• • •

Rivers

Canals

Soils

Wetlands • • Reality Bites! • Water and Environment GIS in the Developing World

Dr. N. Harshadeep Senior Environmental Specialist South Asia Region, The World Bank

Presentation at session on Sustainable Development and Humanitarian Affairs 25th Annual ESRI User Conference July 25-29 San Diego, CA

Disclaimer: Opinions expressed here are those of the author alone and are not the official views attributable to The World Bank. Abstract

Spatial Information Systems are a very promising tool for development. Their use in the developing world, especially in areas of water resources management and environmental management (river basin management, service delivery, water quality, air quality), poses unique challenges that one does not generally face in more developed countries. The paper/presentation will set the broad context of developmental challenges in water and environment from an international development support institution perspective and what kind of a crucial role GIS and other spatial technologies can play in addressing these as we look ahead. This paper will explore these unique challenges (institutional, policy, infrastructural, technical, financial), drawing on examples from the developing world, and indicate how these concerns can be addressed. The possible role of various stakeholders in providing an enabling environment for improving public awareness and supporting decision for fully realizing the promise of these tools will be discussed. The Water Context in SAR The Problems are Many…

Pollution

Inefficient Water Use Poor Productivity of Water Public Health Problems Weed s Degraded Lands

Natural Disasters Poor Access to Safe Water and Sanitation High Costs, Low Prices/ Collection, O&M, Competing Demands, Financing Gaps

Dilapidated Infrastructure Need for asset modernization/development

Weak Institutions for Resource Poor Knowledge Base/Analysis Management and Service Delivery Often Bloated, Inefficient Bureaucrac Water Resources A Typical River Basin… Agriculture Department Livestock Department Precipitation Forest Department

Rural Water Supply Department Fishing Forest Urban Water Supply Department Evaporation / TranspirationReservoir Hydropower Irrigation Department Runoff Power Department Industry River Basin Boundary Urban WSS Industry Department Rural WSS Rainfed Agr Fisheries Department Return Flow

Irrigation Recreation

Groundwater Inflow Environment Department Community Use Transport Department Navigation Tourism Department Infiltration / Recharge

Wetlands / Environment Livestock Groundwater Department Base Flow / Pumping Groundwater Surface Water Department Ocean Development/CZM Department Irrigation Trans-boundary Water Institutions …there is a need to share information and Groundwater Outflow integrate the activities of multiple actors… Ocean Irrigation Service Delivery Some Possible Applications

• Asset Inventory and Management Systems • Maps for Joint Walkthroughs • Planning • Operations Management • Environmental Management • Billing Systems • Monitoring & Evaluation • Benchmarking • Public Information Access GIS for Air Quality• Management • C11 C12 C13 • Road Network

C21 C22 C23 Administrative

Point Sources C31 C32 C33 • • • Air Quality

• Knowledge Base • Modeling Options Sources Impacts • Remote Sensing

Integrated Air Quality Management

MManagementanagement OOptionsptions RealityReality –– RealReal ConstraintsConstraints …the 3 i’s

•• IInformation •• IInfrastructure •• IInstitutions Information

• Data Coverage and Quality • Format and Organization of Information • Antiquated Access Policies/Secrecy Infrastructure

• Electricity and backup • Basic office infrastructure • Computer hardware and software • Internet access Distribution of Employees and Payroll by Cla

100.0% 90.0% Institutions 80.0% F 70.0% E 60.0% D % 50.0% C 40.0% B 30.0% A 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% • Large number of stakeholders Number Payroll • Limited capacity for analytical knowledge tools – Government institutional capacity – Private sector capacity – Academia capacity – General Public • Institutional coordination • Competing demands New Opportunities

• IT advances “small tools for big problems” as things become faster, cheaper, better • Spatial data is becoming cheaper and more accessible • Skilled person-power availability on increase • Infrastructure improving • Awareness of key development challenges and stakeholder participation is improving • Decision making moving away from “data-free analysis and analysis-free decision-making” Top-down and Bottom-up approaches are Improving Stakeholder Decisions on Water Supply, Demand Planning & Management

To Maramalainagar O4

Palar Basin Schematic D52 1400 Sriperambudur D28 Tank

S5 O2 O3 Raingauge Station : Chengam To Alandur-Pallavaram- 1200 D29 Tank To Rajali Naval Base Tambaram Mordhana Res.

S17 D9 Goddar R D26 S3 S15 C3 D10 Thenneri 1000 S7 S13 Tank D11 D15 D16 Tank

C15 Poiney D53 Kolavoy D5 S6 S8 Rajathope D27 Tank Kanar Res. D25 800 D17 D44 Malattar R Kavundinya R NeenjalMadu R

D13 Poiney R Vegavathi R RajathopeKanar R C16 C1 D8 D12 D14 D18 D19 C6 C7 D30 C18 D50 S1 D1 D2 D4 C2 D6 C19 D31 D43 D45 C20 D51 E1 C5 C4 Palar Anaicut C8 C22 600 Thenneri Odai R C17 D21 D23

D20 D3 D7 Tank

Rainfall in mm Kalavai Tank

400 Agaramar R D24 D49 S2 S4 Kiliyar R

VellakkalKanar R S12

DusiMamandur 99 200 D22

Tank Cheyyar R D38 D42

Naga R D48 O1 Madurantagan Kanmandalar R Tank To Ponnayar Basin S10 0 D37 C21 Uttaramerur S11 S16 Aliabad Anaicut Tank Shenbagathope KamandalaNagaNadi D46 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Anaicut C14 Res. Uttaramerur D33 D39 Years Anaicut D47

5 Years Moving Average Average Trend Line D35 D40 Mirugandanadi R

S9 C11 Cheyyar Odai R D32 D34 C10 D41 C9 LowerCheyyarC12 KamandalarNaga R C13 Upper Cheyyar Thandarai S14 Cheyyar R Anaicut Anaicut Anaicut Cheyyar R

D36

Spatial & Non-Spatial Analyses Models/Decision Support Systems

• • • Analytical Tools Analytical Rivers

Canals

Soils

Wetlands • • •

Surveys & Knowledge Base Knowledge Remote Sensing GPS Stakeholder Views Maps/Attribute Data Some Suggestions

• Don’t focus on GIS – focus on problem to be addressed • Integrate GIS into overall information management system • Don’t “parachute” in solutions – build local institutional capacity • Develop appropriate systems – Cadillacs vs. a faster Bullock Cart? • Start with clear objectives but maintain flexibility • Address the three i’s … – Push to make more information public and accessible; Build institutions and make supporting investments in infrastructure • Don’t forget the Real Clients!!! New Opportunities

Presentation by an Industry representative in , Author Information

N. Harshadeep Senior Environmental Specialist South Asia Region The World Bank Washington, D.C. 20433 Fax: (202) 522-1664 E-mail: [email protected]