and trees the andenrichment the enrichment of the landscape of the landscape with tree-lined with tree-lined roads and roads streets and in eitherstreets the in either ruralor the the rural urban or landscapethe urban landscapeare all essential are all benefits essential called benefits ecosystem called services ecosyste inm the services contemporary in the contemporary theory of green theory infrastructure. of green infrastructure. 4. Discussion—Allées and the Heritage Concept 4. Discussion—AlléesBased on the analysis and ofthe Hungarian Heritage Concept Baroque garden art creations, the compositional function of alléesBased can be on confirmed the analysis to beof Hungarian fundamentally Baroque similar garden to the art garden creations, art of the the compositional French absolutist function Andr ofé allées can be confirmed to be fundamentally similar to the garden art of the French absolutist André LeNôtre who strove to create a powerful perspectival effect by allées framed in an architectonic form Land 2020, 9, 283 15 of 25

LeNôtre who strove to create a powerful perspectival effect by allées framed in an architectonic form in Vaux-le-Vicomte and Versailles. The allées laid out along the visual axes resolved the boundaries of the gardens and embarked on a journey of conquest as a characteristic Baroque tool for garden art. Beyond the primary compositional purposes, the Baroque allées of the 17th and 18th centuries had multiple functions, such as framing parterres, casting a shadow on garden esplanades, providing visual guidance to travelers and enabling the safe utilization of roads. Realizing this functionality, even landscape gardens did not necessarily cease to use allées; however, a series of allées disappeared during the construction of landscape gardens. On the other hand, allées gained much importance after the afforestation of the main transport roads created by Napoleon and in the process of urban reconstruction in Europe from the middle of the 19th century [A12]. Allées are accepted as multifunctional design instruments in landscape architecture [20]. “Rows of trees planted along country roads fulfilled not just practical purposes but also a deep-seated aesthetic impulse, just like Baroque allées and urban boulevards”[19].

4.1. Historic Gardens and Allées as Planned and Maintained Living Heritage The transience of garden art pieces is evident if we think about the development cycle of the main material, i.e., vegetation, mainly that of trees. The life expectancy of different species is mostly determined by habitat and ecological conditions, the given ecosystem’s environmental loads, and the quality of maintenance and care. Similarly to architectural creations, gardens and parks often fall victim to changes in styles, ideas, functions, and ownership. This is especially true of Baroque gardens, which, in many cases, disappeared from the palette of European garden art as a result of the alteration in the conception of nature, the loosening of the social hierarchy, the modification of power and economic relations, and the tremendous building and maintenance costs associated with this sort of architectonic garden space formation [7,20] [A13]. Baroque gardens not only became old-fashioned artistic pieces during the second half of the 18th century in Europe, but they were also seen as unnatural, affected creations. Foreign travelers visiting Eszterháza at the end of the century referred to the garden by putting on fastidious airs [8] (p. 104). Surviving Baroque garden art pieces are scarce throughout Europe, and saving them is obviously important from the points of view of cultural history and garden art. The institutionalized form of monument preservation gained strength during the twentieth century. The international guidelines on the importance, possibilities, and methodology of the conservation and restoration of historic buildings were established by the Venice Charter in 1964. The creations of garden art were also at the center of interest in monument preservation and, finally, in 1982, the Florence charter on historic gardens was published. While the principles of and methods for the preservation of historical gardens have been declared, the protection of special historic garden elements such as allées has not received much attention in recent decades. However, regulatory protection of allées and avenues or tree-lined roads does exist in some European countries. In France, Luxembourg, Latvia, and Belgium, the protection of allées is established on a voluntary basis [21]. In Hungary, the protection of allées is regulated at two levels, similarly to the regulation of nature conservation and landscape protection. Both the Venice and Florence charters place emphasis on the possibility of authentic preservation and the specialness of living heritage. However, the visual and characteristic changes due to the growth, development, and aging of tree canopies still raise many questions about the overall requirement of authenticity. There are no generally applicable solutions, procedures, or formulae for the preservation of allées. Every location and every allée creation is unique; therefore, renewal requires the elaboration of an individual methodology based on scientific research, an on-site survey, and measurement of the health condition of trees to help with decision-making in the case of old or truncated trees. The safeness aspect should have a high degree of importance when the allée belongs to a publicly visited garden or site. Even the principles of preservation summarized in the Florence charter should be revised due to the dramatic ecological changes these pieces of living heritage currently face. Climate change and the spread of new diseases and pests may adversely affect both the mature vegetation and the newly Land 2020, 9, 283 16 of 25 replanted trees. Article 12 of the Florence charter [A14] emphasizes the importance of authenticity in the planting design of a renewal project. In the case of Baroque gardens, a change in the planting design may result in a definitive alteration of space forms and proportions as well as the landscape’s character. Still, there might be situations when a change in planting material cannot be avoided [3]. On the other hand, the Florence charter also stresses that the contemporary functions and the possible level of maintenance of the garden complex are to be considered when deciding on an approach to authentic renewal. Allées that were pruned in the Berceaux form during the Baroque period might be impossible to restore due to the required level of maintenance. Again, the character of the allée might be different even though the visual stress, the bordering, and other functions could be reconstructed. In the case of allées that remain as a form of living heritage of the Baroque era, a change in a garden’s architectural character is inevitable when part of the original tree canopy falls [A15]. A basic aesthetic requirement is to preserve the integrated image of the allée because the visual essence lies not only in the artistic nature of single specimens but also in the uniform appearance of the entire ensemble. If an old allée contains original, albeit age-worn, specimens or the ensemble is full of hiatuses or overly truncated torsos, any decision is always hard to make. Do we have to young trees in the empty spots and replace in this way the old specimens, or we should renew the entire allée, even if it means felling the still-viable, albeit old, trees, which would inevitably raise ethical issues? [20,22] On the other hand, the rarity or the genetic value resulting from the age of trees might be considered to be a decisive factor in the selection of a renewal method [4].

4.2. Heritage of Baroque Allées in Hungary Almost all Baroque gardens in Hungary have been reconstructed in the landscape style since the final decades of the 18th century and, as a result, these architectonic, clipped, and pruned gardens and high hedges have disappeared. Most of the allées that survived have a landscape scale, are located alongside the road and mark estate boundaries, or were assumed to be important due to their space-bordering function within the garden. We can find examples of the former in Eszterháza and Nagycenk, while the upper garden of Gödöll˝ocan be mentioned as an instance of the latter case. Unfortunately, the list is not very long, because even the allées beyond the estate boundaries were no longer needed in cases where the cultivation or land use method was changed or where the urban development expanded to the borders of the Baroque gardens. The fate of the Hungarian castles and castle gardens after World War II was sealed after the communist transfer of power. They became abandoned (at best) after they were confiscated, put under state control, or fell victim to senseless destruction. Besides forced industrial expansion, not much attention was paid to the preservation of architectural and garden art values. The onetime estates were utilized for irrelevant functions and the buildings were transformed into industrial units, education, health, or public administration institutions, or agricultural cooperatives, while former gardens often fell victim to the development of residential or sports areas or road widening and construction. The preservation of the surviving elements of Baroque allées—from the perspective of around two and a half centuries—is a special monument preservation task. In Hungary, the number of garden art pieces listed as historical gardens is relatively low. Most of the surviving gardens are subject to local or national nature conservation regimes that mainly emphasize the natural value and not the landscape architecture’s importance. In certain cases, the garden art heritage in Hungary is subject to double protection, which may cause conflicts due to the different emphases placed on monumental landscape architectural conservation and renewal and the natural values associated with it. This issue is especially relevant to allées, where the firmness and rhythm of the architecture gradually disappear by the ageing or falling of trees. Careful maintenance of the allée and making up for any hiatuses may secure the continuity of the living closure but damage the rhythm [20]. If the number of trees falls below 50% of the original population, it is worth considering the renewal of the entire allée. In the case where the creation of the allée is related to a personality of historical or cultural significance, Land 2020, 9, 283 17 of 25 and if the tree taxon can be considered to be valuable, then a genetically identical renewal might be recommended that is able to preserve the intrinsic and genetic value in its entirety.

4.3. Exemplary Renewal Methods and Plans for Baroque Allées in Hungary Three Baroque allées can be mentioned in this respect. The horse chestnut tree allée located in the upper garden of the Royal Palace of Gödöll˝ois an example of the framing, bordering allée type. The Széchenyi lime tree allée in Nagycenk is a landscape-scale creation. The triple allées pruned to form a vault in the castle garden of Eszterháza in Fert˝odhad a dual function: they served as the space-bordering tree canopy in the ornamental garden and led the way to the goosefoot vues of the game preserve and the hunting wood.

4.3.1. The Baroque Horse Chestnut Allée in Gödöll˝o The Grassalkovich Palace in Gödöll˝owas funded by Antal Grassalkovich I. This characteristic palace became a prominent and trend-setting type of 18th-century Hungarian Baroque building architecture. From the original garden elements, the horse chestnut allée with its bordering function has been preserved despite repeated reconstructions (Figures 15 and 16). During the reconstruction in the 1810s, the garden was transformed into an early landscape garden, and the almost 400-meter-long straight line of the Baroque allée was loosened in the garden view by gently curved shrubbery to harmonize it with the landscaped garden’s character [18]. Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 25

Figure 15.15. The upper garden of Grassalkovich Palace in Gödöll Gödöll˝oinő in the reconstruction plan of 1867. TheThe plan’splan’s objectiveobjective was to create a romanticromantic landscapelandscape garden with the Baroque allalléeée fittedfitted intointo thethe looseloose spacespace forms.forms.

In 2000, after a decades-long period of devastation, the architectural reconstruction resulted in the renewal of the central wings for museum and cultural functions. The garden’s renewal was started in 2008 with the reconstruction plans for the pleasure garden in the upper garden in about a 10 ha area directly connecting to the palace [A3]. An important part of this plan was the total renewal of the horse chestnut allée. Here, the trees were in a very bad, at times dangerous, condition, and in the case of the previously suggested substitution-type reconstruction, the image of the allée would never have been integrated, which is a requirement in the case of Baroque allées. During the renewal, the original horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) allée was substituted by a red horse chestnut (Aesculus x carnea) allée, which allows for a similar allée in character and habit but has higher resistance to the horse

(a) (b)

Figure 16. (a) The renewed horse chestnut allée was still in good condition in 2012 even though some trees already showed signs of disease. (b) The replanted, renewed allée of lime trees has restored the historic garden element but with a different character. Autumn, 2018.

4.3.2. The Genetically Identical Renewal of the Széchenyi Allée in Nagycenk The Széchenyi lime tree allée is a rarity among Baroque allées. The 2.3 km long double lime tree allée, with its striking visual axis of the former Széchenyi property, is of extraordinary importance to Hungary. Its landscape architectural and aesthetic peculiarity stems from its monumentality, the harmony of the landscape ensemble with the castle, and its garden. (Figure 17a) The cadaster of 2011 proved that renewal was necessary due to the slowly worsening condition of the veteran trees. Based on the survey and the aesthetic and historic importance of the allée, a new gene-identical renewal method was developed [A4]. Years passed, the condition of the allée deteriorated further due to the lack of maintenance, and finally the responsible Eszterháza Cultural, Research, and Festival Centre, Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 25

Land 2020, 9, 283 18 of 25

Figure 15. The upper garden of Grassalkovich Palace in Gödöllő in the reconstruction plan of 1867. chestnut leaf miner that is generally propagated in Hungary [A16]. The allée’s renewal was carried out The plan’s objective was to create a romantic landscape garden with the Baroque allée fitted into the according to the original planting system [18]. loose space forms.

(a) (b)

Figure 16. ((aa)) The The renewed renewed horse horse chestnut chestnut allée allée was still in good condition in 2012 even though some trees already showed signs of disease. ( (b)) The The replanted, replanted, renewed renewed allée allée of lime trees has restored the historic garden element but with a didifferentfferent character.character. Autumn,Autumn, 2018.2018.

4.3.2.The The renewalGenetically plan Identical for the upper Renewa gardenl of the and Széchenyi its Baroque Allée all inée Nagycenk was adapted to the spirituality of the almost 300-year-long history of the garden. This could be interpreted as an additive development The Széchenyi lime tree allée is a rarity among Baroque allées. The 2.3 km long double lime tree since, in the case of all reconstructions and extensions, the preservation of valuable and old garden allée, with its striking visual axis of the former Széchenyi property, is of extraordinary importance to elements is an important principle. Throughout the renewal, the most important image shift occurred Hungary. Its landscape architectural and aesthetic peculiarity stems from its monumentality, the in the canopy mass and the flowers’ color; however, this seemed to be rather beneficial since the new harmony of the landscape ensemble with the castle, and its garden. (Figure 17a) The cadaster of 2011 taxon’s canopy size fitted better to the given spatial limits and the attractive, colorful blooming added proved that renewal was necessary due to the slowly worsening condition of the veteran trees. Based to the ornamental value. In this way, the method for the allée’s renewal was not a species-authentic on the survey and the aesthetic and historic importance of the allée, a new gene-identical renewal but a genus-authentic method. Such a change in planting material is not rare according to exemplary method was developed [A4]. Years passed, the condition of the allée deteriorated further due to the European renewals [16] [A17,A18]. lack of maintenance, and finally the responsible Eszterháza Cultural, Research, and Festival Centre, Unfortunately, the once-successful allée renewal turned out to be a disaster within a short period of time. The Aesculus x carnea sapling trees arrived from a German nursery as no Hungarian tree nursery could supply the necessary quantity of 98 trees. Unfortunately, in two years’ time, some of the trees started to badly weaken. A medical survey of the trees diagnosed a serious bacterial infection (Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculin or chestnut bleeding cancer), which is an alert disease and no such infection had been reported in Hungary until then. Despite three years of urgent and careful desperate medical treatment, the allée had to be declared unwarrantable. Moreover, due to the risk of further infection, no horse chestnut trees could be planted in the infected area; therefore, a new taxon had to be selected. In 2014, the allée was replanted with lime trees (Tilia x europea “Pallida”) that settled well and provide an increasingly beautiful view, although the character of the allée has been changed. The story of the Gödöll˝ohorse chestnut allée is an example of an authentic type of planting design being overwritten by plant protection aspects in the context of climate change.

4.3.2. The Genetically Identical Renewal of the Széchenyi Allée in Nagycenk The Széchenyi lime tree allée is a rarity among Baroque allées. The 2.3 km long double lime tree allée, with its striking visual axis of the former Széchenyi property, is of extraordinary importance to Hungary. Its landscape architectural and aesthetic peculiarity stems from its monumentality, Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 25 by the governmental decree of 2017 on the Fertő lake World Heritage site, ordered the survey of and a renewal plan for the allée. The survey in 2018 detected a significant drop in the quality of the tree stock according to the study plan of 2011. While the number of aged trees in good condition together with aged trees requiring minor treatment was 103 in 2001, only 19 trees remained in good condition in 2018. Immediate felling had to be ordered for 73 trees due to the risk of an accident and the number of trees requiring a considerable intervention significantly increased. (Figure 17b) The plan for the long-term renewal of the allée was accepted by the commissioning company, the Eszterháza Centre. The necessary felling, the cleaning of the allée, and the treatment of the trees, which aimed to improve the Landcondition2020, 9, of 283 the old trees and the lawn esplanade, was started in 2019. 19 of 25 According to the historical importance of the allée, the authentic reconstruction was accepted and the propagation of vegetation was started in the autumn of 2019 and early 2020 to provide thegenetically harmony identical of the landscapesaplings. This ensemble included with the the collection castle, and of seeds its garden. and fresh (Figure sprouts 17a) from The the cadaster original of 2011plantation. proved According that renewal to the was plan, necessary a section-by-sec due to the slowlytion renewal worsening was started condition by ofusing the veteranten-year-old trees. Basedtrees grown on the surveyin the nursery and the of aesthetic the Eszterháza and historic castle. importance In the first of the phase, allée, the a new section gene-identical that is located renewal the methodclosest to was the developedcastle will [A4].be replanted, Years passed, and some the condition old trees ofin thegood all conditionée deteriorated will remain further standing due to the as lackwitnesses of maintenance, of ages long and past. finally Such the a long-term responsible renewa Eszterhl isáza an Cultural, exceptional Research, project and in landscape Festival Centre, heritage by theconservation; governmental however, decree in of the 2017 case on theof the Fert˝olake Nagycen Worldk allée, Heritage this is site, the ordered only way the surveyto preserve of and the a renewalSzéchenyi plan family’s for the reputation. allée.

(a) (b) Figure 17. (a) The lime tree allée in Nagycenk in the early 20th century in a postcard. The allée Figure 17. (a) The lime tree allée in Nagycenk in the early 20th century in a postcard. The allée of of mature trees creates an imposing view. The crown of mature trees creates an almost closed space mature trees creates an imposing view. The crown of mature trees creates an almost closed space wall; wall; nevertheless, the horizontal vue is open among the tree trunks. (b) The Széchenyi lime tree allée nevertheless, the horizontal vue is open among the tree trunks. (b) The Széchenyi lime tree allée in in 2018 appears, due to the slow dying out of the trees and low maintenance, as a forest edge rather 2018 appears, due to the slow dying out of the trees and low maintenance, as a forest edge rather than a than Baroquea Baroque landscape landscape element. element. There isThere no horizontal is no horizontal vue, no transparency, vue, no transparency, and even the longitudinal and even the longitudinalvue is not vue characteristic. is not characteristic.

4.3.3.The The survey Baroque in 2018Allées detected in the Eszterháza a significant Estate drop inGarden the quality of the tree stock according to the study plan of 2011. While the number of aged trees in good condition together with aged trees requiring The renewal of the Eszterháza estate garden in Fertőd is important to the protection of the World minor treatment was 103 in 2001, only 19 trees remained in good condition in 2018. Immediate felling Heritage Site of Fertő-Neusiedler See and to touristic developments in the region. The triple-function had to be ordered for 73 trees due to the risk of an accident and the number of trees requiring a ensemble of the ornamental and pleasure garden, the game park, and the hunting forest, referred to considerable intervention significantly increased. (Figure 17b) The plan for the long-term renewal of simply as a “garden” in Baroque times, are interconnected by uniform ownership and spatial the allée was accepted by the commissioning company, the Eszterháza Centre. The necessary felling, architectural principles. This garden complex is under state ownership today, but the development the cleaning of the allée, and the treatment of the trees, which aimed to improve the condition of the and maintenance tasks are performed by different service providers. The maintenance of the game old trees and the lawn esplanade, was started in 2019. park and hunting forest is the responsibility of the regional forestry service. Some areas belong to the According to the historical importance of the allée, the authentic reconstruction was accepted and municipality, while others appertain to public institutions or public service companies. The the propagation of vegetation was started in the autumn of 2019 and early 2020 to provide genetically Eszterháza Cultural, Research, and Festival Centre gradually took responsibility for the maintenance identical saplings. This included the collection of seeds and fresh sprouts from the original plantation. tasks in order to renew the gardens surrounding the castle. Based on decades of research and According to the plan, a section-by-section renewal was started by using ten-year-old trees grown in scientific documentation, as the first phase of the renewal, a neobaroque ornamental yard and the the nursery of the Eszterháza castle. In the first phase, the section that is located the closest to the castle reconstruction of the central vue in the hunting forest were implemented in 2011 [A4]. The rebuilding will be replanted, and some old trees in good condition will remain standing as witnesses of ages long past. Such a long-term renewal is an exceptional project in landscape heritage conservation; however, in the case of the Nagycenk allée, this is the only way to preserve the Széchenyi family’s reputation.

4.3.3. The Baroque Allées in the Eszterháza Estate Garden The renewal of the Eszterháza estate garden in Fert˝odis important to the protection of the World Heritage Site of Fert˝o-NeusiedlerSee and to touristic developments in the region. The triple-function ensemble of the ornamental and pleasure garden, the game park, and the hunting forest, referred to simply as a “garden” in Baroque times, are interconnected by uniform ownership and spatial architectural principles. This garden complex is under state ownership today, but the development Land 2020, 9, 283 20 of 25 and maintenance tasks are performed by different service providers. The maintenance of the game park and hunting forest is the responsibility of the regional forestry service. Some areas belong to the municipality, while others appertain to public institutions or public service companies. The Eszterháza Cultural, Research, and Festival Centre gradually took responsibility for the maintenance tasks in order to renew the gardens surrounding the castle. Based on decades of research and scientific Land 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 25 documentation, as the first phase of the renewal, a neobaroque ornamental yard and the reconstruction ofof the centralchamber vue gardens in the huntingaccording forest to an were authentic implemented Baroque in layout 2011 [A4]. is in The progress. rebuilding Together of the with chamber the plansgardens for accordingmany other to angarden authentic and Baroquepark sections, layout the is inrenewal progress. of Togetherthe historical with allées the plans is also for manyto be performedother garden in and2020 park [A19]. sections, the renewal of the historical allées is also to be performed in 2020 [A19]. ItIt is is not not by by chance chance that that the the triple triple allées allées are are in in the the worst worst possible possible condition. condition. The The traces traces of of pruning pruning andand clipping clipping to to create create an an architectural architectural arbor arbor shape shape remain remain visible visible within within the the deformed deformed crown crown and and on on thethe knag, knag, while, while, due due to to several several cutbacks cutbacks and and pruning pruning failures, failures, the the trees trees are are more more exposed exposed to to damage damage andand they they pose pose a a greater greater safety safety risk. risk. These These two two triple triple allées allées are are highly highly deficient deficient in in trees, trees, and and the the horse horse chestnutchestnut trees trees are are in in particularly particularly bad bad condition condition due due to to the the damage damage caused caused by by the the leaf leaf miner miner insects. insects. RenewalRenewal is urgent, but neither geneticallygenetically identicalidentical nor, nor, at at least, least, species-identical species-identical reconstructions reconstructions are are to tobe consideredbe considered because because horse horse chestnut chestnut tree diseases tree diseases occur all overoccur Hungary. all over Taking Hungary. into considerationTaking into considerationthe sapling stocks the sapling of the tree stocks nurseries, of the tree the nurserie originals, composite the original plantation composite that plantation provides athat large provides flower aornament large flower could ornament be kept onlycould by be applying kept only a by new applying taxon (Figure a new 18taxon). (Figure 18).

FigureFigure 18. 18. TheThe triple triple allées allées of of the the Eszter Eszterhházaáza gardens gardens have have lost lost their their Baroque Baroque architectural architectural character. character. TheThe inner rowsrows are are severely severely incomplete incomplete and, and, therefore, therefore, the visualthe visual demarcation demarcation of the of ornamental the ornamental garden gardenhas become has become uncertain uncertain and indeterminate. and indeterminate. The new Th reconstructione new reconstruction plan to plan be launched to be launched this year this is yearexpected is expected to propose to propose that the that triple the triple allées allées be renewed be renewed with with a sectioned a sectioned replantation replantation to preserve to preserve the thestrong strong and and healthy healthy trees. trees.

TheThe lime treetree all alléeée (mainly (mainlyTilia Tilia x euchlora x euchlora) that) that was was planted planted in 2*2 in rows 2*2 androws runs and along runs the along western the westerncross-axis cross-axis is in better is in condition better condition according according to the analysesto the analyses conducted conducted in 2018 in and2018 2019.and 2019. Here, Here, loss losshas beenhas been minimal minimal so far, so far, although although in some in some cases cases the the tree tree trunks trunks are are rotten. rotten. The The overall overall character character of ofthis this quadruple quadruple all éalléee remains remains imposing imposing thanks thanks to the to densethe dense plantation plantation system system and theand relatively the relatively small smallnumber number of fallen of fallen trees. trees. TheThe lime lime tree tree allées allées dissecting the the side side garden gardenss and and those those along along the the main main roads roads coming coming from from SzéplakSzéplak and and Sütt Sütt˝orareőr are in worse condition. These These allées allées we werere not not pruned pruned or or clipped clipped and and the the habitat habitat isis more more affected affected by stress due to the tratrafficffic on the roads.roads. Here, Here, a a partially resupplying, resupplying, a a partially partially sectional,sectional, or or a a complete complete renewal renewal may be considered. Given the many trees in the numerous allées, a long-term renewal process is to be planned for Eszterháza by the end of this year. A special nursery should be added to the castle gardens to reflect the Baroque period, when one of the main horticultural tasks was the production of propagation stock.

5. Conclusions During the development of a plan for the renewal of a historical allée—just like in the case of monument reconstruction—the question of authenticity is inescapable [6]. However, as the above- mentioned examples show, there is no universally applicable or preferable renewal methodology. In the case of living heritage, an alteration in environmental conditions, habitat, or land use can justify Land 2020, 9, 283 21 of 25

Given the many trees in the numerous allées, a long-term renewal process is to be planned for Eszterháza by the end of this year. A special nursery should be added to the castle gardens to reflect the Baroque period, when one of the main horticultural tasks was the production of propagation stock.

5. Conclusions During the development of a plan for the renewal of a historical allée—just like in the case of monument reconstruction—the question of authenticity is inescapable [6]. However, as the above-mentioned examples show, there is no universally applicable or preferable renewal methodology. In the case of living heritage, an alteration in environmental conditions, habitat, or land use can justify even the total substitution of the trees in the allée with those of a different taxon. The trees of Baroque allées have survived two and a half centuries, during which the variability in the local climate has created stressful periods for them. Even the quality of maintenance might change from time to time. Still, many of these ancient old trees remain standing, proclaiming the power of nature and the will to live. Special knowledge on how to survive is hidden in their genome. Therefore, gene-authentic propagation could be made part of the heritage conservation process too. Trees and allées are the most impressive vertical elements and space-forming tools in garden art. On the other hand, their development into characteristic space forms may be a time-consuming process. In the case of a specific architectural garden type, such as the Baroque, homogeneity and a unified plantation system are obvious design principles. Authenticity as a general aim of reconstruction plans may require the restoration of the distant view, the character, and the spatial structure of the allée, so the visual effects of a substitution of tree species should be weighed based on heritage, monument, and environmental aspects. It cannot be stressed enough that in the case of any renewal method that focuses on gardens, whether it be of a restoration or a reconstruction type, and especially in terms of tree stocks and allées, neither the planning nor the management can be rushed. The production of nursery seedlings and their transformation into the living tissue of the garden require many years of preparation. During the renewal of a baroque allée, it might be necessary to replace several young trees if they are planted as a replacement but are not in the right place, are in an intermediate position, or are not the right taxon; thus, the overall aim of a Baroque allée’s renewal to recreate an authentic, uniform longitudinal tree canopy is not to be hurt. In such a case, the renewal plan must consider the preparatory time required for replantation. When reconstructing a row of trees or historic gardens in general, it is always advisable to plant high-quality, pre-grown nursery seedlings or young trees so that the garden space does not remain incomplete for a long time. Replanting a centuries-old tree allée in order to replace old, very sick, distorted, and damaged trees would result in a most dramatic change in the spatial structure of the garden. For a decade or two, only the ‘intention to renew’ will be seen, rather than the intention to spatially reconstruct a large-scale composition. However, similar to a landlord of the 18th century, both the designer and the customer of the restoration must think in terms of space and time. It is true that at that time the owner of the estate did not have to explain possible logging. Nowadays, communication might be a key element in the program. The failure to renovate the horse chestnut tree allée in Gödöll˝odue to the serious infection in the new plantation clearly shows the problems with and even dangers of renewal of living heritage in times of climate change. We are convinced that the statements and proposals of the Florence charter according to authenticity should also be renewed, while practitioners and researchers should work hand in hand to find adequate answers to questionable traditions in planting design and planting material for historic gardens, landscapes, and allées. “What foresight and generosity someone should have, for example in the case of the lime tree allée of Nagycenk, in order to decide to plant two rows of lime tree saplings standing 25 m apart from each other and extending farther than the eye can reach, under the embracing crowns of which not himself or herself would be able to walk, but a third or sixth generation”[14] [A20]. Land 2020, 9, 283 22 of 25

Author Contributions: This research was performed by the three named authors with no other substantial contribution. K.S. (Kinga Szilágyi) formulated the research aims and goals, planned the methodology, wrote and edited the paper; C.L. was responsible for materials and resources; K.S. (Krisztina Szabó) contributed to research aims and investigation, writing and review of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received external funding from the Ormos Imre Foundation. Acknowledgments: We: the authors of this paper, would like to acknowledge and say thank you to the Ormos Imre Foundation for the financial support given for the publication of this article in the MDPI journal Land. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A. Details and Data Supplemental to the Main Text A1 Imre Ormos (1903–1979), Hungarian professor of landscape architecture, director and pro-rector of the University of , and founder of the Department of Garden Art and the university specialization of landscape and garden architecture within the horticultural engineering program in 1943. A2 “Allée is a French term for a walk of gravel, sand, or turf, bordered by trees with branches trained to meet overhead and exclude sunlight (allée couverte).” In: Dictionary of Architecture & Landscape Architecture. 5th ed. 1998. Penguin Books. The paper uses this term to mean single, double, or multiple rows of trees with a path, promenade, or road beside or in between them that belong to a planned and designed piece of garden art and landscape architecture. A3 See the list of plans for the renewal of the Gödöll˝oPalace garden. The author was responsible for the historical research, the renewal concept, and the heritage preservation methods as a member of the team of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary.

(a) Conceptual plan for the reconstruction of the Gödöll˝oRoyal Castle’s Upper Garden. The Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest was responsible for the general plan. Principal consumer: Gödöll˝oRoyal Castle Pbc. 2008. (b) Detailed landscape architecture plan for the reconstruction of the upper garden of Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Section I. The Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest was responsible for the general plan. Principal consumer: Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Pbc. 2008. (c) Detailed landscape architecture plan for the reconstruction of the upper garden of Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Section II. The Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest was responsible for the general plan. Principal consumer: Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Pbc. 2009. (d) Detailed landscape architecture plan for the reconstruction of the upper garden of Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Section III. The Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest was responsible for the general plan. Principal consumer: Gödöll˝o Royal Castle Pbc. 2009. A4 The site analyses and cadaster were presented by the landscape architect team of the Department of Garden and Open Space Design, Corvinus University of Budapest in the frame of a university research program in 2011. Then, in 2018, the responsible team of landscape architects of the Department of Garden and Open Space Design developed the site analyses and cadaster together with a detailed, long-term maintenance and renewal plan, coordinated by Author1 and with the participation of Author3. The contractor was the Ormos Imre Alapítvány (Ormos Imre Foundation). A5 The ancient Persian motif flourished up to the Renaissance period in Roman and medieval gardens, and it is still often used in cloister gardens and kitchen gardens. Land 2020, 9, 283 23 of 25

A6 Bosque: a garden art term of French origin: a grove having an enclosed-foliage, small, and forest-like tree canopy with clipped foliage walls that are accompanied by garden paths, where small green spaces are created for pleasure houses, fountains, and lawns. A7 Rotenstein, IX. 249. In: G. Gy˝orffy, 1991. pp. 85, 99, 95–96. Rotenstein, Gottfried Edler von, known as an Austrian nobleman and traveler, was identified by Éva Balázs’ research as count János Páffy, a Hungarian nobleman. A8 In 1760, the parterre was still bordered by an arbor on both sides with double allées behind. The arbor was deconstructed around 1780 in order to provide a place for the third allée row. For the benefit of the enclosed space boundary, this triple, composite allée was clipped into an arbor form (Berceaux). A9 In addition to the three examples mentioned below, several other castles and residences can be mentioned that included a game reserve, where the exploratory hunting grounds were arranged by installing rows of trees. This was also necessary in the case of the newly formed linear vue system, as the edge of the natural hunting woods along the clearance had to be arranged. The forest itself may form a shrubby, woody border in a few years, but planting trees can form space in a faster and more orderly manner. A10 The term for a “game reserve” or a “game park” was usually “wild gardens” or ‘”asanengarten” (pheasantry) in the 18th century when the official language of Hungary was German. A11 The cadaster was conducted by the Department of Garden and Open Space, Corvinus University of Budapest in 2011 in the frame of a two-year-long university research program on sustainable and livable landscapes. The author was the responsible manager of the research. Further details can be found in Section 4.3.2. p. 18. A12 The renewal of the urban fabric of Paris was planned and managed by Georges Eugene Haussmann. The prefect of the city laid stress on opening wide urban avenues with double or twice two rows of trees. Well-planted urban avenues helped to increase the environmental quality of residential areas. This new form of urban open space has spread all over Europe and overseas. A13 Only the most famous Emperors’ gardens survived the revolutionary transformation into landscape gardens. The most valuable examples include Versailles and the Luxemburg in France, the Augarten, Schönbrunn, , and Schlosshof in Austria, and the Het Loo in Holland. The Hampton Court in England could be mentioned as an exemplary case of Baroque garden reconstruction. A14 “Those species of trees, shrubs, , and flowers to be replaced periodically must be selected with regard for established and recognized practice in each botanical and horticultural region, and with the aim to determine the species initially grown and to preserve them.” Florence Charter, Article 12. A15 Making up the hiatuses in an allée is always questionable because the densely populated habitat might not be favorable to young trees or seedlings planted in between the mature allée trees. This is especially true for the light-loving linden trees. Considering that linden trees are often the dominant taxon used in allées all over Europe, the single-replacement type of renewal cannot be the preferred type. A16 The stronger resistance stems from the fact that one of the parents of the hybrid chestnut is the red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) of American origin, to which the chestnut leaf-mining moth, which attacks the common horse chestnut, is not harmful. Since the other parent is the common horse chestnut, the hybrid chestnut may show signs of damage but to a lesser extent and later. A17 For example, the change in the tree taxon from beech to lime tree during the full renewal process for the Marlborough memorial’s grand allée in the Blenheim landscape garden resulted in a significant change in the space proportions of the entire ensemble. The character of the foliage, the size of the crowns, and, thus, the entire tree canopy changed significantly. The width of the allée and the planting distance were preserved, resulting in the size of the ensemble and Land 2020, 9, 283 24 of 25

the height of the monument being disproportionate. However, the change of the taxon was an unavoidable necessity due to severe plant protection problems. A18 A similar problem came up while preparing for the reconstruction of the Luxembourg gardens and their allées, where the tree canopy is aging. Around one-third of the tree stock is in a worrying phytosanitary state and about the same quantity was planted or replanted before 1900. Furthermore, crucial health problems, including leaf-miner infection and the new bacterial canker of horse chestnut (Pseudomonas syringae), weakened the chestnut trees. The change from Aesculus to Tilia was inevitable and it changed the character and diversity of the allées. (In: http://www.senat.fr/visite/jardin/arbres_renovation.html. (2020.08.03). A19 The commissioning company was the Eszterháza Cultural, Research, and Festival Center. The contractor was the Ormos Imre Foundation. The Author was the responsible senior landscape architect of the survey and the conservation plan. A20 András Balogh (1919–1992), painter, landscape architect, and professor of garden art and free hand drawing at the Horticultural University, specializing in landscape architecture and garden design.

Appendix B. Source of Figures Figure1a,b drawing by the Author based on historical maps of Hungary Figure2 MOL (National Archive of Hungary) archive of maps, the Esterh ázy family of Tata, MNL OL S69 No. 3. Figure3 MOL archive of the Prince Esterh ázy family, MNL OL T2 No. 1217 Figure4a,b published in [10] Figure5a,b published in [8] Figure6a,b HU MNL OL T2 No.1409.; 1st military map of Hungary, 1782–1785 Figure7a,b Published in [8]; around 1780, once in the MOL archives; Benyovszky Imre 1797. Figure8a,b [10]; Castle Museum of Fert˝od Figure9a,b 1st military map of Hungary, 1782–1785; MOL Sz échenyi family archive, S83 No.5. Figure 10 1st military map of Hungary, 1782–1785. Figure 11 1st military map of Hungary, 1782–1785 Figure 12 published in [10] Figure 13 2nd military map of Hungary, early 19th century Figure 14a,b 1st military map of Hungary, 1782–1785; 2nd military map of Hungary, early 19th century Figure 15 In: Conceptual plan for the reconstruction of the Gödöll˝oRoyal Castle’s Upper Garden Figure 16a,b photos taken by the Author Figure 17a,b postcard from the 1930s; site photo taken by the Author in 2018 Figure 18 Areal photo of the Eszterháza ornamental gardens and the triple allées before the reconstruction of the castle was started around 2010. Arcanum database

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