No Continuity The Ecumenical Corruption of the “Chair of Unity” Octave By John Vennari

Pope Benedict set an ecumenical precedent that even John Pau II never attempted. In 2008, for the first time, Benedict welcomed the General Secretary of the World Council of Churches, Methodist Samuel Kobi, to take part with at 's Week of Prayer for Christan Unity.

From January 18 to January 25, 2011, we will witness in Rome the annual Week of Prayer for Christian Unity. The new approach to this Week of Prayer constitutes a rupture with the consistent teaching of the Church, and a rupture with the original purpose of the event’s institution. When we compare the post-Vatican II method of celebrating this week with the original pre-Vatican II manner, we see discontinuity, not continuity. It is important to spotlight this severe break with Tradition, since we are told that now, after the death of Pope John Paul II, the new pontificate is steering the Church according to a “hermeneutic of continuity” with the past.1 “Hermeneutic” is complicated term for the word “interpretation’. Thus Pope Benedict claims to be leading the Church according to an interpretation of Vatican II that represents continuity with the past. Tragically, the post-Conciliar Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, over which Pope Benedict presides annually, is a head-on collision with the Faith of all time. It is a manifestation of the religious indifferentism condemned by the consistent teaching of the .2

1 [1] Christmas Address of Pope Benedict XVI to the , December 22, 2005. “Why has the implementation of the Council, in large parts of the Church, thus far been so difficult? Well, it all depends on the correct interpretation of the Council or - as we would say today - on its proper hermeneutics, the correct key to its interpretation and application. The problems in its implementation arose from the fact that two contrary hermeneutics came face to face and quarreled with each other. One caused confusion, the other, silently but more and more visibly, bore and is bearing fruit. On the one hand, there is an interpretation that I would call ‘a hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture’; it has frequently availed itself of the sympathies of the mass media, and also one trend of modern theology. On the other, there is the ‘hermeneutic of reform’, of renewal in the continuity of the one subject-Church which the Lord has given to us.” 2 [2] It must be said that we appreciate those efforts Pope Benedict XVI has enacted on the part of Tradition, such as the 2007 Motu Proprio admitting that the was never forbidden, and the nullification of the alleged “excommunications” of the Society of St. Pius X . But our Catholic Faith compels us to call for the return of the entirety of Catholic Truth, which means a call for the eventual dissolution of Vatican II’s new ecumenical program. Otherwise, we will have nothing but an early 1960s liberal Catholicism that embraces the Tridentine Mass on the one hand, and the new ecumenism on the other. This compromise with liberal Catholicism can never be recognized as an acceptable norm. 1

Original Purpose: Conversion The annual Week of Prayer of Christian Unity is the new name for what used to be called the Chair of Unity Octave. This Octave was inaugurated in 1908 by Father Paul Francis Wattson, founder of the of the Atonement in Graymoor, New York, and was given formal approval by Pope St. Pius X. Father Wattson, a former Anglican who converted to Catholicism, set up the Chair of Unity Octave to be held from January 18 (the Feast of the Chair of Peter in Rome) to January 25 (the feast of the Conversion of St. Paul). Its specific purpose was to be a public event to pray for the conversion of non-Catholics to the of Jesus Christ, the . In 1958, on the 50th anniversary of the Chair of Unity Octave, the eminent moral theologian Father Francis Connell delivered an address in which he explained, “It is an Octave – that is, a period of eight days – devoted to special prayers that...all men may recognize the Catholic Church as the one religious organization that God has appointed as the way to for the entire human race.” [3]3 The Atonement Friars in Graymoor founded by Father Wattson still exist, but they are now a leading center of post-Vatican II ecumenism. The Octave is still held each year in Rome and in many places around the world, and as noted, now goes under the name “The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity.” Following Vatican II’s new pan-Christian orientation, the Octave has degenerated into an eight-day ecumenical love-fest wherein Catholics, Schismatic Orthodox, and various Protestants pray for an undefined “Christian Unity”. [4] 4They also pray for some sort of one-size-fits-all nominally Christian cause, or for some corresponding humanitarian goal. It is an exhibition of unreality, as the participants celebrate a unity that does not exist, and present this corrupted union to the world as if it were a legitimate expression of Christian accord.

Father Wattson’s “Chair of Unity Octave” The original Chair of Unity Octave had the same theme each year: the conversion of non-Catholics to the one Church of Jesus Christ. Each day of the Octave was marked by a specific prayer intention, and these intentions were the same every year from 1908 to the time of the . The daily prayer intentions from the original Chair of Unity Octave are as follows: January 18: The Feast of St. Peter’s Chair at Rome: The return of all the ‘other sheep’ to the one Fold of Peter, the One Shepherd; January 19: The return of Oriental Seperatists (i.e., Schismatic East) to the Communion with the Apostolic See; January 20: The submission of the Anglicans to the authority of the Vicar of Christ; January 21: That the Lutherans and all other Protestants of Continental Europe may find their way

3 [3] One Fold: Essays and Documents to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the Chair of Unity Octave, 1908-1958. From essay, “That All May be One” by Father Francis Connell, C.SS.R., S.T.D., LL.D., [Graymoor: Chair of Unity Apostolate, 1959], pp.38-9 4 [4] To be more accurate, it is a pseudo-love fest. True love for members of false religions would encourage us to pray for their conversion to the True Faith, and to make plain to them the hazard of being separated from the One True Church of Christ, the Catholic Church, the only ark of salvation. 2 back to the Holy Church January 22: That Christians in America may become one in common with the Chair of Peter; January 23: The return to the Sacraments of all lapsed Catholics; January 24: The Conversion of the Jews; January 25: Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul: The Missionary conquest of the world for Christ[5]5 (or, as stated elsewhere in pre-Vatican II Graymoor literature, the “conversion of the entire heathen world”).[6]6

Father Paul Francis Wattson established the Chair of Unity Octave fin 908 for the conversion of non-Catholics. After Vatican II it was changed to an ecumencial celebration with no prayers for the conversion of those outside the Church. There is nothing ambiguous about the goal and the specific intentions of the original Chair of Unity Octave. It is unabashedly Catholic in the true spirit of all the Popes from the time of Christ until 1958. It reaffirms in word and in action the consistent teaching of the Church regarding Christian Unity, as summarized by Pope Pius XI in his 1926 , Mortalium Animos. Pius XI taught, “…unity can only arise from one teaching authority, one law of belief, one Faith of Christian… There is but one way in which the unity of Christians may be fostered, and that is by fostering the return to the one true [Catholic Church] of Christ of those who are separated from it.”[7]7 The pre-Vatican II Chair of Unity Octave also conformed perfectly with the Catholic teaching enunciated by Pope Pius XII: “True reunion can only come about by the return of dissidents to the one true Church of Christ” [the Catholic Church].[8]8

The New Program By contrast, the post-Conciliar Week of Prayer for Christian Unity has drained the event of Catholic content. What remains is an empty shell that is then filled ecumenical vapidity. The Week is now jointly prepared by the Vatican’s Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the World Council of Churches. Also, in the spirit of post-Conciliar creative liturgy, there is a different theme for the Week each year.[9]9 For example, the theme for 2010 was “You Are Witnesses of All These Things” (Luke 24:48). It was a celebration of the Centenary of the first ecumenical meeting of Protestants in Edinburgh, 1910, which is regarded as the event that launched the modern ecumenical movement.

5 [5] One Fold, p. 69.. 6 [6] Ibid, p. 67. 7 [7] Mortalium Animos, Encyclical on Fostering True Christian Unity, Pope Pius XI from, (Tan, 1999) pp. 299-301. Emphasis added. 8 [8] Instructio, (The Instruction from the Holy Office on the Ecumenical Movement, Dec. 20, 1949). Entire English translation published in The Tablet (London) March 4, 1950. Emphasis added. 9 [9] All information on the Week of Christian Unity comes directly and without alteration from the Vatican website. 3

2009’s theme for the Week was “That They May Be One” (Ezek. 37:17). This was thematically put together by Koreans and was comprised of prayer intentions that addressed various problems they face. The theme for 2008 was “Pray Without Ceasing” (1 Thess 5:17). To quote the Vatican website: “The meditations for the eight days in this year’s material for the Week of Prayer on the notion that prayer for Christian unity, spiritual ecumenism, is foundational to all other aspects of the search for unity among Christians”. Before proceeding, it is necessary to consider the shocking phrase “search for unity” contained in this last Vatican statement. Protestants may be justified in using this term, but not Catholics. Catholics do not search for truth, and do not search for unity. We do not search for something we already possess. As Catholics, through the grace of God, we have truth and unity. Our duty is to charitably invite non-Catholics to this already existing ecclesia established by Christ Himself.[10] 10 This truth is illustrated by an episode that occurred at the beginning of the 20th Century. In 1919, when the ecumenical movement was first getting started among Protestants, Pope Benedict XV was invited to get the Catholic Church involved. The Pope politely declined. Benedict XV explained that although his earnest desire was for one fold and one shepherd, it would be impossible for the Catholic Church to join with others in a search for unity. As for the Church of Christ, he said, it is already one and could not give the appearance of searching for itself or for its own unity.[11]11 It is thus profoundly wrong – and scandalous – for today’s Vatican to incorporate the phrase “search for unity” in any of its ecumenical documents, as it gives the impression to Catholics and non-Catholics that Church unity is yet unattained and unknown. The term “search for unity” is a Protestant concept that cannot be legitimately employed by Catholics.

The New Prayer Intentions Each year, according to whatever theme is proposed, there are new prayer intentions for each day of the Week of Prayer. These intentions have nothing to do with the conversion of the non-Catholic to the one true Church, but are constructed according to interdenominational trends. For example, this past year (2010), the theme for the Week was “That All May be one in Your Hand”. The prayer intentions for each day were:

Day 1: by praising the One who gives us the gift of life and resurrection; Day 2: by knowing how to share the story of our faith with others; Day 3: by recognizing that God is at work in our lives; Day 4: by giving thanks for the faith we have received; Day 5: by confessing Christ’s victory over all suffering; Day 6: by seeking to always be more faithful to the Word of God; Day 7: by growing in faith, hope and love;

10 [10] In the early 1950s, the great Father Denis Fahey said to the then-Protestant John Cotter, “Come in to the Catholic Church, my boy. We have the truth”. Cotter became Catholic and went on to be a zealous researcher and writer for the Faith. 11 [11] Catholic Encyclopedia for Home and School, Volume 3, [New York: McGraw Hill, 1965], p. 670.. 4

Day 8: by offering hospitality and knowing how to receive it when it is offered to us (which reads more like something from Miss Manners or Emily Post than something religious). If one reads the program for the Week of Christian Unity year by year, this is the type of prayer intentions and meditations offered. No longer is there public prayers for “The return of all the ‘other sheep’ to the one Fold of Peter, the One Shepherd”, or for the return of Schismatic East, Anglicans, Lutherans, and “all other Protestants of Continental Europe” to the Catholic Church. No longer are there prayers “that Christians in American may become one in common with the Chair of Peter”, or prayers for the “conversion of the Jews” or for “conversion of the entire heathen world” to the Catholic Church, as there was in the original Chair of Unity Octave program. The new ecumenical program prevails, which does not seek conversion with non-Catholics, but “convergence with non-Catholics”. Religious Indifferentism in action: 2009 "Ecumenical Vespers" at the Week of Chrsitian Unity in Rome. Here a Protestant clergyman conducts the reading. This is likewise manifest in the 2011 Theme of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity now posted on the Vatican website. The Theme for 2011 is “ One in the Apostles’ Teaching, Fellowship, Breaking of Bread and Prayer”. (Acts 2: 42) The intentions/mediations for the eight days comprise: “The Church in Jerusalem”, “Many members, one body”, “breaking the bread in Hope”, “living a Resurrection Faith” and “Called for the Service of Reconciliation”. By now it should be clear that the post-Conciliar Week of Prayer is a counterfeit. It is an imposter of the true purpose of the original Chair of Unity Octave, and a counterfeit of the entire mission that Christ delivered to the Church. Our Lord gave His Apostles the mandate to “go forth and teach all nations” to bring all peoples into the one and only true Church that Christ established. Ecumenism does the opposite. As the eminent theologian Father Edward Hanahoe lamented in 1959, today’s ecumenism has the effect of “perpetuating the state of separation, serving rather to keep people out of Church than to bring them into it.”[12]12 This leaves the souls of non-Catholic in grave danger. Today’s ecumenical activity in the Catholic Church is a fraudulent unity that places truth on the back burner, which defies Catholic doctrine. As far back as 1865, Blessed Pope Pius IX’s Holy Office insisted that any union must be based on truth alone – that is, the full body of truth taught by the Church. The Holy Office warned the Anglican unionists of the time, “…you must beware lest in seeking it (unity), you turn aside from the way.”[13]13

12 [12] One Fold, p. 121. 13 [13] Holy Office, Quod vos, ASS, 667.English translation by Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, England and Christendom (London: Longmans, 1867), p. 346. Quoted from Catholic Ecumenism, A Dissertation, Father Edward Francis Hanahoe, S.A., S.T.L, [Washington: Catholic University of American Press, 1953], p. 62. 5

England’s Henry Edward Cardinal Manning, commenting on this text, noted, “…as the Holy Office affirms, there is no unity without truth. Truth first, unity afterwards, truth the cause, unity the effect. To invert this order is to overthrow the Divine procedure. The unity of Babel ended in confusion; the union of Pentecost fused all nations into one Body and one dogma of the Faith….Truth alone generates unity.”[14]14 Sadly, we see Pope Benedict XVI publicly participating in this “unity over truth” Week of Prayer along side Protestants and members of the World Council of Churches. The prayer services include Ecumenical Vespers, sometimes with female Protestant “clergy persons” dressed up in some sort of clerical garb. In fact, the allegedly conservative Benedict XVI set a precedent that even John Paul II never established. In January 2008, for the first time, Benedict XVI welcomed the General Secretary of the World Council of Churches to take part with the Pope in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity.[15]15

Religious Indifferentism Condemned The entire ecumenical program, as exemplified by the new Week of Prayer is a severe rupture with the past, not continuity. It is a manifestation of the religious indifferentism condemned consistently by the Popes all through history. The Popes throughout the centuries, and especially since the time of the , condemned any activity that places the Catholic Church on equal footing with false religions. Here we will recount the teaching of four consecutive popes against religious indifferentism – a series of magisterial statements that reflect true continuity with perennial Catholic teaching. We will quote solemn pronouncements from Popes Leo XII, Pius VIII, Gregory XVI and Blessed Pius IX. Sadly, these are statements we never hear from post-Conciliar Vatican leaders. Religious indifferentism is one of the many reasons for the Papal condemnations of Freemasonry, since Masonry places all religions on the same plain. Pope Leo XII taught in his inaugural Encyclical, Ubi Primum: “A certain sect, certainly known to you, [Freemasonry] and wrongfully arrogating the name of philosophy for itself has stirred up from the ashes the disorganized collections of almost all the errors. ... it teaches that ample liberty has been granted by God to every man to join any sect or to adopt any opinion which may be pleasing to him according to his own private judgment, without any danger to his salvation ... it would be really impossible for the completely truthful God, who is Sovereign Truth itself, the best and most wise Provider, and Rewarder of the good, to approve of all sects that are teaching dogmas that are false and frequently opposed and contradictory to one another and to bestow eternal rewards upon the men who join these sects ...”[16]16 Pope Pius VIII forcefully condemned this error in the encyclical Traditi humilati nostrae:

14 [14] Quoted from Ibid, p. 65. 15 [15] “For the first time, a general secretary of the World Council of Churches has taken part with a pope in a Rome service to mark the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, and together they have remembered the centenary of this initiative born in the United States in 1908.”. Quoted from “Pope and World Council of Churches look to Christian unity at ecumenical ‘festival’“, Ecumenical News International, January 28, 2008. See also, ““Pope Benedict XVI and WCC general secretary Samuel Kobia to pray for Christian unity in Rome” World Council of Churches Website, January 21, 2008. 16 [16] Pope Leo XII, Ubi Primum, May 3, 1824 6

“And this is the lethal system of religious indifferentism, which is repudiated by the light of natural reason itself. In this light we are warned that, among many religions which disagree with one another, when one is true, that there can be no association with light and darkness. Against these repeaters of ancient errors, the people must be assured, Venerable Brethren, that the profession of the Catholic Faith is alone the true one, since the Apostle tells us that there is one Lord and one . As says, the man who eats the Lamb outside of this house is profane, and the man who is not in the ark of Noah is going to perish in the deluge. Neither is there any other name apart from the Name of Jesus given to men by which we must be saved. He who believes will be saved, and he who shall not have believed will be condemned.”[17]17 Yet the “lethal system” of religious indifferentism condemned by the Popes — that a man may find salvation in any religion — effectively receives the stamp of approval by today’s practice of ecumenism and by the new pan-religious Week of Prayer for Christian Unity held at Rome’s St. Paul Outside the Walls.

Pope Gregory XVI likewise condemned this error in his Mirari vos arbitramur: “Now we come to another very fertile cause of the evils by which, we are sorry to see, the contemporary Church being afflicted. This is indifferentism, or that wicked opinion which has grown up on all sides through the deceit of evil men. According to this opinion, the eternal salvation of the soul can be attained by any kind of profession of faith, as long as a man’s morals are in line with the standard of justice and honesty. You must drive out from the people entrusted to your care this most deplorable error on a matter so obviously important and so completely clear. For, since the Apostle has warned that there is one God, one faith, one baptism, those who pretend that the way to [eternal] beatitude starts from any religion at all should be afraid and should seriously think over the fact that, according to the testimony of the Savior Himself, they are against Christ because they are not for Christ; and that they are miserably scattering because they are not gathering with Him; and that consequently, they are most certainly going to perish forever, unless they hold the Catholic faith and keep it whole and inviolate”.[18]18

Pope Gregory XVI here is simply restating the essential truth contained in the 4th Century Athanasian Creed, thus demonstrating the continuity of Catholic truth throughout the ages. The Creed begins: "Whosoever wishes to be saved must, first of all, hold the Catholic faith, which, unless a man shall have held it whole and inviolate, he will most certainly perish forever.” It concludes: "This is the Catholic faith, which unless a man shall have believed it faithfully and firmly, he cannot be saved.”

Blessed Pope Pius IX specifically condemned religious indifferentism in his magnificent 1864 Syllabus of Errors: • It is an error to believe, “ Every man is free to embrace and profess that religion which, guided by the light of reason, he shall consider true.” • It is an error to believe, “Man may, in the observance of any religion whatever, find the way of

17 [17] Pope Pius VIII, Traditi humilati nostrae, May 24, 1829. 18 [18] Pope Gregory XVI, Morari vos arbitramur, August 15, 1832 7 eternal salvation, and arrive at eternal salvation.” • It is an error to believe, “Protestantism is nothing more than another form of the same true Christian religion, in which form it is given to please God equally as in the Catholic Church.”[19]19 The Second Vatican Council’s ecumenical orientation is thus a departure from consistent papal condemnations of religious indifferentism. The practice of Conciliar ecumenism manifest by today’s Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, is religious indifferentism in action. Public ecumenical ceremonies with false religions, ennobled by celebrating these events at the major Roman Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls, sends the message that any religion is good enough for salvation. It broadcasts to the world the religious indifferentism censured by the consistent magisterial teaching of the popes of all time. As Catholics we are bound, as Vatican I infallibly taught, to hold to the truths of Faith taught throughout the centuries “in the same meaning and in the same explanation” as the Church always held.[20]20 Not even a Pope can change these teachings.[21]21 Further, any priest ordained to 1967 had sworn a solemn Oath against Modernism[22]22 in which he promised to always hold and teach the Catholic Faith “in the same meaning and in the same explanation” as the Church taught consistently throughout the ages.[23]23 The truth that there is no salvation outside the Church;[24]24 the fact that true union can only come

19 [19] Blessed Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors, December 8, 1864. 20 [20] Vatican I’s Dei Filius taught, “Let therefore the understanding, the knowledge and the wisdom of individual men, and of all men of one man, and of the entire Church, grow and advance greatly and powerfully, over the course of the years and the ages, but only in its own class, in the same dogma, with the same meaning and in the same explanation (eodem sensu eodemque sententia)..” 21 [21] Vatican I taught infallibly, “The Holy Spirit was not promised to the successor of Peter that by the revelation of the Holy Spirit they might disclose new doctrine, but that by His help they might guard sacredly the revelation transmitted through the Apostles and the deposit of Faith, and might faithfully set it forth.” (Vatican I, Session IV, Chapter IV; Pastor Aetemus.) No authority in the Church, not even a Pope, may lawfully attempt to change the clear meaning of infallible dogma, including the thrice defined dogma that “outside the Catholic Church there is no salvation”. Neither may anyone, no matter how highly placed, change the meaning of doctrine in- the name of a newer or “deeper” understanding. Vatican I taught: “The meaning of Sacred Dogmas, which must always be preserved, is that which our Holy Mother the Church has determined. Never is it permissible to depart from this in the name of a deeper understanding.” (Vatican I, Session III, Chap. IV, Dei Filius). 22 [22] The Oath Against Modernism was established in 1910 by Pope St. Pius X and abolished by Pope Paul VI in 1967, two years after the close of Vatican II. 23 [23] He who takes the Oath Against Modernism swears solemnly: “I sincerely hold that the doctrine of Faith was handed down to us from the Apostles through the orthodox Fathers in exactly the same meaning and always in the same explanation (eodem sensu eodemque sententia). Therefore, I entirely reject the heretical misrepresentation that dogmas evolve and change from one meaning to another, different from the one which the Church held previously.” 24 [24] The doctrine that there is no salvation outside the Church has been infallibly defined three times. The most forceful and explicit definition was pronounced de fide from the Council of Florence: "The Most Holy 8 about by the return of dissidents to the one Catholic Church; and the truth of the condemnations of religious indifferentism, are all part of that great body of Catholic doctrine we are bound to believe as the Church has always held. A Catholic who does not do so is guilty – in the objective order -- of a grave sin against Faith. A priest who solemnly swore the Oath Against Modernism is under even greater obligation. The eminent American theologian Msgr. Joseph Clifford Fenton warned that a man who takes the Oath Against Modernism, and then breaks that Oath, “would mark himself as a sinner against the Catholic Faith and a common perjurer”.[25]25

False Continuity is No Continuity Let us pray that Pope Benedict will recover true continuity with his predecessors. Let us pray that he will no longer pursue the path of a counterfeit “continuity” that does more to legitimize Vatican II’s new ecumenical program than to restore the Catholic Faith of all time. Let us pray that he demonstrate this commitment to genuine continuity by reestablishing the original Chair of Unity Octave that specifically prays in a public ceremony at a major Roman basilica for the conversion of non-Catholics to the one true Faith. And let us pray for the end of the ecumenical Week of Prayer for Christian Unity that treats non-Catholics as if they are on a legitimate path to God, and mocks the consistent condemnation of religious indifferentism from the faithful Popes of the past.[26]26 Today’s ecumenism, to repeat the 1959 warning of Father Edward Hanahoe, has the effect of “perpetuating the state of separation, serving rather to keep people out of Church than to bring them into it.” The new ecumenism is false unity that is a rival good to God’s, and thus not a true good at all.

Roman Church firmly believes, professes and preaches that none of those existing outside the Catholic Church, not only pagans, but also Jews, heretics, and schismatics can ever be partakers of eternal life, but that they are to go into the eternal fire ‘which was prepared for the devil and his angels,’ (Mt. 25:41) unless before death they are joined with Her; and that so important is the unity of this Ecclesiastical Body, that only those remaining within this unity can profit from the sacraments of the Church unto salvation, and that they alone can receive an eternal recompense for their fasts, almsdeeds, and other works of Christian piety and duties of a Christian soldier. No one, let his almsgiving be as great as it may, no one, even if he pour out his blood for the Name of Christ, can be saved unless they abide within the bosom and unity of the Catholic Church.” (Pope Eugene IV, Council of Florence, Feb. 4, 1442). As for continuity, this de fide teaching was not invented at the Council of Florence. It is part of the Church’s ancient patrimony, taught consistently throughout the centuries. In fact, the formula within the Council of Florence is almost word-for-word from the writings of Fulgentius who wrote around the 5th Century: “Hold most firmly and in no way doubt, that not only pagans, but also all Jews and all heretics and schismatics, who terminate this present life outside of the Catholic Church, are going to go into the everlasting fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels.” (De Fide ad Petrum, 38, 79, MPL, LXV, 704. Saint Fulgentius quoted from “Two Statements About the Necessity of the Catholic Church for the Attainment of Eternal Salvation,” Msgr. Joseph Clifford Fenton, American Ecclesiastical Review, June, 1962). 25 [25] “Sacrorum Antistitum and the Background of the Oath Against Modernism,” Msgr. Joseph Clifford Fenton, The American Ecclesiastical Review, October, 1960, p. 259. 26 [26] One Fold, p. 121. 9