Palabras clave internacional. como local a nivel tanto prominentes más corrido de bandas las de una Norte, del Tigres Los de trabajo el en mexicano/chicano” “lo de símbolo como significado ysu tequila del presencia la observar es ensayo este de objetivo el premisa, esta de “nacional”. símbolo Apartir este de relevancia gente”, la de la “cosas de expresión como que exprese corrido, el esperar de sentido, es este En mexicana/chicana. masculinidad la con muchos Yen casos, mexicano/chicano”. “lo con menos internacionalmente, al relaciona, se modo, tequila el mismo Del frontera. la de lados ambos en mexicana identidad la de marca una considerarse ypuede identidad de símbolo un resumen, en es, corrido El cotidiana. vida la de temas otros entre tierra, auna pertenencia amor, y/o el gente”, honor, el la de “cosas de la guerra, ocupado la inmigración como ha la xix siglo del amediados orígenes sus Desde Unidos México. en como Estados los en tanto populares más culturales manifestaciones las de una es mexicano corrido El Resumen Keywords prominentone corrido most of the Norte, del Tigres work of the Los in mexicano/chicano” of “lo asymbol as significance its and of tequila presence the to observe is article of this aim the premise, this from Starting masculinity. to Mexican/Chicano also cases many in and mexicano/chicano,” to “lo related directly as internationally, atleast regarded, way, is same the tequila In symbol. a “national” corrido the that expected it to be is sense, border. of the this sides In on both identity Mexican of the amarker considered be can corrido The issues. life everyday other among “people’s to aland, war, and/or love, belonging honor, as such stuff,” immigration corrido the century, mid-nineteenth the in From origins its Mexico. and States corrido Mexican The Abstract Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista : Corridos AND MEXICAN/CHICANO MASCULINITY : Corridos CORRIDOS Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/Universidad del País Vasco* País del Unibertsitatea/Universidad Herriko Euskal , Tequila, Masculinity, Los Tigres del Norte. del Tigres Los , Tequila, Masculinity, is one of the most popular cultural manifestations both in the United the in both manifestations cultural popular one most is of the DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.81.03DOI: Y MASCULINIDAD MEXICANA/CHICANA Y MASCULINIDAD , tequila, masculinidad, Los Tigres del Norte. del Tigres Los masculinidad, , tequila, CORRIDOS, TEQUILA (Y OTROS), Amaia Ibarraran-Bigalondo Amaia , TEQUILA (AND OTHERS), (AND , TEQUILA , as an expression of “people’s stuff,” voices the relevance of of “people’s expression relevance an the voices stuff,” , as bands, both locally and internationally. internationally. and locally both bands, is, in short, a symbol of identity and belonging, and and belonging, and of identity asymbol short, in is, , 81; November 2020, pp. 25-41; ISSN: e-2530-8335 pp. 25-41;, 81; ISSN: 2020, November

has dealt with with dealt has , el corrido se se corrido , el

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 25 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 26 carried out for this essay. out this for carried research the 1026-16) IT funding for Saila, Ikertuntza eta Unibertsitate /Hezkuntza, Investigación e Universidades Educación, de (Dpto. Government Basque the and 094659-B-C21); FEDER; roots and drinking it in large quantities, lost their reasoning capacity ( capacity reasoning lost their quantities, it large in drinking and roots with other it peoples,mixing when indigenous The value. moral inferior of an act an as colonizers by the regarded was which afact acts, for social celebrations and used also was etc., but beverage the for building, as such organization, daily-life in used not was tree only The tree) civilizations. to of agave pre-Hispanic the distillation ones, directly related to related “ ones, directly Spanish the and populations indigenous by the both records, said the in observed as it was, that second is the culture; of forms popular diverse through transmitted and plant were recorded agave from the deriving drinks consumption of and all existence the that is first The for development relevant the article. are that of this other issues that: purports Gaytán Sarita Marie of her In tequila, 2014times. meanings and uses comprehensive on origins, study the consumption anddateto back pre-Columbian use foraccount that its records first the drink, national Mexican to the considered be by many of tequila, case particular corrido acclaimed most internationally representative the and Norte, likely corridos the identity in male of aMexican/Chicano construction the for behaviors of drinking theportrayal (tequila) of and relevance signification into looks the identity. article the purpose, For masculine this a Mexican/Chicano of a vehicle for construction the as of tequila of particular, in alcohol, and, status way corridos the observes article simple this statements, Gaytán highlights the relevance of pulque derived from the (a relevance the drink highlights Gaytán * two highlight drink, ancientthe theof expose origins which words, These (18) pulque. inventing with Papaztactzocaca, and Tliloa, Tepuztecatl, Quatlapanqui, including gods, male credited Olmeca the noted that Sahagún de Fray Bernardino chronicler Spanish Mixteca. by the used of agave types seventeen described codex Nuttal pre-Hispanic century fifteenth the For example, interconnections. their and pulque, of agave, origin the about stories relate clergy Spanish and by Mesoamerican recorded legends Indigenous plant. century the or maguey, the as known also agave, the from derive tequila and mezcal, Pulque, the In practice. social and ancient personal an consumption is Alcohol two these from (Wilson 12). life” everyday “stuff of Starting the is Alcohol I am indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (PGC2018- Sports and Culture of Education, Ministry Spanish the to indebted I am A SHORT HISTORICAL REVIEW HISTORICAL SHORT A lo masculino lo “Los corridos “Los ,” and, in this particular case, to male Gods. to male case, particular ,” this in and, son las cosas del pueblo” del (“Jefe jefes”) de cosas son las represent the “everyday-stuff” represent “everyday-stuff” the of Los Tigres del del Tigres of Los gente sin razón sin gente band.

however, the drink became more popular among the mestizo the among more popular however, became drink the By seventeenth century, communities. the two the between gap hierarchical a clear attempt ate brought food to and mark over an in wine from Spain, drank part, their were of need in pulque’sand powers” (56). for healing mysterious colonists, The ill pulque; were for elderly exceptions made the taken who or had those drinking from banned mostly populationwas Thegeneral gods. the with to communicate them allowed believed they liquid, which of beery the to partake were permitted “[o]nly and chiefs tribal and individuals, chosen only to priests afew available high considered act pulque to asacred be was peoples, drinking for indigenous the were (25). soon to equated indigeneity Martineau, However, to Chantal according pulque its derivations and that period this in it was to Gaytán, According centuries. for such as remained of colonies and the organization hierarchical the in act inferior considered pulquean was ones (20). drinking carnal For centuries, following the were violent or in considered worse, colonizers), in by they the acts, as engaged and labelling of “the national Mexican drink.” According to Martineau, a key moment akey to Martineau, According drink.” Mexican of “the national labelling the and status, recognition, asocial international acquired drink the that century mid-twentieth apositive the not one, not it until and always was was drink the and mentioned As identity previously,to tequila. equation of Mexican however, direct this undeniable that definitions of “ definitions undeniable that directly linked to “ linked directly outside and its borders, Mexico in both a popular, hipster drink, even once again, (59). poisoning” of widespread until cause became, toit the be rumoured was This shipment and storage, of pulque were plus poor production handling, in facilities conditions Unsanitary risks. of health aswarm with lower the classes—and with become synonymous had century, “the drink twentieth by the explains, Martineau 25). too (Gaytán commerce As illegal brought which an act, aregulated became Pulquerías lower-class the Spanish. as well as Regardless of risking being essentialist and stereotypical, it today is stereotypical, and essentialist being of risking Regardless of identity. amarker (18) is food 1840s). the in potato way, the Either and or Ireland trade, slave Atlantic the and (e.g.,sugar significant memories); food and sometimes tastes one’s idiosyncratic (e.g., trivial role is of the food Sometimes collectively. we who are and individually of Iam who apart indeed are preferences dietary identity. yet an And determines (short we eat of poison) Nothing questions. of philosophical anumber raises and identity diet between connection This heritage. our from or alienation in pride and desires, and memories anxieties, and pleasures our tap drink and Food ourselves. to perfect aspirations to our directly it relates and manners; and rituals in embodied genderis roles; it it prescribes identification; class and religious, ethnic, expresses diet A ways. countless in lives everyday into our figure drink and Food The Philosophy Philosophy Food of The In TEQUILA AND “LO MEXICANO”/“LO CHICANO” MEXICANO”/“LO “LO AND TEQUILA lo mexicano lo ,” a widely recognized national symbol. national ,” recognized awidely lo mexicano lo , David M. Kaplan affirms that: affirms Kaplan M. , David ,” in terms of drinking habits, are related related habits, are ,” of drinking terms in were established and selling pulque selling and were established and and mulato mulato populations, populations,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 27 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 28 Virgen de Guadalupe, Virgen de Guadalupe, the as such figures, were to related feminine of country the symbols identitarian where majority of foundational the the acountry in to Gaytán, According of Villa. that as such symbols, masculine revolutionary raised identity and ofidea amestizo “ and tequila between relationship on this the post-Revolutionthe of notion the rise of mexicanidad representations” media (45). and notions of masculinity, stereotypes, sense, this In ideologies, racial political interplay of clashing of afactious result icon the is national as a tequila-drinking ofrise The (Mexicanness). Villa of lo symbol mexicano populist a presented as “tequila has revolutionary, revolution, the drink the and Mexico the For between her, link particular. Revolution, this in Pancho Villa with and Mexican the with of Mexico understanding universal essentialist the between tequila has become an uncontested popular emblem with which Mexicans relate. Mexicans emblem which with popular uncontested become an has tequila and identity of Mexicans, imaginary on collective, the assumptions international “ define identity, of acollective amarker would as which notion of popular drink the reached by Gaytán, highlighted but,production consumption as of and tequila, the economy surrounds the that outside and transcended Mexico, within both (10). acquired drink” that tequila exclusively Mexican an The relevance as association tequila’s to steps conserve initiating began front, industrialists legislative On the outside and of nation. the within identity both heightened to Mexican its ties that, (298).movies cinema “Tequila’s affirms Mexican in ubiquity Gaytán Indeed, of popular of protagonists the lives daily imaginary the in thus, and, cowboys and charros with plots dealt the of in which movies, tequila introduced cinema Mexican 1940s the in 1950s, and came status when international and to national turn of this to bravery, honor and drinking tequila. to bravery, honor drinking and related earlier, directly observed as which, of masculinity, type ideaofthe acertain identity, it of Mexican with together the and imagination international the in better lo mexicano lo In herIn work ¡Tequila! of Spirit Mexico the Distilling As expressed previously, the masculine symbol of Pancho Villa has permeated permeated of has Pancho symbol Villa previously, expressed masculine As the (51) “Pancho” Villa. Francisco General rebel legendary the manhood: Mexican state’s of opposition respectable to the in representation stood that period—one this during to emerge started icon also another internationally, and promoted locally was that citizenship of “good” asymbol and manliness version of Mexican a particular charro of the part was gun real a carrying prohibitedbecause expressly were fighting and Mexico.” ... Drinking outside of and inside both for public consumption culture “Mexican marketing the charro onto “coherent” its Specifically, present. “glorious” past country’s the mapped icons male which in fantasy” “national or agenda, of amasculine scope the within operated ofmomentum modernity The of modernization. impulses patriarchal the order to accommodate in visible more became figures male and phenomenon revolution shifted, this the after .” Similarly, this identity has permeated both the national and and national the .” both permeated identity has Similarly, this charro charro the ... Although regalia. lo mexicano lo / ” and proposes a direct link link proposes adirect ” and lo mexicano lo became a prototype used for used aprototype became , Gaytán expands deeply expands , Gaytán was one example of one example was encouraged the the encouraged

translate this same notion same to other Western Thus, this countries. translate United we could the and and States, of Mexico representations. case the Such is cultural its popular in and of societies praxis cultural social, the in both recurrent hegemonic masculinity, public or reinforcement aparticular of masculinity, certain to a have drinking related scholars Many act. amale thus, sphere is, and of life public to related the act considered been an traditionally public in has Drinking act. of asocial such performance the during gender separation constructed) (socially a “natural” occurs there pubs or cantinas, bars, as such public in spaces, traditionally performed,is act social this group.When a within identification individual borders. cultural and itsinside national identity, of considered Mexican outside is derivations, to a symbol be both and and types differentiation.each ofand its identification including or regional even Tequila, and national of differentiation, aproduct of cultural undoubtedly also is one drinks (12). praxis” of alcohol communion, kind of the collective process of cultural this In example an differentiation, of a practice is itself and action. Drinking identification affiliation, broader fields of of webs wider of significance, parcel and part cultures, of other aspects are cultures Drinking narratives. grand heroes and myths, origin its are of nation lifeblood as to the the important end as be may at the of day the drinking is (as is corridos drinking individually, but agroup in environment. mostly fact, ForM. in Wilson, Thomas not (Wilson), performed is only which culture” of a“drinking of existence the talk the case of comedias the rancheras case the women, and in representations, as protagonists men are popular its several in and life real in both tequila, of Mexican case particular the In culture. popular in such observed by Américo Paredes (1958) Paredes account by that Américo songs observed typically are others, among one. Corridos amale identity, national particular, in and Mexican/Chicano of a for construction the of tequila relevance the to observe examples valid are corridos 69). (Gaytán of characters” choice for male drink the 69). always (Gaytán almost There,is cantinas songs” the “tequila in sang , the popular sung narrative form originating in the mid-nineteenth the century, in form originating narrative sung popular , the Similarly, the social act of drinking is directly assimilated as an act of act an as assimilated directly is of drinking act Similarly, social the Drinking is considered, in most societies, a social act. In fact, one could fact, In act. asocial most considered, societies, in is Drinking Hence, drinking is a social, public, male act and it has been represented as represented been it as and has act public, male asocial, is Hence, drinking (West 373)girls. the with drinking from different very is boys the with drinking where fun” “having and homosociality, for sex, able “to agirl” get sexuality—being non-relational enables use Alcohol masculinity. of his sense his to maintain seeks man as a bars in and the media in daily play out challenged, if able to fight, of being themes Cultural consequences. social serious without drinking) (binge quantities vast liquor” your or able to drink “hold being Toughness means use. alcohol with (dominant masculinities) aman” “being linked has culture American As a representative of the popular manifestation of “las cosas del pueblo,” del cosas of “las manifestation arepresentative of popular the As DRINKING AND MASCULINITY are), “the stuff of everyday life, quotidian culture which which culture life, quotidian are),everyday of “the stuff , “on occasion worked as servers, sold snacks, or sold snacks, , “on servers, worked as occasion , as as ,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 29 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 30 using female characters in their songs. their in characters female using by of US state, the other agents and Texas the with Rangers struggles his and man border corrido from traditional depart Norte del also Tigres But Los aspirations. and life community immigrant Mexican orexplicitly implicitly, corrido the of corrido the (male) popular form the in meaning represented is acquires and symbol national aMexican/Chicano as particular, in tequila or drinking way drinking, the observe to Ifind interesting it of of masculinity, apublic enhancement to the performance linked been traditionally alcohol has that idea from the starting and purpose, For this the oppressiveandso authorities,on. fighting as such of of defence cause, ajust acts involved in cases, many in who honor are, and for bravery protagonists, the of male ultimately motivated by feelings of powerlessness that can be traced to the Spanish Spanish to the traced be can of that powerlessness motivated by feelings ultimately the as model, “compensatory machismo definition ...of this labels Mirandé Alfredo sociologist Chicano machismo. his praxis, or to figure, macho to the masculinity masculinity. of Mexican/Chicano understanding (tequila), promotes a certain way this the and “Mexicano/Chicano,” drinking as such elements considered of is lyrics what include their band in way the the observe but to rather matters, onit these not is relevance my their intention to disregard essay, however, this In note of band’s the activism. music have taken and critics cultural as well as journalists numerous from academics, works light, this In scene. on) people, so undocumented and laborers, public to the (immigrants, existence indubitable invisible their who storiesNorte of an live and the those role bringing in to the construction of El M of El construction to the contribution their USA and to and the both US, market labor the in immigrants of Mexican importance the emphasizing while by Mexicans faced discrimination theabout sing They lyrics. their in of immigration experience migrant Mexican the Nortedel celebrate record and Tigres Vez, El Nortedel and about band:Los says the Tigres of Los relevance work her in comparative on political the Rodríguez, Mariana on sides of border, “the both the of voice are citizens such of people.” as the and Norte, El have to who for become, reach want many,they voice the of immigrants for border. people such, toon sides authority of US-Mexico speak the both the As provides with them José, California) San formed in was but Mexico, band in the members were their born (all essence cross-cultural their recognition: and success andinternational oneexceptional national an of is del Norte Los Tigres of case The traditions. and culture popular to sum, maintain in generations and, and boundaries people to geographical connect across issues, life for to account daily knowledge, These words summarize the political and cultural relevance of Los Los Tigres of relevance andcultural thepolitical words These summarize Scholars such as Samuel Ramos and Octavio Paz equate Mexican/Chicano equate Mexican/Chicano Paz Octavio and Ramos Samuel as such Scholars Corridos . have traditionally served to stories “pass on,” served popular have to traditionally transmit CORRIDOS e xico del norte/el del xico otro M , LOS TIGRES DEL NORTE DEL TIGRES , LOS AND TEQUILA AND tradition’s main function as a genre that narrates narrates that agenre tradition’s as function main , those narrating the adventures of adventures abrave the narrating , those e xico. They also continue, also They xico.

del del

a macho, as apositive model, model,”a macho, as “the ethic where macho the evolutionmachismo, being or defines of term, and the sociocultural and historical to of (67). world” relative the women defends the rest the and part, on his Mirandé, stance aggressive and overly an masculine impotence by and assuming of inadequacy compensates forthus feelings conquest of ... Mexico. man colonized Thepowerless, machismo. conception of their gender of the terms and traditional relationship in standpoint corrido following the is work to this relevant Especially truth. historical the even cases, many in and truth, corridos in said is what for ideathat the but also fact, that for people’s account our they facts). because account wordsnot These real foronly corridos like (I verdad” pura la /por que canta se en ellos me también gustan mi por / que pueblo de nuestro son los los corridos hechos /Sí reales a me gustan mí of corrido the of relevance the example an is understanding of masculinity. of relevance on promises: the one the hand, three corridos of two lines point, to include at several this It interesting, is masculinity. Chicano of Mexican/ understanding to related a particular is conclusions about way this the of drawing aim the Norte del with Tigres of Los lyrics the in portrayed is general, in or drinking even tequila, way (drinking) the to observe paragraphs following the in Thus, is intentionit my of masculinity. of alcohol for performance the importance pueblo del “una 3. cosa The and, as Mexicano/Chicano;” of tequila symbolization relevance of Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres of Los relevance Norte, del lines Tigres by Los The first stanza of “Jefe de Jefes,” from the album of the same name of same (2008), de“Jefe Jefes,” stanza the album of first from the The 1 yolvidados. mundo triste por el vagar desgracia su llorar inocentes y he visto que hijos los dejópor todos regado hombre un de Yo grandeza la iba adorar hombre” yel macho “El 1. The premises: three following from the originates essay this context, this In ( 68) feared. he is because than respected and honored he is because heeded to be more likely are household of the head titular as man of the wishes the family, the Within community. and family of his respect the earned has who aman is macho bravery. and Areal honor, dignity, respect, but or virility, aggressiveness, not violence, are components of machismo essential group. of The the honor honor integrity to the uphold own and and desire his the by motivated is behavior his to control others, or adesire of inferiority by feelings driven being than Rather emotional. and but warm insensitive, not and is cold

A summary ofthecorridoswillbeoffered hereafter.A summary 1 Tigres , where Los to the expression of “las cosas del pueblo;” del cosas The 2. expression ofto the “las which support the two conceptual axe of the axe conceptual two support the which del Norte clearly define their ideological their ideological define Nortedel clearly as an expression of “people’s an as stuff:” “A corrido , and on other,, and the their is “la pura verdad,” pura “la is the

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 31 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 32 and feeds his children. his feeds and duty,educates symbolizes latter The drunk. he is when manhood his about boasts and them about care not does and children several has he shame: symbolizes former The figures. masculine opposing celebratory drinking. celebratory drinking compensatory portray which Douglas’s terms) songs Mary and Mirandé’s (mimicking into Ilabel them what group lines, following the in Iwill, particular, in tequila drinking and general, in of drinking act/fact the address However, that songs of band. the the within of lyrics the not themes most recurrent is the among particular, in Alcohol, tequila conclusion. general first me to a leads career long prolific their and recorded in life. family’s his and andhis responsible towards affectionate caring, is who“el model: aman hombre” to ethic Mirandé’s corresponds (the similarly man) them). description feeds and of This de comer” hijos) (los guides educates, (raises, represents “el deber” (duty), “el da hombre y les los guía que los el educa, los cría, of hombre alcohol.abuse El who (the aman Norte, del is man), Tigres for Los and use of his because violent is aggressive text, and implicitly the in and, drunk the outlet of self-expression” (4).primary attempt to bring an enough, in Interestingly [that] represents structure his family the within possesses power male amacho as “the model,”“the compensatory as defines denominates Baugh or Scott what Mirandé what in addressed masculinity, notion of Mexican/Chicano traditional the to responds hijos ,“deja everywhere) por doquiera” children (leaves he drunk) is when manhood about his “presume borracho” (boasts de su hombría anda cuando from behind”), (shame), vergüenza” whomacho, “mata (kills “la por espalda” aman la on theories machismo Mirandé’s with corrido 2 corridos themany of The observation el y macho of hombre,” “El The lyrics thefrom coincidentalyear are 1986, hombre que hacer. aun no saben enfrente pero borracho andan hombría su cuando presumir mujer buena lodo de auna yllenar espalda por la matar machos alos He visto comer. de da yles guía los educa, los hombre que el cría, los que el deja por doquiera hijos es macho deber el es yotro vergüenza la es hombre yel uno son opuestos, polos macho El niño. un yarrastrando macho un recordando poeta dijo el cual a poco poco morir cariño mal por un vicio el en perderse abandono su Yo mujeres llorar he visto The The to the field of study of this article, the macho is a man who drinks, gets gets drinks, who man is a the macho article, fieldthis to the study of of corrido makes a clear differentiation between the macho and the man as they represent represent they as man the and macho the between differentiation aclear makes , both in chronological and conceptual terms. El El terms. conceptual and chronological in , both and those which portray what I will label as as label Iwill what portray which those and that Los Tigres del Norte del have Tigres Los that 2 volverás a mi lado.”volverás ami tú /sólo ausencia, muerte la es trago en sol el vivo el por ni eso / no me calienta paseando con quien te andarás only way donde out. the “Cariño as andarás drinking to resorts lost and woman” wonders who she with is, is abandoned where man “his such a situation, drinking is all that is left. is that all is drinking asituation, such Thus, in Thus, “Amorcito Norteño” (1976),the voice sings: group of corridos of this center lovethe orfor of Love, loss unrequited is the awoman. at to more be specific, crying abandoned man, an presented is as who, most of cases, protagonist, in the main their as have aman rule, ageneral as of these, “compensatory All drinking.” portray included group be under the that can particular, in tequila or drinking the sadness of a lonely man, who, this time, blames the woman for his use of alcohol. use for his woman the blames of time, alonely who, sadness man, this the portrays (2009) similarly “Qué tí” sin to voy compensate for a hacer sadness. used songs), and is tequila with tequila disappears ycon canciones” (sadness con tequila alguien diga / Que le he llorado aella.” diga alguien dolor, con mi solo, /Ahí favor,/ estar Quiero /No quiero botella./ que la Me lleven pido not por “Ahí does to seen: Les be rincón,/ del want and mesa ena woman la Most of corridos the 5 4 3 Or, rincón,”(2011) del mesa “La in (the for corner table), equally cries aman acaba. se vida Y la beber el Sólo queda alma el en mete nos Se mujer alguna Cuando mujer. Por alguna hombres los lloran Cuando comprendes no Porque tú ser de Por ha amor tu tomando Si me miras borracho Si me miras olvidar. poderte Sin Porque que sé quiero te Yo me desvelo también acantar viene te Que dueño tu está Aquí norteño Amorcito

A man is crying and drinking alone and does not want anyone to see him cry for awoman. for cry him see to anyone not want does and alone drinking and crying is A man A man wonders where “his woman” is, who she is walking with. Only drinking helps him. helps drinking Only with. walking is she who is, woman” “his where wonders A man A man is crying and drinking for the love of a woman, who left him. He affirms that, in that, He affirms him. left who love of awoman, the for drinking and crying is A man LOS TIGRES DEL NORTE’S CORRIDOS NORTE’S DEL TIGRES LOS 5 Or “El artista” (2002), which states that “desaparece las penas penas las (2002), “desaparece that Or “El states artista” which COMPENSATORY DRINKING COMPENSATORY , whose tone and style is repeatedly similar in all of them. all in similar repeatedly is , whose tone style and

3 Tigres of Los

4 Also, in “Cariño dónde andarás” (1993), dónde “Cariño in andarás” Also, an del Norte that include drinking in general, general, in include Norte drinking del that AND

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 33 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 34 and having “pushed him” to the cantina, making her responsible for his fate (death, diseases, etc). diseases, (death, fate his for responsible her making cantina, the to him” “pushed having and properties for men who feel abandoned and betrayed by women. forproperties men betrayed abandoned who and feel a whole. corridos as these In alcohol or cantinas reference of to ageneric, symbolic instead reference to tequila, adirect with time 6 tequila el me acabó Se aservir cantinero el venga Que muere por amor. yllore sufre, Que borracho último el No voy hacer yo le pido compasión yanadie tequila el me acabó Se corazón mi odeje latir de que olvide yo la Hasta por favor aservirme que vengan tequila el me acabó Se faltando. me está Que tequila de ytragos limón sal, Con que yo traigo herida La Voy cauterizar de atratar acambio. nada sin amar De corazón el me reclama A veces cuando hasta Y yo no sé dolor ami encadenado Estoy dejado. Y solo me han me entregué yalma cuerpo De derrotado vivo Hoy triunfador un era Si antes Bebiéndome penas. mis voy aestar cantina la en Aquí tequila el me acabó Se aservir cantinero el venga Que el in acabó “Se me portrayed is situation same Tequila” (2014),This this ati. aechar van las te montón ese todo culpas de tristeza, la si me lleva si me muero,si me enfermo, por ti, van que siguen las por ti, va copa Esta lo soy por ti. ya pero cantinas de cliente no era me lastima ausencia hoy tu ti sin voyQue hacer

A man says he was never a cantina customer. He blames a woman for having left him him left having for awoman He blames customer. acantina never he was says A man

6 , tequila is portrayed as having healing healing having as portrayed is , tequila has left him and he is a loser now. He tries to forget about his sad situation by drinking tequila. bydrinking situation sad his about forget to now. aloser he is He tries and him left has use of alcohol (wine in this particular case). particular of alcohol (wineuse this in woman’s to forget the of having indiscriminate him an lovewho accuse through “Un de vino”in (1995), mar ex-lover’s from his himself defends man the friends, about you). are my thoughts served, being Finally, is for. my tequila song Iasked As to a listening corner of cantina, the the in sitting am (I atí” rumbo pensamiento, mi va ya tequila mi ahorita sirviendo me oyendo que están canción yo pedí una cantina “Tuin recuerdo yyo” (2008), “Estoy de una rincón en el sings: protagonist the be). never will the that oblivionwine Likewise, and drinking in you Ifind and name don’t (I yolvido vino que /El será” nunca copas to en las want ybusco nombrarte “No says: quiero and case) particular alcohol (wine, this in drinking and forgetting Y que juro quererme que fue se la Adonde ira golondrinas. las sea Que acantar norteños alos ponga Que 7 sanar para me basto copas unas con necesito lo no yo vino de mar un olvidando me esta se ya si quise yo te por que no aunque lo creas mentira es eso manos tus en me tienes quieras que cuando amigas atus que dijiste quiero yo te bien bebido estaba nombre tu cuando grite cantina por que la en me tomado vieron vino de mar un teniendo que no ni olvido te amigas atus que dijiste quiero yo te vanidad contra su desprecio el luego belleza su refleja espejo por que un amar que no saben ingratas hay pero son hermosas que todas noaunque niego mujer auna bueno rogarle es tampoco no puerta son buenos ala que amores los entender para me basto copas unas con necesito lo no yo vino de Un mar The perderte. para nomas Y que me enamoré encontré que en la Maldigo ...

A man is drinking and crying in a cantina. He was once a successful man, but “his woman” woman” but “his man, asuccessful once He was acantina. in crying and drinking is A man corrido “Te yte quiero” odio (1990) reference to makes similarly

7

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 35 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 36 some wine to forget about her. about forget to wine some needs but alot, just drink to not need he does that He says loss. his for crying and her love with in have” (8-9). Feeling sad, the protagonists resort to drinking to compensate for the have” (8-9). to drinking resort protagonists the sad, Feeling of henot what does symbol the at least to possess drinking, to compensatory turn understandably rejection would social aperson suffering most desired, is that to all of gate access the is setting this alcohol in “Just because by Douglas, expressed As act. individual an always is considered “compensatory drinking,” of drinking, act this abotella or with hands, their tomando drinking, just protagonists the see we also other hand, borracho, drunk, being as such its consequences, with concept, abstract an represented as cases many in is drinking one On the well. hand, women. to-blame unfaithful, represented voiced women, as free, also as are but they corridos of the protagonists male the towards part on their of betrayal act an as understood be up, can of speaking act the (3). act, same cultures” this other On hand, the Chicano/a patriarchal and immigrant of place women subordinate the Mexican in group’s the marking rejection thus of counterparts, male their brave and as powerful as often are characters female “These affirms: Rodríguez men. As to abandon these women who have chosen case, particular who this have avoice in and, individuals corridos of women these in for portrayal the As masculinity. and of manhood “ethic model” the as representing theMirandé to model responds one by defined masculine This is. aman of being what part emotions showing publicly all and are grieving crying, that who have (or understand thus, situation have and, not) same the experienced men reproducing (and are them women), eventually and receiving those and lyrics the corridos these that act communicative performative the in participating those with them share and openly feelings show their sensitive men,who crying, suffering, are of songs: they the all in similar astonishingly corridos of these protagonist pueblo.”del of male the characterization the Second, cosas “las as received and become shared instantly they thus, and, universal partly stories of corrido the the makes fact this other On hand, the future. the in it, or will situation, have same experienced the experiencing men who are all it connects hand, quitethe On relevant. one symbolically is fact insignificant apparently by men. This corridos these of all protagonists conclude the that clearly of alcohol for use men. the we can First, and masculinity regarding message conclusions general about their to lead two particularly, tequila and alcohol,in wine . This is, in a way, a contradictory portrayal of the women,of areway, in a representedwho is, portrayal . This contradictory a , we can conclude that, on the one hand, women are portrayed as agentic agentic as conclude on women one portrayed the hand, that, are , we can 8 as reached be conclusions alcohol, can two of drinking act to the With respect compilation the of corridos all, in All no volveré atomar cariño por tu alma mi en aquí que dejaste espina aquella ...

A man defends himself and accuses the woman who left him of telling her friends he is he is friends her of telling him left who woman the accuses and himself defends A man , a bottle. The second conclusion Thesecond that the, abottle. idea to relates propose. Both the singers, the protagonists of protagonists the singers, the propose. Both 8

that portray men drowning their grief grief their men drowning portray that are men and the songs are sung sung are songs the men and are being emphasized. On the On the emphasized. being , or with a glass in in aglass , or with is is

masculinity does not prove to be true after the observation of these corridos. of these observation the not does prove after to true be masculinity Mexican/Chicano with tequila (drinking) equated that premise opening the light, this In purpose. for one this use could that only alcoholic drink the conceived as drinking.” A notable example is the corrido the Anotable is drinking.” example “celebratory name under the labelled be can particular, in or general, tequila in of of type this in that, Finally, space. affirm we could or apublic abar drinking cantina, done solitarily, a performed it in is always if even is ofloss loved the this person and with his friends. He boasts about the fact that he likes all women and can have them all. them have can and women all he likes that fact the about He boasts friends. his with corrido The second groupThesecond of 9 ycerveza vino con amigos mis Con conjunto al arrastrando quePor ando es eso azteca suelo el como tierra otra No hay chulo es Por que México Dios santito vuelo mi levanto quiero Y cuando rama en rama de pájaro el como Soy quiero las Yo yatodas soy todas de amores de yo compromisos No tengo quedas te Ya qué mundo allí lo sabemos sabe quien somos mañana Ahorita que yo pueda Voy mientras agozarla me aguante bolsa yla que cuerpo el Hasta ycerveza vino con amigos mis Con conjunto al arrastrando quePor ando es eso azteca suelo el como tierra otra No hay chulo es Por que México Dios santito amanecido no porque ando Ahorita opasado mañana me reclaman Allí ruido el muchachas me dispensan Allí que bonito acordeón retumba El canciones conjuntoTraigo cantando al contento que yo ande me dispensan Allí perdonen ustedes Si molestan se bonitas chiquillas despierto Si las ...

, tequila is not necessarily the preferred drink, and, thus, tequila is not is tequila thus, and, preferred drink, the not is necessarily , tequila A man celebrates life, friendship and the beauty of Mexico by drinking wine and beer beer and wine bydrinking of Mexico beauty the and friendship life, celebrates A man LOS TIGRES DEL NORTE’S CORRIDOS NORTE’S DEL TIGRES LOS CELEBRATORY DRINKING CELEBRATORY corridos , which deal with the act of drinking alcohol of drinking act the with deal , which 9

“Ando amanecido” (1999): “Ando amanecido” AND

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 37 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 38 drinking and women. For that reason, they are called “the bad-behaved.” “the called are they reason, For that women. and drinking Some mariachis are singing. are mariachis Some the rest of society thinks of them. thinks of society rest the parranda who like of agroup of deeds friends, the praises (2007) malportados” vein, “Los asimilar In friends). good with drinking night up all stay Ican wine. good and life, bohemian partying, like (I con copa tomando buenos /la amigos” ypuedovino amanecer buen el bohemia/me vida la gusta parranda, la who “Me of says: aman, gusta gifts buen Tequila en suelo si ando Tapatío.” (2002) felicito “Le amigo” the celebrates bajío. del tierras /Voy de su ColonchePulque en las asaborear /Oun Luís aSan The regions. Mexican theeach of define that alcoholicdrinks different the by praising identity Mexican celebrates over and of women Mexico beauty to the all sings (2006) of personal identity and of boundaries of inclusion exclusion” and of identity boundaries and of (8). personal sense, this In markers as act also “drinks case, this in by Douglas, expressed As belonging. and people unites (men, which of act collectivization a sense an mostly) creates and act, awhole ceremonial as it and acollective represented is as drinking,” “constructive parranda its ensuing and to related drinking directly enjoying it, and most of is the life ideaof the celebration, sense, making this In act. acelebratory as performed is a group, present is most drinking of in them, and The idea of parranda and/or colleagues. families friends, with act social a collective, as drinking portray group, previous to corridos the most of these conclusions.come to Contrary two we can representation of drinking, symbolic of act the their and some lyrics of their Tigres present Los the in also are drinking,” group to the of belonging “compensatory as labelled those than abundant less are and Charrasqueado.” Juan el sombrero /cantando ycon huaraches sin mariachis, unos /estaban tragos unos aventarme para cantina una para me fui corrido 11 10 corridos the terms, general In momento. el que vivir hay amigos por eso siempre incierto es porque futuro el semana la a días es siete fiesta y nuestra llaman nos así portados mal Los mujeres ylas parranda la baile el canto el placeres, alos entregamos nos modo anuestro vivir al porque gozamos todos, dicen nos portados mal Los also“ElThereis cheque” (1972),cheque,el cambiar says: de “Despues which

This is a carpe diem diem carpe is a This After cashing a check, (a man) goes to the cantina to celebrate it with some drinks. drinks. some it with celebrate to cantina the to goes (a man) acheck, cashing After says: “Lo mismo tomo una cerveza allá en el norte / Que me echo un norte en el /Que me un echo allá tomo cerveza mismo “Lo says: una (fiesta, partying), and are portrayed as wholly indifferent to whatwhollyindifferent as to areportrayed and partying), (fiesta, (partying, fiesta), which implicitly includes drinking in/with in/with implicitly fiesta),drinking includeswhich (partying, corrido, where a group of men explain that they like partying, partying, like they that explain of men a group where , which fall in the “celebratory drinking” group “celebratory the in drinking” fall , which del Norte’s browsing After song corpus. 11 . Douglas would label this as as this would label . Douglas 10 “Al estilo mejicano” mejicano” “Al estilo

his relaxed relationship with women, as in the case of “La hija la mama” (2014). of hija mama” “La la case women, the in with relationship as relaxed his who “compensatory follows the model,” and freedom about his boasts where aman persona a figure, macho the calls representative of Mirandé are what protagonists praising Mexican identity, as is the case of “El cheque” “Al identity, mejicano.” and case the estilo is Mexican as praising and as observed, some of corridos the observed, as and He “wants them” both. them” He “wants corrido Norte del Tigres Los even and to Mirandé according which, daughter, mother the of the and manhood represents akind between able oneself to of “choose” seeing case the in women,with as not and only that, an abstract act, portrayed directly as a means of getting drunk (most of the times, (most of times, the drunk of getting ameans as directly portrayed act, abstract an as Thedrinking idea of nois proof of prominence above the other of drinks. tequila of corridos present the is many in drinking one hand, conclusions. identity, On general the following the in results masculine Chicano of aMexican/ avehicle for construction the as of tequila, of particular alcohol, in and Norte’s del Tigres way Los the corridos observe “El hombre macho,” yel shows no positive characteristics. It however, is, some to corridos in note of interesting these that, 12 in a relationship with engaging drinking theof act The connecting idea of llevar. me quiero mama hija ola la todas de cuál saber Porque no puedo ya no me más ya dé cantinero señor tomado estar debo mi para se Que Dios ay válgame mama la hija, la muy lindas hembras dos puerta la en Había alucinaciónuna prontode que veo trago un tomándome bar un en Sentado In summary, we can infer that the starting premise of this article, that is to is that article, of premise this starting the that infer we can summary, In

A man is sitting in a bar, drinking, when two women come in: a mother and her daughter. daughter. her and a mother in: come women two when drinking, a bar, in sitting is A man

12 CONCLUDING REMARKS CONCLUDING

, which celebrate drinking, do connect with with do connect celebrate drinking, which represent the “everyday-stuff” status status represent “everyday-stuff” the of the band. However, of band. the there themselves, as we saw in the the we in saw as themselves, , their their ,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 39 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 81; 2020, PP. 25-41 40 the praxis and the results of the act of drinking because, “los “los because, of drinking of act the results the and praxis the by audience sharing to their connect which songs songs, present is these in drinking corridos that the in andnewspapers” “sung As such, no is different. Chicano of Mexican/ the case the and communities, of most social acts social and individual whose to relationship or women “relaxed.” man, more is traditional aggressive even andproud theboasting, figure, or macho to related the more is attitude aggressive to related men, whose cases many in are act a celebratory as drinking portray which Finally, songs those betrayers. as blamed are they fact, in and, apositive such light in corridos of these many in However, that true it also is statement feelings. of wholehearted their the in and grief of their performance a way, corridos these for of loss the lovesensitive or men, beloved of women. their crying men who are In to “celebratory The former allude show drinking.” sad, that on other hand, the and, “compensatory portray drinking” that songs those between distinction aclear is corridos of observed the case the In audience. male the with connection empathic an create to men and addressed are they that implicitly, onethat, think could times many We show protagonists. by infer men even men,performed as could also but they corridos all most of cases, In the masculinity. representation and of performance to aparticular directly connects way drinking act. communal to acollective, connected always is to celebrate, this used is over when other, drinking the that true but it also is of band’s the corridos many in present also is “celebratory or we label what drinking,” ideaof the partying, cases, but no is prominence there named, of are onebeer over other. of the the many In even and wine tequila, of drinking, for act the used are that of drinks kind to the reference direct is there When of band. ofalone), songs the the many in vital is del pueblo” and “drinking is the stuff of everyday life.” everyday of stuff the is pueblo”del “drinking and and the way they portray a representation of men and masculinity, there there arepresentation of portray masculinity, men and way they the and All in all, drinking is undoubtedly part of the everyday life, as well as as well as life, of everyday the undoubtedly is part drinking all, in All conclusion The however, observation, relevant most this theof is to related portray apositive representation portray public of the in men, at least , and once again there is no is prominence there of one drink once again , and revised paper accepted for publication for accepted paper revised Tigres by Los Reviews sent to author to sent Reviews , the women not, the are portrayed del Norte are not Nortedel are only corridos son las cosas cosas son las : 21-5-2020; : represent, represent, : 14-8-2020

Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres Los Kaplan Gaytán Douglas Baugh Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres Los Los Tigres del Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Mirandé Martineau Norte del Tigres Los Norte del Tigres Los Wilson Paz Paredes West Rodríguez Ramos El Laberinto de la Soledad la de Laberinto El , Octavio. The Journal of Men’s Journal The Subcultures.” Drinking American in Masculinities “Negotiating A. , Lois , Scott. “Changing of the Guard; Pinche Pintas and “Family”/Familia in Contemporary Contemporary in “Family”/Familia and Pintas Pinche Guard; of the “Changing , Scott. El perfil del hombre y la cultura en México cultura la y hombre del perfil El , Samuel. Drinking Cultures. Alcohol and Identity Formation Identity and Alcohol Cultures. M. Drinking , Thomas U of California P, 2012. Uof California Food. of Philosophy The M. , David , Marie Sarita. ¡ Sarita. , Marie With His Pistol in His Hand. A Border Ballad and Its Hero. Uof Texas P, Hero. Its and 1958. Ballad ABorder Hand. His in Pistol His With , Américo. [1987]. 3-20. 55/2/3 Video (2003): and Film of Film.” Journal Chicano Internacional, 1986.Internacional, Chicano Studies Studies of Technology Sydney, 2007. Technology of Vez El and Norte del Tigres Work Los of Constructive Drinking. Constructive Perspectives on Anthropology , Mary. Drink from Aztlán: A Journal of of AJournal Man.” Aztlán: It’s aMacho be to macho: ser aDrag es gacho “Qué , Alfredo. “We Are America!” Cultural Politics and Chicano Movement Legacies in the the in Legacies Movement Chicano and Politics Cultural America!” Are “We , Mariana. How the Gringos Stole Tequila Stole Gringos the How , Chantal. 9/3 (2001): 371-92. 9/3 Standford UP, 2014. Standford Mexico. of Spirit the Distilling Tequila! Fonovisa, contar, que mejicano.” Historias . “Al estilo . “Ando amanecido.” Herencia de familia, . “Ando amanecido.” 1976. . “Amorcito Norteño.” Pueblo Querido, Fama, El cheque, 1972. cheque.” cheque, . “El El 2002. Fonovisa, Sur, del reina La artista.” . “El 1993. Fonovisa, de..., garra La donde andarás.” . “Cariño Tierra de Jefes de Jefes.” de . “Jefe Tierra . “Te quiero.” yte Los odio adoloridos 2014. Fonovisa, Realidades, tequila.” el meacabó . “Se ti.” Granja sin La voy ahacer . “Qué 2007. y Detalles emociones, Fonovisa, malportados.” . “Los 2002. Fonovisa, Sur, del reina La amigo.” felicito . “Le 1994. Fonovisa, plebes, dos rincón.” Los del mesa . “La 2014 Fonovisa, Realidades, mamá.” yla hija . “La Fonovisa, 1995. Fonovisa, vino.” de ejemplo, El . “Un mar Fonovisa,. “Tu yyo.” 2008. recuerdo Raíces, Gracias... America!... Sin Fronteras Sin America!... hombre.” yel Gracias... macho . “El 17/2 (1986): 63-89. WORKS CITED WORKS . Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1950. Económica, . Fondo Cultura de . MA Thesis, Institute for International Studies, U Studies, International for Institute Thesis, . MA . Trinity UP,. Trinity 2019. , Fonovisa, 2008. , ed, Espasa-Calpe, México, 1985. México, Espasa-Calpe, , ed, , Vale Music, 2009. , Vale Music, , Fonovisa, 1990. Fonovisa, , Fonovisa, Universal, Fonovisa, . Berg Publishers, 2005. Publishers, . Berg 2006. . Routledge, 2003 2003 . Routledge, 1999. , Profono Profono ,

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