Afonso IV (1325-1357) E a Doação Das
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Madeira and the Beginnings of New World Sugar Cane Cultivation and Plantation Slavery: a Study in Institution Building*
MADEIRA AND THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW WORLD SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION AND PLANTATION SLAVERY: A STUDY IN INSTITUTION BUILDING* Sidney M. Greenfield Department of Anthropology The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 Although the tropical New World is generally taken as the context for the comparative and historical study of plantation systems and of slavery, the institutional complex of the slave plantation' did not have its origins in the Western Hemisphere. Instead, as Charles Verlinden2 and others have demon- strated so ably, the culture complex can be traced back to the European colonies established in Palestine following the First Crusade. There sugar was grown by a mixed force of free and slave workers. The sugar then was exported, with some of it reaching the developing markets of Western Europe. Sugar cane had been known to Europe at least as far back as antiquity, although its distribution was limited. The cultivation of the crop, and its in- creased availability and wider distribution, came to Mediterranean Europe in the wake of the expansion of Islam. Sugar cane, most probably first domesticated in India, had been grown in Asia Minor and was carried along with the spread of Islam to the coastal regions of North Africa, the islands of the Mediterranean, and eventually to the Moorish kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula.3 Given the intensity of the conflict between Christianity and Islam during the Middle Ages, trade between the areas controlled by the rival religions tended to be minimal. Hence sugars produced in areas under Moslem control went, for the most part, to supply markets in the Near East and North Africa, while the markets of Europe had to be supplied from areas under Christian control. -
The Western Sea: Atlantic History Before Columbus Donna A. Vinson
The Western Sea: Atlantic History before Columbus Donna A. Vinson The New World was a sudden and startling discovery for Christopher Columbus and his immediate successors, but its portal was not unfamiliar to the mariners of late medieval Europe. The process by which the mysterious and murky "Realm of Ocean" at the western edge of European civilization was transformed into the "western sea" of the late middle ages, and ultimately the Atlantic Ocean of Mercator, was gradual and an important but neglected chapter in the developing field of Atlantic history. This process was both less dramatic and less straightforward than the development of the Atlantic system after Columbus, yet it also involved exploration, encounter and exchange, as well as the interplay of geographic perceptions and reality. Most studies of the "Atlantic World" begin with the era of Columbus, thus presenting his expeditions as the initiation, rather than the continuation or even culmination, of a much longer process.' This is understandable, given the field's emphasis on the flow and exchange of commodities, people, institutions and ideas between the Old and New Worlds on either side of the Atlantic, but such a perspective slights the role of the late medieval era in European and world history. Atlantic history emphasizes linkages, but before the Atlantic Ocean linked the eastern and western hemispheres, it connected southern and northern Europe, and their respective Mediterranean and North Atlantic maritime "worlds." This connection was both crucial to and representative of what Felipe Fernândez-Armesto has called the "discovery of Atlantic space," a process which involved not only discovery but also definition and diffusion.2 From the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries, the "European Atlantic" was traversed, explored, charted, and consequently defined; in the process the diffusion of navigational, cartographic, and geographic knowledge created an integrated community of European mariners who formed the core of an emerging Atlantic community. -
La Colonización De Las Islas Canarias En El Siglo XV
La colonización de las Islas Canarias en el siglo XV La colonización de las Islas Canarias se encuentra íntimamente li- gada al proceso de expansión europea en la Baja Edad Media, nacido como respuesta al estancamiento económico experimentado desde fi- nales del siglo xííí y uno de cuyos principales rasgos fue el incremen- to de las actividades terciarias. Ahora bien, dicho proceso conoció diversas modalidades y fases de desarrollo> cuya elección y desenvol- vimiento en el Archipiélago afectaron de forma singular su devenir histórico. Las modalidades a las que hemos hecho alusión son, básicamente, tres: creación de enclaves comerciales; implantación de protectora- dos o zonas de influencia política; y colonización. Las dos primeras, que a menudo aparecen unidas, pretenden influir en las estructuras existentes en sus lugares de acción pero sin suplantarías> y tenían tras sí una larga tradición en el Mediterráneo. La tercera, entendida como transformación sustantiva y global de la realidad preexistente, cons- tituye una relativa novedad de la época, pues la anterior etapa de ex- pansión europea había sido, si excluimos excepciones como las Cruza- das, un momento de colonización interior o de frontera. Ahora, junto a proccsos de remodelación interior, se generalizan los intentos de colonización exterior. Tales modalidades básicas se van a ver afectadas por una serie de transformaciones temporales, que responden a los cambios operados en los planos políticos y socioeconómico del mundo europeo. Así, a la impronta mediterránea del siglo xiv sucede la atlántica del siglo xv. Y a la fase de depresión de la primera mitad del siglo xiv siguen la de consolidación que se extiende entre dicha fecha y mediados del si- glo xv y la de franca expansión a partir de la mitad de esta última En la España Medieval. -
Una Lectura Transatlántica: Los Viajes Literarios Del Aborigen Canario Anuario De Estudios Atlánticos, Núm
Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos ISSN: 0570-4065 [email protected] Cabildo de Gran Canaria España Corujo Martín, Inés Una lectura transatlántica: los viajes literarios del aborigen canario Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos, núm. 61, enero-diciembre, 2015, pp. 1-18 Cabildo de Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=274432938017 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto UNA LECTURA TRANSATLÁNTICA: LOS VIAJES LITERARIOS DEL ABORIGEN CANARIO A TRANSATLANTIC READING: THE LITERARY VOYAGES OF THE CANARY ABORIGINE Inés Corujo Martín* Recibido: 16 de enero de 2014 Aceptado: 18 de febrero de 2014 Cómo citar este artículo/Citation: Corujo Martín, I. (2015). Una lectura transatlántica: los viajes literarios del aborigen canario. Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos, nº 61: 061-017. http://anuariosatlanticos.casadecolon.com/in- dex.php/aea/article/view/9317 Resumen: El presente artículo ofrece un acercamiento hacia la construcción literaria del aborigen canario, ras- treando su aparición escrita en diversas muestras literarias, desde sus incipientes testimonios en textos huma- nísticos del siglo XIV, la crónica gala Le Canarien, obras publicadas en el Siglo de Oro de las letras hispánicas, hasta recabar en novelas de inspiración ficcional publicadas en la última década. Como procuraremos mostrar en las próximas páginas, el seguimiento del morador canarioen el hecho literario revela a un fascinantepersonaje transatlántico que viaja incesantemente en torno a la tríada continental Europa-América-África, desempeñando un papel clave en el contexto histórico español en el que surge. -
Alfonso El Sabio«S Ambitions and Succession in the Castilian Chronicles
ALFONSO EL SABIO«S AMBITIONS AND SUCCESSION IN THE CASTILIAN CHRONICLES by Wolf Goertz B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1958 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Romance Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1961 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that, permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Romance Studies The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date April 5, 1961 iii Abstract The second half of the thirteenth century is a rather obscure period in Spanish history. Only one fairly detailed Christian chronicle exists for the reign of each of the three kings that ruled during that time. Since these works were not composed until the middle of the following century, especially the earliest years which the author describes, the 1250*s and 1260's, are full of anachronisms. The few other accounts that treat of the period are quite brief and of not much help. Alfonso el Sabio had until 1275 most extensive foriegn in• terests, and his plans have left many traces in the archives of other countries, especially of some of the city-states of Northern Italy.