ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED EXPANSION PROJECT AT A-6/3, SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX, PACHAYAKUPPAM VILLAGE, DISTRICT AND . PROJECT PROPONENT

M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Ltd

SCHEDULE: 5(f) Synthetic Organic Chemicals Category “B”

PREPARED BY

a

Declaration by EIA consultant

M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited has planned for Proposed expansion in Production Capacity of Pigments and Pigment related products from 10.25 MT/Month to 530 MT/Month and thus has engaged M/s ABC Techno Labs Pvt. Ltd. to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study as per the Terms of Reference and amended Terms of reference prescribed by MoEF&CC vide F.No. J-11011/172/2017-IA-II(I) dated 30th May, 2017 and 7th May 2018 respectively.

ABC Techno Labs has taken all reasonable precaution while preparing this EIA Report. ABC Techno Labs also believe that the facts presented in this report are accurate as on date it was written.

ABC Techno Labs confirm that the mentioned experts prepared the EIA Report for Environmental Clearance for Proposed expansion in Production Capacity of Pigments and Pigment related products from 10.25 MT/Month to 530 MT/Month & also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any misleading information mentioned in this document.

Signature :

Name : Mr. G. Murugesh

Designation : Chairman & Managing Director Declaration by Experts contributing to the Final EIA report for Proposed expansion in Production Capacity of Pigments and Pigment related products from 10.25 MT/Month to 530 MT/Month for Environmental Clearance by M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.

EIA Coordinator Name : Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan

Signature :

Period of involvement : April 2017 – Till date

Contact information : [email protected]

Functional Area Experts

S. Functional Name of the Involvement Signature No. Areas Expert/s (Period and task)

1 WP Mr. Abhik Saha April 2017 – Till date

2 LU Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan April 2017 – Till date

3 AQ Mrs. K. Vijayalakshmi April 2017 – Till date

4 AP Mr. R. Rajendran April 2017 – Till date

5 NV Mr. R. Rajendran April 2017 – Till date

6 HG Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan April 2017 – Till date GEO Dr. Thillai Govindarajan 7 April 2017 – Till date

April 2017 – Till date 8 EB Mr. Abhik Saha

9 SHW Dr Chaitanya N. Sathe April 2017 – Till date

10 SE Mr Sushil U. Meshram April 2017 – Till date

Declaration by the head of the Accredited Consultant Organization

I, Mr. G. Murugesh, hereby confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the Final EIA report for Proposed expansion in Production Capacity of Pigments and Pigment related products from 10.25 MT/Month to 530 MT/Month for Environmental Clearance by M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited. I also confirm that I shall be fully accountable for any misleading information mentioned in this statement.

Signature :

Name : Mr. G. Murugesh

Designation : Chairman & Managing Director

Name of the EIA Consultant Organization : ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited

NABET Certificate No & Issue Date : NABET/EIA/1619/RA0048 date 29.05.2017 CONTENTS EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Report 1 1.2 Identification of the Project and Project Proponent 1 1.2.1 Project Proponent 1 1.2.2. Project 2 1.3 Brief Description of Project 2 1.3.1 Nature of the Project 2 1.3.2 Size of the Project 2 1.3.3 Location of the Project 3 1.3.4 Importance to the country and Region 3 1.4 Connectivity 5 1.5 Scope Of Study 5 1.6 Need For EIA 6 1.7 Structure Of The Report 7 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Type of the Project 8 2.2 Need of the Project 8 2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation including resources 9 2.3.1 Project Location 10 2.3.2 Land Requirement and Land use 14 2.3.3 Raw Material Requirement 16 2.3.4 Project Cost 18 2.3.5 Water Requirement 18 2.3.6 Manpower Requirement 19 2.3.7 Power Requirement 19 2.3.8 Utilities 21 2.4 Project Schedule for Approval and Implementation 21 2.5 Process Description 21 2.5.1 Manufacturing Process description and Material Balance 21 2.5.1.1 Alpha Blue 21 2.5.1.2 Beta Blue 23 5.5.1.3 CPC Crude Blue 26 2.5.1.4 Blue Additives- Manufacturing Process 30 2.6 Sources of Pollution and their Control 32 2.6.1 Air Pollution 32 2.6.2 Noise Pollution 35 2.6.3 Water Pollution 35 2.6.4 Solid and Hazardous waste 38 3. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Introduction 41

A EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. 3.2 Scope of Baseline Study 41 3.3 Land Use and Land Cover 46 3.3.1 Land Use Pattern in the Study Area 35 3.4 Temperature 50 3.5 Wind Pattern At The Project Site 52 3.6 Rainfall 54 3.7 Natural Hazard Vulnerability 54 3.8 Topography Of The Site 55 3.9 Existing Land Use Of The Site 55 3.10 Hydrogeology 55 3.11 Air Environment 55 3.12 Noise Environment 57 3.13 Water Environment 64 3.14 Soil Environment 67 3.15 Ecological Environment 77 3.15.1Terrestrial Ecology 81 3.17 Socio Economic Environment 81 3.17.1 Methodology 118 3.17.2 Sources of Information 118 3.17.3 Settlement Pattern 119 3.17.4. Population 119 3.17.5. Demography of the Study Area 119 3.17.6 Distribution of Population 120 3.17.7 Average Household Size 120 3.17.8 Sex Ratio 120 3.17.9. Social Structure 121 3.17.10. Literacy Levels 121 3.17.11. Occupational Structure 121 3.17.12. List of the Major Industries in the Study area 122 4. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 Introduction 126 4.2 Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures 126 4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures 126 4.3.1 Construction Phase 126 4.3.2 Operation Phase 132 4.4 Impact on Socio-Economics 149 4.5 Impacts on Onsite risks 149 4.6 Traffic Study 150 4.6.1 Traffic Studies Methodology 151 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Selection of Site 157 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

B EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 Objectives of Monitoring 160 6.3 Environmental Monitoring and reporting Procedure 160 6.4 Environmental Monitoring Programme 161 6.5 Monitoring Methodologies 164 6.6 Responsibility of Monitoring and Reporting System 164 6.7 Data Analysis 167 7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES 7.1 Risk Assessment Plan 169 7.1.1 Background 171 7.1.2 Methodology 171 7.1.3 Damage Criteria used in ALOHA 173 7.1.4 Details of Storage Facilities 179 7.1.5 Consequence Analysis 181 7.1.6 Recommendation 182 7.1.7 Safe Practice to be followed for Hazard Chemical Handling, Storage, 183 Transportation & unloading 7.2 Disaster Management Plan 184 7.2.1 Introduction 184 7.2.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan 185 7.2.3 Defining a Disaster 186 7.2.4 Declaring Fire Emergency 186 7.2.5 Declaring Chemical leakage or fire in the Storage Area 187 7.2.6 Recovery Procedures 187 7.2.7 Incident Investigation 187 7.2.8 Recovery Team 188 7.2.9 Outside Organizations that may extend help during On-Site Emergency 191 7.2.10 Safety Precautions for Storage and Handling of Chemicals/ Solvents 192 8. PROJECT BENEFITS 8.1 Introduction 194 8.2 Physical Infrastructure including Technical Facility Aspects 194 8.3 Improvement in Social Infrastructure 194 8.4 Employment Potential 194 9. ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS 196 10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 10.1 General 197 10.2 Elements of EMP 198 10.3 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation 198 10.3.1 Environmental Management Cell (EMC) 200 10.3.2Hierarchical Structure of Environmental Management Cell 200 10.3.3 Record keeping and Reporting 202 10.3.4 Implementation Mechanism for Mitigation Measures 202 10.4 Energy Management 202

C EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. 10.4.1 Energy Saving Practices 203 10.5 Green Belt Development 203 10.5.1 Objective 203 10.5.2 Design of Green Belt Development 203 10.6 Rainwater Harvesting 206 10.6.1 Storm Water Drain 208 10.7 Corporate Social Responsibility 208 10.8 Expenditure on Environment Management 210 11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 211 12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT 12.1 Introduction 212 12.2 The Consultant: ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited 212 12.3 Services of ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited 213 12.4 Sectors Accredited By NABET 214 12.5 Study Team 215

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Products and their Production Capacity 2 Table 1. 2 Connectivity details from the Project Site 5 Table 2. 1 Products and their Production Capacity 9 Table 2. 2 Major Equipment List (Existing and Proposed) 9 Table 2. 3 Environmental Setting of the Project Site 11 Table 2.4 Land Use Breakup 14 Table 2.5 Raw Material Requirement 16 Table 2.6 Source and Mode of Transportation of Raw materials 17 Table 2.7 Source and Mode of Transportation of Raw materials 18 Table 2.8 Proposed Utilities 21 Table 2.9 Stack details and their sources 33 Table 2. 10 Proposed Flue Gas Emission 33 Table 2. 11 Details of Proposed Process Emission 34 Table 2. 12 Details of Scrubber System 34 Table 2. 13 Details of Scrubbing Agents 34 Table 2.14 Noise Level from Premises 35 Table 2.15 Details of Wastewater Generation 36 Table 2.16 Characteristics of Raw and Treated Effluent 36 Table 2.17 Components of ETP 37 Table 2. 18 Details of Solid waste Generation and its management 39 Table 2. 19 Details on Hazardous Waste Generation 39 Table 2. 20 Hazardous Chemical Storage Facility 40 Table 3.1 Various Environmental Attributes 41 Table 3.2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology 42 Table 3. 3 District land use/land cover statistics for 46

D EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. Table 3. 4 Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 Km radius of the Study Area 48 Table 3. 5 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of June 2017 50 Table 3. 6 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of July 2017 51 Table 3. 7 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of August 2017 52 Table 3. 8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 57 Table 3. 9 Techniques for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 59 Table 3. 10 Ambient Air Quality Results 61 Table 3. 11 Noise Monitoring Locations 64 Table 3. 12 Ambient Noise Standards dB(A) 66 Table 3.13 Water Sampling Locations 68 Table 3.14 Results for Water Analysis 70 Table 3. 15 Soil Sampling Locations 78 Table 3.16 Soil Analysis Results 79 Table 3. 17 Standard Soil Classification 80 Table 3. 18 Details of locations for plot survey 91 Table 3. 19 FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN THE STUDY AREA 93 Table 3. 20 Phytosociological Analysis of Tree Species 98 Table 3. 21 Interpretation of Vegetation Results in The Study Area 103 Table 3. 22 Interpretation of Vegetation results in the Study Area 103 Table 3. 23 Fauna Recorded from the Primary Survey in the Study Area and their 106 Conservation Status Table 3. 24 Characterization of Fauna In The Study Area (As Per W.P Act, 1972) 109 Table 3. 25 Description of Flora & Fauna 110 Table 3. 26 Analysis Result of Phytoplankton 113 Table 3. 27 Analysis Result of Zooplankton 114 Table 3. 28 Diversity Indices of Plankton 115 Table 3. 29 Analysis Result of Benthic community 116 Table 3.30 List of Other marine species reported 117 Table 3. 31 Distribution of population in the study area 120 Table 3. 32 Distribution of Population by Social Structure 121 Table 3. 33 Distribution of Literate and Literacy rates 121 Table 3. 34 Occupational Structure 122 Table 3. 35 Socio Economic Status of the Study area 124 Table 4. 1 Stack Emission Inventory 135 Table 4. 2 Summary of Dispersion Modelling Results 140 Table 4. 3 Resultant Concentrations After Proposed Expansion 142 Table 4. 4 Typical Noise Levels from Equipments 141 Table 4. 5 Permissible Noise Exposures for Industrial Workers 141 Table 4. 6 Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces as per CPWD 142 Table 4. 7 Run Off at 15min Rainfall intensity 145 Table 4. 8 Impact on Marine Environment 146 Table 4. 9 List of native and some exotic species for Avenue Plantation 147 Table 4.10 Traffic Study near Site Cuddalore – Chennai State Highway 152

E EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. Table 4.11 Details of Traffic Monitoring location 153 Table 4.12 PCU Characteristics and SH49 154 Table 4.13 IRC Norms 155 Table 4.14 Modified Level of Service and Performance 155 Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction Phase 162 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase 163 Table 6.3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan 167 Table 7. 1 Specific thermal radiation level 174 Table 7. 2 Over Pressure values 175 Table 7. 3 Details of Solvent Storage Details 180 Table 7. 4 Assistance from External Agencies 191 Table 10.1 Record Keeping Requirement 202 Table 10.2 List of species to be planted as green belt 204 Table 10. 3 Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces as per CPWD 206 Table 10. 4 Runoff at 15mm rain fall intensity 207 Table 10.5 EMP Cost 210

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 1 Satellite Imagery of Project Site 4 Figure 1. 2 Site Connectivity 5 Figure 2. 1 Location of the Project Site 12 Figure 2.2 Topo map showing 10 km radius from the project site 13 Figure 2.3 Site Layout 15 Figure 2.4 Water Balance (Proposed) 20 Figure 2.5 Flow chart of process for Alpha Blue pigment 22 Figure 2. 6 Material Balance of Alpha Blue Pigment 23 Figure 2.7 Flow of process for Beta Blue pigment 25 Figure 2. 8 Material Balance of Beta Blue Pigment 26 Figure 2.9 Flow of process for CPC Crude Blue 28 Figure 2. 10 Material Balance of CPC Blue 29 Figure 2. 11 Flow chart of manufacturing process of Blue additives 30 Figure 2. 12 Material Balance for Blue Additives 31 Figure 2.13 Effluent Treatment plant 38 Figure 3. 1 Satellite Imagery of the Project site 44 Figure 3. 2 Topography Map of the Project Site 45 Figure 3. 3 Land Use Pattern in PIA District 47 Figure 3. 4 Land Use map of Cuddalore District 47 Figure 3. 5 Land Use Pattern of the Study area 48 Figure 3. 6 Land use Land Cover map of 10km radius. 49 Figure 3. 7 Wind rose for the Month of June 2017 53 Figure 3. 8 Wind rose for the Month of July 2017 53 Figure 3. 9 Wind rose for the month of August 2017 54

F EIA Report For the proposed expansion At M/S Supreme DyeChem Pvt Ltd. Figure 3. 10 Hydrogeology map of Cuddalore District 56 Figure 3. 11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 58 Figure 3.12 Noise Monitoring Locations 65 Figure 3. 13 Water Sampling Location 69 Figure 3.14 Soil Sampling Locations 79 Figure 3. 15 Forest Map of Tamil Nadu (Source: Forest Survey of India, 2009) 84 Figure 3.16 Map Showing the Bio Geographic Provinces of India 86 Figure 3.17 Chart for Distribution of Faunal Communities 108 Figure 3.18 Phytoplankton Family 114 Figure 3.19 Zooplankton Distribution 115 Figure 4. 1 Maximum ground level concentrations (PM) 138 Figure 4. 2 Maximum ground level concentrations (SO2) 139 Figure 4. 3 Maximum ground level concentration (NO2) 140 Figure 6.1 HSE Organogram of Supreme Dyechem 166 Figure 7. 1 Risk Assessment - Conceptual Framework 170 Figure 10.1 Safety, Health and Environment Policy 199 Figure 10. 2 Organogram of M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited 201 Figure 10.3 Green Belt Development 205 Figure 10.4 Schematic Diagram of Rainwater Harvesting Pit 208

LIST OF ANNEXURES 1. TOR COPY 219 2. SALE DEED 223 3. LETTER FOR WATER SUPPLY FROM SIPCOT 244 4. ELECTRICITY BILL FROM TNEB 254 5. ASSOCIATION MEMBERSHIP COPY 256 6. HAZARDOUS WASTE AUTORIZATION FROM TNPCB 258 7. SITE PHOTOGRAPHS 265 8. LIST OF OTHER INDUSTRIES IN THE SUROUNDING 272 9. CUSECS PERMISSION LETTER 275 10. SIPCOT LAYOUT 277 11. WATER BODY MAP 279 12. AIR AND WATER CONSENT FROM TNPCB 281 13. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 288 14. TOXICITY STUDY 301 15. CONSENT ORDER (1989) 306 16. LAYOUT MAP WITH GREENBELT 315

G TOR GRANTED 1 1 1

TOR AMENDMENT

TOR COMPLIANCE

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S. STANDARDS TERMS OF COMPLIANCE No REFERENCE

1. Executive Summary Brief Summary of the EIA report is specified on page no. i - xviii of EIA report. 2. Introduction i) Details of EIA consultant M/s. ABC Techno Labs India Pvt including NABET accreditation. Ltd has been engaged for carrying out EIA studies which NABET approved consultant. NABET Accreditation certificate of the consultant is enclosed on page no. “a” ii) Information about the project Supreme Dyechem Private proponent Limited a chemical manufacturing unit of Supreme Group is dedicated to the manufacturing of Phthalocyanine Pigments and Additives adhering to world class standards. The detailed information about project proponent is given in the Chapter 1, page no. 1 iii) Importance and benefits of the Pigments are used in various project industries such as Textiles, Plastics, Paints, special applications etc. Enormous amount of pigment products from India are exported to Global markets. India today is one of the leader in Pigment manufacturing and also a strong market. Importance & Benefits of the project are discussed in the chapter 1, Page no. 1 3. Project Description i) Cost of the Project and time of The total cost of the expansion completion project is Rs.9.0 Crores. Completion period of the project will be estimated after obtaining

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EC from MoEF&CC and CTE from TNPCB. ii) Products with capacities for the proposed project Production Capacity S. Name of the (MTPM) N Product After o Existi Expans ng ion Alpha Blue 1 5.25 150 (Solid) Beta Blue 2 5.0 5 (Solid) CPC Blue 3 - 300 Crude Blue 4 - 75 Additives Total 10.25 530 By- Product Ammonium 1 - 255 Carbonate Ammonium 2 - 150 Sulphate Copper 3 - 6 Sulphate 4 Spent Acid - 6750

iii) If expansion project, details of Please refer ToR 3, section ii for existing products with capacities existing products, sufficient land and whether adequate land is is available to carry out expansion available for expansion, reference of activity. Land use Breakup of the earlier EC if any. project site is given in the Table no. 2.4 page no.14. Existing Consent Order is attached as Annexure XII iv) List of raw materials required List of raw materials required and their source along with the along with their quantity is given mode of transportation in the Table 2.5 of the EIA report, Source & mode of transportation is given in the Table 2.6 v) Other chemicals and materials Please refer Table 2.7 of the EIA required with quantities and report. storage capacities vi) Details of Emissions, effluents, Details of Emissions, effluents, hazardous waste generation and hazardous waste generation and their management

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their management are given in Chapter 2, Section 2.6. vii) Requirement of water, power 768 KLD after the proposed with source of supply, status of expansion. The required water approval, water balance diagram, will be sourced from SIPCOT man power requirement water supply scheme. M/s. Supreme Dyechem already has a permission letter from SIPCOT for supplying water. The copy of the supply of water is enclosed in Annexure III. The water balance diagram is given in Figure 2.4 of EIA report. The power requirement for the project is increased to 2500 KVA which is sourced from TNEB & the TNEB bill is enclosed in Annexure IV viii) Process description along with Major equipment’s required are major equipment’s and listed in the table 2.2 page no. 9. machineries, process flow sheet Process description, flow chart & from raw material to products to be reactions are given in section 2.5 provided onwards of the EIA report ix) Hazard identification and details Hazard identification is explained of proposed safety systems in detail in Chapter 7 section 7.1 and 7.2. x) Expansion/modernization Project is about expansion of the proposals: production capacity from the 10.25 MT to 530 MT. Copy of all the Environmental Latest consent orders for Air and Clearance(s) including Water by TNPCB are attached as Amendments thereto obtained for Annexure XII the project from MOEF/SEIAA shall Hazardous waste management be attached as an Annexure. A authorization issued by TNPCB is certified copy of the latest attached as Annexure VI Monitoring Report of the Regional Office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests as per circular dated 30th May, 2012 on the status of compliance of conditions stipulated in all the existing environmental clearances

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including Amendments shall be provided. In addition, status of compliance of Consent to Operate for the ongoing existing operation of the project from SPCB shall be attached with the EIA-EMP report. In case the existing project has not Latest consent orders are obtained environmental clearance, attached as Annexure XII reasons for not taking EC under the provisions of the EIA Notification 1994 and/or EIA Notification 2006 shall be provided. Copies of Consent to Establish/No Objection Certificate and Consent to Operate (in case of units operating prior to EIA Notification 2006, CTE and CTO of FY 2005-2006) obtained from the SPCB shall be submitted. Further, compliance report to the conditions of consents from the SPCB shall be submitted. 4. Site Details i) Location of the project site M/s. Supreme Dyechem Private covering village, Taluk, District and Limited, at plot no. A - 6/3, State, Justification for selecting the SIPCOT Industrial Complex, site, whether other sites were Pachayakuppam village, considered. and District, Tamil Nadu. As this is expansion project no alternative sites were considered.

ii)A toposheet of the study area of Please refer figure. 3.2, Topo Map radius of 10 km and site location on of the project site covering 10 km 1:50,000/1;25,000 scale on A3/A2 radius on page no. 45 sheet. (including all eco-sensitive areas and environmentally sensitive places) iii)Details w.r.t option analysis for Alternative sites were not selection of site considered as this expansion project.

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iv) Co-ordinates of all four corners Boundary Coordinates : of the site. Latitude Longitude 1 11°41'36.90"N 79°45'31.18"E 2 11°41'37.00"N 79°45'33.34"E 3 11°41'39.09"N 79°45'34.22"E 4 11°41'39.58"N 79°45'32.018"E

v) Google map Earth of the project Please refer figure. 1.1 Satellite site. Imagery of the project site, page no. 4 vi) Layout map showing storage Please refer figure.2.3 Site area, plant area, greenbelt area, Layout, page no. 15. utilities. If located within an SIPCOT Layout indicating Industrial area/Estate/Complex, location of Supreme Dyechem in layout of Industrial Area indicating Industrial Estate is attached as location of unit within the Annexure X Industrial area/Estate. vii) Photographs of the proposed Photographs of the existing & and existing (if applicable) plant proposed site are attached as site. If existing, show photographs Annexure VII of greenbelt in particular Viii) Land use break up details of Please refer Table 2.4 Land use total land of the project site breakup, page no. 18 (identified and acquired), government/ private - agricultural, forest, wasteland, water bodies, settlements, etc shall be included. (not required for industrial area) ix) A list of major industries with The project site located in name and type within study area SIPCOT, Industrial Estate. The (10km radius) shall be list if industries operating in the incorporated. Land use details of SIPCOT annexed as Annexure the study area. VIII. Being located in notified Industrial area the land use is only for Industrial use. x) Geological and Geo- Please refer Section 3.10, page no hydrogeological features in the 55 study area. xi) Details on drainage of the project Site location with water bodies is up to 5km radius of study area. If marked in the map provide in the site is within 1 km radius of any Annexure XI

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major river, peak and lean season river discharge as well as flood occurrence frequency based on peak rainfall data of the past 30 years. Details of Flood Level of the project site and maximum Flood Level of the river shall also be provided. (mega green field projects) xii) Status of acquisition of land. If No Land acquisition. acquisition is not complete, stage of the acquisition process and expected time of complete possession of the land. xiii) R&R details in respect of land Not Applicable. with State Government policy 5. Forest and wildlife related issues i) Permission and approval for the Not Applicable. use of forest land (forestry clearance), if any, and recommendations of the State Forest Department. (if applicable) ii) Land use map based on High Forest land not involved. Land resolution satellite imagery (GPS) of use & land cover details of the the proposed site delineating the project site detailed in the section forestland (in case of projects 3.3 page no. 30 involving forest land more than 40 ha) iii) Status of Application submitted Not Applicable for obtaining the stage I forestry clearance along with latest status shall be submitted. iv) The projects to be located within There is no eco sensitive areas in 10 km of the National Parks, the 10 km from the project site. Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Migratory Corridors of Wild Animals, the project proponent shall submit the map duly authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden showing these features vis- à-vis the project location and the recommendations or comments of the Chief Wildlife Warden-thereon.

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v) Wildlife Conservation Plan duly Not Applicable authenticated by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State Government for conservation of Schedule I fauna, if any exists in the study area. vi) Copy of application submitted for Not Applicable clearance under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, to the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife. 6. Environmental Status i) Determination of atmospheric Site-specific micrometeorological inversion level at the project site data for temperature, relative and site-specific humidity, hourly wind speed and micrometeorological data using direction and rainfall is given in temperature, relative humidity, section 3.4, page no.50 hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall. ii) AAQ data (except monsoon) at 8 AAQ data for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, locations for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and other parameters NOX, CO and other parameters relevant to the project were relevant to the project shall be collected at 8 locations around collected. The monitoring stations the project site. shall be based CPCB guidelines and • The maximum and minimum take into account the pre-dominant concentrations for PM10 were wind direction, population zone and recorded as 62.8 μg/m3 and sensitive receptors including 31.7 μg/m3 respectively. reserved forests. • The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM2.5 were recorded as 31.6 μg/m3 and 15.1 μg/m3 respectively. • The maximum and minimum concentrations for SO2 were recorded as 9.14 μg/m3 and 5.01 μg/m3 respectively. • The maximum and minimum concentrations for NO2 were recorded as 18.6 μg/m3 and 7.9 μg/m3 • The carbon monoxide were below detectable limits in all the monitoring locations.

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• The concentration of Ozone in the region were observed between 8.1 - 16.6 μg/m3 according to CPCB guidelines and is given in Table 3.10 page no. 45 iii) Raw data of all AAQ The raw data of all AAQ are given measurement for 12 weeks of all in detail in Table 3.10 page no. stations as per frequency given in 61. the NAQQM Notification of Nov. 2009 along with - min., max., average and 98% values for each of the AAQ parameters from data of all AAQ stations should be provided as an annexure to the EIA Report. iv) Surface water quality of nearby Water samples were collected River (100m upstream and from 6 Ground Water sampling downstream of discharge point) locations and one surface water and other surface drains at eight from the nearby Uppanar river, locations as per CPCB/MoEF&CC and were analyzed for various guidelines. parameters as given in Table 3.13 page no. 67. The detailed water analysis result are given in table 3.14 page no. 70. v) Whether site falls near to polluted Not Applicable stretch of river identified by the CPCB/MoEF&CC, if yes give details. vi) Groundwater monitoring at Ground Water samples were minimum 6 locations shall be collected from 6 Ground Water included. sampling locations and analyzed, • The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.92 to 7.51. • Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 80 to 480 mg/l. • Chlorides at all the locations were within the permissible limit, ranging in between 67 and 262 mg/l.

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• Fluorides are ranging in between 0.15 to 1.1 mg/l and are found to be within the permissible limit. • Nitrates were found to be in the range of from 1 mg/l to 33 mg/l. • Bacteriological studies reveal that coliform bacteria is not present in the samples. • The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. • The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging in between 216 to 866 mg/l. The detailed results are given in Table 3.14 page 53. vii) Noise level monitoring at 8 Noise monitoring has been locations within the study area. conducted at seven locations in the study area. The environment setting of noise monitoring locations are given in Table 3.11, The detailed results are in Table 3.12 page no 66. viii)Soil Classification as per CPCB Six locations near the proposed guidelines Project site were selected for soil sampling, the analyzed report is as in Table 3.16 page no. 60. Accordingly, it has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly ‘loam’ and ‘Sandy Clay Loam’ in the study area. The common color of the soil is pale brown. It has been observed that the pH of the soil quality ranged from 7.47 - 8.66, indicating that the soil is ‘Neutral’ in nature. The Soil classification is explained in Section 3.14 (d) page no 61.

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ix) Traffic study of the area, type of A detailed Traffic study is vehicles, frequency of vehicles for discussed in Section 4.6 page no. transportation of materials, 150 of the EIA Report additional traffic due to proposed project, parking arrangement etc. x) Detailed description on Flora and The list of wild animals and their Fauna (terrestrial and aquatic) conservation status as per Wild existing in the study area shall be Life Act (1972) are presented in given with special reference to rare, Table 3.25 species endemic and endangered species. If recorded/reported from study Schedule-I fauna are found within area, out of which 1 species the study area, a Wildlife belongs to schedule-II and rest of Conservation Plan shall be the animals belongs to schedule- prepared and furnished. IV of Wildlife protection Act, 1972 and there are no endangered, threatened wild animal species in study area. The detailed description of Flora and Fauna in the study area are given in Section 3.15. xi) Socio economic status of the Almost all villages in the study study area area are experiencing a rapid growth of population, which may be due to the process of urbanization and industrialization. The study area had a family size of 4.1 as per census records. The literacy rate works out to 63.89%. The rate of illiteracy was observed to be 36.10% in the study area. This can be attributed to the Tamil Nadu Government's literacy improvement schemes. Please Refer Table 3.35 Page 124 for detailed economic status of the study area. 7. Impact and Environment Management Plan (i) Assessment of ground level In order to conservatively concentration of pollutants from estimate the maximum ground stack emission based on site level operation, maximum

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specific meteorological features. In operating conditions under case of project is located on a hilly maximum emission scenario is terrain, the AQIP modelling shall be calculated. The onsite data is done using inputs of the specific then processed using AERMET to terrain characteristics for produce the meteorological input determining the potential impacts files and on-site data to further of the project on the AAQ. enhance the detailed analysis of Cumulative impact of all sources of the atmospheric and dispersion emissions (including conditions applicable to the transportation) on the AAQ of the project area. area shall be assessed. Details of The Stack Emission inventory is the model used and the input data given in Table 4.1 page no 135. used for modelling shall also be provided. The air quality contours shall be plotted on a location map showing the location of the project site, habitation nearby, sensitive receptors if nearby. ii)Water Quality Modeling- Incase Water requirement during discharge in water body operation of the proposed plant for both domestic and industrial purposes will be 768 KLD. The fresh water requirement of 708 KLD will be met through SIPCOT water supply and 60 KLD of water will be reused. Since there is no abstraction of groundwater, impact on ground water is not envisaged. iii) Impact of transport of the raw Vehicles plying for transportation material and end products on the of raw materials & finished surrounding environment be products will also be sources of assessed and provided. air emissions, which will be of intermittent nature. iv) Note on treatment of wastewater The construction of sewage and from different plant operations, effluent treatment facility as per extent recycled and reused for CPHEEO norms will be done for different purposes shall be preventing the entry of included. wastewater into ground water. Treated wastewater conforms to the norms set by TNPCB and

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proper maintenance of STP and ETP plant. v) Details of stack emission and The air emissions from the action plan for control of emissions proposed operation are to meet standards. particulate matter, primarily emitted from the drier and milling operations within the plant. Also oxides of nitrogen and Oxides of Sulphur from the fuel combustion of used in the boiler and the emergency diesel generators. The emissions from the electrolytic cells are passed through the scrubber to remove the VOC’s and other compounds.

Principal Air Contaminants (SO2, NO2 and Particulates as PM10) from the operation of the stationary combustion engines and process equipment such as scrubbers and driers. vi) Measures for fugitive emission The Green belt helps in the control fugitive emission control. vii) Details of hazardous waste The details Hazardous waste generation and their storage, generated for the proposed project utilization and management. is as given in Table 2.19 Page Copies of MOU regarding utilization no.39. of solid and hazardous waste in The industry is facilitated with cement plant shall also be included. Hazardous Chemical Storage EMP shall include the concept of Facility and Hazardous Waste waste- minimization, Authorization has been granted recycle/reuse/recover techniques, by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Energy conservation, and natural Board which is enclosed as resource conservation. Annexure-VI. viii) Proper utilization of fly ash The Fly ash generated is about 10 shall be ensured as per Fly Ash MT/ month, which is collected, Notification, 2009. A detailed plan stored, and then sold to Cement of action shall be provided. manufacturers.

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ToR Compliance

ix) Action plan for the green belt The land allotted for development development plan in 33 % area i.e. of greenbelt is 1650 Sq.m (33%). land with not less than The detailed Action plan for the 1,500 trees per ha. Giving details of green development plan is given species, width of plantation, in Section 10.5 Page no. 203. planning schedule etc. shall be included. The green belt shall be around the project boundary and a scheme for greening of the roads used for the project shall also be incorporated. x) Action plan for rainwater Storm water drains will be harvesting measures at plant site proposed all along the site shall be submitted to harvest boundary of suitable area size rainwater from the roof tops and (size would be 0.6 × 0.4 m storm water drains to recharge the Trapezoidal and depth of 0.8 m). ground water and also to use for the Runoff from roads and paved / various activities at the project site landscaped areas will be directed to conserve fresh water and reduce to storm water drains. the water requirement from other The total run off at 15mm rainfall sources. intensity is give in Table 10.4 page no 207. xi) Total capital cost and recurring It is proposed to invest about Rs cost/ annum for environmental 225 Lakhs, i.e. 24.96% of the pollution control measures shall be capital cost on pollution control, included. treatment, green belt development, monitoring systems and others. The split for the same is provided in Table 10.5 Page no. 210 of the EIA report. xii) Action plan for post-project Please refer Table 6.3. environmental monitoring shall be submitted. xiii) Onsite and Offsite Disaster Disaster management plan is (natural and Man-made) prepared and is given in Section Preparedness and Emergency 7.2 Page no 184 of the EIA report. Management Plan including Risk Assessment and damage control. Disaster management plan should be linked with District Disaster Management Plan.

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ToR Compliance

8. Occupational health i) Plan and Fund allocation to Occupational health and safety ensure the occupational health and plan and fund allocation for all safety of all contract and casual contract and casual workers will workers be implemented ii) Details of exposure specific M/S Supreme Dye Chem health status evaluation of worker. conducts Pre- employment Health If the workers' health is being checkup and Periodical Health evaluated by pre designed format, checkup annually will be carried chest x rays, Audiometry, out. Spirometry, Vision testing (Far & The same will be continued Near vision, colour vision and any other ocular defect) ECG, during pre-placement and periodical examinations give the details of the same. Details regarding last month analyzed data of above mentioned parameters as per age, sex, duration of exposure and department wise. iii) Details of existing Occupational Same as above & Safety Hazards. What are the exposure levels of hazards and whether they are within Permissible Exposure level (PEL). If these are not within PEL, what measures the company has adopted to keep them within PEL so that health of the workers can be preserved, iv) Annual report of health status of Same as above workers with social reference to Occupational Health and Safety. 9. Corporate Environmental Policy i) Does the company have a well laid Yes, a well-planned down Environment Policy approved Environmental policy approved by by its Board of the Board of Directors is provide Directors? If so, it may be detailed in Section 10.4. in the EIA report. ii) Does the Environment Policy Yes, the details are as in Chapter prescribe for standard operating 10 section 10.3.1.

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ToR Compliance

process / procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation /violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA. iii) What is the hierarchical system Yes, the details are as in Chapter or Administrative order of the 10 section 10.3.2. company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the environmental clearance conditions? Details of this system may be given. iv) Does the company have system Yes. Hierarchical system are of reporting of non-compliances / provide in Chapter 10 Section violations of environmental norms 10.3.2. to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism shall be detailed in the EIA report 10. Details regarding infrastructure As the site is already developed, facilities such as sanitation, fuel, during construction phase restroom etc. to be provided to the facilities for the labour force are labour force during construction as provided on site. Details are in well as to the casual workers Section 4.3. including truck drivers during operation phase. 11. Enterprise Social Commitment (ESC) i) Adequate funds (at least 1 % of Adequate funds will be earmarked the project cost) shall be earmarked towards ESC towards the Enterprise Social Commitment based on Public Hearing issues and item-wise details along with time bound action plan shall be included. Socio-economic development activities need to be elaborated upon. 12. Any litigation pending against the Not applicable project and/or any direction/order

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ToR Compliance

passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof shall also be included. Has the unit received any notice under the Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 or relevant Sections of Air and Water Acts? If so, details thereof and compliance/ATR to the notice(s) and present status of the case. 13. A tabular chart with index for point Complied wise compliance of above TOR. Specific TOR 1. Details on solvents to be used, Solvent recovery details are measures for solvent recovery and provide in Chapter 2 Section 2.5 for emissions control. of EIA. 2. Details of process emissions from Please refer Table 2.11 in Chapter the proposed unit and its 2 of EIA. arrangement to control. 3. Ambient air quality data should Yes AAQ data has been included include VOC, other process-specific in Table 3.10 of the EIA report. pollutants* like NH3*, chlorine*, HCl*, HBr*, H2S*, HF*,etc.,(*-as applicable) 4. Work zone monitoring Please refer to Chapter 7 in the arrangements for hazardous EIA Report. chemicals. 5. Detailed effluent treatment scheme ETP scheme is provide in Section including segregation of effluent 2.6.3 of EIA Report. streams for units adopting 'Zero' liquid discharge. 6. Action plan for odour control to be NA submitted. 7. A copy of the Memorandum of After the proposed expansion the Understanding signed with cement Memorandum of Understanding manufacturers indicating clearly will be Signed with cement that they co-process organic manufacturers nearby. solid/hazardous waste generated. 8. Authorization/Membership for the Please refer Annexure IX for the disposal of liquid effluent in CETP permission letter from CUSECS. and solid/hazardous waste in TSDF, if any.

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ToR Compliance

9. Action plan for utilization of Not Applicable MEE/dryers salts. 10. Material Safety Data Sheet for all Please refer to Annexure XIII the Chemicals are being used/will be used. 11. Authorization/Membership for the Hazardous waste management disposal of solid/hazardous waste Authorization from TNPCB is in TSDF. provided in Annexures VI 12. Details of incinerator if to be Not applicable installed. 13. Risk assessment for storage and A detailed Risk assessment handling of hazardous management plan is provide in chemicals/solvents. Action plan for Chapter 7 of the EIA Report handling & safety system to be incorporated. 14. Arrangements for ensuring health Well trained workers will be and safety of workers engaged in provided for handling toxic handling of toxic materials. materials, also the employees will be well educated in the same. Additional TOR 1. PP shall submit a letter from SPCB The in-principle permission from regarding in-principle permission the SPCB was insisted when for doing expansion in the proposed Cuddalore was declared as a Critically polluted area vide Office area. Memorandum of even no. dated 13.01.2010. But then the moratorium was lifted according to the MoEF&CC OM No. J- 11013/5/2010-IA.II (I) dated 25.11.2016. Thus the in-principle permission may not be required as imposed.

2. PP shall submit valid documents to The PP acquired the present state that the unit existed before the company from M/s Tamilnadu year 2006 Pigments (P) Limited on 14.08.2014 with change in only the company name as M/s Supreme Dyechem Private limited. M/s Tamilnadu Pigments (P) Ltd was established during 1989, for which the CTO obtained during 1989 are attached in

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Annexure XV. There was no change in products or the production capacity or manufacturing process since the inception of the unit. The consents issued in the name of Supreme Dyechem along with latest renewal is provided in Annexure XII. Thus proving the plant existed with a different name before 2006. 3 10 M wide green belt shall be Will be provided developed around the periphery of the plant with trees. 33% of the total project area shall be developed as green area with trees. 4. PP shall submit a revised layout Attached in EIA report. Please plan with updated details refer Figure 2.3 5. Permission for disposal of treated Please refer Annexure IX effluent into common disposal facility provided by M/S Cuddalore SIPCOT industries common Utilities Ltd (CUSECS) 6. Enterprises Social Commitment Will be provided plan shall be submitted with at least 1% of the expansion project for five years covering RO drinking water facility/LED/Solar panel for three villages. 7. Chemical name of the product with Chemical Name With CAS no.: CAS No. number and the actual end CPC Blue : 147-14-8 use shall be provided. Pigment Alpha Blue : 147-14-8 Pigment Beta Blue : 147-14-8 Additive Blue : 147-14-8 Please refer Table 2.7 of EIA report. 8. Toxicity study (LC50/LD50) of the Please Refer to Annexure XIV products shall be undertaken.

18 MAY 2018

EIA REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION M/s. Supreme Dyechem Private Limited is engaged in the production of pigments for use in the textile industry. In order to meet customer’s demand, the project proponent has proposed to increase the production capacity of pigments and pigment related products at their existing factory located at Plot No. A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District.

The summary is intended to provide an overview of the prevailing baseline conditions, key environmental issues and their likely impacts and also list the major recommended mitigation measures to mitigate the impacts.

2. PROJECT DETAILS Sl.No PARTICULARS DETAILS Project 1. M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited proponent Proposed Expansion of the project from 10.25 MT/ Month to 530 2. Project Name MT/ Month. Project Plot No. A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam 3. Location Village, Cuddalore District. Schedule and 4. Schedule 5 (f) Synthetic chemical, Category (B). Category S.No. Description Area (Ha) Percentage (%) 1 Built-up area 0.195 39 Land 2 Storage area 0.02 4 5. Requirements 3 Green belt area 0.165 33 4 Open area 0.120 24 Total 0.5 100 6. Total Cost for 9.0 Crores.

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Expansion Total Water 7. Existing: 21.5 KLD. Proposed: 765 KLD. Requirement S.N Source Quantity Treatment Method Total (KLD) 1. Domestic Purposes 8.5 Septic tank with soak pit Wastewater 2. Industrial Purposes 438.4 generated Effluent Treatment Plant 3. Boiler Blow down 10 Total 457 Power 8. 2500 KVA (Proposed). Requirement

9. Man Power 125 Nos. Nature of Quantity S.No Solid Mode of Disposal Existing Proposed Waste Municipal Solid Waste 1 Solid 4 kg/day 50 kg/day Municipal Disposal. 10. Generated Waste Collection, Storage, 1 10 Transportation, Sold 2 Fly ash MT/Month MT/month to Cement manufacturer. Sl. Type Cate Existing Proposed Total No. of gory Quantity Quantity Quantity Waste (MT/Year) (MT/Year) (MT/Year) 1. ETP Hazardous sludge/ 34.3 150 4900 5050 11. Waste Gypsum Generated sludge 2. Used oil 5.1 0.01 0.5 0.51

3. Discarded 33.3 1200 6000 7200 containers Nos./Year Nos./Month Nos./Month

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3. NEED FOR THE PROJECT Products intended to expand are suitable for coatings, inks, paints, plastics and textile. Dyestuff sector is one of the core chemical industries in India. It is also the second highest export segment in chemical industry. Pigment Blue is a cyclic product of copper and reaction between phthalic anhydride and urea. Alpha Blue and Beta Blue are variations of Phthalocyanine Blues. Alpha Blue is redder in shade and of smaller particle size and is available as crystallizing type and non-crystallizing non-flocculating type. Beta Blue yields bright greenish blue shades with slightly lower tinctorial strength. Beta Blue is of a more stable crystal formulation than Alpha Blue and is available as the non-crystallizing type and the non-crystallizing non- flocculating type.

4. PROJECT LOCATION The project site is located in A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District and Tamil Nadu. The area is dominated by large scale industries and other medium scale industries, the location map of the project site is given below.

The area lies in the northern latitude of 11° 41'37.97"N and eastern longitude of 79°45'33.64"E, the location of the project site is given in Figure -1. Site is well connected by road, rail and airport, Figure of the site connectivity is also give below in Figure -2.

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Figure -1 Location of the Project Site

Figure -2 Site Connectivity

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT SITE S. NO. PARTICULARS DETAILS 1 Site Latitude 11° 41'37.97"N 2 Site Longitude 79°45'33.64"E 3 Site Elevation above MSL 7m • SH 49 – 0.32 Km (W) 4 Nearest highway • NH 45 A – 0.31 Km (W) 5 Nearest railway station Cuddalore Old town – 3.0 Km (N) Pondicherry Airport – 31.0 Km 6 Nearest airport (NNE) • Pachayakuppam-0.58 km (WNW) • Kudikadu – 1.07 Km (S) 7 Nearest town/ city • Sothikuppam – 1.44 km (SE) • Cuddalore Old town – 6 Km (N) 8 Topography Plain 9 Archaeologically important places Nil in 15 km radius National parks/ Wildlife 10 Nil in 15 km radius Sanctuaries • Uppanar river – 0.77 Km (E) 11 Reservoir • Bay of Bengal – 1.78 Km (E) 12 Reserved/ Protected Forests 10 km radius Zone III - Moderately Active 13 Seismicity as per seismic zone map of India 14 Defence Installations Nil in 15km radius 15 Nearest Port Cuddalore Port – 2.06 km (NE)

6. BASE LINE DATA The primary baseline data have been established by the field survey and subsequent lab analysis of the samples. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, Fauna & Socio-Economic data were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data was collected from various Departments of State/Central Government Organizations, Semi-Government and Public Sector Organizations. Details of the sampling locations for Air, water, soil and noise are tabulated as below.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DATA GENERATION AND OBSERVATION AIR ENVIRONMENT The prime objective of baseline monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of ambient air quality during the construction and operation of the proposed project, Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at six locations. The results of ambient air monitoring carried out during the study during the month of June, July and August of 2017. The following observations were found.

PM10: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM10 were recorded as 62.8 μg/m3 and 31.7 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Reddiyarpalayam (AAQ9). The average concentrations were ranged between 35.3 and 51.9 μg/m3.

PM2.5: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM2.5 were recorded as 31.6 μg/m3 and 15.1 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Reddiyarpalayam (AAQ9). The average concentrations were ranged between 16.8 and 17.3 μg/m3.

SO2: The maximum and minimum concentrations for SO2 were recorded as 9.14 μg/m3 and 5.01 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at the project site (AAQ1) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Kannarapettai (AAQ6). The average concentrations were ranged between 5.32 and 8.02 μg/m3.

NOx: The maximum and minimum concentrations for NO2 were recorded as 18.6 μg/m3 and 7.9 μg/m3 at Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and Kannarapettai (AAQ6) respectively. The average concentrations were ranged between 10.1 and 15.8 μg/m3.

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CO: The carbon monoxide were below detectable limits in all the monitoring locations.

O3: The concentration of Ozone in the region were observed between 8.1 - 16.6 μg/m3and are within the standards prescribed by CPCB.

Lead, Arsenic and Nickel: The concentrations of Lead, Arsenic and Nickel were belowthe detectable limits in all the locations during the study period.

Benzene and Benzo pyrene: The concentrations of Benzene and Benz(o) pyrene were below detectable limits.

NOISE QUALITY The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated in the surrounding areas by the proposed plant. A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. The noise monitoring has been conducted at seven locations in the study area. The following observations were made.

Day Time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range of 46.6- 53.9 dB (A) during the day time. The maximum noise level was observed to be 53.9 dB (A) at Cuddalore Old Town (N6) and minimum of 46.6 dB (A) was observed at Raasapettai (N2). The monitored locations during the Day time are under prescribed limit.

Night Time Noise Levels Noise levels during night time were found to be in the range of 39.1- 44.8 dB (A) during the night time. The maximum noise level was observed to be 44.8 dB (A) at Cuddalore Old Town(N6) and minimum of 39.1dB (A) was observed at

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Raasapettai (N6). The monitored locations during the Night time are under prescribed limit.

WATER ENVIRONMENT

Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the study area, seven ground water sampling locations were selected. The following observations were made.

Groundwater The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.92 to 7.51, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 80 to 480 mg/l. Chlorides at all the locations were within the permissible limit, ranging in between 67 and 262 mg/l. Fluorides are ranging in between 0.15 to 1.1 mg/l and are found to be within the permissible limit. Nitrates were found to be in the range of from 1 mg/l to 33 mg/l. Bacteriological studies reveal that coliform bacteria is not present in the samples. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging in between 216 to 866 mg/l.

Surface Water The analysis results indicate that the pH was 8.14, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be about 6200 mg/l. Chlorides at the location was within the permissible limit of 17900 mg/l. Fluorides were about 1.78 mg/l and are found to be within the permissible limit. Nitrates were found to be in the range of about 2.36 mg/l. Bacteriological studies reveal that coliform bacteria is not present in the samples. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be within range of 31600 mg/l.

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SOIL ENVIRONMENT

It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and also predict impacts due to the proposed construction. It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly ‘loam’ and ‘Sandy Clay Loam’ in the study area. The common color of the soil is pale brown, also the pH of the soil quality ranged from 7.47 - 8.66, indicating that the soil is ‘Neutral’ in nature. The bulk density of soil ranges in between 1.23 to 1.48. The Electrical Conductivity of the soil was observed to be in the range of 0.096 - 1.026 mS/cm. Nitrogen percentage ranged between 201–413 kg/ha. Phosphorus in the soil range between 36.6-78.6 kg/ha. Potassium in the soil range in between 190 - 412 kg/ha.

ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The ecology and diversity survey was conducted in the 10 km radius in the study area and the surrounding area. It is observed that human settlements present within the study area of 10 km radius and many of villages/ colonies have moderate ranges of plantations. Most of the vegetation area is in agricultural fields and some sand dunes. The vegetation in the surrounding areas was found to be in healthy condition and in natural state. During site assessment several floral species encountered within the 10 km radius area. The study area does not have any forest land or permanent natural vegetation and the main land use feature of the study area is comprised habitation and cultivating lands. From the primary observation, the tree species recorded in the plantation area were Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, Casuarina equsetifolia, Mangifera indica, Ficus benghalensis etc. The project area covering 10 km radial distance did not reveal any notified/ protected ecologically sensitive area including national park, sanctuary, Elephant and Tiger reserves. There are not any sanctuaries or national park or reserve/ protected forest within study area of 10 km radius.

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Marine Ecology

Phytoplankton samples were collected without filtering the water. To preserve, 0.3 mL lugol’s solution was added to 100 ml sample. Subsequently phytoplankton were concentrated by centrifugation and analysed microscopically in laboratory. Identification of phytoplankton was done using standard taxonomic keys. Sample collection was carried out in the similar method as that of phytoplankton. Three major groups of zooplankton, namely, Rotifera, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Flagellate, Ciliates, Protozoa were found to inhabit the marine environment. The rotifera was represented by Tricocerca sp., Brachionus Sp, Philodina Sp, Proales Sp., Flagellates Sp., Monostyla Sp. contributed to zooplankton productivity in majority in the select the water bodies.

SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Almost all villages in the study area are experiencing a rapid growth of population, which may be due to the process of urbanization and industrialization. According to 2011 census, study area had a population of 90,360. With a sex-ratio of 969 females for every 1,000 males, lower than the state average of 996. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 25,763 and 886 of the population respectively. Average literacy rate of study area in 2011 were 63.8. The study area had a total of 21,906 households.

The occupational structure of residents in the study area is studied with reference to main workers and non-workers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural labourers, those engaged in live-stock, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and other services.

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There will be an increase in employment due to flow of financial and material resources through increased business, trade commerce and service sector. The employment generated will be in form of direct & indirect nature. The plant will result in considerable growth of service sector and will also generate new industrial and business opportunities in the area.

7. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project, secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed plant activities.

Various impacts during the construction and operation phase on the environment have been studied to estimate the impact on the environment. The environment management plan is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the Project location.

Construction Phase:

• Topography: The proposed expansion will be carried out in the existing facility. During construction of foundation, excavated earth will be reused for repairing of roads and refilling of low lying ground. Thus the impact during the construction is reversible, short term and insignificant. • Air Environment: As the site is already developed, during construction phase the only activities like drilling, deployment of machinery, erection, transportation, dumping will be carried out and due to this there will be gaseous and dust emissions. Temporary localized increase in air pollutants shall be due to the use of construction equipment’s. The construction phase shall cause a

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negligible increase in particulate matter such as PM10, NO2 and CO may also slightly increase due to increased vehicular traffic movement and operation of combustion engines. Properly maintenance of equipment and machineries will be carried out as a mitigative measure for the emissions from the Transport vehicles and construction equipment / machineries. Sprinkling of water frequently will be done to reduce fugitive dust emissions. Exhaust stack of DG set shall be kept at appropriate height to ensure quick dispersal and dilution of gaseous emissions. • Noise Environment: Anticipated noise is generated from construction work, drilling, deployment of machinery, movement of vehicles and materials, thus construction activities generating disturbing sounds should be restricted to normal working hours. The existing average ambient noise level at the boundary walls of the plant, as monitored during baseline data generation are in the range of 42.7 to 50.6 dB(A). At the plant, DG sets will be intermittent source of noise generation and will be operated only during grid power failure. The noise levels from these operations shall be in the range of 75 to 80 dB(A). To control noise levels, DG sets will be provided with acoustic enclosures and anti-vibration pads. Workers operating equipment which generates noise will be equipped with noise protective gear. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels of 70 - 80 dB (A) will wear earplugs. • Water Environment: Change in quality of water forms an important concern associated with the project particularly during construction phase. Crushing of stones, cutting and modification of the terrain, alteration of drainage systems and soil erosion are the major factors that affect the water quality during construction phase. Impact due to accidental spills or due to bad construction practice, will be short term and low in magnitude and confined to the construction period

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only. To prevent surface and ground water contamination by oil/grease, leak proof containers shall be used for storage and transportation of oil/grease. The sewage generated will be treated in the septic tank & soak pit. • Solid Waste: A large quantity of solid waste will be generated during construction phase and it will be treated in an environmentally acceptable manner. Leveling work and filling up low-lying areas will minimize solid waste. Solid waste will be segregated into different heaps and it will be sold or will be used for land filling. • Ecological Environment: The site of Supreme Dyechem Private Limited is having well maintained green belt and moreover the expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products will be carried out within the existing premises. Therefore, no impact is anticipated on terrestrial ecology of the area. • Socio Economic Environment: Proposed project will be of small scale, but no rehabilitation and resettlement will be involved. The operation of plant will require educated and trained manpower. The operation of the plant requires total workforce of 250 persons. Thus, it will boost up the commercial and economic status of the locality to some extent. Due to the noise and dust generated some health and safety risks to the employees will be observed, which can be eradicated with On-site sanitation facilities and propoer usage of Personal Protection Equipments. Operation Phase • Land use: The present land use of the project site is SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Cuddalore. Hence the land use of the project site will not be changed due to the proposed construction of industrial buildings and no impact on land use is expected. • Air Environment: Operation of Reactors and Spin Flash dryers will be the source of air emissions. The anticipated key air emissions

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from the project would be the vapors involved in the process. After use, such solvents are recovered by direct separation from the reaction time by distillation. Since the emissions associated with the operation are considered as major source, USEPA approved AERMOD dispersion modelling is performed to identify if there are any impacts to the environment. The model requires information on the emission characteristics and the local meteorology. Modelling can also be used to predict future scenarios, short-term episodes, and long-term trends. Modelling results consist of maximum concentrations (in μg/m3) for each of the modeled substances. The summary of dispersion modelling results are given in Table 1 and resultant concentration after expansion is given in Table -2. Table 1 - Summary of Dispersion Modelling Results Sl Pollutant Predicted GLC Distance Direction No. µg/m3 from plant centre 1 PM 2.277 600m ENE 2 SO2 1.11 800m N 3 NOx 4.12 800m N

Table -2 Resultant Concentrations after Proposed Expansion Sl. Pollutant Concentration, µg/m3 NAAQS No. Baseline Incremental Resultant Limits

1 PM 60.8 2.277 63.077 100

2 SO2 9.14 1.11 10.25 80

3 NOx 16.8 4.12 20.92 80

• Noise Environment: Noise generation due to plying of vehicles on the roads bringing raw material and taking finished products. To minimize the impact of noise from the industrial operation within the unit as well as noise impact on the nearby areas, we have planned for procuring major noise generating machines/equipment

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such as Exhaust fans, Compressors would include built in design requirements to have minimum noise levels. The operators, workers and other personnel within the plant, however, have to be provided with protective measures such as earplugs at the noise generating units. The noise protective enclosures will be provided at the noise generating units. Exposure to continuous or intermittent noise louder than 115 dB (A) will not be permitted. Green belt also acts as barriers for noise dispersion. So in addition to the plant noise control measures. • Water Environment: Water requirement during operation of the proposed plant for both domestic and industrial purposes will be 768 KLD. The fresh water requirement of 708 KLD will be met through SIPCOT water supply and 60 KLD of water will be reused. Since there is no abstraction of groundwater, impact on ground water is not envisaged. The proposed generation of sewage from domestic activities will be around 8.5 KLD. The seepage from STP might cause deterioration of ground water. Thus, the construction of sewage and effluent treatment facility as per CPHEEO norms will be done for preventing the entry of wastewater into ground water. The proposed generation of trade effluent from industrial activities will be 448.4 KLD respectively. The improper construction of tanks / leakage at the bottom of the tanks may lead to leaching of untreated effluent to the ground water. Hence, Treated wastewater will be maintained to follow the norms set by TNPCB and proper maintenance of ETP plant.

8. ALTERNATIVE SITES The proposed expansion project is located at Plot no. A- 6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore, Tamil

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Nadu. Since it is an expansion project Cuddalore SIPCOT is the ideal location for setting up this expansion project.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Environmental Monitoring programme given in the Table- 3 Table-3 Environmental Monitoring Programme S. Monitoring Duration of Monitoring Particulars No Frequency Sampling Parameters 1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring a Project site Once in 3 24 hour PM10, PM2.5, months SO2, NOx and CO 2 Stack Monitoring a DG set Once in 3 30 min SO2, NOx, SPM, months CO, CO2

3 Ambient Noise Level a Near DG set Once in 3 8 hr Noise level (dB) months continuously with 1hr interval 4 Ground / Drinking water Quality a Ground water at Once in 3 Grab Parameters project site months Sampling specified under ISO: 10500, 1993 5 Wastewater Quality Monitoring a Inlet of both ETP Once in a Grab Physical, and STP month Sampling Chemical and Biological b Outlet of both ETP parameters and STP specified under IS: 2490:1982 6 Soil Quality a At the green belt Once in a year Samples pH, texture, EC, area collected from organic matter,

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three different nitrogen, depths viz., phosphate, 30cm, 60cm calcium, and 100cm potassium and below the magnesium. surface. 10. ADDITIONAL STUDIES Onsite emergency preparedness plan and offsite emergency plan already exists and linked with SIPCOT Disaster Management Plant. Emergency Plan for this plant will be revised based on the consequence of Risk Analysis.

11. PROJECT BENEFITS • Dyestuff sector is one of the core chemical industries in India. It is also the second highest export segment in chemical industry, thus this project will help in meeting the product demand of Dye in many sectors like textiles, paper, plastics, and printing ink. • The company will contribute in improving education, health facilities and quality of life of people in the nearby area in the form of CSR activities. • An increase in both temporary and permanent jobs to the local people during Construction and Operation Phase of the proposed expansion will help in improving the socio economic conditions of the area.

12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN An organizational structure for managing the environment has been recommended for the proposed expansion project. The general manager (Environment) is directly responsible for environment management of the proposed project. The organizational set up of the Environmental Management Cell is shown in Figure below.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Figure -3 Environmental Management Cell

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INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of Report

M/s. Supreme Dyechem Private Limited is engaged in the production of pigments for use in the textile industry. In order to meet customer’s demand, the project proponent has proposed to increase the production capacity of pigments and pigment related products at their existing factory located in SIPCOT Industrial Area, Cuddalore. 1.2 Identification of the Project and Project Proponent 1.2.1 Project Proponent M/s Supreme DyeChem Private Ltd was established in the year 1999. The organization is an ISO 9001:2008 & 14001:2004 certified manufacturers of Phthalocyanine Pigments and Additives. The Supreme Group has been providing technical services in the field of Environment, Health & Safety for the past 2 decades and thus as a group Supreme family stands out as a complete industrial solution provider in various diversified areas under one roof.

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INTRODUCTION

1.2.2. Project

Due to increase in demand for the pigments in the domestic as well as export market, Supreme Dyechem Private Limited proposes to enhance the production capacity of its pigments and pigment related products. This proposal has been submitted for obtaining Environmental Clearance for increasing the production capacity from 10.25 MT/Month to 530MT/Month. The proposed activity will take place within the existing factory.

1.3 Brief Description of Project 1.3.1 Nature of the Project The unit currently manufactures two products and the proponent has planned to increase the products and their production capacity based on market demand.

1.3.2 Size of the Project

The existing and proposed products are given below in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Products and their Production Capacity

Production Capacity (MT/Month) S. No Name of the Product Existing After Expansion 1 Alpha Blue (Solid) 5.25 150 2 Beta Blue (Solid) 5.0 5 3 CPC Blue Crude - 300 4 Blue Additives - 75 Total 10.25 530 By Products 1 Ammonium Carbonate - 255 2 Ammonium Sulphate - 150 3 Copper Sulphate - 6 4 Spent acid - 6750 Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

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INTRODUCTION

1.3.3 Location of the Project

The proposed expansion project is for manufacturing of pigments and pigment related products located at Plot No. A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District. The satellite imagery of the project is given in Figure 1.1. 1.3.4 Importance to the country and Region

Pigments are used in various industries such as Textiles, Plastics, Paints, special applications etc. Enormous amount of pigment products from India are exported to Global markets. India today is one of the leader in Pigment manufacturing and also a strong market. The total export of Phthalocyanine from India in the current year is expected to be 12,000 TPA. Among the pigments, the share of Phthalocyanine in India is more than 70% SDPL has a significant share of the Indian and Global market. To remain as a significant player in the market and to meet the increasing demand of pigments and other intermediates in India, SDPL proposes add in additional products in the category of pigment and intermediate products manufacturing at the existing facility.

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INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. 1 Satellite Imagery of Project Site

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INTRODUCTION

1.4 Connectivity The project site is well connected. The details are given in below Table 1.2 and project site connectivity is given in Figure 1.2.

Table 1. 2 Connectivity details from the Project Site

S.N Particulars Distance from the Direction w.r.t Project site (km) project site 1 SH 49 0.32 West 2 SH 10 0.67 North West 3 NH 532 0.9 North 4 Cuddalore Old town Railway station 3.0 North 5 Puducherry Airport 31.0 North East Note: All distances mentioned are aerial Source: ABC Techno Labs Pvt. Ltd

Figure 1. 2 Site Connectivity

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

After submission of Form - 1 along with project feasibility report to the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEFCC) New Delhi

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INTRODUCTION

prescribed Terms of Reference (ToR) for preparing Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the proposed project. The copy of ToR is included in Annexure I. M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited has engaged M/s. ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited, Chennai to carry out EIA study and preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report. The baseline monitoring has been carried out from June 2017 to August 2017.

The scope of study broadly includes;

 Field sampling of environmental attributes at various representative locations in the study area to establish the baseline environmental status.  Collate and compile secondary data including socio-economic data from published literature / government publications;  Estimate pollution loads that would be generated by the proposed activity;  Predict incremental levels of pollutants in the study area due to the proposed activity;  Evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes by using scientifically developed and widely accepted Environmental Impact Assessment Modeling Methodologies;  Prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the predicted impacts; and  Identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored during the project execution and to suggest post project monitoring.

1.6 NEED FOR EIA

The proposed expansion of product in pigment production falls under Schedule 5 (f) of the EIA Notification 2006. ToR application has been submitted to SEIAA, Tamil Nadu on 19.01.2017 and it was appraised by SEAC

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INTRODUCTION

on 30.03.2017. SEIAA-Tamil Nadu in its letter dated 10.04.2017 directed the proponent to approach MoEF & CC as the plant is located within SIPCOT, Cuddalore which is declared as a critically polluted area. Then TOR application has been submitted to MoEF & CC on 10.04.2017 and it was appraised in 23rd EAC meeting held on 03.05.2017 subsequently ToR was granted on 31.05.2017. The proponent applied for ToR amendment in EAC and it was considered in the 34th EAC meeting held on 28.02.2018 and also EAC instructed the proponent to approach the SEIAA, Tamil Nadu for obtaining Environmental Clearance.

1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

The generic structure of the EIA study is as follows. 1. Introduction 2. Project description 3. Description of the Environment 4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures 5. Analysis of Alternatives (Site and Technology) 6. Environmental Monitoring Program 7. Additional Studies 8. Project Benefits 9. Environmental cost benefit analysis 10. Environmental Management Plan 11. Summary and Conclusion 12. Disclosure of Environmental Consultant

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Type of the Project

The project proponent M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited, Cuddalore, is engaged in the production of pigments and pigment related products. The existing production line includes Alpha Blue and Beta Blue. The company was established by M/s Tamil Nadu Pigments Private Limited and later sold to M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited in the year 2014, the sale deed between both the companies is enclosed as Annexure-II.

The proponent has proposed to increase its production capacity and also adding new products in their factory located at SIPCOT Industrial Estate at Cuddalore. The proposal has been submitted for obtaining Environmental Clearance for increasing the production capacity of pigments related products.

2.2 Need of the Project

Products intended to expand are suitable for coatings, inks, paints, plastics and textile. Dyestuff sector is one of the core chemical industries in India. It is also the second highest export segment in chemical industry. The Indian dyestuff industry is made up of about 1,000 small scale units and 50 large organized units, who produce around 1,30,000 tons of dyestuff. The major users of dyes in India are textiles, paper, plastics, printing ink and food stuffs. The textiles sector consumes around 80% of the total production due to high demand for polyester and cotton, globally and also contribute towards the growth rate of dye industry in India. Pigment Blue is a cyclic product of copper and reaction between phthalic anhydride and urea. Alpha Blue and Beta Blue are variations of Phthalocyanine Blues. Alpha Blue is redder in shade and of smaller particle size and is available as crystallizing type and non-crystallizing non-flocculating type. Beta Blue yields bright greenish blue shades with slightly lower tinctorial strength. Beta Blue is

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

of a more stable crystal formulation than Alpha Blue and is available as the non- crystallizing type and the non-crystallizing non-flocculating type.

2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation including resources M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Ltd is currently manufacturing 10.25 MT/month of Alpha Blue and Beta Blue Pigments and has proposed to expand its production capacity to 530 MT/month by including new products. The products, their production capacities and by products are given in the Table 2.1. Table 2. 1 Products and their Production Capacity

Production Capacity (MTPM) S.No Name of the Product Existing After Expansion 1 Alpha Blue (Solid) 5.25 150 2 Beta Blue (Solid) 5.0 5 3 CPC Blue Crude - 300 4 Blue Additives - 75 Total 10.25 530 By- Product 1 Ammonium Carbonate - 255 2 Ammonium Sulphate - 150 3 Copper Sulphate - 6 4 Spent Acid - 6750

Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited Table 2. 2 Major Equipment List (Existing and Proposed)

EXISTING Sr. Particulars Quantity Capacity in m3 No. 1 Equalization/Neutralization Tank 3 35 KL 2 Primary Settling Tank 1 50 KL 3 Filter press 2 36 x 36 x 45 Plates 4 Aeration Tank 1 50 5 Secondary Clarifier Tank 1 40 6 Secondary Treated Collection Tank 1 50 KL Filter Press for Clarifier after primary 7 1 36 x 36 x 45 Plates treatment 8 Activated Carbon Filter 1 1

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

9 Final Discharge Tank 1 50 KL

PROPOSED

S. Particulars Quantity Capacity in m3 No. 1 Oil and Grease Tank 1 6.9 2 Equalization/Neutralization Tank 3 35 KL 3 Equalization/Neutralization Tank 3 50 KL 4 Primary Settling Tank 1 50 KL 5 Filter press 2 48 X 48 X 65 Plates 6 Filter press 2 36 X 36 X 45 Plates 7 Aeration Tank 11 X 11 X 5 M 1 605 8 Secondary Clarifier Tank 1 300 9 Secondary Treated Collection Tank 1 50 KL 10 Treated Water Holding Tank 3 50 KL Filter Press for Clarifier after primary 11 1 36 X 36 X 45 Plates treatment 12 Activated Carbon Filter 1 1 13 Final Discharge Tank 2 50 KL 14 RO System (2-stages) 1 200 KL

2.3.1 Project Location The project site is located in A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District and Tamil Nadu. The area is dominated by large scale industries and other medium scale industries. The total plot area of the facility is 0.5 ha and the Environmental setting of the project site is shown in Table 2.3.

The location map of the project site is shown in Figure 2.1 and 10 km Topo map is shown in Figure 2.2.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Table 2. 3 Environmental Setting of the Project Site

S. NO. PARTICULARS DETAILS 1 Site Latitude 11° 41'37.97"N 2 Site Longitude 79°45'33.64"E 3 Site Elevation above MSL 7m • SH 49 – 0.32 Km (W) 4 Nearest highway • NH 45 A – 0.31 Km (W) 5 Nearest railway station Cuddalore Old town – 3.0 Km (N) Pondicherry Airport – 31.0 Km 6 Nearest airport (NNE) • Pachayakuppam-0.58 km (WNW) 7 Nearest town/ city • Kudikadu – 1.07 Km (S) • Sothikuppam – 1.44 km (SE) • Cuddalore Old town – 6 Km (N) 8 Topography Plain Archaeologically important 9 Nil in 15 km radius places National parks/ Wildlife 10 Nil in 15 km radius Sanctuaries • Uppanar river – 0.77 Km (E) 11 Reservoir • Bay of Bengal – 1.78 Km (E) 12 Reserved/ Protected Forests n 10 km radius Zone III- Moderately Active as per 13 Seismicity seismic zone map of India 14 Defense Installations Nil in 15km radius 15 Nearest Port Cuddalore Port – 2.06 km (NE)

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2. 1 Location of the Project Site

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2.2 Topo map showing 10 km radius from the project site

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.3.2 Land Requirement and Land use The proposed expansion project will be facilitated within the 0.5 hectares of land in the SIPCOT Industrial Complex at Cuddalore. No additional land is required for the proposed expansion. The land use of the proposed site is of industrial use. The land use breakup is given in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Land Use Breakup

S.No. Description Area (Ha) Percentage (%) 1 Built-up area 0.195 39 2 Storage area 0.02 4 3 Green belt area 0.165 33 4 Open area 0.120 24 Total 0.5 100 Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2.3 Site Layout

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.3.3 Raw Material Requirement The raw materials required for the production of each product are presented in Table 2.5 and the source and Transportation of raw materials is given in Table 2.6. The final products will be marketed indigenous as well as exported.

Table 2.5 Raw Material Requirement

Sr. Product Total Name of the raw Total Quantity No. Quantity material after after Expansion Expansion (MT/Month) 1. Pigment 300 Phthalic Anhydride 330 CPC Blue Ammonium Carbonate 600 Solution TG Urea 330 Cuprous Chloride 60 Catalyst-Ammonium 0.9 Molybdate Solvent (ONT/ DCT/Hysol- P) 15 Spent Sulfuric Acid (25%) 1500 Total 2835.9 2. Pigment 150 CPC Blue 151.5 Alpha Blue Sulphuric Acid (98%) 750 Caustic flakes 15 Total 916.50 3 Blue 75 CPC Blue 81 Additives Phthalamide 17 Para formaldehyde 9 Sulphuric Acid 525 Total 632 4. Ammonium 100 Ammonium Carbonate 207.14 Sulphate solution Acidic M.L. from CPC Plant 742.86 Total 950 TOTAL 625 5334.4

16 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Table 2.6 Source and Mode of Transportation of Raw materials

Sr. Name of Raw Mode of Type of Source No. Material Transport Container Phthalic 25 kg HDPE 1. By road Ranipet, Tamil Nadu Anhydride bags

Ammonium Closed MS 2. Carbonate - In house Byproduct Solution tank 50 kg HDPE 3. TG Urea By road SPIC bags 50 kg HDPE 4. Cuprous Chloride By road Domestic supplier only bags

Catalyst 50 kg HDPE 5. Ammonium By road Domestic supplier only Molybdate bags Solvent 10 KL/20Kl Domestic 6. (ONT/DCT/Hysol- By road supplier/Imported P) Tanker

Spent Sulfuric 30 KLHDPE Generated from alpha 7. - Acid (25%) tank blue pigment process 25 kg HDPE 8. - bags/500kgjumIn house manufacturing CPC Blue bo bags Sulfuric Acid 9. By road MS tank Domestic supplier (98%) 50 kg HDPE 10. Caustic Flakes By road - bags Ammonium Closed MS In house byproduct of 11. Carbonate - CPC solution tank Acidic M.L. from 12. - HDPE tanks Form CPC purification CPC Plant Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Table 2.7 Source and Mode of Transportation of Raw materials Name of Raw S. Material & Max Capacity CAS No. State Storage MOC No. Chemical Storage in Tons formula Phthalic 1 Anhydride 85.44.9 Solid 25 Kg 50 Ton 330 HDPE Ammonium 2 Carbonate 506.87.6 Liquid 30 KL 10 KL 600 MS Solution TG Urea & 3 57.13.6 Solid 25 Kg 60-70 Ton 330 HDPE CH4N2O Cuprous Chloride 4 7758.89.6 Solid 25 Kg 5 Ton 60 HDPE & CuCl Catalyst- Ammonium 5 12027.67.7 Solid 25 Kg 300 Kg 0.9 HDPE Molybdate & (NH4)6Mo7O24 Spent Sulfuric 20 or 30 6 Acid (25%) & 664.93.9 Liquid 20-30 KL 1500 MS KL H2SO4 CPC Blue & 7 147.14.8 Solid 25 Kg 10 Ton 90.9 HDPE C32H16CuN8 Sulfuric Acid 8 7664.93.9 Liquid 30 KL 20-30 KL 450 MS (98%)& H2SO4 Caustic flakes & 9 -- Liquid 30 Litre 15 Ton 9 HDPE NaOH Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited 2.3.4 Project Cost

The total cost for the expansion project is Rs.9.0 Crores.

2.3.5 Water Requirement The total water requirement of the existing plant is about 21.5 KLD and it will be increased to 768 KLD after the proposed expansion. The required water will be sourced from SIPCOT water supply scheme. M/s. Supreme Dyechem already has a permission letter from SIPCOT for supplying water. The copy of the supply of water is enclosed in Annexure III. The water balance diagram showing source, water requirement and wastewater generation & usage of treated water is given in Figure 2.4. Proposed Water Balance.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.3.6 Manpower Requirement

The total manpower requirement of the industry is 125 Nos which will be sourced locally.

2.3.7 Power Requirement The power requirement for the project is increased to 2500 KVA which is sourced from TNEB (Tamil Nadu Electricity Board). DG set of capacity of 500 KVA is proposed along with existing DG set of 65 KVA, as backup power supply. The bill from TNEB is enclosed in Annexure IV.

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Figure 2.4 Water Balance (Proposed)

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2.3.8 Utilities Various utilities requirement is given in Table 2.8. Table 2.8 Proposed Utilities S.No Unit Capacity 1. Thermic Fluid Heater – 2 Nos. 10 Lac Kilo Cal 2. Boiler 4 Ton/Hr Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited 2.4 Project Schedule for Approval and Implementation

The plant activities will be completed in a period of one year from the date of receipt of all the approvals from statutory authorities.

2.5 Process Description

2.5.1 Manufacturing Process description and Material Balance

2.5.1.1 Alpha Blue Blue crude is grinded in ball or swing mill and dissolved under cooling with sulphuric acid in a glass vessel. The dissolved material is dumped into cold water in FRP drowning vessel where the particle pigment is separated. The material is then filtered and washed and transferred to treatment vessel where the wet cake is treated with distilled water. Additives are added according to the desired product quality. pH raised to 9 on addition of caustic and the material is heated to certain temperature and filtered through PP Filter Press. The filter press is washed with plenty of water till pH of filtrate is neutral. The wet cake is dried in spin flash dryer and the material is collected in jumbo bags and dispatched to sale. The manufacturing process flow chart is given in Figure 2.5.

21 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Oleic Acid

Sulphuric Acid

Sulphuric Acid Ball Milling and Acid Swelling

Water Drowning Reactor

Water Filtration

Lye Dil. Sulphuric acid (25%) Neutralization Additive Acidic water to ETP

Filtration (Filter Press) Water Alkali Water to ETP

Drying SFD Evaporation Loss

Blending and Packing

Water Water Alpha Blue Pigment

Figure 2.5 Flow chart of process for Alpha Blue pigment

22 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2. 6 Material Balance of Alpha Blue Pigment 2.5.1.2 Beta Blue

Dried Blue Crude is charged to Blender and homogenized for 2 hours. Required quantities of Sulphuric acid is added to the blender and blended for about 2 – 3 hours and then the powder is removed and milled in swing or ball

23 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION mill for at least 2 hours. After milling the powder is sent to acid leaching tank (MS/BL). Sulphuric acid is added so as to make concentration equal to 21% by adding fresh water. The contents are heated to required temperature and maintained for 2 hours. The filter is washed and neutral pH and cake is removed. The cake is treated with water and dispersed by agitation. The slurry rotated through Gyrator for 2 hours to break agglomerate formed during the process. Caustic Lye (48%) is added emulsified and heated till the reflux starts and the reflux of solvent is continued for 5 hours and then the solvent is recovered. The solvent is recovered in a separate tank at the end of the recovery inject live steam into the vessel to recover maximum quantity of solvent. Material is Filtered under hot condition and washed to neutral pH. The wet cake is dumped in re-slurry vessel and pH adjusted in between 6.5 to 7.5 by 98% Sulphuric acid. The material is filtered and the pH of wet cake is brought to neutral. Final wash with DM water to the wet cake is given till the conductivity of filtrate is found less than 100micro ohms/ Cm. The material is dried in SFD and collected in the HDPE/ Jumbo bags. If necessary, the material is blended and packed in PP bags or Jumbo bags depending upon the requirement of the plant.

24 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

CPC Crude Blue, Sulphuric Blender acid

Milling

Water, Sulphuric acid Acid Leaching

Wash Water Filtration - I Effluent

Water, IBA, Caustic lye, Treatment Vessel Solvent recovery Emulsifier, Steam Condensate water Solvent Loss Water Filtration - II Effluent

Sulphuric acid Re - Slurry

Wash water Filtration - III Effluent

Spin Flash Dryer Evaporation Loss

Beta Blue Pigment Figure 2.7 Flow of process for Beta Blue pigment

25 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Input Qty Ball Mill CPC 1010

Output Qty Input Qty Pigmentation Vessel Reflux Solvent 2950 Solvent 3000 Rec. Water 5000

Input Qty Dumping Vessel Surfactant 25 Additive Output Qty Effluent 3785 Input Qty Filter Press Recycled 6000 CPC 10000 Alpha Scrubber to 4100 CPC Blue Plant SF Evaporation Loss 1200

Product 1000 Total 19035 Total 19035

Figure 2. 8 Material Balance of Beta Blue Pigment

2.5.1.3 CPC Crude Blue

Phthalic anhydride and ammonium carbonate solution are mixed in the S.S. reactor and heated up slowly. Carbon dioxide gas is liberated and water vapors recycled in scrubber and reaction mass is sent to the glass line reactor. TG urea and solvent (ONT/DCT/Hysol-P) are added

26 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

and mixed in the vessel equipped with heating arrangement and stirred. Cuprous chloride and catalyst-ammonium molybdate are added.

The mixture is slowly heated up for 20 hours at 180°C temperatures. Ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas are liberated with the formation of Phthalamide at 135 0C temperature. Formation of copper phthalocyanine takes place at a temperature of 185°C with release of ammonia gas. The ammonia gas and carbon dioxide are scrubbed through scrubber under water circulation. The reaction mass is stirred till formation of copper Phthalocyanine is completed. The reaction mass is then transferred to rotary vacuum drier and solvent is recovered completely under vacuum from rotary drier. The dried powder of copper phthalocyanine is then purified in MSRL brick lined vessel by treating it with spent sulphuric acid generated during manufacture of pigment Alpha Blue. The resulting mixture is filtered in filter press and wet cake is washed 2 or 3 times with water till the soluble salts are removed. Filtrate is transferred to ETP for treatment, while the wet press cake of CPC Blue is dried in spin flash dryer and packed into HDPE bags.

27 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Cuprous Chloride

Copper Salt Water Phthalic Anhydride 1214.04 Kg Molybdate salts Glass Vessel Urea Recovered Solvent Scrubber

Ammonium Molybdate

CO2 Weak Ammonical Soln. & solvent Solvent

Steam Rotary Vacuum Dryer Recovered Solvent 20912.3 Kg Water Acid Treatment Sulphuric acid

Wash water Filtration Effluent

Spin Flash Dryer Evaporation loss

CPC Crude Blue

Figure 2.9 Flow of process for CPC Crude Blue

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Figure 2. 10 Material Balance of CPC Blue

29 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.5.1.4 Blue Additives- Manufacturing Process

CPC blue, Phthalamide, Paraformaldehyde and sulphuric acid were made to react in the reaction vessel. Then it is drowned by the drowning vessel and filtered to obtain the 30% sulphuric acid as Mother Liquor solution. It is then washed by recycled water effluent from this process is used as wash water in CPC Plant. The wet cake is collected and stored.

Copper Phthalocyanine Blue Phthalamide Reactor Product Para Formaldehyde Sulphuric acid (98%)

Water Drowning Vessel

Filtration Mother Liquor (Sulphuric acid - 30 %)

Washing Water Washing Wash water used in CPC Plant Reuse water

Wet Cake

Blue Additive Wet cake for packing

Figure 2. 11 Flow chart of manufacturing process of Blue additives

30 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2. 12 Material Balance for Blue Additives

31 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.6 Sources of Pollution and their Control

The various types of pollution from different units of the proposed plant are described below: • Air Pollution • Noise Pollution • Water Pollution • Solid and Hazardous waste

2.6.1 Air Pollution The major air pollution sources from the industry are DG set and boiler apart from the process sections. These sources are provided with stacks of adequate height as per the regulatory requirements, so as to disperse the emanating flue gases containing SPM, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen without affecting the ground level concentrations.

2.6.1.1Emissions from Burning of Fuel • The fuel used in D.G. Set will be low sulphur fuel, and is provided with stack of adequate height as per CPCB guidelines. • The fuel used in boiler will be briquette and hence the only concern of pollutant is the particulates, and moreover boiler operates at 600°C thus

limiting the NOx generation. Even SO2 will be negligible. • The flue gas from boiler is provided with bag filter to mitigate the emissions to comply with regulatory norms. 2.6.1.2 Process Emission These sources of emissions are from the process. They are vapors/dust that occurs at transfer points, loading and unloading areas. The solvent storage areas are also provided with wet scrubber.

32 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Table 2.9 Stack details and their sources Sources of Boiler (IBR) Thermic Hot Air Stack gaseous (4TPH) Fluid Generator attached with emissions Heater (2 with Spin Reactors (1 Nos) Flash Dryer (2 common Nos) (2 stack) stack) Position on S-type plot S-type plot S-type plot S-type plot Plot Fuel used Wood/Coal/White Diesel Diesel -- Coal Quantity of 30 Ton/day 400 lit/Day 400 lit /Day -- fuel Stack height 22 15 15 16 (m) (for each) (for each) Stack 350 250 350 250 diameter at the top (mm) Stack gas exit 150 150 40 40 temperature (°C) Stack gas exit 7 m/s 7 m/s 6 m/s 6.5 m/s velocity (m/s) Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

Table 2. 10 Proposed Flue Gas Emission

S.No Stack Stack Type of Fuel Type of Air Pollution Attached Height Fuel consumption emission& Control to (m) Limit Measures 1 Steam 22 Wood/ 30 MT/day SPM-150 APH, Boiler Coal/ Bio mg/Nm3 Cyclone (4 TPH) briquettes SO2 – 100 Separator, (1 No.) ppm Water NOx – 50 scrubber ppm followed by adequate stack height

33 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2 D.G.Set 11 Diesel 100 Litre/hr SPM-150 Adequate (500KVA) mg/Nm3 stack height (1 No.) SO2 – 100 ppm NOx – 50 ppm 3 Thermic 15 LDO/Diesel 400 lit/day SPM-150 Adequate Fluid X 2 No. mg/Nm3 stack Height Heater (20 SO2 – 100 Lac Kcal) ppm NOx – 50 ppm

Table 2. 11 Details of Proposed Process Emission

S.No Stack Stack Air Pollution Parameter& Limit attached to Height Control (m) System 1 Reactor Vessel 30 m Two stage NH3- 175 mg/Nm3 CPC Water scrubber & Acid scrubber 2 Spin Flash 30 m Bag Filter PM – 150 mg/Nm3 Dryer

Table 2. 12 Details of Scrubber System

S.No Name of Units Capacity of scrubbing Quantity MOC media tank 1 Water Scrubber 30 KL 2 MS 2 Acid Scrubber 10 KL 1 HDPE

Table 2. 13 Details of Scrubbing Agents

S. Name of Quantity Name of Quantity Name of Quantity No Air of Air Scrubbin Of Scrubbed of Scrubbed Pollutant Pollutant Ton/ g Scrubbin Product Product Ton/ Ton Ton of Agent g Agent of finished In KL finished 1. Ammonia 0.253d t Water 2 Ammoniu 2.580 & 0.327 m CO2 carbonate

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.6.2 Noise Pollution Noise in general is sound, which is composed of many frequency components of various types of loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in the single number the response of an average human being to the complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the A weighted network dB(A). The scale has been designed to weigh and filter various frequencies of noise according to the response of a human ear.

2.6.2.1 Sources of Noise Pollution The source of noise pollution from the proposed plant is due to some fixed installations. The details of proposed noise generating sources are presented in Table 2.14. Table 2.14 Noise Level from Premises

S.N Location Noise levels 1. ETP/ Waste/Wastewater Pumps & Compressor (dB)db(85 ) 2. Raw Water Pump House 85 3. Spray Dryer 80 4. Blowers of Boiler 85 5. DG Sets 75 6. FD and ID Fan 80

2.6.3 Water Pollution The water demand is met from SIPCOT water supply. The requirement of water for the unit is for domestic, industrial purposes etc. The quantity of wastewater generation in the industry depends on the manpower, process, housekeeping, heat control management in machineries. The water balance of the plant is presented in Figure 2.4.

2.6.3.1 Waste water from Domestic Purposes The total volume of sewage generation will be about 8.5 KLD which will be sent to Septic tank followed by Soak pit.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.6.3.2 Waste water from Process All the products require water during the process. The details of effluent generation from plant are presented in Table 2.15. Table 2.15 Details of Wastewater Generation S.N Source Quantity (KLD) Treatment Method 1. Domestic Purposes 8.5 KLD Septic tank with soak pit 2. Industrial Purposes 438.4 KLD Effluent Treatment Plant 3. Boiler Blow down 10 KLD Total 457 KLD Source: ABC Techno Labs India Pvt Ltd Reuse of Water • Treated Effluent used for lime preparation and alum and polyelectrolyte preparation. • Treated Effluent used for vessel washings, filter press, floor wash and other cleaning purpose.

2.6.3.2.1 Trade Effluent generation, treatment & disposal The trade effluents are generated from process, washing and cleaning of vessels/equipment, boiler blow down, cooling tower bleed off, pre-treatment regeneration & rejects and scrubbed water from Scrubbers. The industrial effluent thus generated is proposed to be treated in the proposed ETP. The characteristics of the Effluent and components of ETP is given below in Table 2.16 and Table 2.17 respectively.

Table 2.16 Characteristics of Raw and Treated Effluent S.No Parameters Untreated Treated 1. pH 6-8

2. BOD3 at 27oC in mg/L 2500-3000 <100 3. COD in mg/L 6000-8000 <250 4. TSS in mg/L 200-250 <100 5. TDS in mg/L 5000-7000 -- 6. Ammonical nitrogen in ppm 1200-1500 <50 7. Oil and Grease 25 <20

36 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

All units in mg/L except pH Table 2.17 Components of ETP Size of the unit in Capacit S. N. Name of the Equipment Qty m y 1 Acid–proof brick lined Mother 7.25 x 2.5 x 3 55 m3 1 liquor collection tank 2 Neutralization Tank 3 D x 5 H x 2.5 35 m3 5 3 Plate and Frame type Filter Press 48” x 48” x 65 48” 2 for sludge Plates 4 Plate and Frame type Filter Press 36” x 36” x 49” 36” 1 for colour removal Plates 5 Plate and Frame type Filter Press 36” x 36” x 49 36” 2 for sludge Plates 6 Aerator System 11m x 11 mx 5m 600 m3 1 7 Clarifier 9 mx 7 mx 5 m 446 m3 1 8 Filtrate collation Tank 4 m x 5m 60 m3 1 9 Treated Effluent Collection Sump 3 D x 5 H x 2.5 35 m3 1 10 Sand Filter 2 D x 2 H x 1.5 18 m3 1 11 Carbon Filter 2 D x 2 H x 1.5 18 m3 1 12 Treated Effluent Storage Tank 4 mx 5 mx 6 m 75 m3 3 13 Treated Effluent Storage Tank for 4 mx 5 mx 6 m 75 m3 3 reuse Source: Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

37 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Figure 2.13 Effluent Treatment plant 2.6.4 Solid and Hazardous waste Generation, Utilization and Disposal the major solid waste generated from the proposed operation will only be process waste and ETP sludge. The details of quantity are as follows. The quantities of solid waste generation are presented in Table 2.18. M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited is a member of Industrial Waste Management Association whose membership is given in Annexure V.

2.6.4.1 Solid waste The details of the solid waste generation and its management is given in Table 2.18.

38 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Table 2. 18 Details of Solid waste Generation and its management

S.No Nature of Solid Quantity Mode of Disposal Waste Existing Proposed Municipal Solid 1 4 kg/day 50 kg/day Municipal Disposal. Waste Collection, Storage, 1 10 2 Fly ash Transportation, Sold to MT/Month MT/month Cement manufacturer

2.6.4.2 Hazardous waste The hazardous waste expected to be generated for the existing and future production is detailed below in Table 2.19. The industry is facilitated with Hazardous Chemical Storage Facility and Hazardous Waste Authorization has been granted by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board which is enclosed as Annexure-VI. The storage details of the chemicals are as given in Table 2.20.

Table 2. 19 Details on Hazardous Waste Generation

Sr. Type Cate Existing Propose Total Quantity Area Method of No. of gory Quantity d Quantit Stored Kept Treatment Waste quantity y at a time for &Disposal in storag premises e 1. ETP 34.3 150 4900 5050 200 1250 Collection, sludge/ MT/Year MT / MT/ MT sq.mt. Storage, Gypsum Year Year Transportation sludge , Disposal at by Cement factory or authorized by the TNPCB solid waste

39 MAY 2018 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2. Used 5.1 0.01 MT/ 0.5 0.51 200 KG 25 disposal site oil Year MT/ MT/ sq.mt. Year Year

3. Discar 33.3 1200 6000 7200 1000 25 ded Nos./Year Nos./ Nos. Nos. sq.mt. contain Month /Mo ers nth

Table 2. 20 Hazardous Chemical Storage Facility

S.No Chemical Mode of Storage Storage Facility 1 Sulphuric acid (98%) MS Tank Above GL 2 Spent Acid (20 to 25%) MSRL/FRV Above GL 3 Xylene/ MEK/IBA SS Claded Above GL 4 HCl HDPE Above GL 5 Caustic Lye MS Tank Above GL 6 Solvent-ONT/Nitro MS Tank Above GL Benzene/DCT/HISOLB 7 Oleum 23% MS Tank Above GL

40 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

Baseline Environmental Studies have been conducted within the project site to determine the existing status of various Environmental attributes viz., Climatic and Atmospheric conditions, Air, Water, Noise, Soil, Hydro geological, Land use pattern, Ecological and Socio- Economical environment, prior to setting up of the proposed project. This study would help to undertake corrective mitigation measures for protection of the environment on account of any change deviation of attributes due to activities of the proposed project.

3.2 Scope of Baseline Study

An area around the project site is considered as the study area for the purpose of the baseline studies. Primary data on Water, Air, Land, Flora, Fauna & Socio-Economic data were collected by a team of Engineers and Scientists. Secondary data was collected from various Departments of State/Central Government Organizations, Semi-Government and Public Sector Organizations. Table 3.1 gives various environmental attributes considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table 3.2 gives the frequency and monitoring methodology for various environmental attributes.

Table 3.1 Various Environmental Attributes

S. No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data 1 Land Use Trend of land use change Topo sheet for different categories 2 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Water samples are Biological parameters collected at six locations during this study period 3 Ambient Air RSPM, SPM, SO2 and Ambient air quality Quality NOx monitoring at six locations 4 Noise levels Noise levels in dB(A) Noise level monitoring at six locations

41 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 5 Ecology Existing terrestrial flora Secondary sources and and fauna within the 10 Field survey km radius of project influence area 6 Geology Geological history Secondary sources 7 Soil Soil types and samples Data collected from analyzed for physical and secondary sources and chemical parameters. soil sample analysis at five locations 8 Socio economic Socio-economic Based on field survey Aspects characteristics of the and data collected from affected area secondary sources

Table 3.2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology

Sampling Measurement Attributes Remarks Network Frequency Method A. Air Environment Particulate Matter Gravimetric (High- (PM10) Volume with Cyclone) Particulate Matter Gravimetric (High- (PM 2.5) Volume with Cyclone)

Oxides of Sulphur 24 hourly- EPA Modified West As per (SO2) Requisite Twice a & Gaeke method CPCB locations in week for 3 NOx Arsenite Modified, standards the project months in Jacob under influence Non- &Hochheiser November area monsoon 18th 2009 Benzene season IS 5182 Pt:11 Notification 2006 for NAAQS Benzo (a) Pyrene IS 5182 Pt:11 (BaP) 2006 Arsenic IS 5182 Pt:22 2004 Lead IS 5182 Pt:22 2004

42 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT Nickel IS 5182 Pt:22 2004 Carbon Monoxide Gas Analyser (NDIR) Ammonia Indophenols Blue method B. Noise Hourly equivalent Requisite Once Instrument : Noise IS: 4954 noise levels locations in level meter 1968 the project influence area C. Water Parameters for Set of grab Once Samples for water water quality: pH, samples At quality collected temp, turbidity, requisite and Total hardness, locations for analyzed as per IS total alkalinity, ground and : 2488 (Part 1-5) chloride, sulphate, surface methods for nitrate, fluoride, water sampling and sodium, potassium, testing of Electrical Industrial Conductivity, effluents Standard Ammonical methods for nitrogen, Nitrate- examination of Nitrogen total water and phosphorus, BOD, wastewater COD, Calcium, analysis published Magnesium, Total by American Dissolved Solids, Public Health Total Suspended Association. Solids D. Land Environment Parameter for soil Requisite Once Collected and quality: pH, texture, soil samples analyzed as per electrical be collected soil analysis conductivity, as per BIS reference book, M. organic matter, specification L. Jackson nitrogen, within phosphate, sodium, project calcium, potassium influence and Magnesium. area

43 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT Google map showing showing the project location and surrounding features is given in Figure 3.1.Topo map showing 5 & 10Km radius showing the project location and nearest habitats are given in Figure3.2.

Figure 3. 1 Satellite Imagery of the Project site

44 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 2 Topography Map of the Project Site

45 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.3 Land Use and Land Cover Total geographical area of Cuddalore district is 3645 Sq.Km. Builtup area, Urban is 74.93 Sq.Km. and Builtup area, Rural 200.38 Sq.Km . Details of district land use/land cover statistics for Cuddalore district is given in Table 3.3 and Land use pattern in the PIA of district Figure 3.3. Land Use Map of Cuddalore district is given in Figure 3.4 Table 3. 3 District land use/land cover statistics for Cuddalore District

S.No Division of Land Use/Land Area Area in Area in Total Cover in acres Ha area sq.km % 1 Built-up, Urban 74.93 18515.58 7493 2.06 2 Built-up, Mining 71.18 17588.93 7118 1.95 3 Agriculture, Plantation 568.09 140377.88 56809 15.59 4 Forest, Evergreen/ Semi evergreen 0.42 103.78 42 0.01 5 Forest, Forest Plantation 52.13 12881.58 5213 1.43 6 Forest, Swamp/ Mangroves 8.48 2095.45 848 0.23 7 Barren/uncultivable/ Wastelands, 33.5 8278.02 3350 0.92 Scrub land 8 Barren/uncultivable/ Wastelands, 0.05 12.36 5 0 Barren rocky 9 Wetlands/Water Bodies, 39.46 9750.76 3946 1.08 Reservoir/Lakes/Ponds 10 Wetlands/Water Bodies, 152.92 37787.30 15292 4.2 Reservoir/Lakes/Ponds 11 Built-up, Rural 200.38 49514.90 20038 5.5 12 Agriculture, Crop land 2099.6 518829.07 209963 57.6 13 Agriculture, Fallow 159.87 39504.68 15987 4.39 14 Forest, Deciduous 11.23 2774.99 1123 0.31 15 Forest, Scrub Forest 10.74 2653.91 1074 0.29 16 Barren/uncultivable/ Wastelands, 25.71 6353.07 2571 0.71 Salt Affected land 17 Barren/uncultivable/ Wastelands, 1.42 350.89 142 0.04 Sandy area 18 Wetlands/Water Bodies, Inland 9.02 2228.89 902 0.25 Wetland 19 Wetlands/Water Bodies, 125.84 31095.69 12584 3.45 River/Stream/canals Total 3645 900698.73 364500 100

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 3 Land Use Pattern in PIA District

Figure 3. 4 Land Use map of Cuddalore District

47 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1 Land Use Pattern in the Study Area

Total Project Study Area: 331 sq.km. Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 km radius of the study area is given in Table 3.4 and Land Use pattern of the study area given in Figure 3.5 LULC map of the study area is given in Figure 3.6.

Table 3. 4 Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 Km radius of the Study Area

S.No Land Use Area in Area in Area in Area in sq.km acres ha % 1 Plantation 67.290 16627.70 6729.00 20.318 2 CropLand 47.420 11717.72 4742.00 14.318 3 Fallow Land 35.430 8754.93 3543.00 10.698 4 Coastal Wetland 5.760 1423.32 576.00 1.739 5 Rural 12.650 3125.88 1265.00 3.820 6 Urban 11.740 2901.01 1174.00 3.545 7 River/Streeam/Canal 10.370 2562.48 1037.00 3.131 8 Sandy area 4.300 1062.55 430.00 1.298 9 Scrub Land 4.390 1084.79 439.00 1.326 10 Reservoir/Lakes/Pond 4.680 1156.45 468.00 1.413 11 Salt affected Land 0.820 202.63 82.00 0.248 12 Deciduous 0.770 190.27 77.00 0.233 13 Inland Wetland 0.290 71.66 29.00 0.088 14 Ocean 125.270 30954.84 12527.00 37.825 Total 331.18 81836.23 33118.00 100.00

Figure 3. 5 Land Use Pattern of the Study area

48 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 6 Land use Land Cover map of 10km radius.

49 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.4 TEMPERATURE High relative humidity was experienced from October to March with highest value of 85% observed in the month of November and December whereas the minimum humidity in the region experienced from April to September. The onset of summer is from March, with the temperature reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The highest temperature of 43.3°C was observed in the month of May whereas the lowest temperature of 17.7°C was observed in the month of January. The site specific micro meteorological data for the monitored month of June 2017 to August 2017 is given in Table 3.5, 3.6 & 3.7. Table 3. 5 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of June 2017

Wind Maximum Minimum Relative Date Speed Temp (°C) Temp (°C) Humidity (%) (km/hr) 01/06/2017 38 27 63 2 02/06/2017 38 28 64 2 03/06/2017 40 27 54 0 04/06/2017 40 27 56 2 05/06/2017 40 28 56 3 06/06/2017 40 26 64 3 07/06/2017 35 24 73 2 08/06/2017 36 27 55 2 09/06/2017 37 28 57 1 10/06/2017 38 27 52 2 11/06/2017 38 28 52 5 12/06/2017 38 27 58 2 13/06/2017 37 27 63 3 14/06/2017 37 25 72 2 15/06/2017 37 25 71 3 16/06/2017 36 27 79 3 17/06/2017 35 25 73 3 18/06/2017 37 27 70 4 19/06/2017 38 27 73 3 20/06/2017 32 24 84 1 21/06/2017 36 23 79 1 22/06/2017 37 26 66 3 23/06/2017 38 27 66 3 24/06/2017 36 26 62 2 25/06/2017 36 27 54 3 26/06/2017 37 27 49 5 27/06/2017 38 27 49 7

50 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 28/06/2017 38 27 51 4 29/06/2017 39 28 58 1 30/06/2017 39 27 58 1

Table 3. 6 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of July 2017

Wind Maximum Minimum Relative Date Speed Temp (°C) Temp (°C) Humidity (%) (km/hr) 01/07/2017 39 27 54 3 02/07/2017 38 27 58 4 03/07/2017 38 26 56 4 04/07/2017 39 25 66 2 05/07/2017 39 25 66 3 06/07/2017 38 25 68 3 07/07/2017 35 25 74 1 08/07/2017 33 26 70 2 09/07/2017 35 26 66 3 10/07/2017 38 26 64 3 11/07/2017 39 25 69 3 12/07/2017 30 24 85 2 13/07/2017 36 24 78 1 14/07/2017 30 26 72 0 15/07/2017 36 26 62 2 16/07/2017 34 26 62 2 17/07/2017 35 26 52 4 18/07/2017 36 27 51 3 19/07/2017 37 27 58 4 20/07/2017 39 26 61 6 21/07/2017 40 25 58 4 22/07/2017 37 27 57 3 23/07/2017 37 27 61 4 24/07/2017 37 27 58 2 25/07/2017 38 26 61 2 26/07/2017 37 28 64 3 27/07/2017 39 27 59 3 28/07/2017 39 25 70 2 29/07/2017 35 22 79 1 30/07/2017 33 22 82 3 31/07/2017 35 25 73 3

51 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT Table 3. 7 Site Specific Meteorological data for the month of August 2017

Maximum Minimum Relative Wind Date Temp. Temp. Humidity Speed 01/08/2017 37 24 71 3 02/08/2017 35 23 77 3 03/08/2017 37 23 69 2 04/08/2017 35 25 69 3 05/08/2017 34 26 70 1 06/08/2017 37 26 64 2 07/08/2017 36 27 64 1 08/08/2017 37 27 61 4 09/08/2017 33 23 82 2 10/08/2017 32 24 80 1 11/08/2017 34 23 84 2 12/08/2017 34 24 82 1 13/08/2017 32 23 65 2 14/08/2017 32 26 78 1 15/08/2017 33 24 73 1 16/08/2017 34 24 78 1 17/08/2017 33 25 73 3 18/08/2017 33 25 74 4 19/08/2017 33 24 82 2 20/08/2017 33 23 82 2 21/08/2017 33 24 77 1 22/08/2017 33 26 79 1 23/08/2017 35 24 74 1 24/08/2017 31 26 72 2 25/08/2017 30 23 88 1 26/08/2017 35 25 73 2 27/08/2017 32 24 78 2 28/08/2017 33 26 68 1 29/08/2017 33 26 69 2 30/08/2017 35 26 65 1 31/08/2017 33 24 78 1

3.5 WIND PATTERN AT THE PROJECT SITE

Climatologically data were collected from the nearest Cuddalore IMD station to understand the wind pattern of the area. Predominant wind direction and wind speed data, based on observation at nearest Cuddalore IMD station and the wind roses were shown in Figure 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 for the months of June, July and August 2017.

52 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 7 Wind rose for the Month of June 2017

Figure 3. 8 Wind rose for the Month of July 2017

53 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 9 Wind rose for the month of August 2017 3.6 RAINFALL The southwest monsoon in the region lasts till September whereas October to December months constitutes northeast monsoon season. The average annual rainfall of Cuddalore was reported to be in the order of 1281 mm. The heaviest rainfall for 24 hours was reported in the month of December being the wettest month. The driest months were reported from January to May. 4

3.7 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY a) Seismicity Indian Standards (IS-1893- Part (I)) Cuddalore as least active earthquake prone region and categorized as Seismic Zone III. b) Cyclone Cuddalore district is a cyclone prone area. The major cyclones that hit Cuddalore are Thane, Neelam and Vardah.

54 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.8 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SITE

Cuddalore for the most part is a flat plain, sloping gently from north to south and from west to east, towards the sea. As the topography is plain it will not lead to disaster by accumulation of air pollutants. The topo map of the project location is given in Figure 3.2.

3.9 EXISTING LAND USE OF THE SITE

The proposed activity will be carried out at S.F No 62/1 pt and 62/2, Plot No. A-6/3, Pachayakuppam Village, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Cuddalore Taluk and District, Tamil Nadu. The land use classification of the project site is Industrial use. The entire land area of 0.5 hectares belongs to the company and land ownership documents are enclosed as Annexure-II.

3.10 HYDROGEOLOGY

The tertiary aquifer comprising Cuddalore Sandstone is the most productive aquifer and occurs in the depth range of 100 to 457 m. The yield of the wells varies from 20 to 65 lps and can sustain a pumping of 10 – 14 hrs a day. It is mainly used for irrigation purposes. The quaternary formations in the district consist of sediments of fluvial fluvio-marine and marine facies. It includes various types of soil, fine to coarse-grained sands, silts, clays laterite and lateritic gravels. Laterite and lateritic gravels occur in major part of the district covering the Cuddalore sandstones. The Laterites are generally ferruginous and sometimes extensive in occurrence as near and Maduraipakkam, Laterites are dark brown. The hydrogeology map of the project site is given in Figure 3.10.

55 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Figure 3. 10 Hydrogeology map of Cuddalore District

56 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 3.11 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The prime objective of baseline monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of ambient air quality during the construction and operation of the proposed project. This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The results of ambient air monitoring carried out in the 6 locations of the study area. The results of ambient air monitoring carried out during the study during the month of June, July and August of 2017. The methodology adopted for Air quality survey is given below. a) Selection of Sampling Locations The baseline status of the air quality in the study area has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance has been based on the following considerations;

• Meteorological conditions • Topography of the study area • Locations where air quality is likely to be impacted as a result of localized activities or disturbances & site specific conditions.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at Six locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. The locations of the selected stations are given in Table 3.8 and shown in Figure 3.11. Table 3. 8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

Code Location Co-ordinates of Distance Direction location w.r.t. from the Project Site Project Site AAQ1 Project Site N-11°41'38.61" - - E-79°45'31.99" AAQ2 Sothikuppam N-11º41’17.02” 1.65 ESE E-79º46’21.48” AAQ3 Cuddalore Old N-11º42’43.95” 2.39 ENE Town E-79º46’15.76”

57 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT AAQ4 Kudikadu N-11º41’05.24” 1.07 SSW E-79º45’22.10” AAQ5 Pachayankuppam N-11º41’53.03” 0.68 NW E-79º45’15.14” AAQ6 Kannarapettai N-11º41’41.84” 1.88 W E-79º44’30.27” AAQ7 Sandrorpalayam N-11º42’45.73” 2.05 NW E-79º45’28.50” AAQ8 Periakaraikadu N-11º40’14.98” 3.14 SSW E-79º44’30.07” AAQ9 Reddiyarpalayam N-11º38’15.77” 6.16 S E-79º45’40.14”

Figure 3. 11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

58 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT b) Instruments for Sampling Respirable Dust Samplers were used for monitoring Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. c) Sampling and Analytical Techniques The air inlet has a circular symmetry so that air entry is unaffected by wind direction and is designed to keep out rain, insects and very large particles. The inlet section immediately leads to an impact or stage designed to trap particles with an aerodynamic diameter larger than 10 microns. Thus the air stream in the down tube consists of only medium and fine particulates. The streamlined air flow of the down tube is accelerated through the nozzle of the well-shaped impact or designed to trap medium size particulates with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns. To avoid sampling errors due to the tendency of small particles to bounce off the impaction surface a 37mm diameter GF/A paper immersed in silicone oil is used as an impaction surface. The air stream leaving the WINS impact or consists of microns. These fine particles are collected on a special Teflon membrane filter of 47 mm diameter. Modified West and Gaeke method (IS – 5182 part – II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2 and Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser has been adopted for estimation of NOX. d) Calibration Calibration charts have been prepared for all gaseous pollutants. The calibration is carried out whenever new absorbing solutions are prepared and used. Table 3. 9 Techniques for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

S.No Parameter Technique Minimum Detectable Limit (μg / m3) 1 Particulate Respirable Dust Sampler 1.0 Matter (PM10) (Gravimetric method) 2 Particulate Respirable Dust Sampler 1.0 Matter(PM 2.5) (Gravimetric method) 3 Sulphur Dioxide West and Gaeke 5.0 4 Nitrogen Oxide Jacob &Hochheiser 5.0

59 MAY 2018

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 5 Ozone KI Absorption Method- 100 Methods of Air Sampling and analysis 3rd EDN-1998 Method- 411 6 Carbon Monoxide Electrochemical Sensor 2 7 Ammonia Indophenols blue method- Methods of Air Sampling and analysis 3rd EDN- 1998 Method-401 8 Lead IS 5182: Pt 22: 2004 1 9 Arsenic as As CPCB:NAAQMS/36/2012- 6 13 ABCTL/SOP/A10 10 Nickel as Ni CPCB:NAAQMS/36/2012- 20 13 ABCTL/SOP/A12 11 Benzene (C6H6) IS 5182: Pt 11: 2006 5 12 Benzo (a) Pyrene IS 5182: Pt 12: 1991 1

e) Presentation of Data Various statistical parameters like the average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for residential and Industrial zone.

Pollutant specific monitoring results indicating levels of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and

NOx with respect to applicable standards are presented in Table 3.10.

60 MAY 2018

DESCRPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Table 3. 10 Ambient Air Quality Results

PM10,µg/m3 PM 2.5,µg/m3 SO2,µg/m3 NOX,µg/m3 Code Location 98 98 98 98 Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Per Per Per Per AAQ1 Project Site 43.9 60.8 51.9 59.4 21.5 29.6 25.1 28.8 6.58 9.14 8.02 9.01 12.1 16.8 14.3 16.3

AAQ2 Sothikuppam 32.8 45.1 38.7 44.3 16.6 21.8 19.3 21.1 5.05 6.11 5.58 5.94 9.6 11.4 10.5 11.2 Cuddalore Old AAQ3 45.5 62.8 53.1 61.7 22.8 31.6 27.3 30.6 6.57 8.14 7.34 8.05 13.1 18.6 15.8 18.1 Town AAQ4 Kudikadu 41.8 56.4 47.2 55.7 21.4 28.3 24.6 27.9 6.82 8.97 7.93 8.78 11.5 14.1 12.6 13.7 Pachchayankuppa AAQ5 43.8 53.7 48.1 52.9 20.4 25.9 22.8 25.4 5.74 6.96 6.32 6.85 12.1 15.4 13.7 15 m AAQ6 Kannarapettai 37.1 45.8 41.7 45.1 17.5 20.4 19.1 19.9 5.01 5.71 5.42 5.66 7.9 12.4 10.3 12.1

AAQ7 Sandror Palayam 42.6 49.7 45.8 48.8 19.5 23.7 21.4 23.2 5.36 6.11 5.74 5.97 10.8 14.5 12.5 14.2

AAQ8 Periakaraikadu 39.4 44.1 41.9 43.6 18.2 22.1 20.3 21.9 5.11 5.54 5.32 5.49 8.9 11.2 10.1 11

AAQ9 Reddiyar Palayam 31.7 38.2 35.3 37.8 15.1 18.5 16.8 18.2 BDL(<5) 7.55 9.28 8.34 9.11 CPCB / MoEF Standards Industrial /Residential / Rural and Other Area 100 60 80 80

BDL- Below Detectable Limit

61 MAY 2018

DESCRPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Code Location Ammonia Ozone µg/m3 CO,mg/m3 Lead, µg/m3 µg/m3 Min Max Avg 98 Per AAQ1 Project Site BDL(<5) 10.5 13.6 12.1 13.3 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ2 Sothikuppam BDL(<5) 8.1 10.3 9.4 10.1 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ3 Cuddalore Old Town BDL(<5) 12.1 16.6 14.2 16.3 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ4 Kudikadu BDL(<5) 10.7 13.8 12.1 13.5 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ5 Pachchayankuppam BDL(<5) 11.1 13.1 12 12.8 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ6 Kannarapettai BDL(<5) BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ7 Sandror Palayam BDL(<5) 12.2 15.4 13.5 15.1 BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ8 Periakaraikadu BDL(<5) BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) AAQ9 Reddiyar Palayam BDL(<5) BDL(<5) BDL(<0.1) BDL(<0.1) CPCB / MoEF Standards Industrial /Residential / 400 100 2 1 Rural and Other Area Code Location Benzene, Benzo[a]pyrene Arsenic ng/m3 Nickel ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 AAQ1 Project Site BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ2 Sothikuppam BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ3 Cuddalore Old Town BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ4 Kudikadu BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ5 Pachchayankuppam BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ6 Kannarapettai BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ7 Sandror Palayam BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ8 Periakaraikadu BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) AAQ9 Reddiyar Palayam BDL (<0.1) BDL (<0.01) BDL (<1) BDL (<1) CPCB Standards Industrial/ Residential/ 5 1 6 20 Rural and Other Area

62 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT f) Observation

PM10: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM10 were recorded as 62.8 μg/m3 and 31.7 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Reddiyarpalayam (AAQ9). The average concentrations were ranged between 35.3 and 51.9 μg/m3.

PM2.5: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM2.5 were recorded as 31.6 μg/m3 and 15.1 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Reddiyarpalayam (AAQ9). The average concentrations were ranged between 16.8 and 17.3 μg/m3.

SO2: The maximum and minimum concentrations for SO2 were recorded as 9.14 μg/m3 and 5.01 μg/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at the project site (AAQ1) and the minimum concentration was recorded at Kannarapettai (AAQ6). The average concentrations were ranged between 5.32 and 8.02 μg/m3.

NOx: The maximum and minimum concentrations for NO2 were recorded as 18.6 μg/m3 and 7.9 μg/m3 at Cuddalore Old Town (AAQ3) and Kannarapettai(AAQ6) respectively. The average concentrations were ranged between 10.1 and 15.8 μg/m3.

CO: The carbon monoxide were below detectable limits in all the monitoring locations.

O3 : The concentration of Ozone in the region were observed between 8.1 - 16.6 μg/m3and are within the standards prescribed by CPCB.

Lead, Arsenic and Nickel: The concentrations of Lead, Arsenic and Nickel were belowthe detectable limits in all the locations during the study period.

Benzene and Benzo pyrene: The concentrations of Benzene and Benz(o) pyrene were below detectable limits.

63 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.12 NOISE ENVIRONMENT The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted scale which is measured as dB (A). The Environmental Impact Assessment of noise from the construction activity and vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. Noise survey was conducted at 7 locations in the near the project site to assess the background noise levels in different zones. The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated in the surrounding areas by the proposed plant. a) Identification of Sampling Locations A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. The noise monitoring has been conducted at seven locations in the study area. The environment setting of noise monitoring locations is given in below Table 3.11 and shown in Figure 3.12.

Table 3. 11 Noise Monitoring Locations

Location Location Co-ordinates Distanc Direction Code e N1 Project Site 11º41’38.61”N - - 79º45’31.99” E N2 Raasapettai 11º40’54.65”N 1.75 SE 79º46’09.77”E N3 Kudikadu 11º40’57.11”N 1.28 S 79º45’26.37”E N4 Chinnakaraikadu 11º41’07.86”N 1.75 WSW 79º44’43.11”E N5 Pachchayankuppam 11º41’47.15”N 0.67 WNW 79º45’11.85”E N6 Cuddalore Old Town 11º42’30.57”N 1.92 NNE 79º46’08.18”E

64 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

N7 Sandrorpalayam 11º42’38.38”N 1.88 N 79º45’22.69”E b) Instruments used for Monitoring Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. The sound level meter measures the Sound Pressure Level (SPL), the Maximum Sound Pressure Level (max) and the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) by switching on the corresponding function mode.

Figure 3.12: Noise Monitoring Locations

65 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

c) Method of Monitoring Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were taken at all locations, with an interval of 1 minute over a period of one hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night noise levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in the study area. Noise levels were recorded every one minute in the following manner. To obtain noise levels at 8 AM, noise readings, with setting at ‘A’ response – slow mode, were recorded continuously for 60 minutes. All the readings were obtained for 24 hours. These readings were later tabulated and the frequency distribution table was prepared.

Lday - Average noise levels between 6.00 hours to 22.00 hours.

Lnight - Average noise levels between 22.00 hours to 6.00 hours.

d) Presentation of Results The summary of computed ambient noise level parameters like Lday and Lnight, for all the sampling locations are presented in Table 3.12 and compared to the standards specified by CPCB mentioned below in Table 3.12 Graphical representation of the Noise levels is indicated in Figure 3.16.

Table 3. 12 Ambient Noise Standards dB(A)

Location Code Location L day L night Leq [db(A)] [db(A)] [db(A)] N1 Project Site 50.6 42.7 49.1 N2 Raasapettai 46.6 39.1 45.2 N3 Kudikadu 52.8 44.5 51.3 N4 Chinnakaraikadu 47.9 40.1 46.4 N5 Pachchayankuppam 51.3 43.4 49.8 N6 Cuddalore Old Town 53.9 44.8 52.3 N7 Sandrorpalayam 52.1 43.6 50.6

e) Observations Day Time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range of 46.6- 53.9 dB (A) during the day time. The maximum noise level was observed to be 53.9 dB (A) atCuddalore Old Town (N6) and minimum of 46.6 dB (A) was observed

66 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT at Raasapettai (N2). The monitored locations during the Day time are under prescribed limit.

Night Time Noise Levels Noise levels during night time were found to be in the range of 39.1- 44.8 dB (A) during the night time. The maximum noise level was observed to be 44.8 dB (A) at Cuddalore Old Town(N6) and minimum of 39.1dB (A) was observed at Raasapettai (N6). The monitored locations during the Night time are under prescribed limit.

3.13 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the study area, seven ground water sampling locations were selected. a) Selection of Sampling Locations

Some general criteria for selecting appropriate sampling sites will be summarized under the following points: • Always have a reference station up-stream of all possible discharge points. The usual purpose of a monitoring exercise is to determine the degree of man induced pollution, and the damage that is caused. The reference station serves to assess the situation with respect to background water quality and biological aspects. • Sampling stations should be located upstream and downstream of significant pollution outfalls. b) Water Sampling Locations Water samples were collected from 7 Ground Water sampling locations. These samples were collected as grab samples 53. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table 3.13 and shown in Figure 3.14.

67 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Table 3.13: Water Sampling Locations

Location Location Latitude & Direction Type of Water Code Longitude W1 Project Site N-11º41’38.61” - Ground Water E-79º45’31.99” W2 Cuddalore Old N-11º42’43.95” Ground Water NNE Town E-79º46’15.76” W3 N-11º41’07.86” Ground Water Chinnakaraikadu WSW E-79º44’43.11” W4 Kudikadu N-11º40’57.11” Ground Water S E-79º45’26.37” W5 Periakaraikadu N-11º40’14.98” Ground Water SW E-79º44’30.07” W6 Sandrorpalayam N-11º42’38.38” Ground Water N E-79º45’22.69” W7 Kannarapettai N-11º41’41.84” Ground Water W E-79º44’30.27” SW1 Uppanar River N-11º41’09.19” Surface Water SSE E-79º45’46.19”

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Figure 3. 13 -Water Sampling Location c) Presentation of Results The water sampling results water samples are given in Table 3.14 respectively. The analysis results are compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500– 1983 “Specification for drinking Water”.

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Table 3.14 Results for Water Analysis

S. Parameters Unit Test Method Limit as per W1 W2 W3 W4 N IS 10500 : o 2012 1 Colour APHA 22nd 5 1 1 1 3 Edition 2 Odour - APHA 22nd Unobjectiona No Odour No Odour No Odour No Odour Edition ble Observed Observed Observed Observed 3 pH at 25°C - IS : 3025 Part 11- 6.5-8.5 6.92 7.38 7.04 7.51 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 4 Electrical μS/c IS : 3025 Part 14- Not Specified 1312 1560 572 1052 Conductivity m 1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 10- 1 1.1 0.8 1.7 2.5 1984 (Reaff: 2002) 6 Total mg/l IS : 3025 Part 16- 500 730 866 332 610 Dissolved 1984 (Reaff: Solids 2003) 7 Total mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21- 200 300 480 260 300 Hardness as 1983 (Reaff: CaCO3 1998) 8 Total mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23- 200 112 370 180 290 Alkalinity as 1986(Reaff:2003) CaCO3 9 Chloride as mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32- 250 262 174 69 128 Cl 1988 (Reaff: 2003)

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10 Sulphate as mg/l APHA 22nd EDI- 200 86 162 25 38 SO4 4500- SO42- E 11 Fluoride as mg/l APHA 22nd EDI- 1.0 0.62 1.1 0.15 0.73 F 4500-F B&D 12 Nitrate as mg/l APHA 22nd EDI- 45 33 3.3 1 33 NO3 4500- NO3- B 13 Ammonia as mg/l APHA 22nd EDI- 0.5 0.10 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) 0.55 N 4500- NH3 B&C 14 Sodium as mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45- Not Specified 151 147 122 99 Na 1993 (Reaff:2003) 15 Potassium mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45- Not Specified 17 23 6 13.6 as K 1993 (Reaff:2003) 16 Calcium as mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40- 75 67 33 68 72 Ca 1991 (Reaff:2003) 17 Magnesium mg/l APHA 22nd 30 32 36 50 29.2 as Mg EDITION 18 Iron as Fe mg/l IS : 3025 Part 53- 1 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.56 2003 19 Manganese mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.1 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) as Mn 3500-Mn D 20 Phenolic mg/l APHA 22nd EDN 0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 compounds 5530 B,C,D ) ) ) ) as Phenol 21 Copper as mg/l IS:3025 Part 42 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Cu (Reaff:2003) 22 Mercury as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 Hg 3112B ) ) ) ) 23 Cadmium as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.003 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 BDL(<0.001 Cd 3113 B ) ) ) )

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24 Selenium as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) Se 3113B 25 Total mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) Arsenic as 3113 B As 26 Cyanide as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.05 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) CN 4500-CN E 27 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 3113 B 28 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 5 0.36 0.05 0.30 0.63 3111 B 29 Total mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Chromium 3113 B as Cr 30 Nickel mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.02 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) 3113 B 31 Aluminium mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - 0.03 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) as Al 3500-Al-B 2012

72 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

S. Parameters Unit Test Method Limit as per W5 W6 W7 No IS 10500 : 2012 1 Colour APHA 22nd Edition 5 Nil 2 1 2 Odour - APHA 22nd Edition Unobjectiona No Odour No Odour No Odour ble Observed Observed Observed 3 pH at 25°C - IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 6.5-8.5 6.96 7.31 7.35 (Reaff: 2002) 4 Electrical μS/c IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984 Not Specified 371 1210 398 Conductivity, m (Reaff: 2002) 5 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 1 0.7 1.6 0.8 2002) 6 Total Dissolved mg/l IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 (Reaff: 500 216 714 244 Solids 2003) 7 Total Hardness as mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21-1983 (Reaff: 200 80 396 110 CaCO3 1998) 8 Total Alkalinity as mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23- 200 42 248 56 CaCO3 1986(Reaff:2003) 9 Chloride as Cl mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 250 67 124 72 2003) 10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l APHA 22nd EDI-4500- 200 19 188 50 SO42- E 11 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 22nd EDI-4500-F B&D 1.0 BDL(<0.1) 0.81 0.27 12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 22nd EDI-4500- NO3- 45 25 1 1.0 B 13 Ammonia as N mg/l APHA 22nd EDI-4500- NH3 0.5 0.12 BDL(<0.05) 0.08 B&C

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14 Sodium as Na mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not Specified 35 106 37 (Reaff:2003) 15 Potassium as K mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 Not Specified 6.3 4.9 6.1 (Reaff:2003) 16 Calcium as Ca mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 75 19.2 74 28.1 (Reaff:2003) 17 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22nd EDITION 30 7.3 52 8.3 18 Iron as Fe mg/l IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 1 0.11 0.09 0.08 19 Manganese as Mn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3500-Mn D 0.1 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) 20 Phenolic mg/l APHA 22nd EDN 5530 B,C,D 0.001 BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001 compounds as ) Phenol 21 Copper as Cu mg/l IS:3025 Part 42 (Reaff:2003) 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) 22 Mercury as Hg mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3112B 0.001 BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001 ) 23 Cadmium as Cd mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.003 BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001) BDL(<0.001 ) 24 Selenium as Se mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 25 Total Arsenic as As mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 26 Cyanide as CN mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500-CN E 0.05 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) 27 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.01 BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) BDL(<0.01) 28 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 B 5 0.15 0.28 0.15 29 Total Chromium as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) Cr 30 Nickel mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 B 0.02 BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) BDL(<0.02) 31 Aluminium as Al mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3500-Al-B 0.03 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) 2012

74 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

S.No Parameters Unit Test method SW1 1 Colour Hazen APHA 22ND EDITION 1 2 Odour - APHA 22ND EDITION No Odour Observed 3 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 1.9 (Reaff: 2002) 4 pH at 25°C - IS : 3025 Part 11- 8.14 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 5 Electrical μS/cm IS : 3025 Part 14- 52800 Conductivity, 1984 (Reaff: 2002) 6 Total Dissolved mg/l IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 31600 Solids (Reaff: 2003) 7 Total Hardness mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21-1983 6200 as CaCO3 (Reaff: 1998) 8 Total Alkalinity mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23- 148 as CaCO3 1986(Reaff:2003) 9 Chloride as Cl mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 17900 (Reaff: 2003) 10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION - 2540 4500- SO42- E 11 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION - 1.78 4500-F B&D 12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION - 2.36 4500- NO3- B 13 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION - 0.14 4500- NH3 B&C

14 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 31-1988 0.05 (Reaff:2002) 15 Sodium as Na mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 10900 (Reaff:2003) 16 Potassium as K mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 392 (Reaff:2003) 17 Calcium as Ca mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 417 (Reaff:2003) 18 Magnesium as mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION 1253 Mg 19 Iron as Fe mg/l IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.14 20 Manganese as Mn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3500- BDL(<0.05) Mn D 21 Phenolic mg/l APHA 22nd EDN 5530 BDL(<0.001) compounds as B,C,D Phenol 22 Copper as Cu mg/l IS:3025 Part 42 BDL(<0.03) (Reaff:2003)

75 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

23 Mercury as Hg mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - BDL(<0.001) 3112B 24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 BDL(<0.001) B 25 Selenium as Se mg/l APHA 22nd EDN - BDL(<0.01) 3113B 26 Total Arsenic as mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 BDL(<0.01) As B 27 Cyanide as CN mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- BDL(<0.05) CN E 28 Lead as Pb mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 BDL(<0.01) B 29 Zinc as Zn mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3111 0.25 B 30 Total Chromium mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 BDL(<0.03) as Cr B 31 Nickel mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3113 BDL(<0.02) B 32 Aluminum as Al mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -3500- BDL(<0.03) Al-B 2012 33 Total Suspended mg/l IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 4 Solids (Reaff: 2002) 34 Anionic mg/l APHA 22ND EDITION BDL(<0.025) Surfactants as MBAS 35 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l IS:3025:Part-38:1989 6.9 as O2 (Reaff:2003) 36 Chemical Oxygen mg/l IS:3025:Part-58:2006 18 Demand 37 Bio-Chemical mg/l IS:3025:Part-44:1993 <2 Oxygen (Reaff:2003) Demandat 27°C for 3 days 38 Total Coliform MPN/100ml IS 1622 (1981) (Reaff – 7 2014) 39 E coli MPN/100ml IS 1622 (1981)(Reaff – <2 2014)

76 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

c) Observations Groundwater The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.92 to 7.51, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. The maximum pH of 7.51 was observed at Kudikadu (W4) and the minimum pH of 6.92 was observed at the project site (W1). Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 80 to 480 mg/l. The maximum hardness (480 mg/l) was recorded at Cuddalore Old Town (W2) and the minimum (80 mg/l) was recorded at Periakaraikadu (W5). Chlorides at all the locations were within the permissible limit, ranging in between 67 and 262 mg/l. Fluorides are ranging in between 0.15 to 1.1 mg/l and are found to be within the permissible limit. Nitrates were found to be in the range of from 1 mg/l to 33 mg/l. Bacteriological studies reveal that coliform bacteria is not present in the samples. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging in between 216 to 866 mg/l. Surface Water The analysis results indicate that the pH was 8.14, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be about 6200 mg/l. Chlorides at the location was within the permissible limit of 17900 mg/l. Fluorides were about 1.78 mg/l and are found to be within the permissible limit. Nitrates were found to be in the range of about 2.36 mg/l. Bacteriological studies reveal that coliform bacteria is not present in the samples. The heavy metal content is below detectable limits. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be within range of 31600 mg/l. 3.14 SOIL ENVIRONMENT

It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the current impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality and also predict impacts due to the proposed construction. Accordingly, a study of assessment of baseline soil quality was carried out.

77 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT a) Data Generation

For studying soil quality of the region, six sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical and chemical concentrations were determined. The samples were collected from these different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm and 100cm. The present study of the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the proposed plant. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives: • To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area. • To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics and • To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view. Six locations near the proposed Project site were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm, and 100cm below the surface. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The samples have been analyzed as per the established scientific methods for physico -chemical parameters. b) Soil Sampling Locations The details of the sampling locations selected for soil sampling are given in Table 3.15 and the map showing the same given below in Figure 3.15.

Table 3. 15: Soil Sampling Locations

Location Location Co-ordinates of Direction* Distance* Code the site S1 Project Site N-11º41’38.61” - - E-79º45’31.99” S2 Raasapettai N-11º40’54.65” SE 1.75 E-79º46’09.77” S3 N-11º40’57.11” Kudikadu S 1.28 E-79º45’26.37” S4 N-11º41’07.86” Chinnakaraikadu WSW 1.75 E-79º44’43.11”

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S5 N-11º41’47.15” Pachchyankuppam WNW 0.67 E-79º45’11.85” S6 Cuddalore Old N-11º42’30.57” NNE 1.92 Town E-79º46’08.18”

Figure 3.14: Soil Sampling Locations

c) Presentation of Results The results of the soil analysis are tabulated in Table 3.16 and Standard Soil Classification is given in Table 3.17.

Table 3.16: Soil Analysis Results

S.N Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 1 pH (1:5 Soil Suspension) 7.66 7.47 8.08 8.36 8.29 8.44 2 Bulk Density, g/cc 1.42 1.48 1.40 1.31 1.36 1.23 3 Electrical conductivity, 0.313 1.026 0.474 0.112 0.096 0.188 mS/cm(1:5 Soil Suspension) 4 Available Nitrogen, kg/ha 236 201 311 298 413 354

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5 Available Phosphorous, 45.1 78.6 53.4 36.6 42.8 61.7 kg/ha 6 Available Potassium, kg/ha 211 412 307 252 190 217 7 Exchangeable Calcium as 12.8 14.7 10.9 17.1 16.4 21.6 Ca, m.eq/100g 8 Exchangeable Magnesium as 8.14 12.8 7.14 6.25 4.74 7.38 Mg, m.eq/100g 9 Exchangeable Sodium as 1.57 3.17 2.14 0.96 0.63 1.14 Na, m.eq/100g 10 Organic matter (%) 0.77 0.58 1.05 1.41 0.94 1.71 11 Texture Classification Sandy Loamy Loam Sandy Sandy Sandy Loam Sand Clay Clay Clay Loam Loam 12 Sand (%) 66.8 82.4 52.4 51.4 54.1 47.1 13 Clay (%) 5.7 3.3 9.6 27.6 25.8 36.8 14 Silt (%) 27.5 14.3 38 21 20.1 16.1

Table 3. 17 Standard Soil Classification Chemical Ranking Parameters Very Low Low Moderate High Very High pH <4, very 4-5, 5-8, Ideal 8-9 >9 Very Strongly Strongly for Plant Strongly Strongly acidic Acidic Growth Basic Basic Electrical <2000, 2000- 4000-8000 8000- >16000 Conductivity Non saline 4000 Moderately 16000 Extremely (μS/cm) Saline Saline Highly Saline Saline Total Nitrogen <0.05 Very 0.05- 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.5 >0.5 Very (%) Low 0.15 Moderate High High Low Total <5 5-10 Low 10-30 30-60 >60 Very Phosphorous Very Low Moderate High High (mg/kg) Sodium(mg/kg) - <200 Non 200-500 >500 Sodic Moderate Sodic Potassium - <150 Low 150-250 250-800 >800 Very (mg/kg) Moderate High High Calcium - <1000 1000-2000 >2000 - (mg/kg) Low Moderate High Magnesium <40 Very 40-100 100-300 >300 - (mg/kg) Low Low Moderate High % Organic 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 >5 Very matter Very Low Low Moderate High High

80 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT d) Baseline Soil Status (Observation) It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly ‘loam’ and ‘Sandy Clay Loam’ in the study area. The common color of the soil is pale brown. It has been observed that the pH of the soil quality ranged from 7.47 - 8.66, indicating that the soil is ‘Neutral’ in nature. The bulk density of soil ranges in between 1.23 to 1.48. The Electrical Conductivity of the soil was observed to be in the range of 0.096 - 1.026 mS/cm, with the maximum (1.026) observed in the Raasapettai village (S2) and with the minimum (0.096) observed in the Pachayakuppam (S5). Nitrogen percentage ranged between 201–413 kg/ha. Maximum of 413 mg/kg of nitrogen was observed in Pachayakuppam (S5) and minimum of 201 kg/ha was observed at the Raasapettai (S2). Phosphorus in the soil range between 36.6-78.6 kg/ha. Maximum of 78.6 kg/ha was observed in Raasapettai (S2) and minimum of 36.6 kg/ha was observed at Chinnakaraikadu (S4). Potassium in the soil range in between 190 - 412 kg/ha. Maximum was observed at Raasapettai (S2) and minimum was observed at the Pachayakuppam (S5). 3.15 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.15.1Terrestrial Ecology

Introduction

An ecosystem is composed of plant and animal populations, and it differs from natural community designation in that it involves the total nutrient and energy economics of the system as well as the organisms involved. Ecosystems are self-maintained and self-contained. Natural ecosystems are invariably richer in species and more stable than those of artificially developed, due to their many inter-dependencies and inter- relationships.

The plant and animal populations in an area from recognizable associations called Natural communities. These are characterized by a few species called dominants. Natural communities have structure based on the life forms (e.g. grass) of the species that make them up. A hardwood forest has

81 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT a given structure by virtue of the trees and shrubs that compose it. The species composition refers to the kinds of species making up to the community. The variety of species and their relative numbers are referred to as species diversity. A community composed of few species is called simple or one of Low diversity. A community composed of many species is called complex or one of high diversity. The greater the biotic diversity, the greater the number and kind of habitats for the inhabitants of the community Based on the physical setting and the kind of distribution of flora and fauna, the study area can be classified into crop, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Ecosystem shows complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components leading to dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise both plant and animal communities, interacting not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components of the environment.

Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and edaphic factors because of their strong relationships with them. The studies on the biological aspects of the ecosystem are important in Environment Impact Assessment studies for the suitability of natural flora & fauna. Information on the impact of environment stress on the community structure serves as an inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage on a particular ecosystem.

A change in the composition of biotic communities under stress is reflected through a change in the distribution pattern, density, diversity, frequency, dominance and abundance of natural species of fauna and flora existing in the ecosystem. These changes over a span of times can be quantified and related to the existing environment.

Objectives

The objectives of ecological study during the study period of EIA study period may be outlined as follows:

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• To characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna;

• To understand their present status;

• To understand carrying capacity of the ecosystem;

• To assess present bio-diversity; and

• To identify susceptible and sensitive areas.

Regional Biodiversity

Tamil Nadu has a geographical area of 13 million ha which constitute of about 4% of the total area of the State is 1,30,19,000 ha covering 4.08% of the country. Tamil Nadu shares the Western Ghats Biodiversity (one of the 12 Global mega biodiversity Hotspots) with Western Ghats States of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa. It shares the Eastern Ghats with the States of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. It also shares the East-coast with the States of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal.

Forest Biodiversity in the State is mainly confined to Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. It includes a Recorded Forest Area of 22.6 lakh ha covering 17.4% of geographic area of the State. However area under forest cover according to Forest Survey of India (FSI) is only 17.07 lakh ha covering 13.13% of the Geographic Area. There are about 3,072 hamlets bordering the forest areas of the state. There are nearly 47 Forest Types in the state of which 13 types are Climax formations, 8 types are edaphic formations and 6 types are several stages and the rest are degradation types. Tropical dry Deciduous Forest covers an area of 12.23lakh ha constituting 54.30%, Tropical Thorn Forest covers an area of 5 lakh ha constituting 22.10%, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest covers an area of 2.60 lakh ha constituting a percentage of 11.10%. The Biodiversity rich forest types are the Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest covering an area of 0.60 lakh ha constituting 2.67%, Tropical Semi Evergreen Forest covering a area of 0.23 lakh ha constituting 1.01%,

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Subtropical Broad leaved Hill Forest covers an area of 1.14 lakh ha constituting 5.04%, the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest which is a unique type of Tamil Nadu covers an area of 0.26 lakh ha constituting 1.16%, the mangrove forest covers an area of approximately 0.23 lakh ha constituting 1.01%.

The sea sand often blown and accumulating in low dunes for longer time, but usually poor in nitrogen and mineral nutrient. Most of these have been developed into Casuarina plantation. The littoral forests consists of plant species Borasus flabellifer, Anacardium occidentale, Lannia coromandalica, Pandanus tectorius, Opuntia dellenii, Cassia auriculata, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Cyperus arenarius. The division contains plantations of cashes, Eucalyptus sp, Casuarina, Bambusa arundanacea, Prosopis juliflora and other miscellaneous species. These are found in the Chalikulam reserved forest of Tuticorin district. As per records of forest department and also physical walk through studies along coastal line in study area reveals that there are no mangrove forest blocks or mangrove clusters along the coast. Commercial plantations like Eucalyptus, Casuarina could be observed along the sea coast and open area, waste lands near village areas. Cashew, Guava and mango plantations are also recorded from these areas.

Figure 3. 15 Forest Map of Tamil Nadu (Source: Forest Survey of India, 2009)

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

The state’s rich biodiversity and the natural resources are facing a serious threat from the growing human and livestock population and also from various developmental activities. Biodiversity Conservation has been structured covering the Ecosystem Diversity, Species Diversity and Genetic Diversity. Species Diversity has been structured separately for plants and animals. Wild plant diversity has been structured on the lines of Red-listed plants, Endemic plants, Medicinal plants, Wild relatives of cultivated plants, allied species of cultivated species and others.

Wild Animal diversity has been structured on the lines of Red listed animals, Endemic animals, Flag ship species, Key stone species, Pollinators and others. Domesticated species diversity has been structured on the lines of Cultivated Plants and Domesticated animals.

Biogeographic zone, province and Forest type

This study has been carried out during the early spring season during May 2017 of study period for the purpose of providing an independent and comprehensive baseline assessment of the flora, terrestrial vertebrate, aquatic fauna and associated habitat values of the site and within 10 Km radius area around the project site at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu by Supreme Dyechem Private Limited and a subsequent assessment of potential ecological impacts. The study area falls under semi arid category as far as the Indian biogeographical zones (Rodger, Panwar, Mathur 2000) are concerned. Under the biogeographical provinces, the study area falls under the category of 6E- Deccan South.

The field investigation and satellite imagery data show, that the study area is a mixture of agricultural, wasteland and get irrigated by the tanks and bore wells. There were number of agriculture fields around project site. The dry tropical vegetation is observed within the study area. The experimental finding of the pre-monsoon season shows the dominance of grasses like Cyanodon. From the primary observations, the tree species recorded in the

85 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT forest were Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, Casuarina equsetifolia, Mangifera indica, Ficus benghalensis etc.

Figure 3.16 Map showing the Bio-geographic Provinces of India

The detailed ecological assessment of the study area has been carried out with the following objectives:

• To establish the present status of ecological conditions surrounding the project location;

• To study the existing anthropogenic stresses on the prevailing ecosystem.

• To identify and predict the likely impacts on the local ecosystem from the proposed activities;

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

• To list out floral species, terrestrial vertebrate and aquatic flora and fauna present within the study area, and significance status under The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972;

• To define ecological/conservation status of each species as per IUCN categories (Red Data List).

• To formulate migratory measures and a sustainable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) basing upon the likely impacts.

During survey, following aspects were considered for ecological studies:

• Assessment of present status of flora and fauna;

• Identification of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (if any);

• Identification of ecologically sensitive areas within the study area;

• Assessment of migratory route of wildlife (if any); and

• Assessment of Aquatic Ecology with specific reference to aquatic birds and fishery resources.

Methodology

Terrestrial investigations for flora and fauna records were collected by random field survey and a checklist was prepared. During field survey, discussions with the local people were carried-out to collect information related to local biodiversity in and around the villages. The ecological status of the study area has been assessed based on the following methodology:

• Primary field surveys to establish primary baseline of the study area;

• Compilation of secondary information available in published literatures/ forest working plans etc.

• Site Verification and finalization in consultation with Project proponent, local inhabitants.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

• Vegetation analysis through quadrate method using sampling plots of 10m x 10m.

 10m X 10m for tree species (record trees >20 cm in GBHOB /species);

 3m X 3m [four plots] was laid along diagonals wherein all the shrubs recorded.

 1m X 1m [five plots], one at the centre and four at one per quadrate] was laid and herbs, grasses in five plots to be noted.

 Protocol for Sampling through Quadrate Method The standard method chosen for the assessment of plant diversity involves the use of square vegetation quadrates (‘plots’). These quadrates were used to measure most vegetation attributes in most vegetation types. Quadrate locations marked by pegs or sometimes by grid system.

The study area is demarcated as 10 km from the periphery of project area based on the MoEF&CC guidelines. After demarcation, the study area is divided into sampling units, i.e. the areas which are approximately true representative of the whole area, and were sampled for the identification of plant and animal species.

A. Floral Study The assessment of the flora of the study area is done by an extensive field survey of the area.

• Plants species were identified based on their specific diagnostics characters of family, genus and species using available floral, other related literature.

• Besides the identification of plant species, information was collected on the vernacular names and uses of plants made by local inhabitants.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

• Qualitative analysis of vegetation is made by two different methods such as floristic (by simple studying various genera and species of various plant groups i.e. herbs, shrubs, trees etc).

B. Phyto-sociology A nested quadrates technique was used for sampling the vegetation. All the plots sampled were representative of most common types, sampling 10m x 10m for trees and 3m x 3m for shrubs, 1m x 1m for herbs square meter quadrates were laid. Selection of sites for sampling of vegetation is done by random sampling procedure. However, in general to study the phytosociological attributes, quadrates of 10 m × 10 m size for tree species are randomly laid out at each site at different elevations. Then the observation on the following parameters is recorded:

1. Name of the species. 2. Number of the occurrence of each species in each quadrate. The field data for phytosociological studies was collected in the study area. Vegetation data was quantitatively analyzed for frequency, density and dominance using standard methodologies. The relative values of frequency, density, and dominance of all the recorded species was summed up to represent Importance Value Index (IVI). Not only IVI facilitates comparison between species of a community, but also the data collected on dispersion, number and cover can be profitably used in comparing the vegetation structure of two or more stands or of the same stand over a period of time. Vegetation structure with respect of varying environmental factors can also be studied through such studies in sets of varying environmental conditions. The IVI was determined as the sum of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance. It thus incorporate three important parameters that measures of productivity and diversity of every species therefore.

IVI = Relative frequency + Relative density + Relative dominance

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

C. Faunal Study Ground surveys are carried out by trekking the study area for identification of important animal groups such as birds, mammals and reptiles for sampling of animals through the following methods.

• For sampling birds/ avifauna ‘point sampling’ along the fixed transects (foot trails) were done to record all the species of birds with the help of binoculars; field guides and photography for more than 1 hour on each transect (n=4).

• For sampling mammals, ‘direct count on open width (20 m) transect’ were used on the same transects. Besides, information on recent sightings/records of mammals by the locals are also collected from the study areas.

• ‘Reptiles’ mainly lizards were sampled by ‘direct count on open width transects’.

• Secondary information collected from local villagers, published government data etc.

 List of the endangered and endemic species as per the schedule of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

Emphasis is given to identify avifauna and mammals to determine the presence and absence of Schedule-1 species, listed in The Wildlife Protection Act 1972, as well as in Red List of IUCN. Various methods used for study animals are as follows:

A. Point Survey Method: Observations were made at each site for 15-20 min duration.

B. Road Side Counts: The observer travelled by motor vehicles from site to site and all sightings were recorded.

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Floristic composition within the study area The ecology and diversity survey was conducted in the 10 km radius in the study area and the surrounding area. It is observed that human settlements present within the study area of 10 km radius and many of villages/ colonies have moderate ranges of plantations. Most of the vegetation area is in agricultural fields and some sand dunes. The vegetation in the surrounding areas was found to be in healthy condition and in natural state. During site assessment several floral species encountered within the 10 km radius area.

The study area does not have any forest land or permanent natural vegetation and the main land use feature of the study area is comprised habitation and cultivating lands. From the primary observation, the tree species recorded in the plantation area were Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava,Casuarina equsetifolia, Mangifera indica, Ficus benghalensis etc. The survey was conducted in the 10 km radius from the project site area and the surrounding localities. The locations covered during the present survey were Near Near Project site, Sothikuppam, Sangolikuppam, Annavalli, Ramapuram, Kumarpettai.

The Following species were enlisted within the 10 km radius study area during the field visits as given in Table 3.18.

Table 3. 18 Details of locations for plot survey

Directio Distan Sl.N Name of Plot n w.r.t ce w.r.t Lattitude Longitude o. village No. Project Project site site

Near Project 1 EB1 11°41'52.88 79°46'1.74" E 1 Km site "N E Near 2 Sothikuppa EB2 11°41'12.68 79°46'3.38" SE 1.5 Km m "N E Near 3 Sangolikupp EB3 11°39'49.03 79°44'38.52 SSW 4 Km am "N "E

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Directio Distan Sl.N Name of Plot n w.r.t ce w.r.t Lattitude Longitude o. village No. Project Project site site

Near 4 EB4 11°40'27.25 79°43'30.06 SW 4.5 Km Annavalli "N "E

Near 5 EB5 11°42'1.50" 79°41'32.81 W 7.3 Km Ramapuram N "E

Near 6 EB6 11°43'59.13 79°44'16.88 NW 5 Km Kumarpettai "N "E The project area covering 10 km radial distance did not reveal any notified/ protected ecologically sensitive area including national park, sanctuary, Elephant and Tiger reserves. There are not any sanctuaries or national park or reserve/ protected forest within study area of 10 km radius.

However, the vegetation within the study area is sparse, with the existence of some weeds as per the survey conducted within 10 km radius of the site. The results of survey conducted in the radius of 10 km from the study area, exhibited sparse vegetation with the existence of 70 terrestrial flora. Since the project area is not a forest area and water scarcity is always a problem most of the area is covered with the invasive plant. However, Neem, Acacia, and coconut trees are abundant widely distributed away from the study area.

The following species were encountered from the study area during the field visits as given in Table 3.19.

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Table 3. 19 Floristic Diversity In The Study Area

Sl.No Scientific Name Common name Family Status IUCN Conservation Status Tree 1 Cassia siamea Manjal konrai Caesalpiniaceae Common Not assessed 2 Delonix regia Cemmayir-konrai Fabaceae Common Least Concern 3 Azadirachta indica Veppai Meliaceae Very Common Not assessed 4 Casuarina equisetifolia Savukku Fabaceae Very Common Not assessed 5 Acacia nilotica Karuv Elai Mimosaceae Common Not assessed 6 Delonix elata Perungondrai Fabaceae Rare Least Concern 7 Mangifera indica Mamaram Anacardiaceae Common Data Deficient 8 Acacia auriculiformis Kaththi Savukku Fabaceae Very Common Least Concern 9 Annona squamosa Sitapalam Annonaceae Common Not assessed 10 Eucalyptus Sp. Karupuramaram Myrtaceae Common Not assessed 11 Ficus benghalensis Alai Moraceae Common Not assessed 12 Gmelina arborea Kumil Verbenaceae Common Not assessed 13 Morinda tinctoria Nuna Rubiaceae Common Not assessed 14 Murraya koenigii Karivepillai Rutaceae Common Not assessed 15 Plumeria alba Sampangi Apocynaceae Common Not assessed 16 Tamarindus indica Puli Caesalpiniacae Very Common Not assessed 17 Polyalthia longifolia Nettilinkam Annonaceae Common Not assessed 18 Pongamia glabra Pungai Fabaceae Common Least Concern 19 Prosopis juliflora Vaelikaruvai Fabaceae Common Not assessed 20 Syzygium cumini Naval Myrtaceae Common Not assessed 21 Cocos nucifera Tennai Arecaceae Very Common Not assessed 22 Terminalia arjuna Marudha maram Combretaceae Common Not assessed 23 Ziziphus jujuba Elandhai Rhamnaceae Common Least Concern

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No Scientific Name Common name Family Status IUCN Conservation Status 24 Phoenix acaulis Kattinchu Arecaceae Common Not assessed 25 Bombax ceiba Sittan Bombacaceae Very Common Not assessed 26 Ficus hispida Peyatti Moraceae Common Not assessed 27 Odina wodier Oti Anacardiaceae Common Not assessed 28 Terminalia catappa Nattuvadumai Combretaceae Rare Not assessed 29 Psidium guajava Goyya-pazham Myrtaceae Common Not assessed 30 Vitex negundo Nocchi Lamiaceae Rare Not assessed 31 Manilkara zapota Chappotta Sapotaceae Common Not assessed 32 Moringa oleifera Murungai Moringaceae Common Not assessed 33 Cassia fistula Konrai Fabaceae Very Common Not assessed 34 Tectona grandis Tekku Lamiaceae Common Not assessed 35 Terminalia chebula Kadu-k-kai Combretaceae Rare Not assessed Shrubs 1 Euphorbia tirucalli Amman-paccarici Euphorbiaceae Common Not assessed 2 Achyranthes aspera Akatam Amaranthaceae Common Not assessed 3 Agave tomentosa Malai-k-koyya Agavaceae Common Not assessed 4 Tecoma stans Sonnapatti Bignoniaceae Common Not assessed 5 Cereus pterogonus Poochamullu Cactaceae Common Not assessed 6 Datura metel Ummattangani Solanaceae Very Common Not assessed 7 Lantana camara Unnichedi Verbenaceae Very Common Not assessed 8 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Ampurukam Malvaceae Common Not assessed 9 Sida cordifolia Mayir-manikham Malvaceae Common Not assessed 10 Datura fastuosa Dhutura Solanaceae Common Not assessed 11 Tarenna asiatica Tharani Rubiaceae Common Not assessed 12 Morinda pubescens Mannanunai Rubiaceae Very Common Not assessed

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No Scientific Name Common name Family Status IUCN Conservation Status 13 Solanum pubescens Sundaikkai Solanaceae Common Not assessed Herbs 1 Boerhavia diffusa Mukkurttaikkoti Nyctaginaceae Very Common Not assessed 2 Aerva lanata Ciru-pulai Amaranthaceae Common Not assessed 3 Cassia obtusa Senavu Fabaceae Common Not assessed 4 Mimosa pudica Thottaccurungi Fabaceae Very Common Least Concern 5 Catharanthus roseus Nithya Kalyani Apocynaceae Common Not assessed 6 Euphorbia hirta Ammam Paccharisi Euphorbiaceae Rare Not assessed 7 Cynodon dactylon Arugu Poaceae Very Common Not assessed 8 Croton sparsiflorus Milakai poondu Euphorbiaceae Common Not assessed 9 Cyperus exaltatus Wara-pullu Cyperaceae Common Not assessed 10 Digera muricata Toyya-k-kirai Amaranthaceae Common Not assessed 11 Indigofera viscosa Neelum Fabaceae Common Not assessed 12 Ocimum sanctum Thulasi Lamiaceae Common Not assessed 13 Phyla nodiflora Podutalei Verbenaceae Common Least Concern 14 Tridax procumbens Vettukkaaya-thalai Asteraceae Common Not assessed 15 Ipomoea dissecta Kakkattan Convolvulaceae Common Not assessed 16 Dinebra retroflexa Viper grass Poaceae Very Common Not assessed Climbers 1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Kakitha poo Nyctaginaceae Very Common Not assessed 2 Cissus quadrangularis Perandai Vitaceae Common Not assessed 3 Tylophora asthmatica Kalutai-p-palai Asclepidaceae Common Not assessed 4 Coccinia grandis Ivy Gourd Cucurbitaceae Rare Not assessed 5 Clitoria ternatea Kannikkodi Fabaceae Common Not assessed 6 Hemidesmus indicus Nannari Apocynaceae Common Not assessed

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

The detailed study of the core zone revealed dominance of Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Plumeria alba, Ficus benghalensis were found. The detailed list of plant species found in each quadrat provided in Table 2. Total 35 species of trees found in the study area along with 13 shrub species and 16 herb species. From the result below the predominant species are Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Psidium guajava among tree species and Datura metel, Lantana camara, Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Sida cordifolia found to be the predominant species among shrub. Among the herbaceous species Cynodon dactylon, Dinebra retroflexa, Mimosa pudica, Aerva lanata etc found to be abundant.

Distribution of Floral Community

Climbers 8% Herb Tree 23% 50%

Mangrove Shrub 0% 19%

Phytosociological Analysis

Phytosociological parameters, such as, density, frequency, basal area and importance value index of individual species were determined in randomly placed quadrats of different sizes in the study area. Relative frequency, relative basal area and relative density were calculated and the sum of these three represented Importance Value Index (IVI) for various species. For shrubs, herbs and seedlings, the IVI was calculated by summing up relative frequency, relative density and relative abundance.

96 MAY 2018 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sample plots were selected in such a way to get maximum representation of different types of vegetation and plots were laid out in different part of the study area of 10 km radius. Analysis of the vegetation will help in determining the relative importance of each species in the study area and to reveal if any economically valuable species is threatened in the process. Phytosociological analysis of tree species is shown in Table 3.20

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Table 3. 20 Phytosociological Analysis of Tree Species

Sl.No. Scientific name Local name Total Total Total No. no. No. of of

quad quad IVI with sp. Density Relative Density Frequency % Relative Freque ncy Abundance Relative Abundance Tree Species 1 Cassia siamea Manjal konrai 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 Delonix regia Cemmayir- 2 konrai 3 2 6 0.004 3.23 33.3 2.4 1.50 0.03 5.67 3 Azadirachta indica Veppai 6 4 6 0.008 6.45 66.7 4.8 1.50 0.06 11.34 Casuarina Savukku 4 equisetifolia 3 2 6 0.004 3.23 33.3 2.4 1.50 0.03 5.67 5 Acacia nilotica Karuv Elai 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 6 Delonix elata Perungondrai 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 7 Mangifera indica Mamaram 4 3 6 0.005 4.30 50.0 3.6 1.33 0.04 7.96 Acacia Kaththi Savukku 8 auriculiformis 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 9 Annona squamosa Sitapalam 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 10 Eucalyptus Sp. Karupuramaram 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 Ficus Alai 11 benghalensis 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 12 Gmelina arborea Kumil 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 13 Morinda tinctoria Nuna 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 14 Murraya koenigii Karivepillai 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No. Scientific name Local name Total Total Total No. no. No. of of

quad quad IVI with sp. Density Relative Density Frequency % Relative Freque ncy Abundance Relative Abundance 15 Plumeria alba Sampangi 4 3 6 0.005 4.30 50.0 3.6 1.33 0.04 7.96 16 Tamarindus indica Puli 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 Polyalthia Nettilinkam 17 longifolia 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 18 Pongamia glabra Pungai 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 19 Prosopis juliflora Vaelikaruvai 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 20 Syzygium cumini Naval 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 21 Cocos nucifera Tennai 6 4 6 0.008 6.45 66.7 4.8 1.50 0.06 11.34 22 Terminalia arjuna Marudha maram 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 23 Ziziphus jujuba Elandhai 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 24 Phoenix acaulis Kattinchu 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 25 Bombax ceiba Sittan 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 26 Ficus hispida Peyatti 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 27 Odina wodier Oti 1 1 6 0.001 1.08 16.7 1.2 1.00 0.01 2.29 Terminalia Nattuvadumai 28 catappa 1 1 6 0.001 1.08 16.7 1.2 1.00 0.01 2.29 29 Psidium guajava Goyya-pazham 5 3 6 0.006 5.38 50.0 3.6 1.67 0.05 9.04 30 Vitex negundo Nocchi 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 31 Manilkara zapota Chappotta 1 1 6 0.001 1.08 16.7 1.2 1.00 0.01 2.29 32 Moringa oleifera Murungai 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No. Scientific name Local name Total Total Total No. no. No. of of

quad quad IVI with sp. Density Relative Density Frequency % Relative Freque ncy Abundance Relative Abundance 33 Cassia fistula Konrai 2 2 6 0.003 2.15 33.3 2.4 1.00 0.02 4.58 34 Tectona grandis Tekku 3 3 6 0.004 3.23 50.0 3.6 1.00 0.03 6.87 35 Terminalia chebula Kadu-k-kai 1 1 6 0.001 1.08 16.7 1.2 1.00 0.01 2.29 Total 93 83 210 Shrubs Euphorbia tirucalli Amman- 1 paccarici 2 2 6 0.00 4.76 33.3 5.9 1.00 0.05 10.69 Achyranthes Akatam 2 aspera 4 3 6 0.01 9.52 50.0 8.8 1.33 0.10 18.44 3 Agave tomentosa Malai-k-koyya 2 2 6 0.00 4.76 33.3 5.9 1.00 0.05 10.69 4 Tecoma stans Sonnapatti 2 2 6 0.00 4.76 33.3 5.9 1.00 0.05 10.69 5 Cereus pterogonus Poochamullu 2 2 6 0.00 4.76 33.3 5.9 1.00 0.05 10.69 6 Datura metel Ummattangani 6 4 6 0.01 14.29 66.7 11.8 1.50 0.14 26.19 7 Lantana camara Unnichedi 5 4 6 0.01 11.90 66.7 11.8 1.25 0.12 23.79 Hibiscus rosa Ampurukam 8 sinensis 5 3 6 0.01 11.90 50.0 8.8 1.67 0.12 20.85 9 Sida cordifolia Mayir-manikham 4 4 6 0.01 9.52 66.7 11.8 1.00 0.10 21.38 10 Datura fastuosa Dhutura 3 3 6 0.00 7.14 50.0 8.8 1.00 0.07 16.04 11 Tarenna asiatica Tharani 3 2 6 0.00 7.14 33.3 5.9 1.50 0.07 13.10

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No. Scientific name Local name Total Total Total No. no. No. of of

quad quad IVI with sp. Density Relative Density Frequency % Relative Freque ncy Abundance Relative Abundance Morinda Mannanunai 12 pubescens 2 1 6 0.00 4.76 16.7 2.9 2.00 0.05 7.75 Solanum Sundaikkai 13 pubescens 2 2 6 0.00 4.76 33.3 5.9 1.00 0.05 10.69 Total 42 34 78 Herbs & Grasses 1 Boerhavia diffusa Mukkurttaikkoti 3 2 6 0.00 3.30 33.3 3.8 1.50 0.03 7.10 2 Aerva lanata Ciru-pulai 5 2 6 0.01 5.49 33.3 3.8 2.50 0.05 9.32 3 Cassia obtusa Senavu 3 3 6 0.00 3.30 50.0 5.7 1.00 0.03 8.99 4 Mimosa pudica Thottaccurungi 6 4 6 0.01 6.59 66.7 7.5 1.50 0.07 14.21 Catharanthus Nithya Kalyani 5 roseus 4 3 6 0.01 4.40 50.0 5.7 1.33 0.04 10.10 Euphorbia hirta Ammam 6 Paccharisi 4 4 6 0.01 4.40 66.7 7.5 1.00 0.04 11.99 7 Cynodon dactylon Arugu 24 6 6 0.03 26.37 100.0 11.3 4.00 0.26 37.96 8 Croton sparsiflorus Milakai poondu 3 2 6 0.00 3.30 33.3 3.8 1.50 0.03 7.10 9 Cyperus exaltatus Wara-pullu 3 3 6 0.00 3.30 50.0 5.7 1.00 0.03 8.99 10 Digera muricata Toyya-k-kirai 5 3 6 0.01 5.49 50.0 5.7 1.67 0.05 11.21 11 Indigofera viscosa Neelum 4 3 6 0.01 4.40 50.0 5.7 1.33 0.04 10.10 12 Ocimum sanctum Thulasi 2 2 6 0.00 2.20 33.3 3.8 1.00 0.02 5.99

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Sl.No. Scientific name Local name Total Total Total No. no. No. of of

quad quad IVI with sp. Density Relative Density Frequency % Relative Freque ncy Abundance Relative Abundance 13 Phyla nodiflora Podutalei 2 2 6 0.00 2.20 33.3 3.8 1.00 0.02 5.99 Tridax Vettukkaaya- 14 procumbens thalai 6 4 6 0.01 6.59 66.7 7.5 1.50 0.07 14.21 15 Ipomoea dissecta Kakkattan 4 4 6 0.01 4.40 66.7 7.5 1.00 0.04 11.99 16 Dinebra retroflexa Viper grass 13 6 6 0.02 14.29 100.0 11.3 2.17 0.14 25.75 Total 91 53 96

The interpretation vegetation study results of the study area are presented in the following Table 3.21

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Table 3. 21 Interpretation of Vegetation Results in The Study Area Relative density Relative density is found to be Density of the primary maximum for Cocos nucifera species is found to be much & Azadirachta indica about higher in comparison with 6.45. the other species. Relative frequency Maximum RF found to be 4.3 Vegetation community is in case of Cocos nucifera & heterogenous in nature Azadirachta indica. Relative Maximum value observed in Cocos nucifera & Abundance case of Cocos nucifera & Azadirachta indica are the Azadirachta indica about most common species 0.06. found in the area. Importance Value The maximum IVI value The dominant species are Index (IVI) observed in case of Cocos Cocos nucifera & nucifera & Azadirachta indica Azadirachta indica is about 11.34.

Biodiversity Indices Biodiversity index is a quantitative measure that reflects how many different type of species, there are in a dataset, and simultaneously takes into account how evenly the basic entities (such as individuals) are distributed among those types of species. The value of biodiversity index increases both when the number of types increases and when evenness increases. For a given number of type of species, the value of a biodiversity index is maximized when all type of species are equally abundant. Interpretation of Vegetation results in the study area is given in Table 3.22.

Table 3. 22 Interpretation of Vegetation results in the Study Area Biodiversity indices Simpson Community Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index Index (H) Evenness (1/D) Tree 3.46 0.98 0.32 Shrub 2.48 0.93 0.56 Herb 2.47 0.89 0.48

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From Table 3.22, it can be interpreted that tree community has higher diversity. While the herb community shows less diversity. It is also observed that most of the quadrates have controlled generation of plant species with older strands. Higher tree species diversity can be interpreted as a greater number of successful species and a more stable ecosystem where more ecological niches are available and the environment is less likely to be hostile, environmental change is less likely to be damaging to the ecosystem as a whole.

Economically important Flora of the study area

Agricultural crops: The major crops cultivated in Cuddalore district are Paddy, Sugarcane, Maize, Black gram, Green gram and Groundnut. The area under crops are rainfed and irrigated and for Kuruvai/Kharif (summer) and Samba/Rabi (winter) seasons. Study area has fertile soils in most of the regions. The network of the irrigation canals from dam overcomes deficiency of water to a certain extent. The cropping pattern of the study area is characterized by diversified cropping patterns exist and no single crop claims a large share of the gross cropped area. In canal fed areas Paddy occupies the largest area of cultivation followed by ground nut and sugarcane. Other crops grown in the region are ragi, pulses, groundnut and coconut, vegetables like brinjal, bhendi and chilies.

Medicinal plant species: The nearby area is also endowed with the several medicinal plants which are commonly available in the shrub forest and waste lands. The common medicinal plants of the region are Asparagus racemosus, Aegle marmelos (Bel), Azadirachta indica (Neem) etc.

Fuel wood plant species: Local villagers use to collect dry leaves, stems and log to fulfill their daily need for fuel wood requirement. Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mangifera indica etc. are the species used for fuel wood collection from the surrounding forest area.

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Rare and endangered floral species: During the vegetation survey in the study area did not encounter any such species which are endangered or threatened under IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources) guidelines.

Faunal Communities

Both direct (sighting) and indirect (evidences) observations methods were used to survey the faunal species around the study area. Additionally reference of relevant literatures (published/ unpublished) and dialogues with local villagers were also carried out to consolidate the presence of faunal distribution in the area (Smith 1933-43, Ali and Ripley 1983, Daniel 1983, Prater 1993, Murthy and Chandrasekhar 1988).

Mammals: No wild mammalian species was directly sighted during the field survey. Dialogue with local villagers located around the study area also could not confirm presence of any wild animal in that area. Palm –Squirrel, Indian Hare, Indian Mongoose, Rhesus Macaque etc were observed during primary survey.

Avifauna: Since birds are considered to be the indicators for monitoring and understanding human impacts on ecological systems (Lawton, 1996) attempt was made to gather quantitative data on the avifauna by walk through survey within the entire study area and surrounding areas. From the primary survey, a total of 28 species of avifauna were identified and recorded in the study area. The diversity of avifauna from this region was found to be quite high and encouraging.

The list of fauna species found in the study area is mentioned in Table 6. The tree lizard and common garden lizards are also seen. Variety of butterflies (like Common crow, Common lime, Common tiger, Plain Tiger, Small Grass Yellow, Great Eggfly) is spotted in abundance in the study zone.

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Table 3. 23 Fauna Recorded from the Primary Survey in the Study Area and their Conservation Status

Sl.No. Scientific name English Name Schedule of IUCN Wildlife Conservation Protection Status Act Mammals 1 Funambulus Palm -Squirrel IV Not assessed pennanti 2 Mus rattus Indian rat IV Not assessed 3 Bandicota indica Rat IV Least Concern 4 Mus musculus Common Mouse IV Not assessed 5 Felis catus Cat -- Not assessed 6 Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey IV Least Concern 7 Herpestes Common Mongoose IV Least edwardsii Concern 8 Lepus nigricollis Indian Hare IV Least Concern Birds 1 Milvus migrans Black kite IV Least Concern 2 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna IV Least Concern 3 Accipiter badius Shikra IV Least Concern 4 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie IV Least Robin Concern 5 Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark IV Least Concern 6 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret IV Least Concern 7 Columba livia Rock pigeon IV Least Concern 8 Corvus splendens House crow V Least Concern 9 Dicrurus Black drongo IV Least macrocercus Concern 10 Dicrurus Ashy Drongo IV Least leucophaeus Concern

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Sl.No. Scientific name English Name Schedule of IUCN Wildlife Conservation Protection Status Act 11 Egretta garzetta Little Egret IV Least Concern 12 Ardeola grayii Pond Heron IV Least Concern 13 Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite IV Least Concern 14 Merops orientalis Green bee eater IV Least Concern 15 Passer domesticus House sparrow IV Least Concern 16 Perdicula asiatica Bush Quail IV Least Concern 17 Streptopelia Spotted dove IV Not assessed chinensis 18 Cuculus canorus Common cuckoo IV Least Concern 19 Haliastur indus Brahminy kite IV Least Concern 20 Pseudibis papillosa Black Ibis IV Least Concern 21 Phalacrocorax niger Little cormorant IV Least Concern 22 Larus Brown Headed gull IV Least brunnicephalus Concern 23 Psittacula krameri Rose ringed parakeet IV Least Concern 24 Alcedo meninting Wood pecker IV Least Concern 25 Cypsiurus Asian palm swift IV Least balasiensis Concern 26 Vanellus indicus Red-wattled lapwing IV Least Concern 27 Alcedo atthis Small Blue IV Least Kingfisher Concern 28 Tachybaptus Little Grebe IV Least ruficollis Concern Reptiles & Amphibians 1 Hemidactylus sp. House lizard -- Not assessed

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Sl.No. Scientific name English Name Schedule of IUCN Wildlife Conservation Protection Status Act 2 Calotes versicolor Common Garden II Not assessed Lizard 3 Chamaeleo Green lizard IV Least zeylanicus Concern 4 Naja naja Indian Cobra II Least Concern 5 Bufo melanostictus Toad IV Least Concern 6 Eutropis macularia Common skink -- Not assessed 7 Ophisops Snake-eyed lizard -- Not assessed leschenaultii 8 Rana tigrina Common yellow frog IV Least Concern 9 Vipera russelli Russell’s Viper II Least Concern Butterflies 1 Euploea core Common crow -- Least Concern 2 Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow -- Least Concern 3 Papilio demoleus Common lime -- Not assessed 4 Danaus genutia Common tiger -- Not assessed 5 Hypolimnas bolina Great Eggfly -- Not assessed 6 Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger -- Not assessed

Distribution of Faunal Butterflies Communities 12% Reptiles & Mammals Amphibians 16% 17%

Birds 55%

Figure 3. 16 Chart for Distribution of Faunal Communities

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Livestock like cattle, buffalo, goat, poultry, duck and pig are reared for dairy products, meat, egg and for agriculture purpose. Majority of cattle and buffalo are of local variety. Backyard poultry farms are mostly common in this area; however, some commercial poultry farms are also recorded in the study area.

The study area is marked with moderate population of flora and fauna. With reference to the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 total number of wildlife tabulated in this study can be characterized as given in the Table 3.24.

Table 3. 24 Characterization of Fauna In The Study Area (As Per W.P Act, 1972)

S.No. Schedule of Wildlife Protection Act No. of Remark 1972 species

1 Schedule I 0 - 2 Schedule II 3 - 3 Schedule III 0 - 4 Schedule IV 37 - 5 Schedule V 1 - 6 Schedule VI 0 -

Schedule of Wildlife Protection Act

Schedule VI Schedule V 1972 Schedule II Schedule I 0% 3% 7% 0% Schedule III 0%

Schedule IV 90%

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The detailed interpretation of flora and fauna identified within 10 km radius of the project site are tabulated In Table 3.25.

Table 3. 25 Description of Flora & Fauna

Sl.No. Type of Species Core Zone Flora 1 Endangered species None of the species found 2 Endemic species None of the species found 3 Grass lands No grass lands 4 Natural vegetation/ Forest type Dry deciduous Fauna 1 Endangered species None 2 Endemic Species Not present 3 Migratory species None 4 Migratory Corridors & Flight Paths No corridors & flight paths 5 Breeding & Spawning grounds None

A comprehensive Central Legislation namely Wild Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals. Schedule-I of this act contains the list of rare and endangered species, which are completely protected throughout the country. The list of wild animals and their conservation status as per Wild Life Act (1972) are presented in Table 3.25 species recorded/reported from study area, out of which 1 species belongs to schedule-II and rest of the animals belongs to schedule-IV of Wildlife protection Act, 1972 and there are no endangered, threatened wild animal species in study area.

3.16 Marine Ecology

Introduction

Evaluation of the biological impulses on potential coastal development site is an integral part of an environmental impact assessment as the consequences of perturbations in the environment ultimately may affect the habitat.

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Development zones should be selected avoiding areas of intense breeding/nursery grounds of economically important living resources. Though organisms have evolved to withstand the change within certain limits, they may not be well adapted to manmade stresses. Thus the monitoring programme should sufficiently target the entire potential at risk. Critical biological variables covering productivity at different trophic levels should be identified. Biological productivity has to be evaluated on the basis of phytoplankton pigments/cell counts as a measure of renewable primary resources; zooplankton standing stock in terms of biomass and population density and community structure; benthic population, biomass and group diversity at intertidal and sub tidal zones to evaluate benthic productivity associated with the sediment; information on larval stages of fish to evaluate probable occurrence of breeding grounds of economically important fish species and microbial examination to investigate the extent of contamination by pathogens as a measure of human influence.

While considering assessment of aquatic pollution and its implications, it must be realized that, despite many changes in the physico-chemical properties of the water body and seabed sediment, the ultimate consequences of pollutants may be reflected inevitably on the biological system. Hence, the investigations of an ecosystem and particularly of its communities constitute an integral part of any ecological assessment. This can be achieved by selecting a few reliable parameters from a complex community structure. The parameters considered have phytoplankton (cell count, and generic diversity), zooplankton (standing stock i.e., biomass and faunal groups), macro benthos (biomass, population and faunal groups) and status of mangroves, fishery and mammals as well as birds. The first two reflect the productivity of a water column at the primary and secondary levels, respectively. Benthic organisms being sedentary animals associated with the seabed, provide information regarding the integrated effects of stress, if any, and hence serve as good indicators of early warnings of potential

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT damages. Ultimate commercial interest being fisheries, the status of the exploitable fishery resources was assessed. Information on larval stages of fishes and decapods was used to evaluate probable occurrence of spawning and breeding grounds of economically important species.

Data was collected at 4 Locations, covering the project area and the port area during May 2017 (Summer season) and the results are shown in Table 3.26.

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton samples were collected without filtering the water. To preserve, 0.3 mL lugol’s solution was added to 100 ml sample. Subsequently phytoplankton were concentrated by centrifugation and analysed microscopically in laboratory. Identification of phytoplankton was done using standard taxonomic keys.

The Lackey Drop (microtransect) method (Lackey 1938) is a simple method for obtaining counts of considerable accuracy (APHA 2012).

Chemicals/reagents used: Lugol’s iodine Equipments used: Centrifuge tubes of 15ml capacity, cover slips, glass slides, dropper, plastic bottles (100 ml capacity)

Instruments used: Centrifuge and Microscope.

 Shannon Wiener Diversity index The most commonly accepted index in past few decades has been Shannon and Wiener equation which is based on both the number of taxon present and the relative abundance of each taxon. The Shannon Wiener diversity index is usually used to calculate species diversity but comparisons are also made using the different taxonomic levels (Hellawell 1978). This index (H) is a useful measure of community diversity.

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H = Sum [(Pi) x ln (Pi)]

Sum: Summation Pi: proportion of total samples represented by species- i ln: Log of Pi.

Table 3. 26 Analysis Result of Phytoplankton

Sl. Species Family Plankton Count (No.*10^3/L) No. PP 1 PP2 PP3 PP4 1 Azolla Sp Spermatophyta 19 10 8 14 2 Spirodela Sp. Spermatophyta 2 1 2 2 3 Chlorella Vulgaris Chlorophyceae 1 0 2 2 4 Clostrium Sp. Chlorophyceae 0 0 2 0 5 Oocystis Sp Chlorophyceae 2 1 0 0 6 Chlorococcum sp. Chlorophyceae 5 4 5 3 7 Westella Sp. Chlorophyceae 0 0 0 2 8 Tetrastrum Sp Chlorophyceae 0 0 0 2 9 Volvox Sp Chlorophyceae 0 2 1 1 10 Ulothrix Sp Chlorophyceae 3 4 0 0 11 Chlamydomonas Sp Chlorophyceae 6 4 4 7 12 Zygnema Sp Chlorophyceae 2 12 22 15 13 Lyngbya Sp Cyanophyceae 8 2 0 2 14 Phormidium Sp Cyanophyceae 1 0 0 4 15 Anabaena sp. Cyanophyceae 25 27 25 44 16 Gloetrichia Sp Cyanophyceae 13 4 7 5 17 Cylindrospermum Cyanophyceae 2 13 6 4 Sp. 18 Anacystis sp. Cyanophyceae 5 3 5 3 19 Navicula sp. Bacillareophyceae 21 34 33 47 20 Synedra sp. Bacillareophyceae 3 5 7 4 21 Cyclotella sp. Bacillareophyceae 6 6 3 9 22 Tabellaria Sp Bacillareophyceae 2 0 0 0 23 Achnanthes Sp. Chrysophyta 3 0 4 0 24 Cyclotella Sp Chrysophyta 1 0 2 0 25 Rhizosolenia Sp Chrysophyta 1 0 0 1 26 Gracilaria Sp. Rhobophyta 3 0 1 5 TOTAL 134 132 139 176

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Phytoplankton Family

2% 1%

10% 31% Bacillareophyceae 20% Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Spermatophyta

36% Chrysophyta Rhobophyta

Figure 3. 17 Phytoplankton Family Zooplankton

Sample collection was carried out in the similar method as that of phytoplankton. The result of the zooplankton analysis is tabulated in Table 3.27. Three major groups of zooplankton, namely, Rotifera, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Flagellate, Ciliates, Protozoa were found to inhabit the marine environment. The rotifera was represented by Tricocerca sp., Brachionus Sp, Philodina Sp, Proales Sp., Flagellates Sp., Monostyla Sp. contributed to zooplankton productivity in majority in the select the water bodies. Literature revealed that these rotifers were commonly found in the mesotrophic and oligotrophic waters and are significant component of zooplankton. While Cladocera was represented by Daphnia Sp, Cyclops Sp. and Flagellates represented by Cerocomonas sp., Dinomonas Sp.

Table 3. 27 Analysis Result of Zooplankton

Sl. Species Family Plankton Count (No.*10^3/L) No. ZP1 ZP2 ZP3 ZP4 1 Daphnia Sp Cladocera 3 3 2 2 2 Cyclops Sp Cladocera 3 2 2 0 3 Keratella cochlearis Rotifera 17 22 17 30 4 Tricocerca sp. Rotifera 6 6 8 4

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5 Brachionus Sp Rotifera 8 8 5 4 6 Philodina Sp Rotifera 18 28 20 17 7 Proales Sp. Rotifera 12 14 5 6 8 Flagellates Sp Rotifera 0 1 4 0 9 Monostyla Sp Rotifera 15 24 11 17 10 Ostracod Sp. Ostracoda 1 0 0 0 11 Cerocomonas Flagellate 2 2 1 3 12 Dinomonas Sp Flagellate 1 1 1 2 13 Epinebalia Sp Flagellate 3 2 0 2 14 Pleuronenema Sp Ciliates 2 1 4 4 15 Aspidisca Sp. Ciliates 0 4 0 0 16 Naegleria Sp. Protozoa 2 2 2 1 TOTAL 93 120 82 92

Zooplankton

1% 5% 1% 10% Rotifera 3% Cladocera Ostracoda Flagellate 80% Ciliates Protozoa

Figure 3. 18: Zooplankton Distribution

Table 3. 28: Diversity Indices of Plankton Community Biodiversity indices Shannon-Wiener Simpson Species Index (H) Diversity Index Evenness (1/D) Phytoplankton 2.516 1.000 0.772

Zooplankton 2.211 1.000 0.797

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In general, it may be mentioned that the values of the Index <1.0, 1.0-2.0 and > 2.0 indicate maximum impact of pollution, medium impact of pollution and lowest impact of pollution respectively.

It can be observed from the diversity index that zooplankton affected due to pollution while phytoplankton communities impacted moderately due to pollution.

Benthic Community Sediment samples were collected from the sampling and reference stations using a van Veen grab (0.1 m2 area). The meiobenthic samples were collected using a plastic core (10 cm length; 4.5 cm dia.) and sieved through 0.045 mm mesh sieve. The meiobenthic organisms were preserved in 5% Rose Bengal formalin solution. The macrobenthic samples were sieved through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 5% Rose Bengal-formalin solution. Biomass (wet weight) of macrofauna was determined on an electronic balance and is expressed as g.m–2. The taxonomic composition of both meio and macrofauna were analysed in the laboratory under stereo-zoom microscope and the meiofauna is expressed as No. (10 cm2)-1 and macrofauna as No.m-2.

A total of six macrobenthic groups were obtained during the sampling that consisted of polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, amphipods, copepods and crustacean eggs. A total of seven meiobenthic groups were collected. Different meiobenthic groups observed were nematodes, turbellaria, polychaetes, copepods, ostracods, foraminiferans, and amphipods.

Table 3. 29: Analysis Result of Benthic community

Sl. Groups Types Population Density No. (No./m2) B1 B2 B3 B4 1 Polychaetes Macrobenthos 22 13 15 28

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2 Gastropods Macrobenthos 8 5 20 17 3 Bivalves Macrobenthos 2 0 3 4 4 Amphipods Macrobenthos 12 15 22 34 5 Copepods Macrobenthos 22 10 10 12 6 Crustacean eggs Macrobenthos 2 2 4 0 Total 68 45 74 95 1 Nematodes Meiobenthos 6 32 12 9 2 Polychaetes Meiobenthos 2 0 0 3 3 Turbellaria Meiobenthos 5 0 0 0 4 Copepods Meiobenthos 3 0 0 0 5 Amphipods Meiobenthos 1 0 3 2 6 Foramniferans Meiobenthos 1 0 2 0 7 Ostracods Meiobenthos 14 15 22 14 Total 32 47 39 28

Macrobenthos Meiobenthos

Nematodes Polychaetes Polychaetes 3% 0% 19% 45% 40% Turbellaria 28% Gastropods Copepods 18% 29% Bivalves Amphipods 4% Foramniferans 2% 2% 3% 4% 3% Amphipods Ostracods

Other Species The list of other species, which have been reported by researchers at the coast of Cuddalore coastal area are tabulated in Table 3.30 below:

Table 3.30: List of other Marine Species Reported

Sl.No. Common name Scientific name 1 Indian Squid Loligo duvaucelii 2 Oyster Crassostrea madrasens 3 Javanese cow ray Rhinoptera javanica

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4 Sea cucumber Holothuria atra 5 Jelly fish Rhopilema spp. 6 Red Snapper Lutjanus spp 7 Spade fish Ephippus orbis 8 Indian goat fish Parupeneus indicus 9 Sole Cynoglossus macrolepidotus 10 Ponyfish Leiogtiathus fasciatus 11 Pufferfish Tetrodon immacutus 12 Butterfish Tachysurus jella 13 Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambica 14 Walking catfish Clarias batrachus 15 Scad Alepes mate 16 Grey mullet Mugil cephalus 17 Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus 18 Common mussel Mytilus gravincia 19 Mud crab Scylla serrata 20 Sea Crab Charybdis cruciata 21 Tiger prawn Penaeus monodon 22 Flower prawn Penaeus semisulcatus 23 Ribbon fish Lepturacanthus savala 24 Longarm mullet Liza cunnesius 25 Snout Rhynchorhamphus marginatus 26 Marine shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera 27 Flat head fish Platycephalus biomacula 28 Asian green mussel Perna viridis 29 Giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon 30 Flat head mullet Mugil cephalus

3.17 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The study of socio-economic component incorporating various facets related to prevailing social and cultural conditions and economic status of the project region is an important part of EIA study. The study of socio-economic component incorporating various facts related to socio-economic condition in the area is an integral part of EIA process. This includes demographic structure, population dynamics, infrastructure resources, health status of the community

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT and economic attributes refers to employment, industrial development and sustainability of the project in view of financial terms.

3.17.1 Methodology The methodology adopted in assessment of socio-economic condition is as given below; • To assess Socio-Economic conditions of the Population • Analysis of the identified social attributes like population distribution, availability of public utilities etc., through Census of India 2011. • Primary household survey to assess the present status of population of the study area. 3.17.2 Sources of Information

As per the scope of this study, the information on socio-economic aspects has been gathered and compiled from several secondary sources. These include Taluk Office, Collectorate, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, Central Ground Water Board, Directorate of Census Operation, Tamil Nadu etc. The demographic data has mainly been compiled from the Census of India 2011. The socio-economic details are briefly described in following sections. This section includes the present status of the Socio-Economic Environment in the study area. To determine the baseline socio-economic pattern, at and around the project site, the required data have been obtained from the published data. Socio-economic base line data were collected for the following indicators: • Demographic Structure • Economic Structure • Availability of Basic Amenities The major demographic and economic structure of the study area are classified into population, literacy rate and workers details.

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3.17.3 Settlement Pattern

The area within 10 km radius from the proposed area has been considered as study area.

3.17.4. Population

Cuddalore District has recorded the population density of 704 people per sq.km. Cuddalore district shared urban population of 33.97% in the district total population. The district sex ratio is 987, lower than State sex ratio of 996. The district has recorded the lower literacy rate of 69.9% as compared with the State literacy rate of 80.1%. Cuddalore district had population of 2,605,914 of which male and female were 1,311,697and 1,294,217respectively. There was change of 14.02 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001.

3.17.5. Demography of the Study Area

Almost all villages in the study area are experiencing a rapid growth of population, which may be due to the process of urbanization and industrialization. According to 2011 census, study area had a population of 90,360. With a sex-ratio of 969 females for every 1,000 males, lower than the state average of 996. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 25,763 and 886 of the population respectively. Average literacy rate of study area in 2011 were 63.8. The study area had a total of 21,906 households.

3.17.6 Distribution of Population

The distribution of population is shown in Table 3.30. Table 3. 30 Distribution of population in the study area

Particulars Study area No. of Households 21,906 Male Population 45,886 Female Population 44,474 Total Population 90,360

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Average Household Size 4.1 Sex ratio 969

The males and females constitute about 50.78% and 49.21% respectively of the total population in the study area. 3.17.7 Average Household Size

The study area had a family size of 4.1 as per census records. This lower family size could be attributed to a high degree of urbanization with migration of people with higher literacy levels who generally opt for smaller family size with family welfare measures and also due to the prevalence of single member families, a common phenomenon in industrial areas. 3.17.8 Sex Ratio

The configuration of male and female indicates that the males constituted about 50.78% population while the females worked out to be 49.21% of the population. The sex ratio i.e. the number of females per 1000 males, which indirectly reveals certain sociological aspects in relation with female births, infant mortality among female children and single person family structure, a resultant of migration of industrial workers, was found at 969.

3.17.9. Social Structure

Census records show that about 28.5% of the population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 0.98% to Scheduled Tribes (ST). This indicates that the weaker section people work out toabout 29.5% of the total population and the remaining 70.5% people belong to Other Backward Castes and forward castes. The distribution of population by social structure in the study area is presented in Table Table 3. 31 Distribution of Population by Social Structure

S.No Particulars Study area 1 Scheduled Castes 25,763

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2 % to total population 28.5 3 Scheduled Tribes 886 4 % to total population 0.98 5 Total SC and ST 26,649 7 % to total population 29.5 8 Other Castes 63,711 9 % to total population 70.5 3.17.10. Literacy Levels

The distribution of literate and literacy rate in the study area is given in the Table 3.32.

Table 3. 32 Distribution of Literate and Literacy rates

S.No Particulars Study area 1 Total Literates 57,734 2 Average Literacy (%) 63.89% 3 Total Illiterates 32,626 4 Average illiteracy 36.10%

The literacy rate works out to 63.89%. The rate of illiteracy was observed to be 36.10% in the study area. This can be attributed to the Tamil Nadu Government's literacy improvement schemes. 3.17.11. Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of residents in the study area is studied with reference to main workers and non-workers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural labourers, those engaged in live-stock, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and other services. As per census records altogether the workers works out to be 43.8% of the total population. The occupational structure of the study area is given in Table 3.33 and the socio economic status of the study area is given in Table 3.34.

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Table 3. 33 Occupational Structure

S.No Occupation Study Area

Number % to Population

1 Total Workers 41201 45.59

2 Total non-workers 49159 54.40

3.17.12. List of the Major Industries in the Study area

1. TANTECH Agrochem 2. TAGROS-I 3. TAGROS-II 4. Victor Chemicals 5. Maruti Laboratories 6. Shasun Chemicals 7. TASMAC 8. Kumaran Carbonates 9. Morgan Acids 10. J.K.Pharma

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Table 3. 34 Socio Economic Status of the Study area

Village No of Population SC/ST Populati Literat Illitera Total Total HH population on es tes Workers Non Total Male Femal SC ST Under 6 worker e s Pachchyankuppa 1893 7857 3966 3891 20 99 927 5162 2695 3258 4599 m Mavadipalayam 79 323 149 174 0 0 37 171 152 261 62 Ramapuram 2115 8900 4518 4382 197 7 1006 5542 3358 4184 4716 4 Tiyagavelli 1358 5250 2663 2587 183 1 584 3056 2194 2467 2783 9 Kudikadu 1119 4839 2505 2334 108 0 520 3310 1529 1855 2984 1 Cuddalore Old 1907 7911 3943 3968 237 13 933 5194 2717 2868 5043 Town 3 Chinnakaraikad 1481 6277 3130 3147 243 28 690 4288 1989 2829 3448 u 7 Ponnaiyankuppa 480 1985 1013 972 13 7 263 1173 812 859 1126 m Sedapalayam 1333 5337 2647 2690 623 467 568 3109 2228 2375 2962 Annavalli 1389 5781 2902 2879 223 0 671 3467 2314 2913 2868 2 Kayalpattu 1010 3961 2016 1945 433 1199 0 2631 1330 1732 2229 Sembankuppam 754 3042 1545 1497 362 1180 20 1807 1235 1371 1671 Tondamanatham 1598 6626 3379 3247 790 3130 17 4003 2623 3210 3416 Kodandaramapu 698 2898 1472 1426 365 1504 16 1914 984 1248 1650 ram

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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

Vettukulam 175 1044 843 201 31 188 16 780 264 592 452 Karaiyeravittaku 468 1800 896 904 240 111 13 1201 599 771 1029 ppam Vellakarai 2127 8658 4334 4324 101 1320 182 5650 3008 4854 3804 4 Gangamanayakk 115 446 221 225 43 0 0 322 124 235 211 ankuppam Kambalimedu 768 3110 1569 1541 356 3045 0 2018 1092 1535 1575 Tiruchchepuram 1039 4315 2175 2140 471 1494 0 2936 1379 1784 2531

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents identification of various impacts due to the proposed project on the surroundings and mitigation measures proposed to minimize the adverse impacts. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project, secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed plant activities.

4.2 Identification of Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The construction and operation of the proposed plant scenario of Supreme DyeChem PVT LTD comprises various activities each of which may have an impact on other environmental parameters too. Various impacts during the construction and operation phase on the environment have been studied to estimate the impact on the environment. The impacts on the environmental parameters are elaborated in the subsequent sections. The environment management plan is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the Project location. It is to be appreciated that pharmaceutical processes to a certain extent are associated with an inevitable negative impact on environment, but the impacts are within limits and can be easily ameliorated to a significant extent through adoption of appropriate mitigation measures.

4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.3.1 Construction Phase The anticipated impacts have been identified for the proposed project site. The impact assessment has been addressed for the following attributes, which may get affected and require mitigation measures due to the proposed activities of the project.

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES • Impact on Topography • Impact on Air Environment • Impact on Noise Environment • Impact on Water Environment • Impact due to Solid Waste Generation • Impact on Biological Environment • Impact on Socio-Economic Environment

4.3.1.1 Topography Anticipated Impacts The proposed expansion will be carried out in the existing facility. The topography of the project site is plain. No levelling would be required for the proposed construction. During construction of foundation, excavated earth will be reused for repairing of roads and refilling of low lying ground. Thus the impact during the construction is reversible, short term and insignificant.

Mitigation Measures During construction, excavated top soil will be reused for repairing of roads and refilling of low lying ground. The development being proposed on a flat terrain, there will not be any significant impact on the topography.

4.3.1.2 Air Environment Anticipated Impacts As the site is already developed, during construction phase the only activities like drilling, deployment of machinery, erection, transportation, dumping will be carried out and due to this there will be gaseous and dust emissions. These emissions are expected to result in minor change in baseline air quality, and will primarily be in the working area and cause minor effect to the construction workers. Dust and other emissions are not likely to spread beyond the project area and shall be localized upon applying the mitigation measures.

Temporary localized increase in air pollutants shall be due to the use of construction equipment’s. The construction phase shall cause a negligible increase in particulate matter such as PM10, NO2 and CO may also slightly

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES increase due to increased vehicular traffic movement and operation of combustion engines. Due to the short duration of the planned action, any impacts on ambient air quality during construction activities are expected to be short term and reversible.

Mitigation Measures • Transport vehicles and construction equipments / machineries will be properly maintained to reduce air emissions. • Equipments will be periodically checked for pollutant emissions against stipulated norms. • Exhaust stack of DG set shall be kept at appropriate height to ensure quick dispersal and dilution of gaseous emissions. • Sprinkling of water shall be done at frequent intervals by preferably using truck-mounted sprinklers; • Sprinkling of water shall be done along the roads and work zone areas to reduce the fugitive dust; 4.3.1.3 Noise Environment Anticipated Impacts Anticipated noise is generated from construction work, drilling, deployment of machinery, movement of vehicles and materials. The existing average ambient noise level at the boundary walls of the plant, as monitored during baseline data generation are in the range of 42.7 to 50.6 dB(A). At the plant, DG sets will be intermittent source of noise generation and will be operated only during grid power failure. The noise levels from these operations shall be in the range of 75 to 80 dB(A). To control noise levels, DG sets will be provided with acoustic enclosures and anti-vibration pads. Mitigation Measures • Construction activities generating disturbing sounds should be restricted to normal working hours. • Workers operating equipment which generates noise should be equipped with noise protective gear. Workers experiencing prolonged noise levels of 70 - 80 dB (A) should wear earplugs.

MAY 2018 128 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES • Construction activities will be restricted to daytime and no construction will be practiced during night. • To reduce the impact of air and noise pollution and to provide a clean, healthy environment, it has been proposed to create and maintain a green belt within the project site and along the roadsides.

4.3.1.4 Water Environment Anticipated Impacts Construction phase requires large quantities of water, to be used in various processing such as material preparation, in equipment etc. The source of groundwater contamination will be due to the wastewater generated by the workforce. Change in quality of water forms an important concern associated with the project particularly during construction phase. Crushing of stones, cutting and modification of the terrain, alteration of drainage systems and soil erosion are the major factors that affect the water quality during construction phase. Impact due to accidental spills or due to bad construction practice, will be short term and low in magnitude and confined to the construction period only.

Mitigation Measures  To prevent surface and ground water contamination by oil/grease, leak proof containers shall be used for storage and transportation of oil/grease.  The sewage generated will be treated in the septic tank & soak pit. M/s. Supreme Dyechem Private Limited will take all reasonable precautions for wastewater seepage. This will prevent soil contamination.  Construction and Demolition waste will not be dumped to any water course.

4.3.1.5 Solid Waste Generation Anticipated Impacts A large quantity of solid waste will be generated during construction phase and it will be treated in an environmentally acceptable manner. The

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES major source of solid waste will be excavation and vegetation. These wastes can affect ground water and surface water.

Mitigation Measures

• Leveling work and filling up low-lying areas will minimize solid waste. • Solid waste will be segregated into different heaps and it will be sold or will be used for land filling. • The solid waste generated during construction phase will be used for leveling and filling up of low lying areas.

4.3.1.6 Ecological Environment Anticipated Impacts The site of Supreme Dyechem Private Limited is having well maintained green belt and moreover the expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products will be carried out within the existing premises. Therefore no significant impacts are envisaged on the ecological environment of the study area of proposed expansion of production of pigments and pigment related products by Supreme Dyechem Private Limited.

The proposed expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products by Supreme Dyechem Private Limited will have only negligible impact on the flora and fauna of the study area. The overall impact on the ecology due to construction activities is rated as: • The proposed expansion of production capacity, does not involve clearing of any vegetation areas, adverse effect on local fauna habitat (reduction / breaking). The project activities do not reduce local vegetation area. • The project area does not have large animals whose ecosystems would be disrupted as the area surrounding the project is already under advanced stage of development. The proposed site and the study area do not include any migratory route of animals. • Further there would not be any considerable sources (noise, gaseous pollutants, effluent and hazardous waste) of impacts on ecology and

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES thus, no significant impacts on ecological conditions due to operational activities are envisaged. • Thus the overall impacts, considering the normal hazard free operation, appreciable beneficial impacts are anticipated on the ecological conditions of the region. • No forest land is envisaged for development of proposed expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products by Supreme Dyechem Private Limited and as compared to the study area, no additional land required is required for the proposed expansion project.

Mitigation Measures • Implementation of mitigation measures as suggested for suppressing impacts on air, water, soil and noise;

• Proper planning and communication with the traffic movement;

• Advance notice to local administration about the activities;

• Properly cordoning off the site with sign boards;

• Placing warning sign board on vehicles during transportation of machinery and materials; and

• Proper training to the drivers about public safety.

4.3.1.7 Socio Economic Environment Positive Impacts Proposed project will be of small scale, but no rehabilitation and resettlement will be involved. The operation of plant will require educated and trained manpower. The surrounding area has got good educational facilities. The operation of the plant requires total workforce of 250 persons. Thus, it will boost up the commercial and economic status of the locality to some extent. Thus, overall impacts on socio-economic environment due to the existence of plant are long term and positive in nature.

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Negative Impacts • At the site the workers will be subjected to Health and Safety risks during construction phase. • Due noise and dust generated in the activities it may cause respiratory problems and Hearing problems. • Due to improper sanitation facilities, the workers may experience some health problems. Mitigation Measures • To eradicate the Health and Safety risks to the employees, Personal Protective Equipments will be provided. • Ensuring good housekeeping and cleaning operations • Proper On-Site Sanitation facilities will be provided for the employees • The wastewater generated during construction phase will be treated in the septic tank and Soak Pit.

4.3.2 Operation Phase Operation of the project would have likely impacts on the following. • Impact on Land use • Impact on Topography and drainage • Impact on Air Quality • Impact on Noise Quality • Impact on Water Quality • Impact on Ecological Environment • Impact on Socio-Economic Environment • Impacts on Onsite risks 4.3.2.1 Impact on Land use The total plot area of the project site is around 0.5 hectares. The present land use of the project site is SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Cuddalore. Hence the land use of the project site will not be changed due to the proposed construction of industrial buildings and no impact on land use is expected. Development of green belt (0.165 ha) within the premises will enhance the aesthetic value of the surrounding.

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.3.2.2 Impact on Topography and Drainage The major envisaged topographical changes would be due to the manmade structures like erection of stacks. Nearly 1950 sq.m of land will be for built-up which has negative impact but the impact is moderate significant. However, it will invite positive impacts by land levelling (no significant levelling is required) and diversified species of green belt with flowering plants will also improve aesthetic look of the area. Regular maintenance (watering, fertilizer, insecticides/ pesticidal application, pruning etc.,) will be carried out for green belt development during operation phase by appointing a gardener for this purpose. The proposed construction of buildings may alter the drainage of the project site which causes moderate impact on the environment. The impact on drainage will be mitigated by the provision of rainwater harvesting structure and adequate capacity of storm water drains.

4.3.2.3 Impact on Air Quality The potential impact on air quality would be mainly from  Combustion of Fuels (D.G set & Boiler)  Emissions from process section- Reactor stacks Combustion of Fuels- Operation of boiler and Thermic Fluid Heater uses Wood, Coal and Diesel as fuel. Upon combustion, the emissions generated will have impact on air quality. The anticipated key air emissions from the project would be Particulate matter.  Emissions from processes – Operation of Reactors and Spin Flash dryers will be the source of air emissions. The anticipated key air emissions from the project would be the vapors involved in the process. After use, such solvents are recovered by direct separation from the reaction time by distillation.  Fugitive emissions - Vehicles plying for transportation of raw materials & finished products will also be sources of air emissions, which will be of intermittent nature. The air emissions from the proposed operation are particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen and Oxides of Sulphur. The particulate matters are primarily emitted from the drier and milling operations

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES within the plant. The oxides of sulphur and nitrogen are from the fuel combustion of used in the boiler and the emergency diesel generators. The emissions from the electrolytic cells are passed through the scrubber to remove the VOC’s and other compounds. In order to conservatively estimate the proposed operations, it is assumed that all the emissions were estimated to maximum operating conditions. The air quality estimation is performed based on air quality modelling using AERMOD. Based on the project understanding the air emissions from the proposed project are identified as the following:

• Principal Air Contaminants (SO2, NO2 and Particulates as PM10) from the operation of the stationary combustion engines and process equipment such as scrubbers and driers (Stack emissions)

Since the emissions associated with the operation are considered as major source, USEPA approved AERMOD dispersion modelling is performed to identify if there are any impacts to the environment associated with the operations of the proposed project. The stack emission from the project is normally considered as continuous air emissions.

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ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Table 4. 1 Stack Emission Inventory

Process Height Diameter Flue gas Exit Emission Unit (m) (mm) Temperature Velocity Concentration °C m/s mg/m3

SO2 NOx SPM

Boiler 22 350 150 7 100 50 150 (4TPH) Thermic 15 250 150 7 100 50 150 Fluid Heater-1 Thermic 15 250 150 7 100 50 150 Fluid Heater-2 Hot Air 15 350 40 6 - - 150 Generator- 1 Hot Air 15 350 40 6 - - 150 Generator- 2 Reactor 16 250 40 6.5 Ammonia – 175 stack mg/Nm3

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4.3.2.5 Air Dispersion Modelling A dispersion model is a series of equations describing the relationships between the concentration of a substance in the atmosphere arising at a chosen location, the release rate, and factors affecting the dispersion and dilution in the atmosphere. The model requires information on the emission characteristics and the local meteorology. Modelling can also be used to predict future scenarios, short-term episodes, and long-term trends. Nearby buildings and complex topography can have significant effects upon dispersion characteristics of a plume. Buildings may cause a plume to come to ground much closer to the stack than otherwise expected, causing significantly higher substance concentrations. Plumes can impact directly on high buildings under certain meteorological conditions, which may trap emissions during low-level inversions. Based on the scope of the project, AERMOD would be an appropriate model to assess the ground level concentration within the project area and at ambient level outside of the plant boundary. In order to conservatively estimate the maximum ground level operation, maximum operating conditions under maximum emission scenario is calculated. Key steps of the assessment would include: • Emission estimation to quantify emissions. The emission estimates will be based on manufacturers data on comparison with the scheduled operation; in the absence of manufacturers data, emission factors obtained from USEPA, AP-42 ore mission estimates from similar operating facility will be used. • Obtaining local meteorological file, for months of monitoring for one season for • the monitoring period; • Model inputs with stack/vent related specifications such as height, type of stack, diameter, exhaust temperature, exit velocity, orientation of the stack, exhaust flow rate and emission rate; and

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The regional meteorological data set from the data collected from the monitoring location is verified with the Indian Meteorological Data (IMD) repository. The onsite data is then processed using AERMET to produce the meteorological input files and on-site data to further enhance the detailed analysis of the atmospheric and dispersion conditions applicable to the project area. The general process approach for AERMOD would include: • Process meteorological data using AERMET; • Obtain digital terrain elevation data; • Incorporate building downwash using BPIP-PRIME; • Characterize site - complete source and receptor information; • Perform terrain data pre-processing for AERMOD dispersion model using AERMAP; 4.3.2.6 Meteorology Meteorological data collected from 1st June 2017 to 31st August 2017 has been given in Chapter 3 which indicates that the predominant wind direction is blowing from West to east. This micro-metrological data is cross referred with the 10 year meteorological data collected from IMD station at Cuddalore is given in Chapter 3. 4.3.2.7 Results and Discussions (Modelling results)

Modelling results consist of maximum concentrations (in μg/m3) for each of the modeled substances. The concentration isopleths are shown in Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.3 and the summary of dispersion modelling results for each of the selected substances is given in Table 4.2. The modelling assessment was carried out for all the stack sources within the project site and the emissions were based on maximum operating conditions. The primary

pollutants from the stack/point sources are the particulates (PM10 and PM2.5),

SO2 and NO2, which are emitted from the source are described in Table 4.2 within the facility.

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Figure 4. 1 Maximum ground level concentrations (PM)

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Figure 4. 2 Maximum ground level concentrations (SO2)

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Figure 4. 3 Maximum ground level concentration (NO2)

Table 4. 2 Summary of Dispersion Modelling Results

Sl Pollutant Predicted GLC Distance Direction No. µg/m3 from plant centre 1 PM 2.277 600m ENE 2 SO2 1.11 800m N 3 NOx 4.12 800m N

Cumulative impact on baseline ambient air quality, after the implementation of the proposed expansion has been arrived by superimposing the present

MAY 2018 140 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES baseline maximum air quality levels of each pollutant. The resultant ambient air quality after implementation of the proposed plant is given in Table 4.3.

Table 4. 3 Resultant Concentrations After Proposed Expansion

Sl. Pollutant Concentration, µg/m3 No. Baseline Incremental Resultant

1 PM 60.8 2.277 63.077

2 SO2 9.14 1.11 10.25

3 NOx 16.8 4.12 20.92

4.3.8 Impact on Noise Quality Anticipated Impacts

For the proposed operations, impact on noise environment can have three relationships between noise source and receptor:

• Noise from the industrial operation and receptors at the project fencing and beyond, exposed to environmental noise levels; • Noise from the industrial plant and machinery and immediate receptors, exposed to occupational noise levels; and • Noise generation due to plying of vehicles on the roads bringing raw material and taking finished products.

The main noise generating sources are blowers from boilers and DG sets.

Table 4. 4 Typical Noise Levels from Equipment

S.No Equipment Noise Level in dB (A) 1 DG set 55-60 2 Air Compressor 44-55 3 Blowers from Boiler 70-75

Mitigation Measures To minimize the impact of noise from the industrial operation within the unit as well as noise impact on the nearby areas from road traffic following measures would be adopted:

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• The specifications for procuring major noise generating machines/equipment such as Exhaust fans, Compressors would include built in design requirements to have minimum noise levels meeting OSHA requirement. • The operators, workers and other personnel within the plant, however, have to be provided with protective measures such as earplugs at the noise generating units. The noise protective enclosures will be provided at the noise generating units. The permissible noise exposure for the workers working at the noise sources are listed in the following Table 4.5. Hence measures shall be taken to avoid such exposures. Table 4. 5 Permissible Noise Exposures for Industrial Workers

Exposure Time (hr/day) Limit in dB(A) 8 90 4 93 2 96 1 99 1/2 102 ¼ 105 1/8 108 1/16 111 1/32 (2 minutes or less) 114

• Exposure to continuous or intermittent noise louder than 115 dB (A) should not be permitted. • Exposure to pulse or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB (Peak Acoustic Pressure). • The impact of noise emission from boilers will be minimized by acoustic enclosures and the noise levels will be limited to 85 dB [A]. • Wherever no control equipments are possible, increase the distance between source and receiver and by altering the relative orientation of the source and receiver. Noise level at the receiver end reduces in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the receiver and the source.

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• Also workers / operators working near to high noise generating machinery to be provided with ear mufflers / ear plugs. • Green belt also acts as barriers for noise dispersion. So in addition to the plant noise control measures, all the open areas within the plant premises and all along the plant boundary will be provided with adequate green belt to diffuse the noise dispersion. 4.3.9 Impact on Water Quality Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources Water requirement during operation of the proposed plant for both domestic and industrial purposes will be 768 KLD. The fresh water requirement of 706 KLD will be met through SIPCOT water supply and 60 KLD of water will be reused. Since there is no abstraction of groundwater, impact on ground water is not envisaged. Anticipated Impacts on Water Quality The proposed generation of sewage from domestic activities will be around 8.5 KLD. The seepage from STP would cause deterioration of ground water. The proposed generation of trade effluent from industrial activities will be 448.4 KLD respectively. The improper construction of tanks / leakage at the bottom of the tanks may lead to leaching of untreated effluent to the ground water. Storm water runoff during monsoon will create pooling in the surrounding area. Mitigation Measures The construction of sewage and effluent treatment facility as per CPHEEO norms will be done for preventing the entry of wastewater into ground water. Treated wastewater conforms to the norms set by TNPCB and proper maintenance of ETP plant. Abstraction of ground water resources Since there is no withdrawal of groundwater, impact on groundwater is not envisaged.

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Rainwater Harvesting  Rainwater harvesting and re-charging in to ground water provides increase of ground water table.

 Rainwater harvesting prevents the flooding of low- lying areas in the campus,

 Salinity of ground water is reduced.

Table 4. 6 Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces as per CPWD

Sl.No Various Surface Area Co-Efficient 1 Roof Catchment 1.1 Tiles 0.8-0.9 1.2 Corrugated Metal Sheets 0.7-.9 2 Ground Surface Covering 2.1 Rocky material catchment 0.2-0.5 2. 2 residential complex in suburban areas 0.5-0.7 apartment 2.3 Parks, cemeteries 0.10-0.25 2.4 Unimproved land areas 0.10-0.30 2.5 Asphaltic or concrete pavement 0.7-0.95 2.6 Brick pavement 0.70-0.85 2.7 Play ground 0.2-0.35

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Average annual rain fall in Cuddalore= 1225 mm Total area = 5000 Sq.m Average rainy days in a year are 72. In Cuddalore peak hourly rainfall 80 mm. The capacity of tank recharge tank is designed to retain runoff for at least 15 minutes of rainfall Peak intensity of rainfall in Cuddalore= 20mm. Table 4. 7 Run Off at 15min Rainfall intensity

Sl.N Area type Area in Sqm Normal Runoff Total runoff Runoff at hourly Rain Fall Intensity o rainfall in Co- available in (50 Year frequency in India) of 80 mtr .year efficient cubic mm/hour. 15 minutes of rainfall mtr/annum intensity is 20 mm 1 Roof 69 1.225 0.85 71.84625 Area 1.173 2 Paved 2081 1.225 0.75 1911.91875 Area 31.215 3 Unpaved 2850 1.225 0.2 698.25 Area 11.4 Total 5000 2682.015 43.79

Runoff at 15min Rain Fall Intensity = 43.79 m3/15 min

Volume of the pit (2m*3m*4*40% filtrated material) = 14.4 m3

Total No. of Rain water harvesting Pits = 43.79 / 14.4cu.m =3 Nos Number of Pits = 3 pits

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4.3.10 Ecological Environment At the existing site of Supreme Dyechem Private Limited, green belt has been developed on 0.165 hectares area, which is 33 % of total plant area. Approximately 250 trees and 120 shrub species have been planted by Supreme Dyechem Private Limited. Due to expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products, no impact on green belt of the unit and ecology of the study area is anticipated. Growth of plantation and development of green belt at the site is likely to improve the flora and fauna at the site.

Mitigation Measures • At the existing site of Supreme Dyechem Private Limited, peripheral green belt already developed around the plant boundary. • Supreme Dyechem management will ensure that the surrounding ecology is not affected or unacceptably harmed by any activity of the pigment manufacturing during operations. • Species selected for plantation program should be local, fast growing, ornamental and provide shade. • In the open area landscaping will be carried out. Impact on Forest & Wildlife There would not be any impact on forests from the existing site of Supreme Dyechem Private Limited after expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products. Impact on Marine Ecology No impact is envisaged on marine ecology from the expansion of production capacity of pigments and pigment related products during construction or operational phases as there is no discharge in marine environment in the vicinity of the existing site. Hence, the impact on the marine environment is as per given below.

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Table 4. 8 Impact on Marine Environment

Impact Rating Ecology Significance and Nature of impact Minor and Positive Duration of impact Long term Impacted Area Localized Likelihood of occurrence Low Severity of impact Slight

Suggestions for the plantation in Avenues The following species may be planted on the road sides as avenues which include both native and selected exotics. These species are recommended mainly because they are capable of withstanding coastal zone vulnerabilities such as cyclones, storms and heavy rain fall. They are not only aesthetic also with good foliage as well as attractive flowers, but also to enhance the faunal diversity like birds and butterflies. Table 4. 9 List of native and some exotic species for Avenue Plantation

Sl.No Scientific Name Local name Family Type of tree 1 Albizialebbeck Siridam Fabaceae Deciduous tree 2 Bauhinia tomentosa Chovanna- Caesalpiniacea Evergreen mandaru tree 3 Ficusbenghalensis Alai Moraceae Brevi Deciduous tree 4 Ficusracemosa Atthi Moraceae Brevi Deciduous tree 5 Ficusreligiosa Araca-maram Moraceae Brevi Deciduous tree

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Sl.No Scientific Name Local name Family Type of tree 6 Hibiscus tiliaceus Nirparatthi Malvaceae Evergreen tree 7 Madhucalongifolia illuppai Sapotaceae Brevi Deciduous tree 8 Pongamiapinnata Pungai Fabaceae Brevi Deciduous tree 9 Swieteniamahagoni Mahogani -- Evergreen tree 10 Terminaliaarjuna Poomarudhu Combretaceae Evergreen tree 11 Terminaliacatappa Nattuvadumai Combretaceae Brevi Deciduous tree 12 Terminaliabellirica Akkam Combretaceae Brevi Deciduous tree 13 Sterculiafoetida Kutiraippitukku Malvaceae Brevi Deciduous tree 14 Swieteniamacrophylla Mahogani Meliaceae Evergreen tree 15 Azadirachtaindica Veppai Meliaceae Evergreen tree

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4.3.11 Impact on Socio-Economics There will be an increase in employment due to flow of financial and material resources through increased business, trade commerce and service sector. The employment generated will be in form of direct & indirect nature. The plant will result in considerable growth of service sector and will also generate new industrial and business opportunities in the area. The ancillary facilities, would act, as an active nucleus for business activities. Some increase in services catering to the additional population will occur due to the setting up of the plant.

4.3.12 Impacts on Onsite risks Anticipated Impacts • The facility will be handling and storing flammable substances like diesel and organic solvents thereby increasing potential risks due to storage of flammables. • To mitigate risks, proper risk management and onsite emergency control planning should be integral part of the project operations. • Adequate risk management plan for general fire hazard in the proposed manufacturing facility will be developed and implemented during the operation phase

Mitigation Measures

 Chemicals used for the processes have to be stored based on their properties especially their compatibility nature. Therefore, it is mandatory to identify and store the incompatible chemicals properly segregated and stored as per MSIHC rules 1989. The addition of this chemical should be preferably done through mechanical means avoiding manual handling.

 Hazardous materials shall be stored as per the classification.

 Safe operating procedures for all chemicals shall be displayed in all the process area.

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 MSDS shall be displayed in chemical storages area in two languages.

 Applicable Fire Extinguishers shall be put in place.

 Advanced hydrant system and sprinkler system for unloading area as well as storage area shall be installed and it shall be automated.

 All the storage containers shall be properly earthed.

 All the drainpipes shall be properly collected and reused.

 Operating personnel should be through with all aspects of operation; safety systems and fire fighting etc. their reaction time shall be monitored.  Periodical mock drills such as fire mock as well as evacuation mock drills shall be conducted.  Boundary wall shall be raised to at least 4.5m to avoid thermal and vapour cloud explosion should not go outside of the boundary. 4.4 Traffic Study

The main access road to the project site is SH49 which connects Chennai and Cuddalore. The road facilitates a two way movement of vehicles which include Heavy trucks, multi- axle, four wheelers, two wheelers, buses and autos.

Anthropogenic emissions not only contribute to the greenhouse effect but also participate in the reaction that results in photochemical oxidants. The effect of photochemical oxidants is well known for forming smog particularly in the urban areas.

A detailed traffic survey was conducted in the study area to evaluate the impacts of the increased traffic due to the proposed activity. Increase in the traffic in the study area has a direct impact on the resources as a heavy release of automobile exhaust is envisaged which has a direct impact on the air quality and the ambient noise levels in the study area. MAY 2018 150 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.4.1 Traffic Studies Methodology

The methodology adopted for carrying out the traffic study was to select the major roads around the project site and count various categories of vehicles moving on these roads. The traffic survey was carried out on the approach road near the project site, Cuddalore Chennai state highway. The details of the vehicles movement was recorded. The various categories of vehicles moving on these roads are given in Table 4.10 .

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Table 4. 10 Traffic study near site- Cuddalore Chennai State highway (To & from)

Two wheeler Three Wheeler Passenger Car & Heavy commercial Total vehicles Hours Pick-up Vans Vehicles (HCV) No’s PCU/hr No’s PCU/hr No’s PCU/hr No’s PCU/hr No’s PCU’s/ 06-07 am 250 192 112 224 211 211 212 785 785 1412 07-08 am 336 259 189 378 248 248 295 1092 1068 1977 08-09 am 432 332 232 464 286 286 411 1522 1361 2604 09-10 am 519 399 243 486 386 386 506 1874 1654 3145 10-11 am 625 480 266 532 420 420 465 1722 1776 3154 11-12 pm 955 669 320 640 488 488 598 2213 2361 4010 12-01 pm 816 627 253 506 312 312 421 1559 1802 3004 01-02 pm 749 576 243 486 283 283 415 1537 1690 2882 02-03 pm 689 530 234 468 243 243 356 1319 1522 2606 03-04 pm 611 470 232 464 235 235 314 1163 1292 2514 04-05 pm 524 403 265 530 289 289 412 1526 1490 2748 05-06 pm 832 563 288 576 354 354 376 1393 1850 2886 06-07 pm 801 616 265 530 389 389 493 1825 1948 3360 07-08 pm 756 582 243 486 312 312 436 1614 1747 2994 08-09 pm 625 481 221 442 212 212 416 1541 1474 2676 09-10 pm 562 432 122 244 153 153 345 1277 1426 2106 10-11 pm 275 212 116 232 142 142 234 867 767 1337 11-12 pm 256 179 97 194 119 119 231 855 703 1347 12-1 am 232 162 84 168 101 101 219 810 636 1241 1-2 am 176 123 66 132 83 83 210 777 535 1115 2-3 am 125 88 49 98 62 62 190 703 426 951 3-4 am 109 76 32 64 99 99 170 629 410 868 4-5 am 147 103 53 106 149 149 189 699 538 1057 5-6 am 226 158 94 188 181 181 201 744 702 1271 MAY 2018 152 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The highest peak observed is 4010 PCU/hr during 11 am to 12 am.

Total width of the Road in meters ( Arterial Road) 30 Carrying capacity of the road (the road is 4 lane Divided 2 way road) As per IRC:106- 1500 1990 (PCU’s per hour) Existing V/C Ratio 0.8 LOS=Level of Service (Existing ) “D” V/C LOS Performance 0.0-0.2 A Excellent 0.2-0.4 B Very good 0.4-0.6 C Good 0.6-0.8 D Fair/Average 0.8-1.0 E Poor 1.0 &above F Very poor Note: *As per IRC Guidelines 1990 The vehicles were categorized into various heads viz. bus, commercial vehicles (LCV, single-axle, double- axle & multiple-axle), cars, two wheelers, three wheelers and cycles.

Sampling Locations The traffic sampling location is represented in below table.

Table 4. 11 Details of Traffic Monitoring Locations Location Code Location Details T-1 SH49

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Table 4. 12 PCU Characteristics of SH49

Total 53265 PCU/day Min 868 PCU/hr Max 4010 PCU/hr Average 2439 PCU/hr

Traffic flow patterns The traffic study was conducted for SH49 (Chennai – Cuddalore) which is the main access road to the project site. The average traffic was observed as 2439 PCU/hr (Passenger Car Units / hour). The peak traffic during day time is observed from 11:00 AM – 12:00 AM of 4010 PCU/hr & the peak traffic during night time is observed from 6:00 – 7:00 PM of 3360 PCU/hr (Passenger Car Units / hour).

Volume /Capacity ratio The Volume/Capacity Ratio indicates the congestion levels on a particular road. The IRC specifies a design service volume (DSV) for each road type therefore indicating a level of service. Level of service of roads depends on the volume/capacity ratio of the respective roads. The level of service and performance as per IRC norms is given below,

Table 4. 13 IRC Norms

Volume/Capacity Ratio Level of Service Performance (Range) (LoS) 0.0 – 0.2 “A” Excellent 0.2 – 0.4 “B” Very Good 0.4 – 0.6 “C” Good 0.6 – 0.8 “D” Fair 0.8 -1.0 “E” Poor

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SH 49 Peak of the peak traffic was found to be 4010 PCU/hr. The capacity of road for 2 lane (two way) for arterial road is taken as 1500 PCU/hr as per IRC Standards. Hence the V/C Ratio for the road is found to be 0.8. Hence the level of service for the road is “D” & the performance is “Fair”. The volume of traffic is moderate at present near the project site & a normal flow condition can be observed throughout the day.

Future Traffic Scenario The project proponent M/s Supreme DyeChem Private Limited has proposed to expand the production capacity from 10 MT/Annum to 530 MT/Annum in their plant at Plot No. A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District.

From the proposed expansion a total of 25 PCU/day is expected to move in & out from the project site with addition to existing. There will be individual entry/exit points from the site to ensure a balanced movement of traffic during peak hours. The vehicle movement distribution will generally be even throughout the day except during the peak office hours. The peak hours would be about 2 hours in the morning and 1 hour in the evening. Hence, the total number of vehicles that might enter or exit the compound for 1 hr (Maximum in peak hour) = 24 PCUs/hr.

The overall incremental traffic on SH49 will be 1.3% of the exixting. There will be individual entry/exit points in the site and the modified volume to capacity ratio for SH49 Road has been calculated as below.

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Table 4. 14 The modified Level of Service and performance

Modified Existing Additional Modified Volume/ Modified Road Volume Volume Volume Capacity LoS (PCU/hr) (PCU/hr) (PCU/hr) ratio SH 49 – 2439 24 2463 0.8 “D”-Fair T1

With an additional volume being added to the carrying capacity of the road, the modified volume/capacity ratio is only slightly increased in comparison to the existing traffic scenario. Considering this, the proposed project will not significantly alter the traffic flow. All interior roads will be designed as per IRC guidelines.

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5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 Introduction Alternative analysis is the process of analyzing the suitability for basic necessities to operate the plant safely, this analysis also covers the environmental aspect of pollution prevention and improvement in quality of life nearby the project vicinity. The project alternative is the course of action in pace of another, that would meet the same purpose and need, but which would avoid or minimize negative impacts and enhance project benefits. Such projects may result in specific impacts which can be avoided or mitigated by adherence to certain predetermined performance standards, guidelines or design criteria. Alternative approaches may therefore be more effective in integrating environmental and social concerns into the project planning process.

5.2 Selection of Site The efficient functioning of any industry mainly depends on the availability of its basic requirements viz. raw materials, fuel, power, water, manpower etc. The selection of site for the proposed project is determined by the following factors. a) Location. b) Proximity to sources of supply of raw materials c) Proximity to water source d) Proximity to power source e) Availability of land for development of greenbelt f) Availability of labour source in proximity g) Road connectivity h) Acceptability of site from Environmental aspects like availability of areas for solid/liquid effluent disposal. A) Location The proposed expansion project is located at Plot no. A- 6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu. Since it is

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES an expansion project Cuddalore SIPCOT is the ideal location for setting up this expansion project.

B) Proximity to sources of supply of raw materials All raw materials will be transported by road and purchased from local sources.

C) Proximity to water source Water supply facility is available with SIPCOT and there will be no drawl of ground water during the operation phase of the project.

D) Proximity to Power source The sanctioned power by TNEB for the existing plant is about 1200 KVA. After the proposed expansion it will be increased to 1500 KVA and the same will be sourced from TNEB. In addition to the existing 65 kVA DG, a DG of 500 kVA will be used as the backup power supply.

E) Availability of land for the development of greenbelt The land allotted for development of greenbelt is 1650 Sq.m (33%).

F) Availability of labour source in the proximity The industries in Cuddalore are the source of raising the standard of living of people in Cuddalore district.

G) Road Connectivity The site is well connected by roadways. The access road of SH 49 is located at 0.32 km, western side of the proposed project.

H) Acceptability of site from Environmental aspects like availability of areas for solid waste / liquid effluent disposal. Dedicated solid waste storage area has been earmarked within the proposed project. Agreement will be made with TSDF for safe disposal of hazardous waste. Adequate land available for setting up Effluent Treatment Plant for treating trade effluent prior to discharge to greenbelt.

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ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The location of project is best suited to start above manufacturing activities. So no alternative for site was analyzed.

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MONITORING PROGRAMME

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 Introduction

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool for sustainable development & ensuring effective implementation of environmental management plan & mitigation measures adopted. Environmental monitoring will undertake primarily to determine the environmental effects of human activities and secondarily to increase understanding of cause – effect relationships between human activity and environmental change. Environment monitoring is a repetitive & systematic measurement of the characteristics of environmental components to test specific hypotheses of the effect of human activities on the environment. Environmental monitoring program enables the proponent to identify the deviation of environmental quality due to the proposed project activities. Therefore, regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the environmental quality.

6.2 Objectives of Monitoring

To ensure the effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the broad objectives of monitoring plan are:

• To assess the changes in environmental conditions • To evaluate the performance of mitigation measures proposed in the environmental monitoring programme. • To suggest improvements in management plan, if required • To enhance environmental quality • To undertake compliance monitoring of the proposed project operation and evaluation of mitigative measure.

6.3 Environmental Monitoring and reporting Procedure

Development of the programme during the planning process shall be conducted or supported by environmental specialists. However, the implementation responsibility rests with working managers of the

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME organization, who should, therefore, ensure they fully understand and subscribe to the commitments being made. These commitments will include the legal and statutory controls imposed on the operation as well as other corporate commitment to responsible environment management.

6.4 Environmental Monitoring Programme To check the efficacy of the adopted mitigation measures and Environmental Management plan, post project monitoring is carried out for various environmental parameters. In case, the monitored results of environmental parameter are found to exceed the allowable/stipulated values, the Environmental Management Cell suggests remedial actions and gets these suggestions implemented through the concerned personnel.

(i) Air Pollution and Meteorological Aspects Both ambient air quality and stack emissions will be monitored. The ambient air quality will be monitored once in three months in the work zone, at the DG set location and surroundings through a reputed environmental laboratory recognized by CPCB/MoEF & CC. Similarly, the stack monitoring will be carried out once in three months and the results will be reported to pollution control authorities. (ii) Wastewater Quality The domestic sewage emanating from the project will be monitored once in a month for physico-chemical characteristics. (iii) Noise Levels Noise levels near the DG sets will be monitored once in three months. (iv) Monitoring Equipment and Consumables A well-equipped laboratory with consumable items will be provided for monitoring of environmental parameters. Alternatively, monitoring can be outsourced to a recognized laboratory.

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Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction Phase Potential Action to be Parameters for Frequency of S.No. Impact Followed Monitoring Monitoring 1. Air All equipment Random checks Periodic Emissions are operated of equipment within specified logs/manuals design parameters. Vehicle trips to Vehicle logs Periodic during site be minimized to clearance & the extent construction possible activities Any dry, dust Absence of stock Periodic during materials stored piles or open construction in sealed containers of activities containers or dusty Materials. prevented from blowing.

Ambient air PM10, PM2.5, As per CPCB/TNPCB quality within SO2, NOx, CO Requirement or on the premises of and HC. monthly basis the proposed whichever is earlier unit to be Monitored. 2. Noise List of all noise Equipment logs, Regular during generating noise reading construction machinery activities onsite along With age to be prepared. Equipment to be maintained in good working condition. Night working is Working hour Daily records to be avoided. Records Generation of Maintenance Daily records vehicular noise records of vehicles Implement good Site working Periodic during working Practices construction practices activities

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(equipment records, noise selection and Reading siting) to minimize noise and also reduce its impact Human health (earmuffs, safe distances, and enclosures). No machinery running When not required. Acoustic mufflers Mufflers Prior to use of /enclosures to /enclosures equipment. be provided in shall be in large engines place. Noise to be Spot Noise As per monitored in recording CPCB/TNPCB ambient air within the plant

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase S.No. Potential Impact Action to be Followed Stack emissions from process stacks and incinerators to be optimized and monitored Stack emissions from DG set to be monitored Ambient air quality within the premises of the proposed plant and nearby Habitations to be Monitored. 1. Air emissions Exhaust from vehicles to be minimized by use of fuel efficient vehicles and well maintained vehicles having PUC certificate Fugitive emissions From vehicular movement, work zone environment, product, raw materials storage area etc. Noise generated from operation of power 2 Noise boilers/cooling towers to be optimized and monitored.

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6.5 Monitoring Methodologies Monitoring of environmental samples shall be done as per the guidelines provide by MoEFCC/CPCB. The methods conducted or applied shall be approved or sanctioned by any recognized body or authority i.e. MoEF & CC/CPCB. 6.6 Responsibility of Monitoring and Reporting System The overall responsibility of monitoring the above parameters shall lie with the Management. The HSE division shall be responsible for day to day monitoring of effluent, raw water and treated water quality. The ambient air quality, stack emissions, soil, noise and water quality shall be monitored by either third party (approved MoEF/NABL laboratory) or by the EMC. Reports and documents shall be prepared complying with the statutory rules & regulations. Proper and due care shall be taken to adhere to the laid down rules and regulation by the government. Records shall be maintained for the analysis of raw effluents and treated effluents, ambient air quality data, stack emissions monitoring results, meteorological data and noise levels. The industry shall maintain the records as per the Hazardous waste regulations and EPA regulations and apply for the annual consents for the air and water, and renewal of authorization for the storage of hazardous waste as per Hazardous Waste (Handling & Management) Rules, 2016. The records of hazardous waste manifest will be maintained. These reports / documents shall be regularly and periodically reviewed and any changes / discrepancies found in mitigation measures/ operation / management / technology shall be brought into notice instantaneously and all possible corrective actions shall be taken to match the discrepancies been witnessed. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure quality of the works and that the management plan in implementation. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the

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Environmental Management Plan get implemented in the project. The organogram of HSE (Process Safety) is given below in Figure 6.1.

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Figure 6.1. HSE Organogram of Supreme Dyechem

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6.7 Data Analysis The monitored data will be analyzed and compared with the baseline levels as established in the EIA study and the regulatory standards specified by different government agencies. The standards against which the different environment components will be compared are as per Table 6.3.

Table 6.3 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Plan

Operation phase 1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 24 hr Project a PM10 ,PM2.5,SO2, NOX,CO Once in month continuously site except CO 2 Stack monitoring

SO2 ,NOX,PM, CO, CO2, a Temperature, Flow rate Once in month 30 min and Exit velocity of the gas

SO2 ,NOX,PM, CO, CO2, b Temperature, Flow rate Once in month and Exit velocity of the gas

SO2 ,NOX,PM, CO, CO2, VOC, Temperature, Flow c DG Stack Once in month 30 min rate and Exit velocity of the gas 3 Ambient noise quality Near DG set and Once in 3 8 hr continuous a noise Noise level in dB(A) Months with 1 hr interval generating equipment 4 Ground water quality Ground Parameters specified under a Water Once in month Grab Sampling IS:10500, 1993 Near Source: ABC Techno Labs India Private. Ltd

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project site 5 Soil quality pH, Texture, Electrical Samples were conductivity, Organic collected from At the matter, Nitrogen, three different a green belt Annually Phosphate, Sodium, depths viz, 30cm, area Calcium, Potassium and 60cm and 100cm Magnesium. below the surface 6 Continuous Online Monitoring Real time monitoring connected to a Continuous control room & TNPCB.

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7. ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT PLAN

The main objective of risk assessment study is to propose a comprehensive but simple approach to carry out risk analysis and conducting feasibility studies for industries, planning and management of industrial prototype hazard analysis study in Indian context.

Risk analysis and risk assessment shall provide details on Risk Assessment techniques used to determine risk posed to people who work inside or live near hazardous facilities, and to aid in preparing effective emergency response plans by delineating a Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to handle on- site and off-site emergencies. Hence, RA is an invaluable method for making informed risk based process safety and environmental impact planning decisions, as well as being fundamental to any decisions while siting a facility. RA is a site or risk specific assessment which is complex and needs extensive study shall involve process understanding, hazard identification, consequence modelling, probability data, vulnerability models/data, local weather and terrain conditions and local population data.

Risk Assessment may be carried out to serve the following objectives.

• Identification of safety areas. • Identification of hazard sources. • Generation of accidental release scenarios for escape of hazardous materials from the facility. • Identification of vulnerable units with recourse to hazard indices. • Estimation of damage distances for the accidental release scenarios with recourse to Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) analysis. • Estimation of probability of occurrences of hazardous event through fault tree analysis and computation of reliability of various control paths.

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• Assessment of risk on basis of above evaluation against the risk acceptability criteria relevant to the situation. • Suggest risk mitigation measures based on engineering judgement, reliability and risk analysis approaches. • Delineation / upgradation of DMP • Safety Reports: with external safety report/ occupational safety report,

The risk assessment report covers the following in terms of extent of damage with resource to MCA analysis and delineation of risk mitigations measures with an approach to DMP.

• Hazard identification - identification of hazardous activities, hazardous materials, past accident records, etc.

• Hazard quantification - consequence analysis to assess the impacts

• Risk presentation

• Risk mitigation measures

• Disaster management plans

HAZARD HAZARD IDENTIFIC QUANTIFIC ATION ATION

HAZARD EVALUATIO N

Figure 7. 1 Risk Assessment - Conceptual Framework

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Methods of risk prediction shall cover all the design intentions and operating parameters to quantify risk in terms of probability of occurrence of hazardous events and magnitude of its consequence.

In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the Pharmaceutical unit, maximum credible accident analysis, consequence analysis are addressed which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the unit. Based on the risk estimation for fuel and chemical storage, Disaster Management Plan (DMP) along with recommendations of the risk assessment is given in section 7.4. 7.1.1 BACKGROUND

Identification analysis and assessment of hazards and risks provide vital information to the risk management, that what should be the type & capacity of any on-site and off-site emergency plan & what type of safety measures and maintenance is required. Risk and consequence analysis is carried out considering storage and handling of various hazardous raw materials, intermediates and product as well as manufacturing process. Many of the chemicals stored at site is in the Part II of schedule I of the named chemicals in the Manufacture, storage, import and handling of chemicals (MSIHC Rules). None of the listed chemicals are stored in large quantity but limited to a week’s stock, as they are all common place items. The stored quantity is several times lower than the threshold quantity permitted. They only need to prepare an On- site emergency plan and keep it active by regular drills. 7.1.2 METHODOLOGY

Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) is a means of making a systematic analysis of the risks from hazardous activities, and forming a rational evaluation of their significance, in order to provide input to a decision making process. The term ‘quantitative rapid risk analysis’ is widely used, but strictly this refers to the purely numerical analysis of risks without any evaluation of their significance. The study has been conducted based on the premises of a traditional

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Quantitative Risk Assessment. The purpose of Risk Assessment is to develop mitigation measures for unacceptable generators of risk, as well as to reduce the overall level of risk to “As Low As Reasonably Practical” (ALARP).

 Collection of data/information with respect to facility, process, hazardous chemicals etc.

 Collection of meteorological data.

 Identification of hazardous chemicals as per the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Amendment Rules - 2000.d

 Screening of hazardous nature of each chemical and confirmation with Fire Diamond.

 Tabulation of chemical as well as physical properties and storage details for each hazardous chemical.

 Identification of hazard associated with each chemical.

 Identification of release type and determine release rates.

 Simulation of each identified hazardous chemical for consequence analysis using

ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres)

ALOHA is an air dispersion model developed by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, USA), can be used as a tool for predicting the movement and dispersion of gases. It predicts pollutant concentrations downwind from the source of a spill, taking into consideration the physical characteristics of the spilled material. Input parameters to ALOHA model are location name, latitude and longitude of location, its elevation, building type, building surroundings, wind speed, direction (from meteorological department), wind measuring heights, ground roughness, cloud cover, stability class, inversion, humidity, tank type and orientation, tank dimension, state of chemical, temperature inside the stank, diameter of opening, leak type and height of opening ALOHA software was used to model the effects of each scenario taking into consideration the usual

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atmospheric conditions as well as the worst case atmospheric conditions. ALOHA is a computer program designed especially for use by people responding to chemical releases, as well as for emergency planning. ALOHA models key hazards - toxicity, flammability, thermal radiation (heat) and overpressure (explosion, blast, force) - related to chemical releases that result in toxic gas dispersions, fires and/or explosions. ALOHA allows for the specification of concentration limits for the purpose of consequence assessment (e.g., assessment of human health risks from contaminant plume exposure). ALOHA refers to these concentration limits as level-of-concern (LOC) concentrations. Safety analysis work uses the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs) and Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for assessing human health effects for both facility workers and the general public. Analysts have generally applied the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) ERPGs9 and TEELs 10 for the purpose of assessing human health effects for both facility workers and the general public. Recently, another alternative has become available to analysts. The National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL Committee) has been developing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) to assist federal and state agencies and private sector organizations with their need for short-term hazardous chemical exposure information in terms of five emergency exposure periods (10 and 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h)

7.1.3 DAMAGE CRITERIA USED IN THE ALOHA

(a) Thermal Damage A Level of Concern (LoC) is a threshold level of thermal radiation, usually the level above which a hazard may exist. ALOHA uses three threshold values (measured in kilowatts per square meter) to create the default threat zones:

 Red: 10 kW/(sq. m.) -- potentially lethal within 60 sec;

 Orange: 5 kW/(sq. m.) -- second-degree burns within 60 sec; and

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 Yellow: 2 kW/(sq. m.) -- pain within 60 sec.

The thermal radiation effects that people experience depend upon the length of time they are exposed to a specific thermal radiation level. Longer exposure durations, even at a lower thermal radiation level, can produce serious physiological effects. The threat zones displayed by ALOHA represent thermal radiation levels; the accompanying text indicates the effects on people who are exposed to those thermal radiation levels but are able to seek shelter within one minute.

In the below table 7.1, below are some effects at specific thermal radiation levels and durations (on bare skin):

Table 7. 1 Specific thermal radiation level

nd Radiation Time of Time for 2P P Intensity severe pain degree

2 (kW/mP )P (s) burns (s) 1 115 663 2 45 187 3 27 92 4 18 57 5 13 40 6 11 30 8 7 20 10 5 14 12 4 11

Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency et al. 1988.

(b) Overpressure: Overpressure, also called a blast wave, refers to the sudden onset of a pressure wave after an explosion. This pressure wave is caused by the energy released in the initial explosion – the bigger the initial explosion, the more

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damaging the pressure wave. Pressure waves are nearly instantaneous, traveling at the speed of sound.

An Overpressure Level of Concern (LoC) is a threshold level of pressure from a blast wave, usually the pressure above which a hazard may exist.

ALOHA uses three threshold values to create the default threat zones: Red : 8.0 psi (destruction of buildings);

Orange : 3.5 psi (serious injury likely); and

Yellow : 1.0 psi (shatters glass).

The following Table 7.2 relates overpressure values to the structural and physiological effects produced.

Table 7. 2 Over Pressure values

Overpressure Expected Damage * (psi) 0.04 Loud noise (dB); sonic boom glass failure 0.15 Typical pressure for glass failure 0.4 Limited minor structural damage 0.50 - 1.0 Windows usually shattered 0.7 Minor damage to house structure. 1.0 Partial demolition of houses; made uninhabitable. 1.0 - 2.0 Corrugated metal panels fail and buckle. Housing wood panels blown in. 1.0 - 8.0 Range for slight to serious injuries from flying glass and other missiles 2.0 Partial collapse of walls and roofs of houses. 2.0 - 3.0 Non reinforced concrete or cinder block walls shattered 2.4 - 12.2 Range for 1-90% eardrum rupture among exposed populations 2.5 50% destruction of home brickwork

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3.0 Steel frame building distorted and pulled away from foundation 5.0 Wooden utility poles snapped 5.0 - 7.0 Nearly complete destruction of houses 7.0 Loaded train cars overturned. 9.0 Loaded train box cars demolished. 10.0 Probable total building destruction 14.5 - 29.0 Range for 1-99% fatalities among exposed populations due to direct blast effects Note: * These are peak pressures formed in excess of normal atmospheric pressure by blast and shock waves.

(c) Hazardous Fragments: One of the major hazards associated with any explosion is flying debris (hazardous fragments) propelled by the explosion's pressure wave. Hazardous fragments come from two primary sources: container fragments and debris from the surrounding area.

If an explosion is likely to occur, first responders must be aware of the possibility of hazardous fragments and take necessary precautions to shield responders and others from the potentially fatal fragments. Some hazardous fragments may be projected into areas well beyond those affected by the thermal or overpressure explosion hazards.

(d) Toxic release: For toxic release, there are several hazard classification systems in use. Some chemicals have not been classified in every system. ALOHA determines its default toxic Level of Concern (LOC) values based on the following:

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1) Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are Toxic Levels of Concern (LOCs) that is used to predict the area where a toxic gas concentration might be high enough to harm people. The guidelines define three-tiered AEGLs as follows: AEGL-1: The airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.

AEGL-2: The airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape.

AEGL-3: The airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could experience life-threatening health effects or death.

Each of the three levels of AEGL -- AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 -- is developed for Formaldehyde (37% solution) for which this is applicable for this unit. AEGLS are available for each of five exposure periods: 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 4 hours, and 8 hours. ALOHA only includes AEGL values with an exposure period of 60 minutes.

2) The Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs)

The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has issued three levels of ERPG values based on toxic effect of the chemical for use in evaluating the effects of accidental chemical releases on the general public. The Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs) are Toxic Levels of Concern (LOCs) that is used to predict the area where a toxic gas concentration might be high enough to harm people. The ERPGs are three-tiered guidelines with one common

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denominator: 1-hour contact duration. Each guideline identifies the substance, its chemical and structural properties, animal toxicology data, human experience, existing exposure guidelines, the rationale behind the selected value, and a list of references.

ERPG 1: The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined, objectionable odor.

ERPG 2: The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability to take protective action.

ERPG 3: The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing life threatening health effects.

The most important point to remember about the ERPGs is that they do not contain safety factors usually incorporated into exposure guidelines. Rather, they estimate how the general public would react to chemical exposure. Just below the ERPG-1, for example, most people would detect the chemical and may experience temporary mild effects. Just below the ERPG-3, on the other hand, it is estimated that the effects would be severe, although not life-threatening. The ERPG should serve as a planning tool, not a standard to protect the public.

3) Temporary Emergency Exposure Levels (TEELs)

There are three TEEL levels that are important for responders to consider:

TEEL-1: Maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed without experiencing other than mild transient health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odour.

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TEEL-2: Maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action.

TEEL-3: Maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed without experiencing or developing life- threatening health effects.

4) Immediate Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) level is a limit originally established for selecting respirators for use in workplaces by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). A chemical's IDLH is an estimate of the maximum concentration in the air to which a healthy worker could be exposed without suffering permanent or escape-impairing health effects. We recommend that appropriate respirator (as per NIOSH) be kept handy/easily available.

The IDLH was not designed to be an exposure limit for the general population. It does not take into account the greater sensitivity of some people, such as children and the elderly. Note: For AEGLs, ERPGs and TEELs, the rank number increase with the hazard level, so that AEGL-3 is more hazardous than AEGL-1. Typically, the “3” values are used for the most hazardous (red) threat zones because they represent the threshold concentration above which health effects may be life threatening.

7.1.4 DETAILS OF STORAGE FACILITIES

The raw materials (required for the manufacture of products) are stored in underground tanks, drums, containers (for liquid raw materials) and bags (for solid raw materials) which are in turn stored in the raw materials storage area. The details, mode of storage and the quantity of raw materials is as per details below in Table 7.3. An examination of the inventory shows that the flammable

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chemicals will be stored at site and these need extra care in order to eliminate any slight chance of an ignition. Additional care is needed especially in the solvent storage area. Further, solvents will be kept in drums in a licensed shed. A separate warehouse is proposed for bag storage and carbouys, However compatibility should be checked w.r.t chemicals stored in bags, as there is a chance of mix up with other chemicals and consequent hazardous situation.

Hazardous chemicals have been identified using the Schedule-I, Part-II of MSIHC Rules -2000. The chemicals having hazardous nature but not listed in the said notification are screened and confirmed using “Fire Diamond” [National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Diamond] classification. The project will store and handle number of flammable chemicals. List of such chemicals and their storage capacity is given in Table 7.3. The hazardous chemicals selected for the present study is based on the nature of hazardous chemicals as per NFPA and their storage capacity.

Table 7. 3 Details of Solvent Storage Details

S. Name of the MOC of Actual Possible type State No Chemical Storage Storage of Hazards Phthalic Anhydride 1 Toxic C6H4(CO)2O Solid HDPE 25 Kg Ammonium 2 Carbonate Solution Liquid MS 30 KL Toxic (NH4)2CO3

3 TG Urea & CH4N2O Solid HDPE 25 Kg Toxic Cuprous Chloride 4 Toxic CuCl Solid HDPE 25 Kg Catalyst: Ammonium 5 Molybdate Solid HDPE 25 Kg Toxic (NH4)6Mo7O24 Spent Sulfuric Acid Eco 6 (25%) & H2SO4 Liquid MS 30 KL Toxic/Toxic

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CPC Blue & 7 Solid HDPE 25 Kg Toxic CR32RHR16RCuNR8 Sulfuric Acid (98%) Toxic/Flamma 8 & H2SO4 Liquid MS 30 KL ble Caustic flakes & 9 Liquid HDPE 30 Litre Toxic NaOH

Phthalimide & Powder 10 HDPE 10 ton Toxic C8H5NO2 (Solid) Paraformaldehyde & 11 Solid HDPE 5 Ton Corrosive HO(CH2O)RnRH

7.1.5 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS

Consequence analysis helps to identify the vulnerable sections based on the impact. Essentially this is a tool to understand the damage distances that can arise from thermal radiation, blast overpressure or Toxic release.

The accident scenarios assumed are based on standard Preliminary Hazard Identification techniques (F& EI) which includes study of chemicals, combining quantity with dangerous properties, past accident data, possible process and storage hazards and engineering judgment based on the facility.

The common hazards anticipated are

Spills in the event of failure of Pump seals while transferring material or leak in storage container Toxic release condition from Storage or pipeline leakage Flash fire explosion in the plant due to sudden release of flammable material

Thus fires, explosions and toxic release are the consequences which are analysed through various scenarios explained and models developed. ALOHA has been used for modelling. The consequence results is attached as annexure.

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7.1.17 RECOMMENDATIONS

The Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment has shown that since the Plant handles chemicals in small quantities and chemicals involved none of the accident scenarios will contribute to major onsite risk and no offsite risk. The maximum impact of any spill, leak is limited to having localized impacts/ hazards at the operating personnel / plant personnel level.

Proper ventilation to be provided in process areas to prevent built up of flammable vapours that may lead to explosion.

While no serious risk is expected, Management is advised to review and ensure safety of drums and containers storing chemicals/solvents from accidental spills or people being exposed to it. Some specific measures to eliminate and/or mitigate these hazards are given below:

• Regular Inspection of storage drums, cans should be carried out

• Fire fighting equipment should be readily available.

• Access to the raw materials storage should be kept clear at all times to enable fire engines to reach them at the shortest time.

• Elimination of all sources of ignition near or around the storage area, equipment and pipelines carrying flammable substances.

• Enforce strict adherence to safety standards and laws (e.g., full compliance to the supplier’s instructions)

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7.1.18 SAFE PRACTICE TO BE FOLLOWED FOR HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS HANDLING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND UNLOADING

No Activity Scenario Mitigation measures 1. Unloading Leaks, Unloading ramp and storing splash or Drum cushioning of drums fire Trained operators Sorbent pads Respirator with face shield and chemical clothing. Fire extinguisher and hydrant Checking compatibility before storing. Availability of eye wash/shower facility nearby. 2. Charging to Leaks, SOP for activity reactors and splash or Precautions against ESD service fire Leak containment facility tanks Trained operators Sorbent pads Respirator with face shield and chemical clothing. Fire extinguisher and hydrant Availability of eye wash/shower facility Nearby. 3. Unloading to Leaks, SOP for activity storage splash or Tanker loading and unloading permit. Tanks. fire Precautions against ESD Leak containment facility Trained operators Sorbent pads

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Respirator with face shield and chemical clothing. Fire extinguisher and hydrant Availability of eye wash/shower facility nearby.

7.2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.2.1 Introduction Emergency planning is an integral part of the overall loss control program and is essential for any well run organization. This is important for effective management of an accident / incident to minimize losses to people and property, both in and around the facility. The important aspect in emergency management is to prevent by technical and organizational measures, the unintentional escape of hazardous materials out of the facility and minimize accidents and losses. Not only are unrecognized hazardous conditions which could aggravate and emergency situation be discovered, the emergency planning process also brings to light deficiencies such as lack of resources necessary for effective emergency response. Emergency planning also demonstrates the organizations commitment to the safety of employees and increases the organizations safety awareness.

7.2.2 Objectives of Disaster Management Plan The objectives of the plan is to describe the facility’s emergency response organization, the resources available and response actions applicable to deal with various types of emergencies that could occur at the facility with the response organization structure being deployed in the shortest time possible during an emergency. Thus, the objectives of emergency response plan can be summarized as.

• Rapid control and containment of the hazardous situation.

• Minimizing the risk and impact of event / accident,

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• Effective rehabilitation of the affected persons and prevention of damage to property

In order to effectively achieve the objectives of emergency planning, the critical elements that form the backbone of the plan are:

• Reliable and early detection of emergency and careful planning.

• The command, Co-ordination, and response organization structure alone with efficient trained personnel.

• The availability of resources for handling emergences.

• Appropriate emergency response actions.

• Effective notification and communication facilities.

• Regular review and updating of the plan.

• Proper training of the concerned personnel.

7.2.3 Defining a Disaster A disaster can be defined as an ‘occurrence of such magnitude so as to create situation in which normal pattern of life within a facility is suddenly disrupted, adversely affecting not only the personnel and property within the facility but also in its vicinity’.

Such an occurrence may result in on- site implications like:

• Fire and / or explosion,

• Leakage of flammable material,

• Leakage of toxic material etc., all of which may lead to temporary / permanent damage to the surroundings. Incidents having off – site origins can be:

• Natural calamity like earthquake, cyclone etc.,

• Air raids / marine attack.

• Crashing of aircrafts or flying objects.

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Other incidents which can also result in a disaster are:

• Agitation / forced entry by external group of people

• Sabotage

An important aspect of the disaster is its unforeseen nature. Thus, by definition itself, a disaster is impossible to control completely. However, occurrence of events which lead to a disaster may be minimized through proper technology and engineering practices.

7.2.4 Declaring Fire Emergency 1. Any one discovering a fire shall attempt to put out the fire by using the first aid fire fighting appliances.

2. Simultaneously, he would shout for help, till the assistance arrives.

3. Any one or his colleagues who hears, shall immediately inform the Shift In- charge and Control Room over phone or in person giving the exact location of the emergency.

4. The Incident Controller on hearing the incident of emergency, would proceed to the scene of emergency and assess the situation and decide whether a major emergency exists or is likely to escalate into major one.

5. If a major one, he would activate the on-site emergency plan by sounding the siren to code and informs the Store Controller.

6. The key personnel would report to the emergency control centre and take respective charge.

7.2.5 Declaring Chemical leakage or fire in the Storage Area

1. Any person discovering Chemical leakage or fire would immediately inform the control room giving the exact location of leakage or fire.

2. The Incident Controller would proceed to the storage to assess the situation. Meanwhile, the person discovering fire shall try to extinguish it, if it is safe to do so, using suitable fire extinguishers.

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3. If the leakage could be attended safely, he would call the maintenance and get it attended

4. Chemical leakage from storage Drum shall be collected and not allowed to spread.

5. If the leakage is very heavy, the Store Controller shall be informed and on his confirmation, he would take suitable action.

7. If the leakage has caught fire, the Incident Controller would initiate the On- site Emergency Plan by operating the siren to emergency code. The Site Controller would be informed.

7.2.6 Recovery Procedures 1. The procedures outlined in this section are intended for re-establishing normal operations at the earliest after an emergency. In addition, the procedure also provides for determining the cause of the accident, so that such incidents can be prevented in future. 2. The following are the requirements of a recover procedure : a. Incident investigation b. Establishing a recovery team c. Damage Assessment d. Clean-up and restoration e. Post-Emergency and Recovery Reporting. 3. Store Controller would arrange to organize suitable teams for the above tasks.

7.2.7 Incident Investigation Incident investigation should be taken up to determine the cause of the emergency and the means of preventing any such occurrences again.

Procedure

i. The investigation team should immediately seal off the incident scene and commence its investigation to minimize the loss of any physical evidence.

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ii. The investigation of the scene should include: • Photographing the area. • Determining the point of origin of the fire/leak/explosion, if applicable. • Noting any unusual items in the area or any damage that is in consistent with the type of incident. iii. Written or recorded statements are to be taken from all store keeper involved, potential witnesses and others who might have pertinent knowledge about the incident. Report

i. A final report is to be prepared to include the most probable cause(s) and recommend corrective measures. ii. The report should consider: • Failure of Storage containers • Failure of maintenance • Failure of procedures • Inadequate training • Human error etc.

Corrective Actions i. The investigation team is also responsible for conducting a review of response activities during the emergency to evaluate the adequacy of training, equipment and procedures. ii. The Store Controller is responsible for ensuring that all corrective actions are taken to ensure better responses to emergencies to prevent recurrence of the incident, if any in future.

7.2.8 Recovery Team • Purpose In order to facilitate the restoration of the company after an emergency, a

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team known as Recovery Team is to be constituted by Store Controller to manage recovery activities, including damage assessment.

• Organization The number of persons in the Recovery Team would vary depending on the nature of the incident and the extent of recovery operations. As a general rule, however, individuals representing Maintenance, Production, Safety, Quality Control, Personnel, Accounts, Engineering etc should be involved.

The recovery team is responsible for damage assessment, clean up and salvage operations and the restoration of the storage activities. A primary function of the recovery team would be to assess the damage to structures, equipment and materials.

• Clean-up and Restoration Operations As soon as incident investigations are completed and restoration plans have been made, clean up and restoration activities should commence.

• Post-Emergency Recovery Reports i. The Officer-in-charge of Safety is to hold review sessions with emergency response personnel to evaluate the following: . The adequacy of emergency response procedures. . The adequacy of the investigation of the cause of the incident. . Summaries the post-emergency activities.

ii. A full report is to be prepared and copies given to all persons concerned. The final report would summarize all previous reports and reviews as mentioned in this section

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Key Personnel and Responsibilities Assigned to Them in Case of an Emergency

MANAGING DIRECTOR

HEAD - OPERATIONS

TEAM LEADER - EHS

HEALTH & SAFETY ENVIRONMENT GROUP LEADER I & II ASSOCIATE I OFFICER I & ASSOCIATE II TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS I & TRAINEE

ControlU crew:U Team who are well trained and technically who are able to control the corresponding emergency

RescueU Crew:U Team response for Cordon the emergency area and alert the workers to send the safe assembly points

CheckerU Crew:U Team Response for checking any affected persons any fatality all around the plant and report to EC

ManpowerU Counting crew:U Team Responsible for counting nos of person inside the premises during emergency

Liaison/SupportingU Crew:U Team Responsible to ensure necessary PPEs Communication, access, clearing the routes

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7.2.9 Outside Organizations that may extend help during On-Site Emergency Types of Accidents

a. Fire in storage Area. b. Bomb threat, terrorism, act of war, earth quake.

Table 7. 4 Assistance from External Agencies

Incident External Agency Assistance Fire / Fire station: Fire fighting and explosion rescue augmentation. • SIPCOT, Cuddalore – 607005. Ph: spillage, 04142239242 natural • Silver beach road, R.P .Niagara, R.P. disasters. Nagar, pudupalayam, Cuddalore – 607001. Ph. 04142239242 Injury/illness Hospital: Medical help augmentation. • Municipality Hospital, Clive st, Cuddalore Old Town – 607003 • Alaganandha Hospital 78, Old police Line Street, Cuddalore old town – 04142238295. • Surendhra Hospital, Cuddalore Old town – 607003. Ph. 04142237333. Theft / Police station: Law and order, safety sabotage and security • NH. 45A, Cuddalore old town 607003. /bomb threat augmentation. Ph. 08973308760. /terrorism • District Police office, Meenakshi Nagar, /war. Pudupakkam, Cuddaalore – 607001.Ph. 04142284330.

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• Cuddalore New Town station, NH 45A, Bharathi Road, , Cuddalore – 607001. Ph. 04142284356. • Thirupadripuliyur Station, SH 68, Muthaiya Nagar, Thirupapuliyur, Cuddalore – 607002. All incidents Neighbourhood organization Consumables, manpower, technical • Thangamman Textiles Pvt. LTD. help augmentation. Pachchyankuppam – 607003 • Vivin Tex, PAchayankuppam – 607003. Ph. 9677128623. • RK Automobiles, Varsha Garden, Road, Near Maruthi Showroom Pachayankuppam, Ponnaiyankuppam, Tamil Nadu 607003. Ph. 9751100441.

7.2.10 Safety Precautions for Storage and Handling of Chemicals/ Solvents For handling chemicals/solvents, the management of Quest Healthcare Private Limited will have to adopt a practice of preventive and predictive maintenance. All the storages will be inspected regularly.

Precautions for storage and handling of Chemicals/Solvents:

 Stored with proper enclosures and marked properly.  Proper ventilation shall be provided  Sufficient fire extinguishers and PPE shall be provided  Flame proof fittings shall be provided where required  Smoking will be prohibited  Protection against lightning provided.

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 Precautions against ignition sources are taken.  Sufficient access for fire fighting is provided in the plant  All employees have been provided with adequate and appropriate PPE like masks, gloves, helmet, chemical suits, safety shoes.

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PROJECT BENEFITS

PROJECT BENEFITS

8.1 Introduction

Project benefit focus on those points which will become beneficial to the surrounding area or community in terms of infrastructural development, Social development, employment and other tangible benefits due to project. Proposed project has a potential for employment of skilled, semiskilled and unskilled employees during construction phase as well as operational phase.

8.2 Physical Infrastructure including Technical Facility Aspects

Physical infrastructure includes infrastructural & technological facilities of the project, necessary for the operation. It will use modernized technologies and infrastructural facilities. So that, nearby public or workers will become aware to new technology launched or running in the present market and thereby it will also helpful in increasing knowledge of employ and surrounding people.

8.3 Improvement in Social Infrastructure

Due to proposed project activity, social infrastructure will improve by means of civilization, vocational training and basic amenities. Civilization: Due to the project, employment and other infrastructural facilities will boost up income of surrounding people and improve quality of life. This will indirectly boost up the civilization of the surrounding people.

8.4 Employment Potential

Infrastructure will get improved and enhance the employment opportunity for both skilled and unskilled person from nearby area. Direct employment as well as indirect employment due to ancillary services will be given to the local people. Therefore, the socio-economic status of the local people will be improved. The details of employment opportunity during Construction and Operation phase are discussed below

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Increase employment opportunity at Construction phase: In the construction phase, direct and indirect manpower will be involved. Thus temporary and permanent employment will be generated during construction phase. Unit will provide first priority to local workers for the employment. Increase employment opportunity at Operation phase: During the operation phase of project, total of 125 no. of skilled and unskilled manpower will require for routine operation of the project.

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ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9. ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

As per EIA Notification 2006, this Chapter of the ‘Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis’ is applicable only if it is recommended at the Scoping stage. As per the ToR points issued by MoEF, New Delhi vide File No. J-11011/172/2017- IA II (I) & ToR Letter dated 30/05/2017, for the proposed project the Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis is not applicable and hence has not been prepared.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1 General

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a site specific plan developed to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmentally sustainable manner where all contractors and subcontractors, including consultants understand the potential environmental risks arising from the proposed project and take appropriate actions to properly manage that risk. EMP also ensures that the project implementation is carried out in accordance with the design and the mitigative measures as recommended in the Environment Impact Assessment study to reduce the adverse impacts during the project’s life cycle. The plan outlines existing and potential problems that may adversely impact the environment and recommends corrective measures where required. Also, the plan outlines roles and responsibility of the key personnel and contractors who are charged with the responsibility to manage the proposed project site and its surroundings.

The EMP is generally: • Prepared in accordance with the approved ToR given by MoEF&CC and in compliance with the rules and requirements of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). • To ensure that the proposed facilities are operated in accordance with the design. • A process that confirms proper operation through supervision and monitoring. • A system that addresses public complaints during construction and operation of the facility and take appropriate corrective action plans to overcome those unwanted situation. • A plan that ensures remedial measures is implemented immediately. The key benefits of EMP are that it provides the organization with means of managing and improving its environmental performance thereby allowing it to contribute to better environmental quality. The other benefits include

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cost control and improved relations with the stakeholders. EMP includes four major elements.

10.2 Elements of EMP

Commitment & Policy: The proposed project management will strive to provide and implement the Environmental Management Plan that incorporates all issues related to environmental and social components and will comply with the suggestions given by MoEF&CC / SEIAA. Planning: This includes identification of environmental impacts and setting environmental objectives. The various potential impacts are discussed under Chapter - 4. Implementation: This comprises of resources available to the developers, accountability of contractors, training of operational staff associated with environmental control facilities and documentation of measures to be taken.

10.3 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation For the effective implementation of the mitigation measures and consistent functioning of the proposed project, an Environmental Management System (EMS) has been proposed. The EMS will include the following:

• Environmental Monitoring Program • Personnel Training • Regular Environmental Audits and Corrective Action Plan • Documentation - Standard operating procedures of Environmental Management • Plans and other records

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Figure 10.1: Safety, Health and Environment Policy

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10.3.1 Environmental Management Cell (EMC)

A permanent organizational set up will be formed to ensure the effective implementation of mitigation measures and to conduct environmental monitoring. The major duties and responsibilities of Environmental Management Cell will be as follows:

• To ensure regular operation and maintenance of all pollution control devices. • To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules, regulations and emission levels. • To minimize environmental impacts of operations by strict adherence to the EMP. • To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule. • Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case monitored results are above the specified limit. • Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable environmental laws as ready reference. • Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants and monitoring laboratories. • Maintaining log of public complaints and the action taken.

10.3.2 Hierarchical Structure of Environmental Management Cell

Normal activities of the EMP cell will be supervised by a dedicated person who will report to the Unit Head of the proposed project. The hierarchical structure of a suggested Environment Management Cell is given in below in Figure 10.2.

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Figure 10. 2 Organogram of M/s Supreme Dyechem Private Limited

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10.3.3 Record keeping and Reporting Record keeping and reporting of performance is an important management tool for ensuring sustainable operation of the proposed manufacturing unit. Records will be maintained for regulatory, monitoring and operational issues. Typical record keeping requirements is summarized in Table 10.1 Table 10.1: Record Keeping Requirement

Parameter Particulars Ambient air Monitoring of air quality parameters quality Solid Waste Daily quantity of waste generated, stored, recycled and Handling and disposed Disposal Regulatory(Envir Environmental Permits/Consents from onmental)Licens TNPCB/MoEFCC Copy of waste manifests as per es requirement Monitoring and Records of all monitoring carried out as per the finalized Survey monitoring protocol. Others Logbook of compliance, Employee’s health and safety records, Equipment inspection and calibration records, Vehicle maintenance and inspection records, Maintenance of Corporate Social Responsibilities towards the society even after the completion of the project work and during the operation phase

10.3.4 Implementation Mechanism for Mitigation Measures The environment management cell developed for the proposed plant will ensure the implementation of mitigation measures suggested for the proposed project. The details of the implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures have been discussed below.

10.4 Energy Management

An industry requires large amounts of energy for their operation. Many industries have reduced operating expenses by focusing on energy efficiency, considering both energy supply and energy consumption. Use of energy conservation measures as part of design and operations, will be part of the

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Master Planning and the specifications as part of awarding development work to a private contractor. 10.4.1 Energy Saving Practices • Promoting use of Solar Street Lighting System • Purchase of Energy efficient appliances • Constant Monitoring of Energy consumption and defining targets for energy conservation • Adjusting the settings and illumination levels to ensure minimum energy used for desired comfort levels. • Use of compact fluorescent lamps and low voltage lighting 10.5 Green Belt Development 10.5.1 Objective Implementation of afforestation program is of paramount importance for any industrial development. In addition to augmenting present vegetation, it will also check soil erosion, make the ecosystem more complex and functionally more stable, make the climate more conductive and restore water balance. It can also be employed to bring areas with special problems under vegetal cover and prevent further land deterioration. The main objective of the greenbelt is to provide a barrier between the plant and the surrounding areas. The greenbelt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and to attenuate the noise generated in the plant apart from improving the aesthetics of the plant site. Plantation program should be undertaken in all available areas. This should include plantation in the plant premises, along the internal and external roads, along the administrative buildings and other open areas near dumping yards. The tree species selected for greenbelt include the native species.

10.5.2 Design of Green Belt Development

The greenbelt shall be developed all along the boundaries of the plot and the roads. The green belt acts as a sink for pollutants, attenuation of noise levels and improvement in aesthetic quality of the plant. In any greenbelt development, monoculture is not advisable due to its climatic factor

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and other environmental constraints. Greenbelt with varieties of species is preferred to maintain species diversity, rational utilization and for maintaining health of the trees. The greenbelt coverage area for the proposed project is about 33%. Well-developed greenbelt leads to a favourable micro-climatic to support different microorganisms in the soil as a result of which soil quality will be improved further. In the proposed unit greenbelt development will be undertaken in all available areas and also along the roads around the plant and plant infrastructure, etc. As far as possible the following guidelines will be considered in greenbelt development. Shrubs and trees will be planted in encircling rows within the plant site. The short trees (10 m height) will be planted in the first two rows and the tall trees (>10 m) in the outer rows around the project site. Planting of trees in each row will be in staggered pattern. Since the trunks of the tall trees are generally devoid of foliage, it will be useful to have shrubs in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion. Spacing between the trees will be slightly maintained facilitating effective height of greenbelt. All tolerant plants are not necessarily good for green belts e.g. Xerophytes with sunken stomata can withstand pollution by avoidance but are poor absorbers of pollutants due to low gaseous exchange capacity. Therefore selection of plants is very important in green belt development for effective removal of suspended particulate matter and for absorption of gases. About 10 no’s of various native /Indigenous varieties of tress are proposed to be planted in the project site. The proposed plants to be planted in the site are shown in Table 10.2. The landscape plan for the green belt development is given in Figure 10.3. Table 10.2: List of species to be planted as green belt

S.No Scientific Name Common name Tolerant to 1 Acacia arabica Bavul Flyash, SO2 2 Azadirchtaindica Neem SO2 3 Ficusreligiosa Peepal Tree Pollution tolerant 4 Polyalthialongifolia False Ashoka Pollution tolerant

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5 Cassia fistula Golden rain tree Pollution tolerant 6 Milletiapinnata Indian beech tree Pollution tolerant 7 Thespesiapopulnea Portia tree Saline environment 8 Mahualongifolia Mahwa tree Pollution tolerant 9 Sesbanigrandiflora Hummingbird tree Pollution tolerant 10 Tamarindusindica Tamarind tree Noise

Figure 10.3 Green Belt Development

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10.6 Rainwater Harvesting

 Rainwater harvesting and re-charging in to ground water provides increase of ground water table.

 Rainwater harvesting prevents the flooding of low- lying areas in the campus.

 Salinity of ground water is reduced.

Table 10. 3 Runoff co-efficient of various surfaces as per CPWD

Sl.No Various Surface Area Co-Efficient 1 Roof Catchment 1.1 Tiles 0.8-0.9 1.2 Corrugated Metal Sheets 0.7-.9 2 Ground Surface Covering 2.1 Rocky material catchment 0.2-0.5 2. 2 residential complex in suburban areas 0.5-0.7 apartment 2.3 Parks, cemeteries 0.10-0.25 2.4 Unimproved land areas 0.10-0.30 2.5 Asphaltic or concrete pavement 0.7-0.95 2.6 Brick pavement 0.70-0.85 2.7 Play ground 0.2-0.35

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Average annual rain fall in Cuddalore= 1225 mm Total area = 5000 Sq.m Average rainy days in a year are 72. In Cuddalore peak hourly rainfall 80 mm. The capacity of tank recharge tank is designed to retain runoff for at least 15 minutes of rainfall Peak intensity of rainfall in Cuddalore= 20mm. Table 10. 4 Runoff at 15mm rain fall intensity Sl.N Area type Area in Sqm Normal Runoff Total runoff Runoff at hourly Rain o rainfall in Co- available in Fall Intensity (50 Year mtr .year efficient cubic frequency in India) of 80 mtr/annum mm/hour. 15 minutes of rainfall intensity is 20 mm 1 Roof 69 1.225 0.85 71.84625 Area 1.173 2 Paved 2081 1.225 0.75 1911.91875 Area 31.215 3 Unpaved 2850 1.225 0.2 698.25 Area 11.4 Total 5000 2682.015 43.79 Runoff at 15min Rain Fall Intensity = 43.79 m3/15 min

Volume of the pit (2m*3m*4*40% filtrated material) = 14.4 m3

Total No. of Rain water harvesting Pits = 43.79 / 14.4cu.m =3 Nos Number of Pits = 3 pits

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Figure 10.4 Schematic Diagram of Rainwater Harvesting Pit 10.6.1 Storm Water Drain Storm water drains will be proposed all along the site boundary of suitable area size (size would be 0.6 × 0.4 m Trapezoidal and depth of 0.8 m). Runoff from roads and paved / landscaped areas will be directed to storm water drains.

10.7 Corporate Social Responsibility • Programs for environmental education and public participation shall be developed with the help of visual aids to create awareness about the activities.

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• It has been planned to sponsor other educational institutes. • The proponents have also planned to provide training to ladies for livelihood enhancement projects. • Proper awareness campaign shall be organized by the project proponent for water conservation. • Periodic health checkup camps shall be organized by the project authority for worker’s families and surrounding localities. • In order to increase the aesthetic environment, roadside plantation program shall be carried out. • Annual get–together and rewards for school children from identified villages who have shown brilliance in education, sports, cultural activities etc. will be arranged. • Proper awareness campaign shall be organized by the project proponent for water conservation. Provision of sanitation (toilets) facility. • Every month we have supplied Drinking water to nearby village with coordination of SIPCOT office, and roughly have spent more than Rs 6,000/ per month since last nine months. • As per the District Administration’s suggestion last year that all SIPCOT Industries selected Local well, Ponds, Lake etc. for desilting work in order to accommodate more water. Rupees 35000/ spent for this work. • We mingle with local society to-do some Temple function participation and give donation for the function and some School function giving Prizes and improvement of the School activities like boundary wall etc. • Distribution of Rice and water to nearby villagers during flood and natural Calamity. • We are in coordinate with local rotary people to provide Blankets to elders and footwear for School Children.

EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

There will be increase in the employment facilities due to the upcoming

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN project like

• There will be employment opportunity for local people during construction and operation phase. • The Unit will use latest STATE OF ART technology. Thus man power will be exposed to new technology. • There will be employment opportunity for local people during construction and operation phase. 10.8 Expenditure on Environment Management The capital cost of the proposed project is about Rs. 901.40 Lakhs. It is proposed to invest about Rs 225 Lakhs, i.e. 24.96% of the capital cost on pollution control, treatment, green belt development, monitoring systems and others. The break-up of the investment is given in Table 10.5. Table 10.5 EMP Cost Capital Cost Operational S.No Description (Rs. In Cost per annum lakhs) (Rs. In lakhs) 1. Air Pollution Control measure 60.0 10.0 2. Water Pollution Control (STP & ETP) 65.0 10.0 3. Water conservation 8.0 0.5 measures(Rainwater harvesting measures) 4. Energy Management 5.0 0.5 5. Environmental monitoring and 4.0 5.0 Management 6. Occupational Health & Safety 5.0 5.0 7. Green belt development & 8.0 2.0 Maintenance 8. Solid & Hazardous waste 20.0 5.0 Management 9. Environment Management Cell 2.0 10.0

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SUMMARY AND CONCLSION

11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The EIA report has assessed the potential environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed expansion project. An independent assessment on current base line studies including socio economics studies provides an insight on the prevailing environmental status of surrounding areas of the existing facility. Based on the findings from the assessment, necessary control measures have been formulated and required budget has been allocated for EMP. From the present EIA study the following conclusions are made by the EIA consulting organization and study team.

• This project will have beneficial effects in terms of growth and development of the regional economy. • This project will also generate direct and indirect employment to a considerable number of families, who will render their services for the employees of the project. • The proposed project is structured to be in line with the requirements of MoEF/CPCB/PCB. • Waste water treatment facilities, recycling programs and high efficiency pollution abatement measures will result in minimizing the adverse impacts on the environment.

Thus it can be concluded that, with the judicious and proper implementation of the pollution control and mitigation measures, the proposed project can proceed without any significant negative impact on the environment.

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DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

12.1 Introduction

This chapter describes about the environmental consultant engaged in preparation of EIA report for the proposed expansion of Pigments and pigment related products at Plot No. A-6/3, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Pachayakuppam Village, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu.

12.2 The Consultant: ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited

ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited (formerly ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd.) is an ISO 9001, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 Certified Company & leading Environmental Engineering & Consultancy Company constantly striving towards newer heights since its inception in 2006. Our Company is dedicated to provide strategic services in the areas of Environment, Infrastructure, Energy, Engineering and Multilab. It is the first firm to be accredited by NABET (National Accreditation Board for Education and Training), Quality Council of India, as an EIA Consultant, approved for carrying out EIA studies and obtaining environmental clearance for various sectors such as Thermal Power Plants, Infrastructure, Industrial Estates / Complexes/ Areas, Mining, Township & area development and Building construction projects etc. ABC Techno Labs is equipped with in-house, spacious laboratory, accredited by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories), Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Since establishment ABC Techno Labs focus on sustainable development of Industry and Environment based on sound engineering practices, innovation, quality, R&D and most important is satisfying customers need. The company has successfully completed more than 100 projects of variety of industries, in the field of pollution control and environmental management solutions. The

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DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

company is also dealing in the projects of waste minimization and cleaner production technology. The team of technocrats and scientist are well experienced to deal with the design, Manufacture, Fabrication, Installation, commissioning of Effluent / Wastewater treatment plants, Sewage Treatment plants, and Combined Treatment plants. The company is having well experienced team of Scientists & Engineers who are looking after environmental projects & well equipped analytical laboratory with a facility including analysis of physical, chemical and biological parameters as per the requirements of the State Pollution Control Board and our clients. 12.3 Services of ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited

Environmental Services • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) • Environmental Management Plan (EMP) • Social Impact Assessment (SIA) • Environmental Baseline data collection for Air, Meteorology, Noise, Water, Soil, Ecology, Socio-Economic and Demography etc; • Environmental Monitoring • Socio Economic Studies • Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan • Ecological & Human Health Risk Assessment Studies • Ecological Impact Assessment • Environmental Management Framework • Solid Waste Management • Hazardous Waste Management • Internship & Training

Turnkey projects • Water Treatment Plants • Sewage Treatment Plant • Recycling & Water Conservation Systems • Zero Discharge System

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DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

Other services • Operation & Maintenance of Water & Waste Water Plants • Water & Waste Water Treatment Chemicals • Pilot Plant studies • Feasibility studies & preparation of budgetary estimates Laboratory services

• Chemical Testing • Environmental Testing • Microbiological Testing • Food Testing • Metallurgical Testing 12.4 Sectors Accredited By NABET

S. No. Sectors Name 1. Mining of minerals (Opencast only) Mining (Open cast and Underground) 2. Offshore Oil and gas exploration, development & productions 3. Irrigation projects only 4. Thermal Power Plant 5. Mineral Beneficiation including palletisation 6. Metallurgical industries (sec. ferrous only) 7. Cement Plants 8. Petroleum refining industry 9. Leather/skin/hide processing industry 10. Chemical Fertilizers 11. Pesticides industry and pesticide specific intermediates 12. Petro-chemical Complexes (industries based on processing of petroleum fractions & natural gas and/or reforming to aromatics) 13. Synthetic organic chemicals industry (dyes & dye intermediates; bulk drugs and intermediates excluding drug formulations; synthetic rubbers; basic organic chemicals, other synthetic organic chemicals and chemical intermediates) 14. Distilleries 15. Sugar Industry

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DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

16. Oil & Gas transportation pipeline (crude and refinery /Petrochemical products) passing through national parks / sanctuaries / coral reefs / ecologically sensitive areas including LNG Terminal

17. Isolated storage & handling of hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of Schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 2016) 18. Airports 19. Industrial estates/ parks/ complexes/ Areas, export processing zones(EPZs), Special economic zones (SEZs), Biotech parks, Leather complexes 20. Ports, harbours, jetties, marine terminals, break waters and dredging 21. Highways, Railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport systems 22. Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) 23. Common municipal solid waste management facility (CMSWMF) 24. Building and large construction projects including shopping malls, multiplexes, commercial complexes, housing estates, hospitals, institutions 25. Townships and Area development Projects

12.5 Study Team

ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited has carried out this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The multidisciplinary team included expertise in Environmental Impact Assessment, Air & Water pollution & Control measures, Noise Control measures, Ecology & bio-diversity, Land use, Geology, Environmental Chemistry and Socio-Economic planner. The team members involved in EIA study area:

S. No. Name Role 1. Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan EIA coordinator FAE – Water Pollution, Prevention & 2. Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan Control and Hydrogeology. 3. Mr. Abhik Saha FAE – Ecology & Biodiversity 4. Dr. Thillai Govindarajan FAE – Geology

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DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT

S. No. Name Role FAE – Air Pollution, Prevention and 5. Mr. R. Rajendran Control and Noise & Vibration 6. Mr. J. Srinivasa Rao FAE – Land Use FAE – Air Quality Modelling & Prediction, 7. Mrs. K. Vijayalakshmi Noise & Vibration, Risks and Hazards 8. Mr. Robson Chinnadurai Senior Chemist 9. Mrs. Gunavathy Chemist 10. Mr. Siva Chandran Field Technician 11. Mrs. Supriya Bellad Team Member 12. Mrs. Komal. B Team Member

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