EIFAC Technical Paper No. 26 EIFAC/T26 Document Technique de la CECPI ʋ 26

REPORT AND TECHNICAL PAPERS of the SECOND EUROPEAN CONSULTATION ON THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF SPORT AND COMMERCIAL FISHERIES 22–24 September 1975, Gothenburg, Sweden

RAPPORT ET DOCUMENTS TECHNIQUES de la DEUXIEME CONSULTATION EUROPEENNE SUR L'EVALUATION ECONOMIQUE DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE ET COMMERCIALE 22–24 septembre 1975, Göteborg, Suède

with the collaboration of the Ministry of Agriculture of Sweden avec la collaboration du Ministère de l'Agriculture de Suède

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'ALIMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE Rome, 1977 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites.

M-47 ISBN 92-5-000256-4

The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Reproduction interdite, en tout ou partie, par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans l'autorisation écrite de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, seule détentrice des droits. Adresser une demande motivée au Directeur de la Division des publications, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italie, en indiquant les passages ou illustrations en cause.

© FAO 1977 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT This document includes the final version of the report approved by the Second European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries and the working documents submitted to the Consultation. It is published with the collaboration of the Ministry of Agriculture of Sweden.

PREPARATION DU PRESENT DOCUMENT Ce document contient la version définitive du rapport approuvé par la deuxième Consultation européenne sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale ainsi que les documents de travail soumis à la Consultation. Il est publié en collaboration avec le Ministère de l'Agriculture de Suède.

Distribution: Bibliographic Entry Référence bibliographique: FAO Department of Fisheries Participants EIFAC mailing list European Consultation on the Economic CIFA mailing list Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Ministry of Agriculture of Sweden Fisheries, 22–24 September 1975, Gothenburg, Sweden (1977) EIFAC Tech.Pap./Doc.Tech.CECPI, (26): 186 p. Report and technical papers of the second European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries, 22–24 September 1975, Gothenburg, Sweden Rapport et documents techniques de la deuxième Consultation européenne sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale, 22–24 septembre 1975, Göteborg, Suède Conferences-Gothenburg (Sweden). Sport fishing. Economic analysis. Commercial fishing. Fishery development. Inland fisheries. Marketing. Europe. Africa. North America. EUROPEAN INLAND FISHERIES ADVISORY COMMISSION (EIFAC) EIFAC documents are issued in three series: EIFAC Report Report of each session, in English and French. EIFAC Technical Paper Selected scientific and technical papers, including some of those contributed as working documents to sessions of the Commission or its subcommissions. Published in English and French. EIFAC Occasional Paper Papers of general interest to the Commission. Published in the language submitted, either English or French. Copies of these documents can be obtained from: Secretary European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission Department of Fisheries FAO Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy

COMMISSION EUROPÉENNE CONSULTATIVE POUR LES PÊCHES DANS LES EAUX INTERIEURES Les documents de la CECPI sont publies dans trois series: Rapport de la CECPI Rapport de chaque session, publié en francais et en anglais. Document technique de la CECPI Des documents scientifiques et techniques sélectionnés comprenant certains documents de travail présentés aux sessions de la Commission ou de ses sous- commissions, Publiés en français et en anglais. Document occasionnel de la CECPI Documents d'intérét général pour la Commission. Publiés dans la langue d'origine, soit en français, soit en anglais. Des exemplaires de ces documents peuvent être obtenus en s'adressant au: Secrétaire Commission européenne consultative pour les pêches dans les eaux intérieures Département des pêches FAO Via delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italie CONTENTS SOMMAIRE Page REPORT 1 RAPPORT 9 Paragraphs Paragraphes Opening of the Consultation and Election of Chairman 1-4 Ouverture de la Consultation et élection du Président Adoption of the Agenda and Organization of the Meeting 5 Adoption de l'ordre du jour et organisation de la reunion Reports on the Status of Sport Fisheries in Various Regions 6 Rapports sur la situation de la pêche sportive dans différentes regions

Progress Report on Recreational Fisheries Data Development 7-15 Etat des progrès en matière de développement des données sur la pêche récréative

Review of Sport and Commercial Fisheries Information 16-17 Development - Approaches, Methods and Problems Etude du développement de l'information sur la pêche sportive et commerciale - stratégies, méthodes et problèmes

Fishery Goals, Problems and Options 18 Objectifs, problèems et options de la pêcherie Status of the International Exchange of Information on Sport 19 Fisheries Management and Development Situation internationale en matière d'échange d'informations sur l'aménagement et le dévelopment de la pêche sportive

Promotion and Marketing Aspects of Sport Fisheries 20 Aspects promotionnel et commercial de la pêche sportive Recommendations 21-25 Recommandations Date and Place of the Next Consultation 26 Date et lieu de la prochaine consultation Appendix/Annexe A Appendix/Annexe A 17 Liste des participants B Address by Mr Svante Lundkvist, Minister of Agriculture 19 and Fisheries of Sweden Allocution de M. Svante Lundkvist, Ministre suédois de 21 l'agriculture et des pêcheries

C Address by Mr J.-L. Gaudet, Secretary to EIFAC 23 Allocution de M. J.-L. Gaudet, Secrétaire de la CECPI 25 D Agenda and Timetable 27 Ordre du jour et calendrier 28

TECHNICAL PAPERS/DOCUMENTS TECHNIQUES Page Economic issues and opportunities facing Europe in the J.-L. Gaudet 29 field of sport fisheries [Problèmes et possibilités économiques de la pêche sportive en Europe] Current problems of recreational fishery in Polandlinks M. Leopold 46 with commercial fishery [Problèmes actuels de la pêche récréative en Pologne - see rapports avec la pêche commerciale] Development of sport fisheries in the Netherlands B. Steinmetz 63 [Développment de la pêche sportive aux Pays-Bas] Sport fishing in Sweden - a summary of general statistics, I. Norling 73 socio-economic studies and some selected problems [La pêche sportive en Suèderésumé des statistiques générales et des études socio-économiques; quelques problèmes]

The Dutch angler (with a bibliography) J.C.C. Prinssen 83 [Le pêcheur à la ligne néerlandais (y compris une J.A. Kropman bibliographie)] Fisheries management goals, problems and options A.L.W. Tuomi 115 [Les objectifs de l'aménagement des pêcheries - problèmes et possibilities] Status of the international exchange of information on A.L.W. Tuomi 129 sport fisheries management and development [Etat de l'échange international d'informations sur l'aménagement et le développement de la pêche sportive]

Sport fishing in East-Flevoland E. Ter Haar 134 [La pêche sportive dans le polder de Flevoland-Est] Some remarks about research and inquiries into angling A.P.C. Kerstens 149 in the Netherlands (Demand side) [Considérations relatives à la recherche et aux enquêtes sur la pêche à la ligne aux Pays-Bas (du point de vue du consommateur)] U.S. National Surveys of fishing, hunting and associated Robert E. Cleary 155 wildlife uses [Enquêtes nationales aux Etats-Unis sur la pêche, la chasse et l'usage associé de la faune] Fact sheets on sport fishing in the prairie provinces of Environment 163 Canada Canada [Notes d'information sur la pêche sportive dans les provinces des prairies canadiennes] Report of the Canadian Atlantic provinces on sport W.C. Hooper 172 fisheries [Rapport des provinces canadiennes de l'Atlantique sur la pêche sportive] The Swedish Anglers' Association, its organization and C. Wenst 175 aims H. Runnstrom [L'Association suédoise des pêcheurs à la ligne, son organisation et ses buts] Economic issues and opportunities facing Africa in the J.-L. Gaudet 177 field of sport fisheries [Problèmes et possibilités économiques de la pêche sportive dans les eaux intérieures d'Afrique] OPENING OF THE CONSULTATION AND ELECTION OF CHAIRMAN 1. The Second European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries in Europe was organized by the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) and held on 22–24 September 1975 in Gothenburg, Sweden, at the kind invitation of the Swedish Government. The Consultation was attended by 31 experts from eight countries. A list of participants is given in Appendix A to this report. 2. The Consultation was opened by the Secretary of the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), Mr. J.L. Gaudet and the participants were welcomed in an address by Mr. Svante Lundkvist, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of Sweden (Appendix B). The Minister stressed the fact that the subject matter of the Consultation was of great interest to Sweden, where 34 percent of the population fish in their leisure time. Demand for easily accessible and good fishing waters has grown dramatically, he said, because of the increased amount of leisure time and a greater awareness and need of the Swedish people for closer contact with nature in a more densely populated world. The need for more objective fishery legislation to eliminate where possible unnecessary obstacles for increased and freer fishing in Swedish waters was evident. Also the serious pollution problems such as the acidification of Swedish waters originating both from Sweden and abroad called for more international collaboration on the evaluation, protection and development of recreational fishery resources. 3. The history of the study of the economic and social evaluation of sport and commercial fisheries by EIFAC was reviewed in the address by Mr. J.L. Gaudet, Secretary of EIFAC, speaking on behalf of the Director General of FAO (Appendix C). He noted the close collaboration between EIFAC and Canada and the United States in this field and paid special tribute to Dr. Ingemar Norling of the Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration of Gothenburg for his enthusiastic support of EIFAC activities in this field. 4. In accordance with established procedure, the chairmanship of the Consultation was offered to the host country. The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries for Sweden nominated Dr. I. Norling as Chairman. It met with the unanimous agreement of the Consultation. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA AND ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING 5. The Consultation adopted the agenda with small modifications, which consisted in grouping items 5 and 6 (Appendix D). The Chairman appointed two rapporteurs, Messrs B. Steinmetz (Netherlands) and A.L.W. Tuomi (Canada). REPORTS ON THE STATUS OF SPORT FISHERIES IN VARIOUS REGIONS 6. In order to give as wide a perspective as possible to the discussion, general reports on the status of recreational fisheries in Europe, Africa and North America were given. See documents SCF/75/2, 11, 12, 13 and 15. PROGRESS REPORT ON RECREATIONAL FISHERIES DATA DEVELOPMENT 7. Each country present at the Consultation reported on national efforts in the field of economic and social evaluation of sport fisheries. 8. In Canada, federal provincial sport fisheries conferences have been held in 1970, 1972 and 1974. These have led to progress of the following kind. A report on licence sales and an estimate of total angler numbers by jurisdiction is now published annually. Cooperatively organized baseline surveys of angling have been carried out in four provinces. All sport fisheries agencies are cooperating in a mail survey of angling in 1975. All agencies are doing socio-economic studies, the results of which are distributed within Canada as well as on a select international basis by means of an information clearing-house service. Sport fisheries market research and an expansion of industry studies are now contemplated. Various kinds of inter-agency planning activities are also underway. 9. During the last intersessional period of EIFAC some studies on sport fisheries have been carried out in Finland. The studies include among others: ˰ evaluation of fish resources for sport fisheries ˰ cost aspects of sport fisheries (including licences, fishing gear, transportation, accommodation, etc.) ˰ analyses of commercial and sport fisheries, the purpose of which is to organize both of them on the same water areas. None of these have been carried out on a national scale, they were restricted to a lake, a watercourse, etc. In addition, preparation of a longterm study programme for sport fisheries has been started. 10. Sport fisheries in France are carried out by 5 million anglers of whom 2.6 million pay their fishing licence. Three hundred and fifty thousand km of river banks are at their disposal; 14 000 km are public property and 275 000 km privately owned. Seventy five thousand ha of lakes and water-bodies and 50 000 ha of private ponds are likewise at their disposal. The anglers must belong to an association; there are 4 000 of these associations grouped in 92 departmental federations under the aegis of “Le Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche”, “Le Ministère de la Qualité de la Vie” supervises the fishing and controls the fishermen's associations. The anglers spend from F.F. 200 to 1 200 per year each and catch each on an average 5 kg of fish per year. 11. In Ireland, reports on the evaluation of sport and commercial fisheries have been published recently. In view of Ireland's potential for tourist angling two of the reports deal with the visiting and resident Irish anglers respectively. In addition, the Inland Fisheries Commission (1970) published its recommendations on the reorganization of the administration of the country's sport and commercial (salmon) fisheries. In Northern Ireland the Government has extended its development and management of stillwater fisheries to river (salmon, sea trout and brown trout) fisheries on the river systems of the Foyle and Bush. It is hoped that the long-awaited report by the Canadian experts on the management of the River Foyle Salmon Fishery will be published later this year. It is expected that apart from dealing with biological, ecological and economic problems related to this fishery, the report will make recommendations on the status of the sport fishery vis-à-vis the larger commercial fishery. 12. Sport fishing as a recreational activity is increasing in importance in the Netherlands. Nationwide research about angling was carried out in the Netherlands of which a summary was presented to the Consultation. General information about the development of sport fisheries in the Netherlands was also given. The results of research on sport fishing in Eastern Flevoland were discussed and some remarks about inquiries and research regarding angling in the Netherlands were made. A plea for integrating research in a dynamic system for planning facilities was made. It was ascertained that the planning of sport fishing facilities is becoming more and more an integrated part of physical planning in general. In the Netherlands, an increased cooperation between anglers associations has resulted in the creation of a national anglers association in 1975. Now, half of the anglers have a fishing licence allowing them to fish in a considerable number of larger water bodies. 13. In Poland, recent studies on sport fishing show that angling is increasingly becoming a more recognized form of recreational activity for ever larger groups of the population, and a subject of broad interest. The number of anglers in Poland amounts to roughly 1.9 million, of which 0.5 million are members of the Polish Anglers' Association and roughly 1.1 million outside this organization. This constitutes about 4.7 percent of the total population. Previous conflicts between commercial and recreational fisheries have, in recent years, become almost non-existant because of the satisfactory development of both activities. The fishery legislation currently introduced in Poland is aimed at regulating the numerous links between commercial and recreational fisheries, and at stimulating a sound development of the two fisheries. Important problems in this connexion which deserve further study are the elaboration of a model which would integrate the knowledge of needs and preferences of different types of anglers, with special reference to geographical and economic conditions, and an investigation into the economic aspects of the protection of water environment. Specific attention should in this respect be paid to the possibility of using economic values of sport fishery in cost/benefit calculations. 14. In Sweden in recent years several surveys have estimated the total number of anglers, their socio-economic characteristics, etc. Knowledge has been drawn from governmental surveys dealing with general leisure activity patterns, including data on sport fishing, as well as from special studies in the field of sport fisheries. The latter studies - most of them carried out in close cooperation between the National Board of Fisheries and the “Norling group” - have particularly focused on consumer aspects with reference to licenced anglers (preferences, motives, expenditures, barriers, economic and social values). Special studies have been devoted to problems caused by hydropower plants. For the future, a very urgent task is to extend the research programme to coastal waters. Resource aspects are covered in a national physical planning programme which includes extensive inventories, on a regional basis, designed to save specific valuable fishing waters from competitive use. A Government Commission is now reviewing fishery legislation in order to eliminate unnecessary obstacles to more and freer fishing. 15. The U.S.A. is involved in comprehensive long-range planning for both fresh- and salt-water sport and commercial fisheries. National surveys are serving as a major input into the planning processes. The national salt-water angling survey is carried out every five years since 1960. National surveys of fishing and hunting have been conducted since 1955. National statistics on commercial fisheries are collected and published annually. State agencies and universities supplement the national surveys with state and local surveys and are principally responsible for developing long-range comprehensive programmes. Fourteen states are presently developing their long-range programmes and plans. Analysis of specific resource problems and management alternatives are performed by university researchers with the assistance of State and Federal agencies. REVIEW OF SPORT AND COMMERCIAL FISHERIES INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT - APPROACHES, METHODS AND PROBLEMS 16. Three multidisciplinary working groups were formed from the experts participating at the Consultation to study this item of the Agenda. Each group reported its findings to the Consultation and a synthesis of their reports was made. Problem areas and data needed to cope with these problems were enumerated as follows: Problem areas 1. Future demand measurement 2. Potential supply inventory 3. Relation to other activities 4. Consequences for related facilities (e.g., hotels, transport) 5. Political and legal constraints 6. Sport-commercial fishery conflicts 7. International interests 8. Long-term, short-term planning 9. Consumer (fisherman) mobility 10. Budget constraints 11. Research methodology (in general) 12. Economic evaluation procedures 13. Social benefit evaluation procedures 14. Research and management organization 15. Management and evaluation concepts 16. Biological constraints Data Needs 1. Number of fishermen (total) 2. Physical inventory (habitat) 3. Consumer (fisherman) characteristics 4. Consumer (fisherman) preferences 5. Alternative recreational activities 6. Institutionalization 7. Recreation days 8. Expenditure 9. Fishing quality data 10. Resource valuation (economics) 11. Effect on regional economic development 12. Capacity concepts and criteria (environmental capacity and perceptual capacity) 13. Typology of the sport fishermen 14. Potential resources 17. The need of national and international information receiving and dissemination centres was underlined and a programme to translate reports into languages useful to users of information with at least a summary in English was emphasized. Some participants felt that approaches, methods and problems would be further clarified if analysed with a model. This model is presented hereafter. MODEL PRESENTATION OF PROBLEMS AND DATA NEEDS Components of Brief Explanation of Objectives Problems Data Recommendations Model Component Future demand Physical habitat inventory Consumer aspects Develop comparable Inputs Potential supply Total number of fishermen Resources aspects criteria Activity structure Consumer preferences Political issues Biological issues Constraints Legal issues Alternative recreational Institutional structure International issues activities (i.e., water uses) Acquire information about Process determining resource Sport, commercial Consumer characteristics process planning policies use (Important but long-term, short-term Institutional constraints not relevant to planning this meeting) Consumer mobility Document distribution Additional studies Results of process of centre Output needed to identify Recreational days input use output Inventory of research interests Social and economic Economic evaluation Expenditure Benefits benefits associated Social benefit Fishing quality data with output evaluation Resource evaluation Organizations Questionnaires or other Develop comparability of Evaluation Evaluation of benefits Methods sources evaluation procedure Concepts FISHERY GOALS, PROBLEMS AND OPTIONS 18. The main document, SCF/75/7, by A.L.W. Tuomi, entitled “Fisheries Management Goals, Problems and Options”, deals conceptually with how Dr. Parzival Copes' paper (SCF/75/Inf. 5) related to the economic theory underlying commercial fisheries management could be adapted to recreational fisheries in a way which could provide an integrated basis for identifying, weighing and choosing management goals and programmes covering both sport and commercial fisheries. It was generally agreed that the varying planning needs of all countries with respect to sport fisheries could be accommodated within the framework of goals and options outlined in the paper. It was equally recognized, however, that the problems of evaluation of social and economic benefits of sport fishing were not dealt with and remained as difficult as ever. A study in depth of the concepts outlined and of evaluation methodology was needed. STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON SPORT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19. On the basis of the information contained in SCF/75/8, it was agreed that FAO be requested to enlarge the scope of the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) to include relevant publications on the economic and social aspects of sport fisheries. The details of these arrangements should be discussed in Rome, between North American (U.S.A., Canada) experts and representatives of EIFAC and FAO immediately before the Ninth Session of EIFAC (7–15 June 1976). The second suggestion contained in SCF/75/8 concerns the international need for a clearing house service presently in existence in North America. It was felt that while such a function should preferably be carried out by FAO on a world basis, it would be preferable, for the immediate future, that the functions of the clearing house service now operated by Environment Canada be enlarged, to cover the needs of European countries. Specifically, it was recommended that it should provide this service for the 23 EIFAC countries in addition to the EIFAC Secretariat. A focal point in Europe will be decided upon for the onward distribution of North American and European material. European material intended for North American distribution will be sent in 25 copies to Environment Canada. The details concerning the clearing house service should be discussed and finalized in Rome, at the same time as the discussion of an enlarged ASFIS, immediately before the Ninth Session of EIFAC. The conclusions of the Gothenburg Expert Consultation and of the Rome discussion on ASFIS and the clearing house service will be further discussed in Helsinki, Finland, during the Ninth Session of EIFAC. PROMOTION AND MARKETING ASPECTS OF SPORT FISHERIES 20. Mention was made of various aspects of sport fisheries promotion and development in relation to tourism during the Consultation, but the subject was not covered as an agenda item as originally planned because of shortage of time. RECOMMENDATIONS Information and Documentation 21. Reference is made to paragraph 19 concerning the enlargement of ASFIS and of the Environment of Canada clearing house service. Reference is also made to paragraph 17 on the related topic of information distribution and translation of reports. Research 22. In the field of research it was recommended: (a) that research be aimed at developing international comparability of resources criteria, basic concepts and evaluation procedures, (b) that multidimensional and interdisciplinary research be encouraged, covering both consumer, resources and organizational aspects, (c) that the socio-economic evaluation be developed and broadened to social, medical and ecological benefits, (d) that research be aimed at developing data useful for long-term planning in outdoor recreation.

23. It was emphasized by the Consultation that research must be developed in which consumer and resources aspects can be brought in equilibrium with particular reference to biological, physical, institutional and legal constraints in the different countries, and that it be developed on a comparable basis. Capacity concepts and criteria have to be formulated in which the recreational and environmental viewpoints are considered. Research should facilitate decision-making on competing water uses, for example, between industry and environment protection and between sport and commercial fishermen. The Consultation made the following formal recommendation with respect to the holding of an international symposium on this subject. Considering that the objectives of EIFAC are to promote improvements in inland fisheries and to advise Member Governments and FAO on inland fishery matters - realizing that improved management and development of sport fisheries is instrumental in bettering the conditions of rural and urban populations in promoting economic and social development, as well as the protection of the environment - and that fishing for leisure is now recognized as a large and important use of natural resources in developed countries and a potential foreign exchange earner in developing countries - realizing further that the beneficial development of leisure fisheries is seriously hampered by: (a) lack of basic data, (b) lack of methodology to evaluate its economic and social aspects, (c) slow transfer of known techniques and information on fishing management from advanced to less advanced countries, (d) serious conflicts in the alternative use of natural resources (water and land use conflicts, water pollution, degradation of the environment, use of hydro- electric power, etc.). Recommends that FAO organize an international Symposium on inland fishery resources allocation for the following specific purposes: (a) to develop data, concepts, methodology and models for the economic and social evaluation of sport fishing, (b) to accelerate the transfer of all relevant evaluation and management techniques from countries having had a long experience in this field to other interested countries, (c) to encourage FAO Member Nations to protect and develop the wildlife resources and the related environment in the field of fisheries with respect to both social and economic benefits. 25. To implement this recommendation the Consultation proposed: (a) that all necessary measures be taken by FAO and the EIFAC Secretariat to interest the more advanced countries in this field in supporting technically and financially this International Symposium, and (b) that the organization of this Symposium should be started as soon as possible by a selected group of experts under the leadership of EIFAC and that it should be held in 1978. DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT CONSULTATION 26. While it was left to the Ninth Session of EIFAC to decide on the date and place of the next European Consultation, the participants felt that consultations should be held at two-year intervals in both Europe and North America and should be conveniently spaced to facilitate transfer of information between the two continents. It was suggested that known participants be canvassed for topics of concern to be discussed at future consultations, and that formal papers be solicitated on specific topics. It was further proposed that the meetings be rotated among various countries and be held near areas of fishery interest to the participants. OUVERTURE DE LA CONSULTATION ET ELECTION DU PRESIDENT 1. La deuxième Consultation européenne sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale en Europe a été organisée par la Commission européenne consultative pour les pêches dans les eaux intérieures (CECPI) et s'est tenue à Göteborg (Suède), du 22 au 24 septembre 1975, sur l'aimable invitation du Gouvernement suédois. Des experts, au nombre de trente et un, venant de huit pays, ont participé à la Consultation. On trouvera à l'Annexe A au présent rapport une liste des participants. 2. La Consultation a été ouverte par le Secrétaire de la Commission européenne consultative pour les pêches dans les eaux intérieures (CECPI), M. J.L. Gaudet et le Ministre suédois de l'agriculture et des pêcheries, M. Svante Lundkvist, a souhaité la bienvenue aux participants dans une allocution dont le texte est joint en Annexe B. Le Ministre a souligné le fait que le thème de la Consultation intéresse grandement son pays; en effet, 34 pour cent des Suédois pratiquent la pêche pendant leurs loisirs. La demande d'eaux faciles d'accès et bien empoissonnées est devenue très importante, compte tenu de la durée croissante des loisirs ainsi que d'une prise de conscience accrue et du besoin du peuple suédois de se retrouver en contact plus étroit avec la nature, dans un monde de plus en plus peuplé. Il est évident qu'une législation plus objective en matière de pêche s'impose, afin d'éliminer chaque fois que possible les obstacles inutiles à des activités de pêche élargies et plus libres. De même, les graves problèmes de pollution et notamment l'acidification des eaux suédoises, prenant leur source en Suède ou à l'étranger, appellent une collaboration internationale plus poussée en matière d'évaluation, de protection et de développement des ressources de la pêche récréative. 3. M. J.L. Gaudet, Secrétaire de la CECPI, parlant au nom du Directeur général de la FAO a fait l'historique de l'étude par la CECPI de l'évaluation économique et sociale de la pêche sportive et commerciale (Annexe C). Il a constaté la collaboration étroite qui existe entre la CECPI, le Canada et les Etats-Unis dans ce domaine et évoqué tout particulièrement la figure de M. Ingemar Norling, de la Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration de Göteborg, pour l'appui qu'il apporte sans compter aux activités de la CECPI dans ce domaine. 4. Conformément à la procédure établie, la présidence de la Consultation a été offerte au pays hôte. Le Ministre suédois de l'agriculture et des pêcheries a nommé M. I. Norling à la Présidence, suscitant l'accord unanime de la Consultation. ADOPTION DE L'ORDRE DU JOUR ET ORGANISATION DE LA REUNION 5. La Consultation a adopté l'ordre du jour, compte tenu de quelques modifications mineures qui ont consisté à regrouper les points 5 et 6 (Annexe D). Le Président a nommé deux rapporteurs, MM. B. Steinmetz (Pays-Bas) et A.L.W. Tuomi (Canada). RAPPORTS SUR LA SITUATION DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE DANS DIFFERENTES REGIONS 6. Afin de replacer la discussion dans une perspective le plus vaste possible, on a décrit la situation générale de la pêche récréative en Europe, en Afrique et en Amérique du Nord. On se reportera aux documents SCF/75/2, 11, 12, 13 et 15.

ETAT DES PROGRES EN MATIERE DE DEVELOPPEMENT DES DONNEES SUR LA PECHE RECREATIVE 7. Chaque pays représenté à la Consultation a fait un exposé sur les efforts nationaux entrepris dans le domaine de l'évaluation économique et sociale de la pêche sportive. 8. Au Canada, des conférences fédérales provinciales sur la pêche sportive ont eu lieu en 1970, 1972 et 1974, permettant les progrès décrits ci-après. Un rapport relatif aux ventes de permis et une estimation du nombre total de pêcheurs à la ligne, par juridiction, est maintenant publiée tous les ans. Des études de base élaborées sur une base coopérative, sur la pêche à la ligne, ont été effectuées dans quatre provinces. Toutes les organisations s'occupant de pêche sportive coopèrent à une enquête par correspondance sur la pêche sportive en 1975. Toutes ces organisations effectuent des études socio-économiques dont les résultats sont diffusés dans tout le Canada ainsi qu'à des destinataires choisis sur le plan international, par l'intermédiaire d'un service central d'information. On envisage maintenant des études de marché sur la pêche sportive, ainsi qu'une expansion des études industrielles. Différents types d'activités de planification interorganismes sont également en cours. 9. Au cours de la récente période intersessions de la CECPI, des études sur la pêche sportive ont été réalisées en Finlande, portant notamment sur les points suivants: ˰ évaluation des ressources piscicoles pour la pêche sportive ˰ aspects économiques de la pêche sportive (y compris coût des permis, des engins, du transport, du logement, etc.) ˰ analyse de la pêche sportive et commerciale, en vue d'organiser l'une et l'autre dans les mêmes zones. Aucune de ces études n'a été réalisée à l'échelle nationale; elles se sont limitées à un lac, à un cours d'eau, etc. En outre, on a entrepris de préparer l'analyse à long terme des programmes de la pêche sportive. 10. En France, la pêche sportive est pratiquée par 5 millions de pêcheurs à la ligne, dont 2,6 millions paient leur permis. Trois cent cinquante mille km de rives sont à leur disposition; 14 000 km font partie du domaine public et 275 000 sont propriété privée. Soixante-quinze mille ha de lacs et étendues d'eau et 50 000 ha d'étangs privés leur sont également accessibles. Les pêcheurs à la ligne doivent être membres de l'une des 4 000 associations groupées en 92 fédérations départementales, sous l'égide du Conseil supérieur de la pêche. Le Ministère de la qualité de la vie supervise la pêche et contrôle les associations de pêcheurs. Les pêcheurs à la ligne dépensent chacun de 200 à 1 200 francs français par an pour capturer en moyenne cinq kg de poisson. 11. En Irlande, on a publié récemment des rapports sur l'évaluation de la pêche sportive et commerciale. Compte tenu du potentiel du pays, en matière de pêche à la ligne touristique, deux de ces rapports traitent respectivement des pêcheurs à la ligne visitant l'Irlande ou y résidant. En outre, l'Inland Fisheries Commission (1970) a publié ses recommandations sur la réorganisation de l'administration de la pêche sportive et commerciale dans le pays (saumon). Le Gouvernement de l'Irlande du Nord a étendu à la pêche fluviale (saumon, truites de mer et truites brunes) dans la Foyle et la Bush, ses activités de développement et d'aménagement des pêcheries en eau dormante. On espère que le rapport, très attendu, des experts canadiens sur l'aménagement des pêcheries de saumon dans la Foyle sera publié au cours de 1976. On s'attend à ce que le rapport, qui traitera des problèmes biologiques, écologiques et économiques liés à cette pêcherie, émette des recommandations sur la situation de la pêche sportive par rapport à la pêche commerciale, plus importante. 12. La pêche sportive en tant qu'activité récréative prend de l'importance aux Pays- Bas. Des recherches ont été réalisées dans tout le pays sur la pêche à la ligne et un sommaire en a été présenté à la Consultation. On a également donné des informations générales sur le développement de la pêche sportive aux Pays-Bas. Les résultats des recherches sur la pêche sportive dans l'est du Flevoland ont été examinés et certaines observations ont été émises sur les enquêtes et les recherches relatives à la pêche à la ligne aux Pays-Bas. On a instamment invité le pays à intégrer les recherches en un système dynamique de possibilités de planification. Il apparaît que la planification physique en général tient de plus en plus compte de la pêche sportive. Aux Pays-Bas, une coopération accrue entre associations de pêcheurs à la ligne a conduit en 1975 à la création d'une association nationale des pêcheurs à la ligne. La moitié des pêcheurs à la ligne sont maintenant dotés d'un permis de pêche qui les autorise à pêcher dans un grand nombre de grandes étendues d'eau. 13. En Pologne, les études récentes sur la pêche sportive montrent que la pêche à la ligne tend à être reconnue de plus en plus en tant qu'activité récréative intéressant des groupes de plus en plus importants de la population et qu'elle suscite beaucoup d'intérêt. Le nombre de pêcheurs à la ligne en Pologne s'élève à environ 1,9 million, dont 0,5 million sont membres de l'Association polonaise des pêcheurs à la ligne et quelque 1,1 million n'en font pas partie. Cela représente environ 4,7 pour cent de la population totale. Les conflits qui s'élevaient antérieurement entre pêche commerciale et réoréative se sont atténués ces dernières années à la suite du développement satisfaisant de ces deux types d'activités. La législation des pêches en cours d'introduction en Pologne vise à réglementer les liens nombreux qui existent entre pêche commerciale et pêche récréative et à stimuler un développement rationnel des deux pêcheries. D'importants problèmes à cet égard méritent d'être examinés plus en détail: l'élaboration d'un modèle qui intégrerait les connaissances relatives aux besoins et aux préférences des différents types de pêcheurs à la ligne, compte tenu notamment des conditions géographiques et économiques, ainsi qu'une étude des aspects économiques de la protection du milieu aquatique. On devrait à cet égard examiner attentivement la possibilité d'utiliser les indices économiques de la pêche sportive dans les calculs de coût/bénéfice. 14. En Suède, on a récemment évalué le nombre total de pêcheurs à la ligne, et analysé leurs caractéristiques socio-économiques, etc. Les enquêtes gouvernementales relatives au schéma général des activités récréatives, y compris les données sur la pêche sportive, et certaines études spéciales dans le domaine de la pêche sportive ont été pleines d'enseignements. Ces études spéciales - la plupart d'entre elles a été réalisée en étroite collaboration entre le National Board of Fisheries et le Norling group - ont essentiellement mis l'accent sur les problèmes de la consommation intéressant les pêcheurs à la ligne munis de permis (préférences, motifs, dépenses, limites, aspects économiques et sociaux). Certaines de ces études ont été consacrées aux problèmes que posent les usines hydro-électriques. Il importe d'étendre d'urgence le programme de recherche aux eaux côtières. Un programme national de planification physique tient compte de l'aspect “ressources”, et comporte des inventaires exhaustifs, réalisés sur une base régionale en vue d'éviter les utilisations concurrentielles de certaines eaux propices à la pêche. Une commission gouvernementale examine actuellement la législation des pêches afin d'éliminer les obstacles aux activités de pêche élargies et plus libres. 15. Les Etats-Unis s'attachent à une planification générale, à long terme, de la pêche sportive et commerciale en eau douce et en eau de mer. Les enquêtes à l'échelle nationale constituent le principal élément des processus de planification. L'étude sur la pêche en mer à la ligne est répétée tous les cinq ans depuis 1960. Des enquêtes nationales sur la pêche et la chasse sont réalisées depuis 1955. On recueille et on publie tous les ans les statistiques nationales sur la pêche commerciale. Les organismes gouvernementaux et les universités complètent les enquêtes nationales par des enquêtes par Etat et locales, et sont responsables au premier chef de l'élaboration de programmes exhaustifs à long terme. Quatorze Etats élaborent actuellement des programmes et plans à long terme. L'analyse des problèmes de ressources ainsi que des solutions de rechange concernant la gestion est effectuée par des universitaires, avec l'assistance des organismes des états et fédéraux. ETUDE DU DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'INFORMATION SUR LA PECHE SPORTIVE ET COMMERCIALE - STRATEGIES, METHODES ET PROBLEMES 16. Trois groupes de travail multidisciplinaires ont été constitués parmi les experts participant à la consultation pour étudier ce point de l'ordre du jour. Chaque groupe a soumis ses conclusions à la Consultation et l'on a fait la synthèse des rapports. On trouvera ci-après une liste des questions en suspens, ainsi que des données nécessaires pour résoudre ces problèmes: Problèmes 1. évaluation de la demande future; 2. inventaire des ressources potentielles; 3. rapports avec d'autres activités; 4. conséquences sur les facilités connexes (hôtels, transport, etc.); 5. contraintes politiques et juridiques; 6. conflits entre activités de pêche sportive et commerciale; 7. intérêts internationaux; 8. planification à long terme et à court terme; 9. mobilité du consommateur (pêcheur); 10. contraintes budgétaires; 11. méthodes de recherche (en général); 12. procédures d'évaluation économique; 13. procédures d'évaluation des avantages sociaux; 14. organisation de la recherche et de la gestion; 15. concepts d'évaluation et de gestion; 16. contraintes biologiques. Données nécessaires 1. nombre de pêcheurs (total); 2. inventaire physique (habitat); 3. caractéristiques du consommateur (pêcheur); 4. préférences du consommateur (pêcheur); 5. autres activités récréatives possibles; 6. institutionalisation; 7. durée des loisirs; 8. dépenses; 9. données sur la qualité de la pêche; 10. évaluation des ressources (économiques); 11. incidences sur le développement économique régional; 12. concepts et critères de capacité (capacité de l'environnement et de la perception); 13. typologie du pêcheur sportif; 14. ressources potentielles. 17. On a souligné la nécessité de pouvoir disposer de centres nationaux et internationaux de réception et de diffusion des informations et on a mis l'accent sur un programme de traduction des rapports dans les langues de travail des utilisateurs de l'information, avec au minimum, un résumé en anglais. Certains participants ont été d'avis que l'analyse des stratégies, méthodes et problèmes au moyen d'un modèle permettrait de les mieux définir. On trouvera ci-après le modèle en question. MODELE DE PRESENTATION DES PROBLEMES ET DONNEES NECESSAIRES Eléments du Explication sommaire de Objectifs Problèmes Données Recommandations modèle l'élément Demande future Inventaire physique de l'habitat Aspects “consommation” Elaborer des oritères Inputs Disponibilité future Nombre total de pêcheurs Aspects “ressources” comparables Préférences des Structure des activités consommateurs Problèmes politiques Problèmes biologiques Autres activités récréatives Problèmes législatifs (c. -à-d., autres utilisations Contraintes de l'eau Structure institutionnelle Problèmes internationaux Caractéristiques des Acquérir des informations Processus déterminant les politiques (Important consommateurs sur le processus de la en matière de resource mais Utilisations sportive et Contraintes institutionnelles planification n'intéresse commerciale pas la Planification à long terme, présente à court terme réunion) Mobilité du consommateur Centre de distribution des Etudes complémentaires Résultats du processus documents Output nécessaires pour identifier Durée de loisirs d'utilisation des inputs l'output Inventaire des parties intéressées aux recherches Avantages sociaux et Evaluation économique Dépenses économiques liés à Evaluation des avantages Données sur la qualité de la Avantages l'output sociaux pêche Evaluation des ressources Organisation Questionnaire ou autres Développer la comparabilité Evaluation Evaluation des avantages Méthodes sources des processus d'évaluation Concepts OBJECTIFS, PROBLEMES ET OPTIONS DE LA PECHERIE 18. Le principal document (SCF/75/7) préparé par M. A.L.W. Tuomi et intitulé “Objectifs, problèmes et options de l'aménagement des pêches”, examine les concepts selon lesquels la communication de M. Parzival Copes (SCF/75/Inf.5) concernant la théorie économique sur laquelle se fonde l'aménagement des pêcheries commerciales pourrait être adaptée aux pêcheries récréatives de manière à identifier, pondérer et choisir sur une base intégrée les objectifs et programmes de gestion, tant pour la pêche sportive que commerciale. On est convenu que les besoins différents des pays en matière de planification de la pêche sportive pourraient entrer dans le cadre général des objectifs et des options décrits dans la communication. On a également reconnu que les problèmes de l'évaluation des avantages sociaux et économiques de la pêche sportive n'avaient cependant pas été traités et restaient aussi difficiles que par le passé. Une étude approfondie des concepts esquissés ainsi que des méthodes d'évaluation s'impose. SITUATION INTERNATIONALE EN MATIERE D'ECHANGE D'INFORMATIONS SUR L'AMENAGEMENT ET LE DEVELOPMENT DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE 19. Sur la base des informations contenues dans le document SCF/75/8, il a été décidé de demander à la FAO d'élargir le système d'information sur les sciences aquatiques et les pêches (ASFIS) pour inclure les publications sur les aspects économiques et sociaux de la pêche sportive. Le détail des mesures à prendre devrait être examiné à Rome, par les experts nord-américains (Etats-Unis et Canada) et des représentants de la CECPI et de la FAO, immédiatement avant la neuvième session de la CECPI (7–15 juin 1976). La deuxième suggestion contenue dans le document SCF/75/8 concerne l'utilité internationale d'un service central d'information, tel qu'il en existe actuellement en Amérique du Nord. Il a semblé qu'une telle fonction devrait si possible être confiée à la FAO pour le monde entier mais qu'il serait cependant préférable dans l'avenir immédiat d'élargir les fonctions du service central actuellement assuré par Environment Canada, afin de faire face aux besoins des pays européens. Plus précisément, on a recommandé que ces services soient fournis aux 23 pays de la CECPI et à son Secrétariat. Un centre de liaison européen sera créé pour retransmettre le matériel nord-américain et européen. Le matériel européen destiné à être diffusé en Amérique du Nord sera envoyé à Environment Canada en 25 exemplaires. Les détails relatifs aux services centraux devraient être examinés et mis au point à Rome, à l'occasion des débats relatifs à l'expansion de l'ASFIS, immédiatement avant la neuvième session de la CECPI. Les conclusions de la consultation d'experts de Göteborg, ainsi que des débats qui auront lieu à Rome sur l'ASFIS et le service central seront réexaminés à Helsinki (Finlande) lors de la neuvième session de la CECPI. ASPECTS PROMOTIONNEL ET COMMERCIAL DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE 20. On a mentionné au cours de la consultation différents aspects de la promotion et du développement de la pêche sportive par rapport au tourisme. Ce thème n'a cependant pas été évoqué au titre de l'ordre du jour, comme on l'avait primitivement prévu, faute de temps. RECOMMANDATIONS Information et documentation 21. On se réfère au paragraphe 19 relatif à l'extension des activités de l'ASFIS et du “clearing house service” d'Environnement Canada. On se réfère aussi au paragraphe 17 concernant le thème voisin de l'information de la distribution et de la traduction des rapports. Recherche 22. Pour ce qui est de la recherche, il a été recommandé que: (a) des recherches visent à développer la compatibilité internationale des critères relatifs aux ressources, des concepts fondamentaux et des procédures d'évaluation; (b) les recherches pluridimensionnelles et interdisciplinaires soient encouragées, dans tous les domaines intéressant les consommateurs, les ressources et l'organisation; (c) l'évaluation socio-économique soit développée et élargie aux avantages sociaux, médicaux et écologiques; (d) les recherches visent à développer les données utiles à la planification à long terme des activités récréatives en plein air. 23. La Consultation a souligné que les recherches doivent être développées de manière à équilibrer les aspects “consommateurs” et “ressources” et notamment en matière de contraintes biologiques, physiques, institutionnelles et juridiques dans les différents pays, et sur une base compatible. Des concepts et critères de capacité doivent être formulés, tenant compte de l'optique “loisirs” et “environnement”, respectivement, Les recherches devraient faciliter la prise de décisions sur les utilisations concurrentielles de l'eau, notamment entre l'industrie, la protection de l'environnement, et les pêcheurs sportifs et commerciaux. 24. La Consultation a officiellement émis la recommandation ci-après, relative à l'organisation d'un colloque international sur cette question. Considérant que la CECPI se propose pour objectifs de promouvoir l'amélioration des pêches intérieures et de conseiller les Etats Membres et la FAO en matière de pêches continentales; consciente de ce que l'amélioration de la gestion et le développment de la pêche sportive sont des conditions sine qua non de l'amélioration de la condition des populations rurales et urbaines en ce qu'ils permettent de promouvoir le développement économique et social, ainsi que la protection de l'environnement; et que la pêche récréative est maintenant reconnue en tant qu'élément important et étendue de l'utilisation des ressources naturelles dans les pays développés et que source potentielle de devises dans les pays en développement; consciente, en outre de ce que le développement favorable de la pêche récréative est sérieusement freiné par: (a) la pénurie de données fondamentales; (b) l'absence d'une méthodologie pour évaluer ses aspects économiques et sociaux; (c) la lenteur du transfert des techniques connues et des informations relatives à l'aménagement des pêches, entre pays avancés et moins avancés; (d) des conflits graves entre utilisations concurrentielles des ressources naturelles (conflits entre l'utilisation des terres et des eaux, pollution aquatique, dégradation de l'environnement, utilisation de l'énergie hydro- électrique, etc.). Recommande que la FAO organise un Colloque international sur la répartition des ressources halieutiques intérieures aux fins spécifiques ci-après: (a) élaborer des données, des concepts, des méthodes et des modèles d'évaluation économique et sociale de la pêche sportive; (b) accélérer le transfert de toutes les techniques pertinentes d'évaluation et de gestion entre les pays ayant une longue expérience en la matière et les autres pays intéressés; (c) encourager les Etats Membres de la FAO à protéger et mettre en valeur les ressources faunistiques et le milieu halieutique connexe, tant en ce qui concerne les avantages sociaux qu'économiques. 25. En vue de la mise en oeuvre de cette recommandation, la Consultation a proposé: (a) que toutes les mesures nécessaires soient prises par la FAO et le Secrétariat de la CECPI pour inciter les pays les plus avancés en la matière à fournir un appui technique et financier à ce colloque international et, (b) que l'organisation de ce colloque soit entreprise dès que possible par un groupe choisi d'experts, sous la direction de la CECPI, le colloque devant se tenir en 1978. DATE ET LIEU DE LA PROCHAINE CONSULTATION 26. La décision concernant la date et le lieu de la prochaine Consultation européenne a été laissée à la discrétion de la neuvième session de la CECPI; cependant, les participants ont été d'avis que des consultations devraient se tenir tous les deux ans tant en Europe qu'en Amérique du Nord, à des intervalles de nature à faciliter le transfert d'information entre les deux continents. On a suggéré de faire appel à des participants connus pour formuler des thèmes intéressants destinés à être examinés lors des consultations ultérieures et de solliciter des communications officielles sur des questions particulières. On a également proposé de tenir les réunions par roulement entre plusieurs pays, à proximité des zones de pêche intéressant les participants. APPENDIX A ANNEXE A

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS

Canada Finland/Finlande CORBEIL, H.E. Director MUNNE, Pentti Fish and Wildlife Branch Inspector of Fisheries Department of Tourism, Fish and Game Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 150 St. Cyrill Est. Hallituskatu 3 A Quebec City, Quebec GIR-4Y1 00170 Helsinki 17 HOOPER, W.C. France Fisheries Biologist Fish and Wildlife Branch CHOULET, Jean P.O. Box 6000 Chef du Service de la Pêche et de Department of Natural Resources l'Hydrobiologie Fredericton, New Brunswick 14, Bd du Général Leclero 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine JOHNSON, Ron P. Superintendent of Fisheries Germany, Fed. Rep. of/Allemagne, Rép. Fish and Wildlife Branch féd. d' Department of Tourism and Renewable GRAF ZU CASTELL, Wulf-Diether Resources Huge-Junkers-Str. 6 Prov. Office Bldg. 8022 Grünwald/München Prince Albert, Sask., S6V527 HENNY, Hans MAHLER, Frank P. Dipl.-Volkswirt - WP. Supervisor of Planning Section Nusslocherstr. 43 Sport Fisheries Branch Postfach 129 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 6906 Leimen/Heidelberg Parliament Bldgs Toronto SEILER, Ernst Mühlenstrasse 26 THOMAS, Ron C. 2130 Rothenburg/Wümme Coordinator of Fisheries Management Fish and Wildlife Branch Ireland/Irlande Department of Recreation and HADOKE, G.D.F. Conservation Secretary Victoria, British Columbia Foyle Fisheries Commission TUOMI, A.L.W. 8, Victoria Road Director Londonderry BT47 2AB Recreational Fisheries Branch Fisheries and Marine Service Environment Canada Ottawa The National Board of Fisheries Netherlands/Pays-Bas Fack Ter HAAR, E. S-403 10 Göteborg Sociographer NORLING, Ingemar IJsselmeer Polders Development Ass. Professor Authority University of Gothenburg and Zuiderwagenplein 2 Socialhögskolan Lelystad Höga Lid 3 KERSTENS, A.P.C. S-430 80 Hovås Sociologist ÖHLUND, Sven-Ola Government Service for Land and Water Head of Section Use The National Board of Fisheries Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Fack Maliebaan 21 S-403 10 Göteborg Utrecht OLSSON, Ingemar Van LIER, H.N. Head of Section Institute for Land and Water The National Board of Fisheries Management Research Fack Postbus 35 S-403 10 Göteborg Wageningen PETERSSON, J.O. STEINMETZ, B. Head of Division Fishery Consultant The National Environment Protection Department of Sport Fisheries and Board Professional Inland Fisheries Fack Bezuidenhoutseweg 73 S-171 20 Solna The Hague Sweden Observers/Observateurs Suède Sweden/Suède JÄGNERT, Christer ERICSON, Gerhard Res. Ass. Deputy Head of Division Socialhögskolan i Göteborg The National Environment Protection Hagabäcksleden 8 Board S-430 50 Kållered Fack S-171 20 Solna LUNDAHL, Bengt Res. Ass. HANNERZ, L. Socialhögskolan i Göteborg Director General Box 19085 The National Board of Fisheries S-400 12 Göteborg Fack S-403 10 Göteborg RUNNSTRÖM, Hans Swedish Anglers Association HOLMBERG, Bo Riddargatan 35–37 Head of Section Stockholm The National Board of Fisheries Fack WENDT, Curt S-403 10 Göteborg Inspector of Fisheries National Board of Fisheries JOHANSSON, Fack Inspector of Fisheries S-403 10 Göteborg National Marine Fisheries Service U.S.A./E.-U. 1700 Westlake Avenue North CLEARY, Robert E. Seattle, Washington 98112 Environmental Specialist FAO SECRETARIAT/SECRETARIAT U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service DE LA FAO Box 3737 Portland, Oregon 97208 GAUDET, Jean-Louis Secretary to EIFAC/Secrétaire de la PROCHASKA, Frederick CECPI Department of Food and Resources FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla Economics 00100 Rome, Italy/Italie Room 1170 McCarty Hall University of Florida FREDHOLM, Inga-Britt Gainesville, Florida Secretary at the Consultation Park Avenue Hotel RICHARDS, Jack A. Göteborg, Sweden/Suède Regional Economist APPENDIX B

Address by Mr. Svante Lundkvist, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of Sweden Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great honour and pleasure for me, on behalf of the Swedish Government, to welcome you all to this expert consultation. I would like to direct my gratitude especially to Mr. Gaudet, Secretary of EIFAC, who has made it possible for Sweden to act as host country for the consultation. The questions in the field of fishery which will be discussed these next few days in Gothenburg are of great interest to Sweden. The sport fishing organizations state that at least two million Swedes fish in their leisure time. This would imply no less than 34 percent of the population. The number of professional fishermen is, on the other hand, relatively limited. At the end of 1973 full and part time fishermen in the country numbered about 7 500. The Swedes are an open air life-loving people. Through the so called “Right of Common Access” we have ample opportunities to stay and roam in the countryside. It involves the right for everybody to trespass and temporarily stay on land belonging to others. Even if fishing is not included in the “Right of Common Access”, the Swedes' habits concerning outdoor life have also, of course, stimulated the interest for sport fishing. For the people of today, living in our highly industrialized society it is of vital importance to have free access to the recreational values in our woods and countryside and fishing waters. Sweden has for a long time enjoyed an abundance of fishing waters. We have more than 2 500 km of coastal waters where fishing to a large extent is free for Swedish citizens. The area of the lakes totals about 40 000 square km and in some of the largest lakes sport fishing is also relatively free. Furthermore, today there exist more than 2 000 areas reserved for licensed fishing where the public is allowed to fish at a fee. The main part of the licensed fishing waters is privately owned but the government and the municipalities also grant the use of considerable areas. The licensed fishing areas consist of more than one million ha of lakes and 10 000 km of rivers and streams. I have to admit that Sweden's abundance of fishing waters has sometimes impeded our contacts with those interested in fishing in other countries. The situation today, however, gives us cause to reconsider this and to seek co-operation across the national borders. I hope that this consultation will open the way to such an intensified co- operation. What then is new in the situation regarding sport fisheries? The increased amount of leisure time implies that people have more time for fishing. The demand for easily accessible and good fishing waters has grown dramatically. Even in Sweden we feel the need for a fishery legislation and a fishery conservancy which better correspond to the needs of sport fishermen. A Government Commission is now reviewing our fishery legislation in order to eliminate, where possible, unnecessary obstacles for an increased and freer fishery in our waters. The Commission is to study the need for measures regarding fishery conservation and to submit adequate proposals in this context. The interests of the commercial fishermen will, of course, be taken into consideration. The regulation of our rivers for the purpose of electric power production has also posed certain problems for sport fishery. But there still exist several rivers which are totally or almost totally untouched. Furthermore, fish - especially of the salmonid species - are stocked to compensate for the negative intrusions on the fishery. About two million salmon and sea trout smolts are stocked into the Baltic sea at a cost of eight million Swedish Crowns. Pollution of our waters caused by emissions from industries and urban areas has for a long time been a problem for our fishery. A more stringent environment legislation and very large investments in order to purify waste water has improved the situation these last few years. A total of 2 500 million Swedish Crowns has been invested in municipal purification plants during the period 1968 to 1974. Of this sum more than 1 000 millions consisted of government grants. Our most serious problem right now is the acidification of our waters caused by the sulphur fall-out from combustion of oil and coal. About half of the fall-out originates from other countries and is brought by winds to Sweden. Ten thousand lakes in our country are affected by the sulphur fall-out. In a considerable number of these lakes the fish have, consequently, died out. We have aimed at decreasing the amount of sulphur omissions by restricting the maximum sulphur content of oil for heating purposes, in certain areas. Our government has also established a special group with the mandate to investigate the need for further measures to prevent the acidification of our waters. It is our hope that other countries which contribute to this form of air pollution will take necessary steps along similar lines. When it comes to international co-operation concerning the prevention of an increasing acidification of the lakes, I feel that the sport fishers have an important role to play to build up opinions. With these words I would like to wish you all fruitful discussions and I once again confirm the interest of Sweden in contributing to international co-operation in the field of sport fishery. Once again, to all of you, a hearty welcome to Sweden. ANNEXE B

Allocution de M. Svante Lundkvist, Ministre suédois de l'agriculture et des pêcheries Mesdames et Messieurs, J'ai le grand honneur et le plaisir de vous souhaiter la bienvenue, au nom du Gouvernement suédois, à l'occasion de cette Consultation d'experts. Je souhaite remercier tout particulièrement M. Gaudet, Secrétaire de la CECPI, qui a tout mis en oeuvre pour que la Suède puisse héberger cette Consultation. Les questions halieutiques qui vont être examinées au cours des prochains jours à Göteborg intéressent grandement la Suède. Les organisations de pêche sportive signalent que deux millions au moins de Suédois pêchent pendant leurs loisirs. Il s'agit au minimum de 34 pour cent de la population. Par centre, le nombre de pêcheurs professionnels est relativement limité. A la fin de 1973, les pêcheurs à plein temps et à temps partiel étaient an nombre d'environ 7 500 pour l'ensemble du pays. Les Suédois aiment la vie en plein air. Le droit dit d'accès public donne toute facilité de vivre à la campagne, de l'explorer, et même de pénétrer et de séjourner temporairement dans une propriété privée. Même si la pêche n'entre pas dans le droit d“accès public”, les habitudes suédoises de vie au grand air ont évidemment stimulé notre intérêt pour la pêche sportive. De nos jours, dans une scoiété fortement industrialisée, il est tout à fait vital d'avoir librement accès aux valeurs récréatives de nos bois, de nos campagnes et de nos eaux piscicoles. La Suède dispose de longue date d'eaux piscicoles en abondance. Nous avons plus de 2 500 km d'eaux côtières où les citoyens suédois sont libres de pêcher. La superficie des lacs est au total d'environ 40 000 km2 et dans certains, parmi les plus importants, la pêche sportive est également relativement libre. En outre, nous disposons aujourd'hui de plus de 2 000 emplacements réservés à la pêche sous régime de permis, autorisant le public à pêcher moyennant redevance. La plupart des eaux où est pratiquée la pêche sous ce régime sont propriété privée, le Gouvernement et les municipalités donnent également l'accès à des superficies considérables. Les zones de pêche en régime de permis comprennent plus d'un million ha de lacs et 10 000 km de rivières et de cours d'eau. Il me faut admettre que l'abondance qui caractérise la Suède en matière d'eaux piscicoles a dans une certaine mesure fait obstacle à des contacts avec ceux qui s'intéressaient à la pêche dans d'autres pays. Néanmoins, la situation actuelle porte à réexaminer la question et à rechercher une coopération au-delà des frontières nationales. J'espère que la présente Consultation ouvrira la voie à cette coopération intensifiée. Quoi de neuf, alors, dans la situation de la pêche sportive? La multiplication des loisirs fait que les gens ont davantage de temps à consacrer à la pêche. La demande d'eaux facilement accessibles et poissonneuses a largement augmenté. Même en Suède nous éprouvons le besoin d'une législation halieutique et d'une conservation des pêches qui correspondent davantage aux besoins des pêcheurs sportifs. Une Commission gouvernementale reéxamine actuellement notre législation en la matière afin d'en éliminer tous les obstacles inutiles aux activités de pêche élargies et plus libres dans nos eaux. La Commission doit étudier les mesures nécessaires en matière de conservation des pêcheries et soumettre des propositions appropriées dans ce contexte. Il sera évidemment tenu compte des intérêts des pêcheurs commerciaux. La régulation de nos fleuves aux fins de la production d'énergie électrique a également comporté des problèmes pour la pêche sportive. Cependant, plusieurs fleuves subsistent à l'état vierge ou presque sauvage. En outre, on les réempoissonne, et notamment en salmonidés, pour compenser les intrusions qui ont porté préjudice à la pêche. Environ deux millions de saumons et d'alevins de truites de mer ont été mis dans la Baltique, au coût de 8 millions de couronnes suédoises. La pollution de nos eaux, provoquée par les effluents industriels et les déchets des zones urbaines a longtemps constitué un probléme pour nos pêcheries. Une législation plus stricte en matière d'environnement, et de très importants investissements destinés à la purification des eaux vannes, a récemment amélioré la situation. Un total de 2 500 millions de couronnes suédoises a été investi en usines municipales de dépuration entre 1968 et 1974. Plus de 1 000 millions provenaient de subventions gouvernementales. Notre principal problème, à l'heure actuelle est celui de l'acidification de nos eaux par les retombées sulfureuses de la combustion du pétrole et du charbon. La moitié environ de ces retombées proviennent d'autres pays et sont amenées en Suède par le vent. Dix mille lacs de notre pays sont affectés par les retombées sulfureuses. Par voie de conséquence, les poissons ont disparu dans un grand nombre de ces lacs. Nous avons cherché à diminuer les émanations sulfuriques en limitant dans certaines régions la teneur maximum en soufre du mazout. Notre Gouvernement a également créé un Groupe spécial chargé de déterminer si de nouvelles mesures sont nécessaires pour prévenir l'acidification de nos eaux. Nous espérons que les autres pays qui contribuent à cette forme de pollution atmosphérique prendront les mesures qui s'imposent dans la même direction. Il me semble que les pêcheurs sportifs ont un rôle important à jouer dans la formation de l'opinion publique, en liaison avec la coopération internationale concernant la prévention d'une acidification croissante des lacs. Sur ces mots, il ne me reste qu'à vous souhaiter des débats utiles et je confirme combien la Suède cherche à contribuer à la coopération internationale en matière de pêche sportive. Encore une fois, soyez les très bienvenus en Suède. APPENDIX C

Address by Mr. J-L. Gaudet, Secretary to EIFAC

Honourable Minister, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, It is with great pleasure that I take this opportunity of addressing, on behalf of the Director-General of FAO, Dr. Addeke H. Boerma, and Mr. F.E. Popper, Assistant Director-General, (Fisheries), this second European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries. May I also tell you how much we appreciate the generous hospitality of the Government of Sweden, the host of this meeting. The arrangements you have made for this Consultation have been outstanding. I find it particularly fitting to hold this Consultation in Sweden, a country which has performed pioneer work in this specific field. This Consultation will cover topics which have always been of great interest to FAO and its subsidiary body, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC). I feel that it might be useful at this stage - without embarking upon too many details - to give you an overview of the events leading up to this Consultation. At the First Session of EIFAC in 1960, the Commission agreed that the appraisal of the economic and recreational values of angling was a subject of wide importance to the Member Countries of EIFAC. At the Second and Third Sessions of the Commission, which were held in 1962 and 1964 respectively, a number of delegates emphasized the importance of undertaking economic evaluations of both sport and commercial fisheries in their countries. It was pointed out and underlined that research in this field could serve as examples to governments on the value of managing these resources in a sensible manner. The discussions during the Fourth Session, which was held in 1966, concentrated on the economic evaluations of sport fishing and commercial inland fisheries. The Session was informed of the sport fishery situation in different member countries, which gave rise to lively discussions as to the management problems involved. It was emphasized that leisure time was increasing rapidly in most European countries, which enabled these countries to exploit sport fishing, both as a social and recreational activity and as a means to promote the expanding tourist industry, thereby earning foreign currency. However, appropriate management policies would be necessary if the resources were not to be overexploited. It was stated that it was essential to consider and work out an appropriate methodology in order to obtain a clear concept of the economic and social issues involved. As a result of the deliberations and the conclusions drawn at the Fourth Session, a background paper on the economic evaluation of sport fishing, defining certain objectives, trends, concepts and methods in the actual literature in this field, was presented at the Fifth Session held in 1968. The Session reiterated the discussions and conclusions arrived at during the previous Session, and emphasized that sport fishing should be studied with modern behaviouristic methods in the context of recreation, bearing in mind the important commercial values involved. Many delegates underlined the necessity of providing adequate information on research achieved in this field, which could promote better understanding of the problems involved in evaluating the importance of sport fishing and also to encourage such evaluations. The Sixth Session in 1970 was informed of important achievements effected in the inter-sessional period. An Information Centre had been operated for some time at the Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration here at Gothenburg. A considerable amount of literature on various aspects of the economic evaluation of inland fisheries had been assembled and contacts established with various European sport fishing organizations as well as with North American experts in this specific domain. Research and field work had taken place in many European countries. During the Sixth Session, the Commission went a step further and approved various recommendations insofar as management problems of sport fisheries were concerned. The most conspicuous result of these recommendations was the First European Consultation on the Economic Evaluations of Sport and Commercial Fisheries which was organized in The Hague in 1972 with EIFAC support, at the invitation of the Government of The Netherlands. The Consultation approved a number of important recommendations to ensure future European progress in the study of the economic evaluation of sport and commercial fisheries. For a more detailed review of the various recommendations made, I have to refer the participants to the report of the aforementioned Consultation which has been distributed to the delegates. I only wish to mention that the report of this Consultation and its conclusions were discussed at the Eighth Session of EIFAC which was held in 1972. The delegates expressed their satisfaction with the work accomplished and recommended, i.a., that a second European Consultation be organized in 1975 to study the results so far achieved in this field. It was emphasized that special attention be paid to the sociological aspects implied. The Agenda which has been prepared for this Consultation has taken these recommendations into consideration and aims at - as you will see - surveying a number of topics of great interest for the further recognition of the importance of sport fisheries and its development, particularly in Europe, but also in other parts of the world with a potential for this fishery. I do sincerely hope that the Consultation will contribute toward clarifying our thinking on this most important topic and make it possible to formulate some basic recommendations of significance for future work in this field. Before concluding, Honourable Minister, I should like to take this ideal opportunity to thank Sweden for the key role it has played in interesting European countries in the economic and social evaluation of sport and fisheries. I should like to pay tribute, in particular, to Dr. Ingemar Norling of the Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration of Gothenburg, who in spite of many oppositions, has persistently and with great enthusiasm supported EIFAC's action in this field. It is thanks to Dr. Norling that we are here today, at a turning point for Europe in the study of the economic and social evaluation of sport fisheries. The report prepared in 1968 by Dr. Norling reviewed for the first time European literature, research and field work in this field. It stated that very little research and systematic fact-finding had been carried out in Europe. Conversely, it was apparent that in the United States and Canada a substantial amount of applied research and field work had been carried out for at least 15 years. Consequently, EIFAC established immediate and lasting contacts with North America in both U.S.A. and Canada. These were supported by the presence of Mr. Tuomi from Canada at the First European Consultation in 1972 in The Hague, by the participation of Ireland, Sweden, Netherlands and EIFAC Secretariat at the Sport and Fisheries Statistics Workshop in Victoria B.C. in 1972 and again in Quebec in 1974. It is evidenced also by the presence here today of a strong delegation from U.S.A. and Canada. To conclude, Honourable Minister, Ladies and Gentlemen, on behalf of the Director-General and on my own behalf, I wish you success in your deliberations and assure you that FAO and the Department of Fisheries will continue to follow with great interest this important field of work. Thank you. ANNEXE C

Allocution de M. J-L. Gaudet, Secrétaire de la CECPI

Excellence, Messieurs les délégués, Mesdames et Messieurs, C'est avec grand plaisir que je saisis l'occasion de m'adresser à cette deuxième Consultation européenne sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale, au nom du Directeur général de la FAO, M. Addeke H. Boerma ainsi que du Sous-Directeur général (Pêches), M.F. Popper. Qu'il me soit permis également de vous dire combien nous sommes reconnaissants de la généreuse hospitalité que nous accorde le Gouvernement de la Suède, qui nous héberge à l'occasion de cette réunion. L'organisation de cette Consultation a été parfaits. Il me semble tout à fait justifié que cette Consultation ait lieu en Suède, car ce pays a fait oeuvre de pionnier dans ce domaine particulier. Cette Consultation évoquera des questions qui ont toujours grandement intéressé la FAO et son organisme subsidiaire, la Commission européenne consultative pour les pêches dans les eaux intérieures (CECPI). Il me semble qu'il pourrait être utile à ce stade et sans entrer dans des détails trop nombreux, de vous donner une vue d'ensemble des événements qui ont amené à cette Consultation. A la première session de la CECPI, tenue en 1960, la Commission était convenue que l'évaluation des aspects économiques et récréatifs de la pêche à la ligne présentait une grande importance pour les Etats Membres de la CECPI. Lors des deuxième et troisième sessions de la Commission, tenues en 1962 et 1964, respectivement, un certain nombre de délégués avait souligné qu'il importait d'entreprendre des évaluations économiques sur la pêche sportive et commerciale dans leur pays. On a souligné le fait - et on y a insisté - que les recherches dans ce domaine pourraient illustrer, à l'intention des gouvernements, l'intérêt d'un aménagement rationnel de ces ressources. Les débats de la quatrième session, tenue en 1966, ont porté essentiellement sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et de la pêche continentale commerciale. La session a été informée de la situation de la pêche sportive dans différents pays membres, ce qui a donné lieu à de vives discussions quant aux problèmes d'aménagement en cause. On a souligné que les loisirs augmentent rapidement dans la plupart des pays européens, ce qui permet à ces pays d'exploiter la pêche sportive à la fois comme une activité sociale et récréative et un moyen de promouvoir une industrie touristique en expansion, source de devises. Cependant, des politiques d'aménagement appropriées s'imposaient si les ressources devaient échapper à la surexploitation. On avait signalé qu'il était essentiel d'envisager et de mettre au point des méthodes propres à mettre en évidence un concept clair des aspects économiques et sociaux en cause. A la suite des délibérations et des conclusions de la quatrième session, un document d'information sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive, définissant certains objectifs, tendances, concepts et méthodes tirés des références existant en la matière a été présenté à la cinquième session, tenue en 1968. La session a repris les débats et les conclusions de la session précédente, soulignant que la pêche sportive devrait être étudiée selon des méthodes modernes de la psychologie du comportement, dans la contexte des activités récréatives et compte tenu de l'importance de l'enjeu commercial. De nombreux délégués ont souligné la nécessité de fournir des informations valables sur les recherches réalisées dans ce domaine, susceptibles de promouvoir une meilleure compréhension des problèmes qu'implique l'évaluation de l'importance de la pêche sportive et d'encourager ces évaluations. La sixième session, en 1970, a été informée des importants résultats obtenus entre les sessions. Un centre d'information fonctionne depuis quelque temps à la Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration, à Göteborg même. De nombreux ouvrages traitant des différents aspects de l'évaluation économique des pêches continentales ont été réunis et des contacts ont été établis avec diverses organisations européennes de pêche sportive, ainsi qu'avec des experts nord américains de ces questions. Des recherches et des travaux sur le terrain ont été réalisés dans de nombreux pays européens. Au cours de la sixième session, la Commission a fait un nouveau pas en avant et approuvé plusieurs recommandations relatives à la gestion en matière de pêche sportive. Le résultat le plus évident de ces recommandations est la première Consultation d'experts européens sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale, qui a été organisée à La Haye en 1972 avec l'appui de la CECPI, à l'invitation du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas. La Consultation a approuvé un certain nombre de recommandations importants, visant à assurer la progression de l'étude en Europe de l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale. Pour une analyse plus détaillée des différentes recommandations émises, je me dois de référer les participants au rapport de la Consultation susmentionnée, qui a été distribué aux délégués. Je me bornerai à mentionner que le rapport de la Consultation et ses conclusions ont été examinés lors de la huitième session de la CECPI, tenue en 1972. Les délégués ont exprimé leur satisfaction devant les résultats obtenus et ont recommandé notamment qu'une deuxième Consultation européenne soit organisée en 1975 pour étudier les résultats obtenus dans ce domaine. On a souligné qu'il faudrait envisager avec une attention particulière les aspects sociologiques en cause. L'ordre du jour qui a été préparé pour la présente Consultation a tenu compte de ces recommandations et vise, comme vous le verrez, à passer en revue un certain nombre de questions de grand intérêt du point de vue de la reconnaissance ultérieure de l'importance de la pêche sportive et de son développement, notamment en Europe mais aussi dans d'autres parties du monde offrant des possibilités en la matière. Je souhaite sincèrement que la Consultation contribue à faire émerger un concept clair sur cette question importante et permette de formuler certaines recommandations fondamentales, intéressant les activités futures dans ce domaine. Avant de conclure Monsieur le Ministre, je voudrais saisir cette occasion exceptionnelle pour remercier la Suède du rôle de tout premier plan qu'elle a joué en intéressant les pays européens à l'évaluation économique et sociale de la pêche sportive. Je souhaite payer mon tribut tout particulièrement à M. Ingemar Norling de la Graduate School of Social Work and Public Administration de Göteborg qui, en dépit des nombreux obstacles, a appuyé l'activité de la CECPI dans ce domaine avec élan et constance. C'est grâce à M. Norling que nous nous trouvons aujourd'hui à un tournant pour l'Europe dans l'étude de l'évaluation économique et sociale de la pêche sportive. Le rapport préparé en 1968 par M. Norling a constitué la première étude critique des ouvrages, des recherches et des travaux effectués sur le terrain dans ce domaine. Only constatait que l'Europe n'avait guère été active en matière de détermination systématique de données. Par contre, il était évident qu'aux Etats-Unis et au Canada un grand nombre d'activités de recherche appliquée et sur le terrain avaient été réalisées depuis 15 ans au moins. En conséquence, la CECPI a établi immédiatement des contacts durables avec l'Amérique du Nord (Etats-Unis et Canada). On en trouve la preuve dans la présence de M. Tuomi (Canada) à la première Consultation européenne en 1972 (La Haye) ainsi que dans la participation de l'Irlande, de la Suède, des Pays Bas, et du Secrétariat de la CECPI à la réunion du Groupe d'études des statistiques sur le sport et la pêche, à Victoria (C.B.) en 1972 puis à Québec (1974). La présence parmi nous aujourd'hui d'uneforte délégation des Etats-Unis et du Canada en porte également témoignage. En conclusion, Monsieur le Ministre, Mesdames et Messieurs, au nom du Directeur général et en mon propre nom, je vous souhaite des débats fructueux et vous assure que la FAO et le Département des pêches continueront à s'intéresser de près aux activités dans ce domaine important. Je vous remercie. APPENDIX D

AGENDA AND TIMETABLE

Monday, 22 September, 0930 hours Agenda Item 1 Opening of the Meeting and election of Chairman 2 Adoption of the provisional agenda and organization of the Consultation 3 Report of EIFAC/CIFA (Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa) on the status of sport fisheries in their respective regions 4 Progress report on recreational fisheries data development by all participants in the Consultation Monday, 22 September, 1430 hours 5 Review of sport and commercial fisheries information development approaches, methods and problems Tuesday, 23 September, 0900 hours 6 Fishery goals, problems and options. An appraisal of progress in the evaluation and management of sport and commercial fisheries Tuesday, 23 September, 1430 hours 6 (continued) Wednesday, 24 September, 0900 hours 7 Status of the international exchange of information on sport fisheries management and development 8 Promotion and marketing aspects of sport fisheries Wednesday, 24 September, 1430 hours 9 Any other matters 10 Date and place of next consultation 11 Adoption of the report ANNEXE D

ORDRE DU JOUR ET CALENDRIER

Lundi 22 september, 9 h 30 Point de l'ordre du jour 1 Ouverture de la réunion et élection du Président 2 Adoption de l'ordre du jour provisoire et organisation de la Consultation 3 Rapport CECPI/CPCA (Comité des pêches continentales pour l'Afrique) sur la situation de la pêche sportive dans leur zone d'activité respective 4 Etat d'avancement des travaux sur le développement des données relatives à la pêche récréative par tous les participants de la Consultation Lundi 22 September, 14 h 30 5 Examen de la stratégie, des méthodes et des problèmes de l'élaboration des informations sur la pêche commerciale Mardi 23 septembre, 9 h 00 6 Objectifs, problèmes et options de la pêcherie. Evaluation du progrès en matière d'évaluation et de gestion de la pêche sportive et commerciale Mardi 23 septembre, 14 h 30 6 (suite) Mercredi 24 septembre, 9 h 00 7 Situation en matière d'échange international d'informations sur la gestion et le développement de la pêche sportive 8 Aspects promotionnels et commerciaux de la pêche sportive Mercredi 24 septembre, 14 h 30 9 Questions diverses 10 Date et lieu de la prochaine Consultation 11 Adoption du rapport ECONOMIC ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING EUROPE IN THE FIELD OF SPORT FISHERIES PROBLEMES ET POSSIBILITIES ECONOMIQUES DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE EN EUROPE

by

J.-L. Gaudet Secretary, European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission FAO, Rome, Italy

CONTENTS

Summary Résumé 1. INTRODUCTION 2. IMPORTANCE OF SPORT FISHERIES IN EUROPE 2.1 Sport fishermen 2.2 Availability of fishing waters 2.3 Fish species available 2.4 Economic and social importance of sport fisheries in Europe 3. OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF SPORT FISHERIES IN EUROPE 3.1 Ownership, fishing rights, fishing licences 3.2 River authorities, boards, trusts 3.3 Angling associations 4. ECONOMIC ISSUES 4.1 Problems of ownership 4.2 Problem of fishing pressure and competing water uses 4.3 Problems of water pollution 4.4 Problems of stock assessment 5. FUTURE PROSPECTS 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7. REFERENCES Summary Growing number of sport fishermen. The economic and social importance of this sport in Europe, and the various measures for its management in the different countries. Water pollution and stock assessment problems, and EIFAC's part in efforts towards resolving these problems. Résumé Le nombre croissant de pêcheurs sportifs. L'importance économique et sociale de ce sport en Europe et les diverses mesures relatives à son organisation et exploitation dans les différents pays. Problèmes de pollution des eaux et de l'évaluation des stocks, et le rôle de la CECPI dans les efforts tendant à résoudre ces problèmes. 1. INTRODUCTION One of the major reasons for the slow progress in the economic evaluation of sport fisheries in Europe has been the lack of adequate recognition of their value to the individual, the economy and society at large (Norling, 1968). A rapid survey made in the region at the end of 1972 has yielded interesting data on sport fishermen, fishing waters, fishing rights (licences), species exploited, the management of sport fisheries, and sport fishing for local populations and tourists and has brought into clearer focus the economic issues and opportunities facing Europe in this field. It emerges that there is a growing awareness in the various countries of the region of the need to measure the national importance of sport fishing which was evidenced at the First European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries (Gaudet, 1972). For a variety of reasons - political, economic and social - only a few countries have made definite progress in attempting to assess the importance of their sport fisheries. The majority, however, are still in total darkness or at best have only very general data. Ireland, Sweden and the Netherlands are among the few where priority is given to questions of economic evaluation of sport fisheries. Details are given in Gaudet, 1972, together with the historical aspects of the development of this subject in Europe. 2. IMPORTANCE OF SPORT FISHERIES IN EUROPE 2.1 Sport Fishermen The number of sport fishermen in Europe is surprisingly high; Table 1 illustrates this point without going into details or defining sport fishermen. Excluding the U.S.S.R., there are well over 16 million sport fishermen in Europe and indications are that in most countries their number is rapidly increasing. In fact, Poland reports an annual increase of eight percent while Spain mentions 12 to 16 percent yearly and Bulgaria roughly 10 percent. In France, the number of sportfishermen increased by 54 percent between 1950 and 1967 while, in that same period, casting fishermen alone increased by 322 percent. It appears that since that date, however, the total number has decreased slightly to increase again in 1974. In Romania, the number of sportfishermen has doubled in the last ten years. If, with increased affluence, these trends were to materialize in other European countries, and if, for example, the number of sport fishermen were to average at 10 percent of the population by 1980 - which is much lower than the actual figures for Finland, Norway and Sweden and about the present level for France - the total number of sport fishermen in Europe would then be well over 50 million. In Europe, the social composition of the sport fishermen varies greatly although the majority comes from the working class. However, it is reported in Sweden and in the Netherlands that there is little class difference in the distribution of sport fishermen. 2.2 Availability of Fishing Waters In spite of increasing industrialization and resulting water pollution which has ruined hundreds of rivers in Europe, there are still a fair number of salmon and trout streams and plenty of coarse fish water bodies. Poland, which considers itself poor in inland waters with a fishing density of one angler per 1.23 ha of lakes, rivers and reservoirs, nevertheless reports 1 100 lakes totalling 110 000 ha in the Mazury Lake District alone. The southern European streams which are shorter and more tempestuous than the large European rivers (Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe) are nevertheless plentiful, particularly in Spain, where they stretch over 100 000 km, including 20 000 km of trout streams and 2 000 km of salmon waters. Finland, Norway, Sweden, Ireland like Canada have thousands of lakes where fishing can take place. Norway reports 300 000 registered lakes, 20 000 km of coastline which is further increased by 56 000 islands as well as 150 large salmon and sea trout streams (Norway, 1971). Finland also reports 60 000 lakes covering an area of about 32 000 km2 with a shoreline of about 160 000 km. In addition the long coast and numerous islands off the coast and the great archipelago in the south-west region add another 50 000 km of shoreline. Northern Ireland, like the Republic of Ireland, is fortunate in having a plentiful supply of fresh water which is generally unpolluted. There are some 2 000 km of river, large lakes like Lough Neagh and Upper and Lower Lough Erne and over 200 small lakes. Yugoslavia reports hundreds of rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs some still “virgin” from the fishing point of view. Romania with the coast line of the Black Sea, the Danube delta and over 25 000 km of rivers with little or no pollution still offers a big potential. Areas for sport fishing in Bulgaria cover approximately 40 000 ha. In the Netherlands, the quantity, if not the quality, of surface waters is actually increasing. Polders, reservoirs, rivers and lakes increased from 104 700 ha in 1958 to 109 000 in 1965, exclusive of Lake IJssel 200 000 ha; the Lauwerszee 2 000 ha - reclaimed in 1969; the Grevelingen 11 000 ha - reclaimed in 1971 and the Haringvliet and Holland Diep 13 000 ha. Table 1 Number of sportfishermen Population Country Percentage (in thousands) (in millions) Austria 200 7.4 2.7 Belgium 230 9.6 2.4 Bulgaria (1973) 115 8.5 1.3 Cyprus 3 0.6 0.5 Denmark 300 4.9 6.1 Finland (1973) 1 000 4.7 21.3 France 5 000 50.3 10.0 Germany (Fed.Rep. 622 58.7 1.1 of) Ireland 50 2.9 2.0 Italy 850 53.2 1.6 Netherlands 740 12.8 5.8 Norway (1972) 242 3.8 6.4 Poland1/ 400 (registered) 32.6 1.3 Romania 200 20.0 1.0 Spain 450 32.9 1.4 Sweden 1 800 8.0 22.5 Switzerland 250 6.2 4.0 United Kingdom 2 800 48.4 5.8 (England and Wales) Yugoslavia 158 20.3 0.8 Total: 16 410 383.8 4.5 1 refer to section of Dr Leopold's paper

In Europe, the Netherlands is unique in that it experiences great difficulties in procuring, storing and processing a sufficient quantity of water suitable for the supply of drinking water. Because the surface water is not good in many places, water quality has also become a limiting factor for the development of fish stocks and horticulture. Early in 1972 the discharge of the River Rhine was so low (800 m3/s) that the salt content of the water was exceptionally high. Fortunately, it rained subsequently, but this serves to illustrate the delicate balance that now exists in some European waters. Cyprus, which until recently, had no freshwater bodies, now claims 12 small reservoirs where trout fishing can take place with proper stocking because they are emptied every year. In addition to inland waters, one can add the sea coast of Europe, where a certain amount of sport fishing takes place in season. On the northern coast of Finland a study has been carried out which showed that 62.4 percent of those replying to a questionnaire considered themselves (sea) sport fishermen in that the cost of their hobby exceeded the commercial value of their catch. France has still important salmon rivers which need to be protected. To this effect, the Government has established a five years plan to develop Atlantic salmon and to maintain and restore stocks. 2.3 Fish Species Available The species caught for sport in Europe vary with the quality of water from salmon, sea and freshwater trout in the clearer waters to cyprinids such as the common carp, roach, rudd, bream and coarse fish predators in the more eutrophic waters. As an example, in Czechoslovakia we find 60 species most of them popular with the sport fishermen. In the Netherlands, rainbow and brown trout are even found in two large lakes in the southern delta (Lake Veere 2 000 ha stocked in 1968 and Grevelingen 11 000 ha stocked in 1971) where salinity ranges from brackish to that of sea water. In France there is a definite shift to species of high sport quality such as carnivorous species, while in the Netherlands selective breeding aiming at a more sporty carp is fairly successful. Blanc et al., (1972) lists 396 inland freshwater fish species in Europe, many of which are caught by sport fishermen. There appears to be a definite correlation between the quality of fishing waters and the density and quality of fish populations. Unlike North America, angling for the elusive cyprinid is popular in Europe. 2.4 Economic and Social Importance of Sport Fisheries in Europe In Europe, although we are still very far from being able to put a figure to the value of sport fishing, indications are that it is very high indeed. A U.K. National Survey of Angling (1972) estimated the number of anglers in England and Wales at 2.8 million; they spend on average about £80 per annum, and over half of these anglers fish at least once per week. Their gross expenditure was between £200 to £250 million, about two- thirds of it relating to inland waters. According to the report, the travel element of the gross expenditure, about £70 million, could be reduced substantially if water with lower levels of pollution, or better fish stocks, were to become available nearer at hand. Not surprisingly, therefore, the national value of fisheries (price paid for the fishing rights) is very high. In England and Wales, the sales value of salmon fisheries, based upon the average catches during the last five years are from £500 to £750 per fish caught. Thus, a fishery in which the 5-year annual catch was 100 salmon would fetch between £50 000 and £75 000 on the open market. Trout fishing value, based mainly upon quality, length of bank and whether one or both banks are involved, may rise on a first class river to as high as £7 600 to £10 900 per km. Fisheries for coarse fish can also fetch surprisingly high figures in the open market. A mixed fishery, one bank only, for salmon and coarse fish, in which the latter predominated, sold for the equivalent of £11 200 per km (Natural Environment Research Council, 1972). Fisheries suitable for large-scale match fishing, such as national or international championships, can command much higher prices even than this. Although the above figures are likely maximum values, they point towards a very high national value for inland fisheries. Indeed, sport fishing has become so important in some countries that the suggestion has often been made for the abolition of commercial fishing (mainly nets) for salmon and sea trout, so that the entire stocks of these fish could be available for exploitation by anglers for sport. This suggestion was considered by the Bledisloe Committee for Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries in Britain in its Report of 1961 (Great Britain, 1961) but after some discussion it was rejected despite the fact that commercial fishing in England and Wales employs comparatively few people (2 000 as against 560 000 salmon and trout anglers in 1958). In Finland, according to a very rough evaluation, sport fishermen invest at least $25 million annually in sport fishing. In Poland, the powerful Polish Anglers' Association keeps many hotels, inland harbours and camping centres. In 1964 it operated 60 places of that type with sleeping quarters for 1 300 persons. For the five-year plan 1966–70, estimates of capital outlays were for over 50 million zlotys, tourist facilities 21 million, economic expansion 24 million and public facilities in angling 5 million (Paladino, 1965). An idea of the importance of sport angling in that country is evident in the fact that in 1965 it employed 96 fishery guards and 7 489 honorary guardians. Weekly fishing radio broadcast are also the fashion. The fees collected for fishing licences amount to substantial sums of money when viewed for Europe in general. In Italy, it represents at least $5 million, $2 million for Switzerland, $700 000 for Belgium, $400 000 for Norway and, $8 million for France (France, 1972). 2.7 million fishermen paid the fee for fishing lices in France in 1972. Ancillary revenues are not recorded, but Belgium alone reports 800 sport fishing shops. A most important aspect of the angling resources of a few fortunate countries in Europe such as Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Yugoslavia is the potential value as a tourist attraction. Millions of anglers live next door to them and the countries have everything required for the enjoyment of angling - in particular, numerous underfished accessible waters holding large stocks of fish. It should be possible to attract a large number of angling tourists there, particularly with the advent of a larger common market. In Yugoslavia it is reported that the number of tourist anglers equals that of Yugoslav anglers. In France, the total expenses of the fishermen are estimated at $100 million. The market for fishery equipment was valued at $22 million in 1973, including $3.5 millions of exports. The social value of sport fishing in Europe is probably greater than the monetary value. It was said at the First EIFAC European Consultation on the economic evaluation of sport and commercial fisheries (The Hague, 24–25 January 1972) that labourers and white collar workers were moving to less industrialized areas because, among other things, of the lack of recreational fishing facilities. In fact, the detailed planning of recreation and sport fishing development in the Netherlands forms an integral part of the overall planning of new reclaimed areas. That is why the Dutch sport fishermen look upon the invading fishing foreigner from the southwest with mixed feelings. They feel the freedom of international travel brought about by the Common Market deprives them of important stretches of fishing shoreline developed specifically for them. The situation is exactly the reverse in Ireland where fishing tourists are seriously courted. The amount and value of fish which are caught by sporting methods and are consumed are also not negligible. In France estimates range from 20 000 to 100 000 tons (France, 1972). In Belgium a total of 440 tons are caught in rivers and canals alone for a fishing intensity of 14.5 kg/ha/year. In Poland as much as 20 kg/ha/year are reportedly caught by sport fishermen, while in Finland the inland sport fishery represents a catch of 10 to 12 000 tons a year. Spain has 21 hatcheries to re-stock salmon, trout, carp and black bass in its streams. 3. OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF SPORT FISHERIES IN EUROPE In Europe, the management of sport fisheries is usually the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture although, in some cases - Denmark, Ireland and Norway 1/ - it falls partly under the Ministry of Fisheries. In some countries fishery administration is historically linked with water, wild game and forestry administration (France, Spain, Italy). In France, this association dates back to the 13th century at which time the “Maître des Eaux et Forêts” was responsible for supplying the King's table with fresh fish. Biologically, fish and wild game are closely related, particularly from the point of view of management of natural resources. Both have affinities with forest and national park management, water control (irrigation, drainage, flood control) and other general problems of land use. 1 Moved to the new Ministry of Environment Protection as of January 1973 3.1 Ownership, Fishing Rights, Fishing Licences The machinery set up in each country to manage sport fisheries varies with existing norms governing ownership of water, fishing rights and fishing licences. These in turn vary from country to country and often within each country. Inland fisheries, unlike international sea fisheries, usually come under the political control of one single government and, consequently, should give rise to less controversy or governmental intervention. This is not always the case because hereditary rights, documentary titles, methods of defining fisheries limits, separation of fishing rights from the ownership of land, etc., do create many administrative and legal complications (Gaudet, 1968). As a general rule, in Western Europe, inland water fishing rights belong to the owner of the adjacent land whether it is the State, a province, a municipality, an organization or an individual. Incidentally, Roman law made it clear that fish living in private waters belonged to the owner of that water area. Poachers could be sued on two grounds: trespassing and theft. In Finland, the primary ownership unit is the village and each farmer or landowner has his share in the collectively owned water area and enjoys fishing rights according to the size of his farm. However, in that country, the collectively owned water area may be parcelled or divided between the farmers according to their shares. It is easy to imagine the controversy that this system may engender between landowners and industry in cases of dam building and water pollution control. Swedish law differentiates between private and public waters. In private waters, as a main principle, fishing rights are reserved exclusively for the landowner. In such waters, accordingly, the public is not allowed to fish without special permission from the land-owner. In public waters, as well as in certain private waters along the coasts and in the major lakes, public fishing is free from licence, although these restrictions concern mostly the fishing gear. In Denmark and the Netherlands, the separation of fishing rights from landownership is forbidden. In England and Wales, in non-tidal waters, the fishing rights are presumed to belong to the owner of the soil thereunder, but the owner may sell or lease these rights separately from the land. In Finland, irrespective of ownership, the government monopolizes salmon and trout fishing in the rivers flowing into the Gulf of Bothnia. Also, in that country, every citizen has the right to angle with natural bait within the limits of one's own commune without any licence or permission from the owners. In large lakes (over 8 km in diameter) as in coastal waters facing the open sea, the riparian right of the village reaches 500 m out from 2 m depth. It is, nevertheless, possible for the landowner to sell or lease the fishing rights separately from the land. In tidal waters, in Ireland, England and Wales, fishing rights are in favour of the public but, again, there are exceptions in cases of historical or immemorial rights. In Scotland, salmon, trout and all other freshwater fisheries are subject to proprietorship and there is no such thing as public fishery for these fish even if the land is owned by the Crown Estate. A proprietor of a salmon fishing area has no right to the fish until they are caught, but he has exclusive right to catch them within the boundaries of his fishery. Under law, however, salmon and sea trout fisheries in the Orkneys and Shetlands are pertinent to the ownership of land as in the case of ordinary freshwater fishery. In France no fishing can take place without the permission of the owner of the fishing right, private or public. However, in order to facilitate sport fishing, the State has taken exceptional measures allowing licensed fishermen to angle in all public waters. This includes as many as 17 000 km of canals and rivers and 72 000 ha of lakes and reservoirs. Fishing rights of water areas owned by the State in Turkey are normally publicly auctioned, while in France they are leased for five year periods. In Israel, fisheries are owned collectively in kibutzim while fisheries in inland waters belong to the State. In Poland, commercial fishing rights may be given to any legal or natural person with proper qualifications. Sport fishing rights may be given on the condition of being a member of an anglers' association and on paying for a fishing licence. The same system is applicable in Bulgaria. Very little information is available on the licensing system in use in the various European countries. From the data at hand, it appears that licensing serves both to regulate the fishing effort and to ensure some revenues for the improvement of fisheries in general. To finance the protection services in Ireland, the Boards of Conservators may impose a fishery rate on all fishery hereditaments. In addition, they obtain revenues from licence duties which are fixed by statute at uniform rates throughout the country and from grants from the Salmon Conservancy Fund which is fed by a levy on sales of salmon and a form of levy on salmon rod licences. In France, being a member of a recognized fishing or fish culture association and the payment of an annual fishing tax (taxe piscicole) are compulsory. The proceeds of the fishing tax are earmarked for improvement of lakes and rivers. In Poland, also, a licence has to be paid by anglers for particular types of fishing. Membership in the Polish Anglers' Association is compulsory. To fish in lakes of State fish farms permission from the farm manager is necessary. In Denmark, a departmental Committee has, during 1973 and 1974, discussed the practical, political and legal consequences of an introduction of a general fishing licence. It is expected that this law will be passed by the Danish Parliament. In Scotland, there is no fishing licence at all, either for sport or commercial fisheries. The same is true in Denmark where anybody can fish freely for sport or commercially, provided the fisherman pays the owner of the water for the fishing rights. Angling for brown trout in Ireland is not subject to licensing control. 3.2 River Authorities, Boards, Trusts In the United Kingdom the executive control of fisheries is vested in 27 River Authorities and 2 River Conservancies, which are responsible for pollution prevention and fisheries management. Each Authority has a Fisheries Department, staffed by a fisheries officer and a variable number of water bailiffs. Their task is to ensure that the various byelaws which are proposed by the Authority, and confirmed by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, are adhered to. Owners of private fisheries also employ water-keepers and bailiffs for the management of their fisheries. A reorganization of these bodies into 10 Regional Water Authorities is in progress, and the executive framework which will cover fisheries is not yet known. Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Scotland have boards which fulfil similar needs. In Norway Inland Fisheries Boards organized in each of its 450 communities cooperate with district Salmon Fisheries Boards to supervise and improve inland fisheries. In Sweden there are several governmental inspectors of fisheries whose primary tasks are to work for the development of fishing and the conservation of fisheries, to counteract water pollution and, at request, to give expert advice to courts, authorities and private owners of fisheries. In Denmark fisheries administration is oriented commercially and the relevant laws emphasize the commercial exploitation of inland waters. In recent years, however, there has been an increasing pressure from the Danish sport fishing organizations (especially the Union of Danish Anglers' Association) to change this traditional view. One of the results is the aforementioned proposed law on a general fishing licence. There is no doubt that in a few years the fishery administration will be moved to pay more attention to recreational fishery in view of the decreasing importance of the commercial exploitation of Danish inland waters. In addition to river authorities and boards, the management of sport fisheries in Europe is facilitated through a variety of fishery trusts, fishery commissions, trust funds, conseil supérieur de la pêche, etc. They can be private or subsidized partly or completely by Governments. In Belgium, the Fonds Piscicole is administered by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with representatives of the fishermen from various provinces. This Fund is financed by 55 percent of the returns on fishing permits. In Spain the final responsibility is vested into the Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (ICONA) in the Ministry of Agriculture which includes two sub-divisions on sport fishing. In Northern Ireland the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the supervision and protection of fisheries and for fostering the establishment and development of fisheries. Two statutory bodies are responsible for the conservation, protection and improvement of the salmon and inland fisheries - the Foyle Fisheries Commission (established jointly by the Governments of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic) for the Londonderry area and the Fisheries Conservancy Board for Northern Ireland for the rest of the country. The Ministry of Agriculture has acquired or leased fishing rights in a number of waters and can now offer to the public angling in over 40 lakes and stretches of rivers. These waters are stocked as necessary with fish from the Ministry's own fish farm and shore development works (provision of fishing stands, stiles, bridges and paths and clearance of weeds and shore vegetation) are carried out. A wide range of first class angling is, therefore, available to local fishermen and tourists at low cost. Management is facilitated by a modern research laboratory. Because of previous low exploitation, especially with regard to coarse fishing, there was little tradition of management of fishing in Northern Ireland. However, management experience and expertise are increasing as the Ministry is opening up hitherto inaccessible waters and is cooperating actively with angling clubs involved in the development of their waters. To develop interest in coarse fishing, instructional courses and schools angling competitions have been organized and more are proposed. In Sweden the owners of private fisheries often associate in order to manage fisheries - including selling fishing licences to the public - for more extensive water areas. Courses are offered for the different owners of fishing waters as they have to manage their waters by themselves. A considerable amount of work is currently being done on the management of impoundments and on the regulations concerning power stations. National planning is treated in various departments. Recreational activities form a very strong part of it with fisheries playing an important role. In Finland there is no central national administration over sport fisheries. The Department of Fisheries and Game, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the National Water Board are jointly doing the planning for the rational development of sport fishing. According to the Fisheries Act, the management of water areas (fisheries) under joint ownership has to be organized by the meeting of owners. The meeting defines the extent of fishing rights for different shares. The owners also are responsible for conservation and management of the area. The costs of the management are partially paid with the fisheries conservancy fees. The State is the sole owner or a shareholder of water areas exceeding 560 000 ha. These areas are administered by the National Board of Forestry. In federated States such as the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, sport fishery management is completely decentralized. This complicates the collection of standard data and seems to cause some duplication of effort. 3.3 Angling Associations To assist governmental units and the various boards and commissions to manage sport fisheries in Europe, a popular and effective tool is the angling association. In Poland and in France membership is compulsory and it appears to greatly simplify the management task. In other countries, participation in voluntary anglers' association is rather deceptive. In Finland less than 10 percent of the anglers belong to angling associations, while in Belgium almost 20 percent do. Some associations are public, but most are semi-private or private. The latter two may receive financial assistance from the State. These associations regularly assist in re-stocking of sport fishing waters. The Polish Anglers' Association with a membership of about 400 000 members is powerful indeed. It dates back to the National Fishing Association founded in Kraków in 1879 when the mountain streams were allotted to anglers and the lowland waters to net fishermen. There is still a considerable amount of controversy between anglers and commercial fishermen but the Association helps in smoothing out difficulties. It employs various specialists, fishery biologists and fishermen. It has an ambitious programme of re-stocking, building of facilities and with the cooperation of ORBIS (State Tourist Agency), the creation of facilities for foreign visitors. Its statistical service appears to be very efficient and it has made a number of studies on the management problems in that country (Paladino, 1965; Dabrowski and Walus, 1965). It also breeds fish for stocking in State-leased open waters (lakes and rivers) and conducts selective catches in those waters. It has numerous fish ponds and some hatcheries. In France we find 4 000 recognized fishing associations grouped into 92 Federations. Yugoslavia claims 493 sport fishing associations and 41 clubs, all of which are associated in eight Unions, according to the political set-up of the country, which are fully responsible for the management of their respective waters. These are further regrouped under a Federal Union of Sport Fisheries Unions. Sport fishery in Bulgaria is only possible for members of the Bulgarian Union of Anglers and Hunters. In Romania departmental associations are grouped under the General Association of Hunters and Sport Fishermen with their headquarters in Bucharest. Similarly to the one in Poland, it administers sport fishing activities countrywide. One management tool which should be underlined is the “cotos” system used in Spain (Spain, 1963). The term “coto” literally means “refuge”, but in the context of American fishery management (Gottschalk, 1970), it would be more accurately defined as managed stream section. In 1971, there were a total of 523 cotos in Spain: 66 for salmon, 322 for trout, 18 for crayfish, 50 for trout and crayfish and 67 for other species. The programme of fishery management includes stocking, population surveys and careful creel censuses. The principal activity on the fishing streams themselves has to do with improvement of accessibility. The effort to make the fishing experience more attractive to the angler is perhaps best examplified by the provision of fishing shelters (refugios) and fishing piers. The shelters are well constructed and the local fish wardens apparently are in competition to determine the landscape gardener champion. Fishery activities on the streams are greatly facilitated by State ownership of the stream, including the riverbanks on both sides to a distance of three meters above the high- water mark. Exclusive State control was established early in the history of the management programme. The fish wardens keep minute records on the catch of fish from various areas, the movement of fish, size, weight of fish caught and bait used. Licence fees vary according to residence, fishing location, and the class of fishing- society membership to which the angler suscribes. Membership in a society endows the angler the right to fish in special areas and to receive special treatment generally. A local resident who fishes in a section of a stream set aside in a “coto” with unlimited permits would pay only about 50 pesetas (72 U.S. cents). Fishing in a “coto” where permits are limited would cost twice that amount. Licence fees for those who are not members of societies are substantially higher. At the international level, one body is particularly active in Europe, that is the Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive (CIPS). It groups 23 member countries (all European except for South Africa). Its main purpose is to facilitate sport fishing at the international level. Its statutes which were revised in 1971 make it possible for international federations such as the International Pêche au Coup Federation, the CIPS Sea-Angling Federation and the CIPS Casting International Federation to operate within CIPS with their own statutes. CIPS has permanent committees on tourism, public relations, youth, and water protection. Although the CIPS has done little by way of measuring the importance of sport fishing, the machinery exists to, at least, strongly encourage such studies at the national level through the existing network of anglers' associations. EIFAC is in close collaboration with CIPS. 4. ECONOMIC ISSUES The problems facing sport fisheries in Europe are many and complex. They include problems of water ownership, of increased fishing pressure causing changes in the character of the fishery and of controversy between sport and commercial fishermen. This is further complicated by the increasing level of industrial and domestic pollution, the lack of adequate means to quickly assess the stocks and the rising cost of stock improvement. 4.1 Problems of Ownership In countries where waters are not publicly owned, one of the first problems encountered by the authorities responsible for management and development programmes is the difficulty of establishing the ownership of fishing rights. Apart from certain salmon waters, fishing rights in Northern Ireland, for example, were for many years regarded as having little value. Consequently, they are hard to acquire and are often fragmented. The Ministry has no vested powers and has to rely on acquisition by negotiation. The only exception to this is a power conferred by the Fisheries Act to take over on trust and develop any waters which appear to be derelict. Having acquired rights, access has to be negotiated. As there are almost invariably a number of riparian owners involved at any water, this can be a tedious process, although, fortunately, most landowners are reported to be cooperative. In the Republic of Ireland, also, there is growing evidence that the fisheries are not used to their full economic potentialities (Norling and Gaudet, 1968) and this one tends to attribute to lack of clear responsibility on the part of owners whether they be of the private enterprise class or of a cooperative development association type such as a trust. When sport fisheries are either entirely in private hands and managed according to the dictates of private enterprise or, alternatively, where exclusive fishery rights are not asserted, there is often no management as such. The exception to the matter is where waters have by local assent been entrusted for development to a fund or trust, as we find in Ireland, then an orderly regime of fishing emerges based on good will and cooperation rather than on enforcement of management regulations. 4.2 Problem of Fishing Pressure and Competing Water Uses Increased population density, particularly in large urban centres, and the resulting fishing intensity and pressure on limited stocks may change the character of the fishery. Until about 50 years ago in the Netherlands inland fisheries were nearly completely in the hands of professional fishermen and the fishing effort was well spread over all species of which the fish stock was composed. Three factors, have, however, changed this picture completely. Pollution has put an end to the salmon fisheries and has affected the wellbeing and economic value of other species. Secondly, fishing has become more and more selective. Apart from a certain amount of roach and bream, cyprinids are hardly caught commercially because there is no market for them. This opens the road to unbalanced fish populations with all its dangers. Finally, the development of recreational fisheries has been explosive, especially after World War II (almost one million sport fishermen out of a total population of 13 million people). Apart from Lake LJssel, the area of inland waters that can support the fish stock is certainly not more than 150 000 ha. Hence, fishing pressure, especially in the rest of Holland, is severe and the Government policy now tends to separate eel fishing, mainly reserved for professional fishermen, from fishing for other species mostly reserved for anglers. In Ireland the problems caused by competition and controversies between sport and commercial fishermen were in fact instrumental in bringing the severity of this problem to the attention and study of an international audience at the EIFAC Fourth Session (EIFAC, 1966) and subsequent ones (EIFAC, 1968, 1970, 1972). The First European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries (Gaudet, 1972), which culminated from these recent efforts, is also substantial proof that this problem is now in the foreground. In Poland pressure from anglers and from the existing organized commercial fisheries in inland waters creates considerable controversy between anglers and professional fishermen. Solutions are being sought in legal limitation of fishing both for sport and market depending on the location (access for city population) and the character of the water bodies. Even in Finland, fishing pressure is evident near large population centres. Fifty percent of the whole population of Finland live in the south and south-west coastal region, which comprises 15 percent of the total area of the country. With limited leisure time, mobility is rather restricted. The demand for sport fishing waters is greatest in southern Finland and especially in the vicinity of the biggest cities. Industry also centres around this area. It has been estimated that 10–15 percent of the Finnish lake area is more or less polluted and the shorelines near larger population centres are generally polluted. Due to changes in the quality of the water the annual catch per sport fishermen has decreased in many areas; fishing trips have become longer, the composition of the catch has changed (population of valuable sport fishing fish species has decreased and that of unwanted, worthless species has increased), flavour defects have been noted in fish caught from the polluted waters, etc. 4.3 Problems of Water Pollution Increasing population and migration to already large cities and urban centres in Europe not only increases the pressure on limited stocks but also implies a disastrous increase in water pollution. The 20-odd countries contacted for this study were unanimous in classifying water pollution as the most serious and expensive problem facing inland fisheries in Europe today. In less industrialized areas like the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Norway, water pollution is relatively light, but nevertheless remains a problem. There, enrichment of waters by land drainage, high fertilizer concentrations and pollution emanating from silage pits, poultry and/or pig farms does occur in fertile agricultural areas. This fact was seriously brought home at the FAO/EIFAC Symposium on the Nature and Extent of Water Pollution Problems Affecting Inland Fisheries in Europe (Jablonna, Poland, 1970) (Holden and Lloyd, 1972). In Northern Ireland, where benefit to the land is the major criterion on which decisions about drainage are based, the value of fisheries at risk is taken into account in the cost/benefit analysis which precedes each drainage scheme. In Europe, some fish species have disappeared altogether. The Seventh Session of EIFAC (Amsterdam, 1972) was told that in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in Amsterdam, the maids and servants, before signing a new contract, stated that they did not wish to eat salmon more than three times a week. The fact, as explained by the Head of Fisheries there, is now that very few “maids and also very few Directors, Director-Generals and Ministers in the Netherlands will eat salmon from the Netherlands”. Eutrophication of lakes resulting from domestic pollution is doing severe and lasting damage in most European countries and is high on the priority list of fishery problems even in Switzerland which is renowned for its clear mountain lakes. In Spain industrial development and the torrential character of the rivers have necessitated the construction of numerous barrages blocking the ascent of migratory species but at the same time enlarging by as much as 500 000 ha the water surface available for fish. In Holland and the Federal Republic of Germany water shortage creates very serious conditions. In Holland, salinity increases at times to dangerous levels and the minimum water flow of the Rhine, which occurs too often, increases the effects of pollutants. Inland waters are not alone in being affected by pollution and the seashore of most of Europe is also polluted. This was strongly evidenced at the FAO Technical Conference on Marine Pollution and its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing, Rome, December 1970 (Ruivo, 1972). The effects of changes in the quality of the water on fishing in a study area in Finland was shown as mainly detrimental. The main influencing factor is the sewage from the city of Helsinki. In 1970 the annual catch per leisure time fisherman was only 35 percent of what it was 20 years ago. The fishing grounds have changed. In 1950 leisure time fishing was practised mainly in the inner bays, while nowadays the grounds are shifting or have partly shifted to purer areas further from the city necessitating longer journeys. The change in fishing grounds is also reflected in the composition of the catch and the percentage of Baltic herring, cod and flounder in leisure time fishing catches has become significant. On the basis of the study, it has been estimated that changes in the quality of the water and surroundings have been an obstacle to leisure time fishing. 4.4 Problems of Stock Assessment Population, fishing and pollution pressures call for radical action and strong management measures. But the tools available are not the best. One serious drawback is the difficulty of obtaining rapid information on existing stock levels and on stock changes. The problem facing all fishery administrators is one of stock assessment. It is obviously very difficult to apply rational conservation measures without knowing the size and composition of the fish population which is to be conserved. A second major and related problem, which depends upon satisfactory information being obtained on present stock levels is in stock improvement. Both these problems call for research. In the United Kingdom, the laboratories of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food are actively engaged in research in the field of migratory fish counters (The Natural Environment Research Council, 1972). In France, Poland, the Federal Republic of Germany and Ireland substantive work is being done on electric fishing as a management measure (Vibert, 1967). Stocking of reservoirs, lakes and rivers is necessary and of course very popular. But the operation of hatcheries is costly and, in fact, Denmark, one of the few countries without fishing licences, is seriously considering its imposition partly to defray the expenses of stocking lakes and rivers. A related problem in that country is that of fish diseases. The Communicable Fish Diseases Control Act requires guaranteed non- contaminated fish for stocking rivers heavily exploited by trout farms. 5. FUTURE PROSPECTS Despite the alarming situation caused by water pollution, European countries are generally optimistic for the future of sport fisheries. An example of this attitude in the Netherlands is the planned improvement of the old-fashioned fish passes in River Meuse by replacing them with modern fish locks. If water quality were not to improve, it would be a mere waste of money. There is also hope that the modern fish passes in the delta works and in the three recently constructed barrages in the River Rhine will serve their purpose successfully, which will mean giving passage to important fish species, such as salmon. To increase its water area and reduce mounting fishing pressure, Italy is building small lakes and stocking them regularly. Likewise, the Federal Republic of Germany is building new fish ponds and restoring old ones. The importance of the sport fishery problems and need for improved management have resulted in the Netherlands in the formation of a Federation of anglers' clubs. The responsibility for the management of scaly fish is shifting to sport fishing organizations. It also creates a situation in which anglers can fish many different waters without being faced with the necessity of becoming members of several clubs and associations. Similar action is being contemplated in Switzerland but there the problem, as in the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria, is further complicated because of the federal structure of the country. However, discussions with a view to arriving at a national fishery association aimed at improved management practices are promising. In that country, it is felt that a positive step in water pollution control will be the opening of purifying stations in the near future and the application of a new law on fisheries tailored to modern needs. In an effort to smooth over the controversy between sport and commercial fishermen, it is felt that dissemination of objective information on fishery resources and management will influence public opinion in the right direction. It is also felt that commercial fishing methods should be generally understood as management measures in sport fishing waters. In less industrialized countries, it is more and more realized that the wealth of sport fishing resources should be better protected particularly since they presently have small commercial value and are, therefore, vulnerable to other conflicting interests. With respect to water pollution control, the establishment of water quality criteria for European freshwater fish is given the highest priority on the programme of EIFAC (EIFAC Working Party on Water Quality Criteria, 1964, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972). In fact, major studies have been completed on suspended solids, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and monohydric phenols. Work is continuing on chlorine, zinc, mercury and others. The Commission at various times reasserted its feeling that water quality criteria for fresh-water fish are a first, basic and absolutely necessary step in the management of sport and inland fisheries. Once the criteria for various species of fish and various pollutants are in the hands of the administrators, only then is it possible for them to evaluate the economic and special cost of the water quality they can or must afford in various areas in their country and do so with adequate legislation. Similar criteria are felt necessary for marine fish species and interested international bodies are moving in the same direction as EIFAC in that regard. Intense research in stock assessment, particularly on those techniques necessary for the rapid assessment of fish population is also being coordinated by EIFAC. An International Symposium on Methodology for the Survey, Monitoring and Appraisal of Fishery Resources in Lakes and Large Rivers is being organized in conjunction with the Eighth Session of EIFAC (Scotland, 1974). The cautious optimism of EIFAC members is due to their recent awakening to the value of the sport fishing assets which, belatedly, they are attempting to protect and develop for full realization of their potential. The trend is definitely positive and involves an increasing participation of the persons or groups directly concerned. Some European countries have now recognized the need to evaluate their sport fishing resources not in isolation but in the framework of the total planning of the use of water, recreation in general and the social needs of their population. It is clear that we must determine all of the costs involved in transforming resources into outputs, even social costs. Only when we operate in this fashion will we, as a society, be able to know the exact price of a commodity. As in the case of stock assessment, the techniques need to be developed to assist in this important task. This calls for international coordination such as we find here. FAO and EIFAC are playing an increasing role in assisting governments in the effective management and conservation of their natural land and ocean resources. A sound balance between environmental requirements, the limited availability of resources, the need for economic growth and social amenities need to be established. Data collection and monitoring techniques will play an increasing role in coping with accelerated changes in resource use. It will be essential to ensure that these data are fully utilized both to assist governments in natural resource planning and management and also to forecast and prevent possible detrimental effects of accelerated development on natural resources and the environment. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was compiled from existing information in the EIFAC Secretariat and from data kindly provided by the EIFAC correspondents in all the countries mentioned. Appreciation and sincere thanks are extended to them. 7. REFERENCES Blanc, M. et al., European inland water fish - A multilingual catalogue. EIFAC. London, 1972 Fishing News (Books) Ltd. unpag. Dabrowski, B. and T. WaluĞ, Organization and production of fresh-water fisheries. In 1965 Fresh water fisheries of Poland, edited by T. Backiel. Kraków, PWN, pp. 31–6 EIFAC, Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. Water 1964 quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (1):21 p. , Report of Fourth Session. European Inland Fisheries Advisory 1966 Commission, Belgrade (Yugoslavia) 9–14 May 1966. Rome, FAO, 68 p. , Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. 1968 Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries. EIFAC tech.Pap., (4): 24 p. , Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. 1968 Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly on Slavonic literature, EIFAC Tech.Pap., (6):30 p. EIFAC, Report of the Fifth Session, European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, 1968 Rome (Italy) 20–24 May 1968. Rome, FAO, 73 p. , Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. List 1969 of literature on the effect of water temperature on fish. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (8): 8 p. , Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. 1970 Report on ammonia and inland fisheries. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (11) : 12 p. , Report of the Sixth Session, European Inland Fisheries Advisory 1970a Commission, Kraków (Poland) 18–22 May 1970. Rome, FAO, 71 p. , Working Party on Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish. 1972 Report on monohydric phenols and inland fisheries. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (15) : 19 p. , Report of the Seventh Session, European Inland Fisheries Advisory 1973 Commission, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 24–28 April 1972. Rome, FAO, 73 p. France, Gazette officielle de la Pêche, No. 456, Doc. 585, 10 December 1972 1972 Gaudet, J.-L., Organization of inland fisheries administration in Europe. EIFAC 1968 Tech.Pap., (5) : 74 p. . (ed.), First European consultation on the economic evaluation of sport and 1972 commercial fisheries. Organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Netherlands with the support of EIFAC, The Hague, 24–25 January 1972. The Hague, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Netherlands and FAO/ EIFAC, 147 p. Gottschalk, J.S., Fishery management in Spanish Galicia. Prog.Fish-Cult., 32(3) 1970 Great Britain, Committee on salmon and freshwater fisheries. Report of Committee on 1961 salmon and freshwater fisheries. Presented to Parliament by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, by command of Her Majesty, May 1961. London, HMSO, Cmnd. 1350:151 p. Holden, A.V. and R. Lloyd, Symposium on the nature and extent of water pollution 1972 problems affecting inland fisheries in Europe. Synthesis of national reports. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (16):20 p. Natural Environment Research Council, National angling survey 1969–70, conducted for 1972 the Steering Committee for the National Survey of angling services. London W.C.2, National Opinions Polls Ltd , Research in freshwater biology. 1972 Nat.Environ.Res.Counc.Publ.Ser.(B), (3): 66 p. Norling, I., Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing. EIFAC Tech.Pap., (7) : 96 p. 1968 Norling, I. and J.-L. Gaudet, Summary of the organized discussion on the evaluation of 19618 sport fishing. EIFAC Occ.Pap., (1):24 p. Norway. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Salmon and sea trout fisheries. Oslo, H. 1971 Aschehoug and Co. Paladino, J., Angling in Poland. In Freshwater fisheries in Poland, edited by T. Backiel. 1965 Kraków, PWN, pp. 83–9 Ruivo, M. (ed.), Marine pollution and sea life. London, Fishing News (Books) Ltd 1972 Spain. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General de Montes, Caza y Pesca Fluvial, 1963 Cotos salmoneros de pesca deportiva. Foll.Inf.Serv.Nac.Pesca Fluvial. Caza (Temas Piscic.), (3) : 178 p. Vibert, R. (ed.), Fishing with electricity: its application to biology and management. 1967 Contributions to a Symposium. London, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., 276 p. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF RECREATIONAL FISHERY IN POLAND - LINKS WITH COMMERCIAL FISHERY PROBLEMES ACTUELS DE LA PECHE RECREATIVE EN POLOGNE - SES RAPPORTS AVEC LA PECHE COMMERCIALE

by

Marian Leopold, Asst. Prof. Chief of the Department of Fishery Economics Inland Fisheries Institute Olsztyn Poland

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Recent Developments in Recreational Fishery 2. Status of Recreational Fishery 2.1 Number of Sport Fishermen (Anglers) 2.2 Type of Anglers 2.3 Preferences of Anglers 3. Relations between Angling, Recreation, Commercial Fishery and Status of Water Environment

3.1 Recreation and Angling 3.2 Status of Water Environment and Angling 3.3 Commercial Fishery and Angling 4. Polish Anglers Association 5. Conclusions 6. Acknowledgements Abstract This paper gives a general overview of current problems facing recreational fishery in Poland, in particular recent development in the field of recreational fishery and present state of this fishery. Quite a considerable quantity of data is given on number of fishermen, structure of fishermen and their preferences. The connexion between recreational fishery and commercial fishery is discussed, as well as the impact on water environment. It is emphasized that recreational fishery is a field in which the Polish authorities take a keen interest, and discussions and meetings are held frequently to develop this subject further. Résume L'auteur expose le situation générale et les problèmes de la pêche récréative en Pologne. Il fournit de nombreuses données sur les pêcheurs nombre origine et préférences. Il examine les rapports existant entre pêche récréative et commerciale ainsi que les effets de la péche sportive sur les milieu hydrologique. Il souligne que la pêche récréative retient toute l'attention des autorités polonaises et que des discussions et réunions frequentes visent à son développement ultérieur. 1. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RECREATIONAL FISHERY As member of a group of experts preparing a programme of recreational and commercial fishery development for the Ministry of Agriculture, it must, at the outset, be stated that the status of recreational fishery in Poland has recently undergone significant changes. Recreational fishery is no longer a problem of anglers only. This increasingly recognized recreational activity has become for the experts in many fields a subject of great interest, discussions and at least preliminary studies, both theoretical and practical. This results from two equally important facts, the activity of EIFAC, particularly the organization of the First European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries held in The Hague (Netherlands) in 1972, and the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization observed recently in Poland, resulting in growing demand for recreation generally, and especially for angling. As often stated by Dr. I. Norling (Sweden) consideration of the relationship between recreation and sport fishing is essential. Full illustration of the new status of recreational fishery in Poland is found in the proposed principles regulating recreational fishery from both the Polish Anglers Association (PAA) and the State Fish Farms (SFF) being currently put into effect. Although not the most important of new events in that field, the Symposium on the prospects of sport fishery in Poland organized in February 1973 by the PAA is worth mentioning. The Symposium was attended by over 100 participants; 5 leading and 15 scientific papers were delivered. The range of the problems discussed is best illustrated by the titles of the leading papers: (a) Water management in Poland with respect to environmental protection; status and prospects; (b) A forecast of the development of fishery management in the country; fish resources and exploitation principles; (c) Socio-economic aspects of angling based on world and national experiences; (d) Protection of water environment and fish resources; sociological aspects, legislation; (e) Health and recreational values of angling and factors conditioning their utilization. Papers were delivered by representatives of important institutions such as the Institute of Ecology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, the Inland Fisheries Institute, the Department of Water Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Juridical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Medical Academy of GdaĔsk, the Committee “Man and Environment” of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Agricultural-Technical Academy of Olsztyn, and the Polish Anglers Association, thus illustrating the importance given to these problems. Most important still, the conclusions of the Symposium are currently being put into effect, constituting a part of the programme of activities in the field of recreational fishery of both the Polish Anglers Association and the State Fish Farms. Mention should also be made here of the special TV programmes in which members of the PAA and invited specialists from various institutions discuss the most important problems of recreational fishery. The author of this paper has taken part in two such programmes, one of which concerned the multiplicity of experiences resulting from recreational fishery. One of the basic needs, pointed out by EIFAC, at the First European Consultation in 1972, and resulting from the above-mentioned Symposium is that of gathering and analysing scientific information on recreational fishery. This necessity is being now faced by the Department of Fishery Economics of the Inland Fisheries Institute. In recent years we have carried out also a pilot study which constitutes an important contribution to the study of recreational fishery. 2. STATUS OF RECREATIONAL FISHERY 2.1 Number of Sport Fishermen (Anglers) There are two types of data which serve as a basis for estimating the number of sport fishermen in Poland: (a) detailed statistics of the Polish Anglers Association (PAA), and (b) estimates of the number of anglers outside the PAA, who could be considered as illegal anglers or even poachers (the latter qualificative, however, is evolving in meaning as it is possible to buy periodic licences for angling also by people outside the PAA). Until recently estimates were obtained exclusively from the PAA. Currently, as a result of pilot studies, we also have at our disposal estimates made by State Fish Farms (SFF) at least with respect to lakes. Estimates of the PAA seem reliable, while estimates of anglers outside PAA need to be treated very carefully. The problem concerning the total number of anglers is important and should be properly explained, because it can distort the real picture of the status of recreational fishery in Poland. The questions are (a) whether only PAA members should be treated as sport fishermen, and (b) whether the estimate of the number of anglers outside of the PAA is reliable. As far as question (a) is concerned it seems that the answer here is univocal. A sport fisherman is a person who practises angling for pleasure and recreation according to factual principles distinguishing it as sport fishery, and not only according to regulations of a formal nature. Indirectly this is also acknowledged by the PAA which states that outside its framework there is a number of illegal anglers. In 1970 PAA estimated the number of such anglers to be twice as high as the number of its members. This significantly changes the data given in Table 1 in EIFAC Occasional Paper No. 7 (1973) according to which the number of sport fishermen in Poland amounts to 400 thousand persons, constituting 1.3 percent of the total population. In reality, assuming of course that the above-mentioned estimate of the PAA is a correct one, this number becomes 1 200 000 persons and about 4 percent of the total population. Now with respect to question (b), is the estimate of the number of anglers outside of the PAA reliable? This is difficult to say. However, based on studies carried out in State Fish Farms, it can be stated that the impact of such anglers on lakes is, most probably, lower than can be deducted from the estimates of PAA. Assuming that the percentage of illegal anglers on lakes is similar to that of legal anglers, we obtain a number four times as high as the estimate of the State Fish Farms. Considering that the PAA estimate includes practically all waters in Poland, including about 30 000 km of rivers, its estimate may be close to reality. Assuming that the estimate of the PAA is a reliable one, another important question arises: will the ratio between the PAA members and anglers outside of the PAA (currently 1:2) remain at the same level in future? The answer seems to be yes. This is supported by two facts. In the first place non-members of the PAA can buy periodic licences for angling; secondly, anglers legalize their activity some time after they have started fishing for recreation (see Fig. 1). Hence, the current (1975) number of sport fishermen in Poland is estimated by PAA at 535 000 members of the PAA plus 1 070 000 persons outside of the PAA, totalling 1 605 000 persons. Consequently, the percentage of sport fishermen in the relation to the total population amounts to 4.7 percent. 2.2 Type of Anglers The study carried out by the Department, in accordance with the recommendations of EIFAC, had the character of a pilot study and covered 39 State Fish Farms managing over 250.000 ha of lakes. Three different regions were distinguished, regions with: (a) a relatively low level of urbanization and the largest area of lakes; (b) a relatively higher level of urbanization and lower area of lakes; (c) the highest level of urbanization and lowest area of lakes. The results regarding local, visiting and foreign anglers, or angler members and nonmembers of the PAA, or legal, semi-legal and illegal anglers, are given in Table 1. All figures in the table express percentages of the total number of anglers studied. Although this was only a pilot study and the resulting data are a rough evaluation, nevertheless figures given in the table reflect some important factors: (a) a relatively higher number of local anglers in the more urbanized regions with poorer lake resources, as opposed to visiting anglers; (b) a higher number of anglers outside of the PAA in the region with less lakes and higher urbanization; (c) a decisively higher number of illegal and semi-legal anglers in the region as above. Table 1 Analysis of the Structure of Anglers on Waters belonging to State Fish Farms (in percentages of the total number of anglers studied) Total Of this Of this Of this Hectares number of Non- Region Member Semi- per angler anglers in Local Visiting Foreign members Legal Illegal s of PAA legal percent of PAA I 1.09 100 23.4 72.4 4.2 85.6 14.4 68.9 18.3 12.8 II 0.64 100 35.3 58.6 6.1 84.9 15.1 54.6 27.7 17.7 III 0.30 100 42.8 55.1 2.1 78.9 21.1 42.9 36.2 20.9 for the whole 0.66 100 34.3 61.4 4.3 83.1 16.9 54.9 27.8 17.3 material Within the framework of our studies we asked the State Fish Farms to express their opinion as to which of the above-mentioned categories of anglers is thought to have a more negative impact on fish stock and fishery management in lakes. Their opinion, expressed in percentages of the lake area influenced negatively by various categories of anglers, is summarized in Table 2. Table 2 Negative Impact of given Categories of Anglers on Lakes (in percentages of the total area) Percent of Area under Category of Anglers Negative Impact Members of the PAA 20.9 Non-members of the PAA 4.4

Local 34.3 Visiting 18.9

Illegal 11.0 Semi-legal 26.6 Legal None

From the above table an extremely important conclusion can be drawn. State Fish Farms, and thus representatives of commercial fishery, clearly state that angling activities performed according to proper legislation, i.e., by legal anglers, do not have any great negative impact on waters exploited by commercial fishery. This conclusion supports the author's opinion that a controversy between commercial and recreational fishery is only apparent. It results from Table 2 that the strongest negative impact on lakes is noted in the case of local anglers, semi-legal anglers and members of the PAA. It is thought that these results point to the necessity of undertaking future studies also in this direction. Mention should also be made of certain views of the SFF, according to which the anglers outside of the PAA, or even those not possessing any documents, perform their activity only for pleasure and recreation. Variety in the views expressed is very characteristic of these studies. The division of anglers into: (a) members belonging (or not) to the PAA, (b) local, visiting and foreign, and (c) anglers with documents (legal), with discordant documents (semi-legal), or without documents (illegal), was a methodical mistake. In order to obtain conclusive opinions it would be necessary to ascribe definite numerical values to proper elements of Fig. 2. The whole problem is even more complicated by the fact that we do not have a precise definition of recreational fishery enabling us to compare material from different countries. It would be advisable to establish an ad hoc working party during the next EIFAC Session, aimed at resolving this problem. This proposition seems to be fully justified in view of the growing significance of recreational fishery. 2.3 Preferences of Anglers Within the framework of the pilot study carried out in State Fish Farms we have tried to get at least a general idea on basic preferences of anglers. The types of lakes and fish species mostly favoured by anglers were analysed. The results are given in Table 3. The five most important game species in all lakes are: pike, eel, roach, perch, pike-perch. The third region, however, presents a totally different picture than the general one; in this region eel is the most important game fish, and perch is replaced by carp. This dissimilarity results from the fact that this region is characterized by a more intensive fishery management, expressed by intensive eel stocking and the introduction of carp culture on some of the lakes. These data differ from the PAA material, according to which the highest share in the catches is composed of roach, pike, bream and perch. However, this is quite understandable since the PAA data not only deal with lakes, but with a large area of other types of waters in which such species as eel and pike-perch are not too common. The opinion of the State Fish Farms is also influenced by the fact that these species are important for commercial fishery and hence they are given a higher rank. The impact of anglers and “poachers” on lakes is illustrated in Table 4. Table 3 Fish Species preferred by Anglers (average ranks) Lake Region Pike Eel Roach Perch Pikeperch Bream Carp Tench Others Remarks whitefish All lakes 1.6 3.0 4.3 5.3 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.4 7.4 I 1.4 4.1 4.0 5.2 5.3 6.3 7.1 7.4 6.6 7.6 II 1.7 2.5 4.2 4.9 6.0 6.5 7.2 7.2 7.7 7.1 Òne Fish Farm mention s salmon on the first place III 2.1 1.8 5.0 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 7.4 8.1 7.9 Table 4 Percent of Fish Farms stating that the given Feature of a lake determines a given Impact

Impact of Anglers Poachers Feature of lake

Lake localization 48.7 66.7 Abundance of fish 48.7 28.2 Character of the lake 51.3 30.8 Other 2.6 7.7

Preference as to the locality of the lake for anglers is totally different from that of poachers - the first prefer lakes situated close to recreational facilities, urban areas, and good roads - the latter not. The same is observed with respect to the type of lake; the anglers are more demanding. Demand of anglers for the type of abundance of fish stock in lakes served, among others, as a basis for defining general types of anglers and investment needs connected with these types. This is illustrated in Fig. 3. In Poland anglers belonging to the “manager” type devote their activity not to fish catching but to fish culture, such as the management of small water bodies, frequently turning them into good fishing areas. This is probably the main reason for the large increase in the number of PAA members fishing on the so-called “minute” water bodies. According to the PAA data this number increased from 9 000 in 1971 to 31 000 in 1974. It would seem necessary to initiate serious studies aimed at elaborating a model which would integrate all our knowledge on needs and preferences of different types of anglers, with proper attention being paid to geographic, natural and economic conditions. A model of this kind must be based on studies of several specialists from various fields, and at least of sociologists, psychologists, economists, ecologists and geographers. 3. RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLING, RECREATION, COMMERCIAL FISHERY AND STATUS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT A general model of the relations and interactions between angling and related fields of human activities is illustrated in Fig. 4. The stimulating effect of the economic development on fishery and recreation as well as its impact on water environment, is not discussed here due to the fact that these problems do not enter into the scope of the paper. Discussion is restricted to the elements closely related to angling. In order to obtain a clear picture these elements are treated separately. 3.1 Recreation and Angling Interaction between recreation and angling in its simplest form takes place (as it is seen in the model) either directly, or indirectly through water environment or commercial fishery. Direct effect of recreation on angling is expressed mainly by the “discovery” of the values of angling in the course of general recreational activities. This results from the extremely strong attractiveness of water environment with respect to recreation. Our pilot studies showed that permanent recreational facilities are found in more than 44 percent of the area, and 13 percent of the lakes. Direct connexion between recreation and angling is also expressed by the location of lakes. In most cases attention is being given to lakes with permanent recreational facilities. It should, however, also be remembered that for a number of anglers which look mainly for peace and silence, this may be a negative feature. Negative impact of recreation on angling may also occur during the period between the “discovery” of the values of angling and the legalization of the angling activities. During that period in Poland fishing is considered illegal or as poaching. Almost 36 percent of the State Fish Farms, analysed in the course of our pilot study, connect the development of recreation with poaching. Although the term “poaching”, according to Fig. 2, is not meant here as a totally negative activity, the opinion of State Fish Farms should be noted. This is also strictly connected with an indirect effect of recreation on angling, occurring through commercial fishery. This effect is of factual, as well as of psychological, character. The factual effect is expressed mainly by negative impacts of recreational activities on commercial fishery. For example, all State Fish Farms analysed state that the development of recreation, on and close to the lakes, makes the use of trap and gillnets totally impossible. As the Fish Farms reported, these nets are being destroyed (mainly by boats), displaced or even stolen. It is obvious that the resulting impossibility of carrying out rational fishery management affects the fish resources negatively and, consequently, also angling. The psychological effect results from the fact that the general opinion connects poaching with the development of recreation. Taking into account relationships existing between recreation and angling, it is well understood that poaching is also being connected with angling. Forty-six percent of the State Fish Farms analysed mention the latter connexion. Consequently, in many cases angling is unfavourably looked upon and becomes a source of misunderstanding between SFF and PAA. This misunderstanding, however, is becoming less and less frequent due to the fact that rapid development of recreational activities, through their impact on water environment, affects negatively both commercial fishery and angling. Negative effect of recreation on angling consists mainly of water pollution by motor boats. State Fish Farms state that pollution resulting from the use of motorboats is noted on 30 percent of the total area of lakes. Although, for the time being, the level of pollution is not too high, it is certain that it will increase in future and may become dangerous. In my opinion the interactions between recreation and angling point to the necessity of undertaking proper studies in this field. 3.2 Status of Water Environment and Angling Direct or indirect effects of the status of water environment on angling are commonly known and do not need any detailed explanations. It is, however, worth mentioning that in all activities connected with the protection of water environment, too little attention is paid to economic aspects of the problem, and to the possibility of using economic calculations. It is necessary to undertake studies on the economic aspects of the protection of water environment and landscaping. Such studies should be introduced into the cost/benefit calculations. These difficult problems require the collaboration of many specialists from various fields, but, nevertheless, their solution is an unquestionable necessity. 3.3 Commercial Fishery and Angling Apart from the indirect relations existing between commercial fishery and angling, it seems advisable to carry out a more detailed analysis of the direct connexions between the two activities. In Poland, lake fishery constitutes the main field of common interest of commercial fishery and angling, hence this discussion will be restricted to lakes. From about 400 000 ha of inland waters suitable for angling, the Polish Anglers Association utilizes about 280 000 for recreation, out of which 58 percent consists of lakes managed by State Fish Farms. Members of the PAA utilize over 57 percent of the total area of lakes belonging to State Fish Farms. It is quite understandable that independent of common interests, such a situation gives rise to several conflicts worsened by the fact that there exists a number of semi-legal and illegal anglers. At the same time, however, intensive activity of the PAA against various forms of poaching, and restrictions directed toward anglers not belonging to the PAA, semi-legal and illegal, on one hand, and the same kind of activity of SFF against semi-legal and illegal anglers on the other, integrates the interests of both institutions. The closest cooperation between the PAA and State Fish Farms is noted with respect to the activities directed against water pollution. It can even be stated that the activity of the PAA in this field is more consistent than that of the State Fish Farms, mainly because PAA utilize rivers more polluted than lakes. For example, on the PAA initiative, emergency stations of environmental pollution were established at the existing Polish centres of environmental research and control. These emergency stations are equipped with the so-called “green telephones” operating 24 hours daily, and anyone who notices severe water pollution can notify the station. This is but one example of the fruitful activity of the PAA in this field. Maximum interaction between commercial and recreational fishery is noted with respect to water management and its final purpose - fish catching. From the production point of view, angling, independent of its recreational values, can be regarded as a specific form of exploitation; a form of obtaining fish and certainly not an unimportant one. The PAA data are based on questionnaire studies carried out among about 38 percent of the PAA members. According to the estimates of State Fish Farms, the level of the anglers' catches reaches about 40 percent of that of the commercial catches, while according to the PAA, this percentage amounts to about 38 percent. Anglers' catches on the lakes, expressed in kg of fish per one ha, amount to over 10 kg/ha, and hence it reaches a rather significant level. Moreover, the State Fish Farms counted also what they call poachers' catches. Adding these numbers to the above figures, the total catch of anglers amounts to 52 percent of the commercial catch, and to 14 kg of fish per one ha of lake area. Marginally, it should be noted that the catch of local anglers, estimated on the basis of our pilot study, is almost 80 percent higher than the catch of visiting anglers. This result fully agrees with the data on the negative impact of local and visiting anglers, presented in Table 2, and obtained in a totally different way. This consistent result is clearly visible also in the three regions; in region I the anglers' catch amounts to about 30 percent of commercial catch (see Table 1), while in region III it reaches over 80 percent. Irrespective of the adopted approach, it is absolutely certain that recreational fishery is one of the factors lowering the effects of commercial fishery management. (The author wishes to underline that in the above statement he consciously did not take into account cost/benefit calculation in its broad sense.) Negative effect of angling on the effectiveness of investments undertaken by State Fish Farms in the field of water management is well exemplified by eel stocking. Eel stocking in Poland is carried out by practically all State Fish Farms. Anglers' eel catches, however, amount to over 70 percent of the total eel catch of the State Fish Farms. Conversely, the problem can also be looked upon from a recreational fishery point of view. From this point of view commercial fishery (independent of the intensification of fish production) restricts anglers' catches, either by prohibition, or by depleting fish resources through commercial exploitation. To summarize, the whole problem could be reduced to absurdity by adopting two extreme attitudes; that of a commercial fisherman who thinks that recreational fishery should be totally liquidated, and of a recreational fisherman who thinks the same of commercial fishery. Complete lack of logic in these attitudes was already discussed in the author's paper presented at the First European Consultation on Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries, 1972. The most valuable and, correct principles as regards water environment are that water must be clean, that water must produce, and that water must be utilized for recreation, angling included. This has been already satisfactorily recognized in Poland. This recognition is expressed in our legislation, being now either put into effect, or in an advanced stage of preparation, aimed at optimal fulfilment of these principles. The author summarizes only the most relevant points of this legislation. First of all, mention should be made of the new angling legislation adopted by the PAA for all waters, and of the legislation concerning angling on waters exploited by SFF. The most important point in the legislation concerning waters exploited by SFF is the proposal of dividing these waters into three categories: ˰ waters assigned to very intensive commercial fishery, or fish culture, where angling will be totally prohibited. It is planned that the surface area of such waters will be relatively small. ˰ waters with intensive fishery management, partially open for angling. State Fish Farms will issue limited angling permits on these waters. It is planned that such waters will occupy a medium surface area. ˰ waters generally open, with an unlimited number of anglers. This type of waters will occupy the largest area. Another type of legislation worth paying attention to is that aimed at the protection of fish resources on one hand, and the true anglers on the other as opposed to “pot- hunters”, who try to catch as many fishes as possible as if seized with a special mania for records. This legislation limits the level of daily catches. The legislation covers regulations issued by the PAA, and the proposal prepared by State Fish Farms. They differ only slightly, generally adopting the following principles: (a) daily limits per species caught and total number, (b) daily weight limits. Further new legislation deals with variable angling fees, periodic angling licences and, finally, with a special permit for angling under the ice. It is difficult to state now whether this legislation will stand the test in practice, but for the time being it seems to be satisfactory. The above legislation regulates, among other things, the relation between the two apparently competitive activities, i.e., commercial and recreational fishery; “apparently” because, although the recent years are characterized by a rapid development of angling, commercial fishery production has also increased. Facts are facts, and they prove that the co-existence of both activities is not only possible, but necessary. 4. POLISH ANGLERS ASSOCIATION The Polish Anglers Association is the only angler organization in Poland. This very large organization (over half a million members) carries out a variety of activities. Although some were mentioned, it is appropriate to illustrate a few more. The social structure of member anglers is as follows: Employed 65.5 percent Of this: White collar workers 24.0 percent Manual workers 41.5 percent Unemployed (youth and retired) 34.5 percent Of this: Youth 18.7 percent Retired 15.8 percent Total 100 percent

Members of the PAA are organized in groups. In 1974 the number of these groups exceeded 1 300. The percentage of country people (peasants) in the PAA is rather low, less than 6 percent. At the same time, the so-called “local” anglers originate mainly from among these people. The Polish Anglers Association is trying to incorporate this social group into its framework. Notwithstanding the variety of the PAA activities, they are generally carried out in two main directions: (a) sport and tourism, and (b) fishery and angling management. The range of these activities can be illustrated by the following 1974 statistics: ˰ 185 000 people participated in various sport angling competitions organized by the PAA; ˰ 241 000 people participated in almost 10 000 touristic and angling excursions; ˰ PAA owns 43 recreational and touristic centres with accommodation for almost 1 000 people; ˰ 78 000 ha of waters are managed by the PAA; ˰ 300 000 ha of waters are supervised and protected by the “social guards” of the PAA; ˰ PAA carries out important stocking of rainbow trout, brook trout and salmon; ˰ PAA produces its own stocking material (over 5 kg of stocking material per 1 ha of utilized waters); ˰ PAA carries out where necessary commercial exploitation on the waters it manages. Normally, commercial fishery exploitation results in three functions, viz: it provides marketable fish; is used as a management measure and constitutes a source of information on the state of exploited fish stock (population). The first function is of course restricted to a minimum. Nevertheless, purposeful commercial exploitation, used as a management measure and for the assessment of fish stock, is now considered as a necessary economic activity. 5. CONCLUSIONS (a) In Poland angling is becoming an increasingly recognized form of recreational activity and the subject of broad interest; (b) In the recent years, development of angling is increasing by about 10 percent yearly; (c) The total number of anglers in Poland amounts to about 1.9 million. Of this over 0.5 million are members of the Polish Anglers Association; (d) The progression from poacher to legal angler most frequently follows the pattern of general recreation, illegal angling recreation, legal angling recreation; (e) Angling activity on Polish lakes is performed by local anglers, 34.3 percent, visiting anglers, 61.4 percent and foreigners, 4.3 percent; 83.1 percent of these are members of the PAA, and 16.9 percent anglers are not in the PAA. From another point of view, 54.9 percent are considered legal anglers, 27.8 percent semi-legal and 17.3 percent illegal anglers; (f) According to SFF, the strongest negative impact on fishery management is noted in the case of local anglers, semi-legal anglers and members of the PAA; (g) The fish species preferred by anglers are: pike, eel, roach, perch and pike- perch, in that order; (h) There is a close relationship and interaction between commercial fishery, angling and recreation; (i) Recreation in its broad sense stimulates the development of angling. However, taking account of its negative impact on commercial fishery and the risks of water pollution, it can have a negative effect on angling; (j) It is estimated that anglers catch as much as 40 percent of commercial catches of State Fish Farms in lakes; (k) Conflicts between commercial and recreational fishery have, in the recent years, decreased because of the satisfactory development of both activities. This is confirmed by the fruitful cooperation existing between them. (l) The general principles that water must be clean, that it must produce and that it must be utilized for recreation are being seriously adhered to in Poland. (m) The legislation currently introduced in Poland is aimed at regulating, among other things, the numerous links between commercial and recreational fishery and at stimulating a sound development of the two activities. (n) The Polish Anglers Association should be treated as an institution of high importance. (o) It seems necessary to further study the following problems: (i) estimating the number of illegal anglers (an elaboration of a proper methodical approach); (ii) the impact of different categories of anglers on lakes; (iii) elaborating a model which would integrate all knowledge of needs and preferences of different types of anglers, paying attention to geographical, natural and economic conditions (in cooperation with sociologists, psychologists, economists, ecologists, geographers, etc.); (iv) the interactions between recreation and angling; (v) the economic aspects of water environment protection (using economic value of recreational fishery in cost/benefit calculations). (p) It is necessary to define basic terms connected with recreational fishery, such as for example “angler”, “sport fisherman”, “poacher”, “local angler”, etc., at least in order to be able to compare the data from different countries. To fulfil this need it would be advisable to establish an ad hoc working party during the next EIFAC Session. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Mrs. M. BniĔska for her kind help in preparing this report and to Mr. J. Paladino from the Polish Anglers Association for supplying the author with the necessary data. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Preferences and needs of recreational anglers Figure 4 DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT FISHERIES IN THE NETHERLANDS DEVELOPEMENT DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE AUX PAYS-BAS

by

B. Steinmetz Directorate of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Bezuidenhoutseweg 73, The Hague, The Netherlands

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Introduction 2. Supply-Demand Analysis 2.1 General Set-up 2.2 The Supply 2.3 The Demand 3. References

Abstract This paper describes a supply-demand analysis which has been elaborated in the Netherlands with a view to arriving at an optimal allocation of the available sport fishery resources in each province and also on the national level. Résumé L'auteur décrit une analyse de l'offre et de la demande faite aux Pays-Bas en vue de permettre une affectation optimale des ressources en matière de pêche sportive dans chaque province et à l'échelon national. 1. INTRODUCTION During the First European Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries (1972) the attention was focused on the data needed by the Inland Fisheries Administration for the development of an inland fishery policy (Steinmetz, 1972). It was stated that policy planning should distinguish between the following stages: ˰ the formulation of objectives based on normal and factual data; ˰ the indication of the alternatives to realize the objectives; ˰ the selection from the alternatives by the responsible authority after consultation with the interested parties; ˰ the establishment of a policy for the near, middle and distant future; ˰ the evaluation and possible adaptation of the policy pursued. In dealing with this problem it becomes clear that first of all information with regard to the present and to the future should be available, viz: ˰ urban and regional planning and outdoor recreation; ˰ numbers of anglers and commercial fishermen and their distribution; ˰ availability of fishing waters. Secondly, that a supply-demand analysis (model) should be made. Such an analysis has to be made on three levels, namely, national, regional and local. Based on the results of the national angling survey (ITS, 1975) the (national) policy of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is critically reviewed, but no fundamental change of this policy seems to be needed. Angling in the Netherlands is an increasingly important form of outdoor recreation in which all groups and classes of the Dutch (male) population participate. In 1972, 1.4 million Dutchmen (97 percent male) went fishing once or several times in the Dutch rivers and inland waters; especially during the summer weekends. About 800 000 male legal anglers (with fishing license) (average fishing frequency per season 43 times), 400 000 male illegal anglers (average fishing frequency at least 11 times) and women and children younger than 15 years form the total angling population. Clear-cut wishes of legal anglers (those with a fishing license) with regard to special angling waters do not exist. However, in general they want clear and clean water with a good fish stock - especially roach/rudd and bream - in a natural and quiet environment within a short distance from their homes. It is also important to know that 70 percent of the fishing trips of the legal angler is made to the same spot; furthermore about 70 percent of them fish from the same place during the whole fishing trip. In many aspects there is a striking resemblance in the behaviour of the Dutch and the English course fisherman (N.O.P. Market Research, 1971). It is clear that the allocation of the available resources to improve the inland fisheries must be based on a detailed supply- demand analysis. On the other hand, it is a national responsibility to enlarge (or diminish) the available resources. The long-term policy of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is given below: ˰ to make the Dutch rivers and inland waters, where usable for fishing, suitable for angling and commercial fishing. Priority is given to sport fishing without neglecting the interests of the commercial side. For the IJsselmeer1/ (200 000 ha) a committee with representatives of both groups advises the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries; ˰ to improve the value of the Dutch fish stock for both groups; ˰ to develop new opportunities for anglers; especially near town areas; ˰ to place the responsibility for the management of scale fish (e.g., bream, roach, pike) on the anglers association but leaving the management of the eel to the commercial fishermen. Consequently, local angler clubs manage the fish stocks in local waters whereas regional master-organizations will do this for waters of regional significance; ˰ to promote further cooperation between angler associations with the purpose of enlarging the coverage of the general fishing permit introduced in 1974 for large public waters; ˰ to draw up a supply-demand analysis for each of the eleven provinces for the sport fishery every five years. 1 With priority for the commercial fisheries Most of these aims are for the moment realized step by step (Steinmetz and Westerdiep, 1972). Attention should now be paid to the set-up of the supply-demand analysis which will soon be initiated. 2. SUPPLY-DEMAND ANALYSIS 2.1 General Set-up It was decided that these eleven supply-demand analyses should be based for comparability purposes on the same framework. A commission with participants from different departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries was appointed to set up this framework which will give the opportunity to arrive at an optimal allocation of the available resources in each province, and also at the national level. 2.2 The Supply Within the framework of this supply-demand analysis each province will first be subdivided into units, which, from the fishery point of view, can be managed or can be considered as a management unit. Different types of units are distinguished;  Polders  Reservoir systems (lakes, etc.)  Rivers, canals, etc.  Various other waters (gravel/sandpits, city ponds, etc.) Within these units sub-units can be introduced. For every sub-unit the following information will be entered on a standardized computer form, whereas the information mentioned under points 4–13 will be indicated on topographical maps 1:10 000: (a) Official name and location (b) Type of water (mentioned above) (c) Surface (hectares) (d) Length of banks (in metres) (e) Average depth (in metres) (f) Desirability to use fishing boats (g) Number of landing stages (h) Slipways (i) Facilities for handicapped anglers (j) Water area and length of banks not used for sport fishing (k) Area(s) used by sport and commercial fishermen (l) Limitations with regard to the fishing right, accessibility (juridical and/or technical), talus, bank and water vegetation and water quality. All the measures are given in metres or hectares. (m) Use of the same water by other outdoor recreation participants. When the inventory has been made it will be possible to obtain information about the available fishing waters (surface, bank length, etc.) directly by the use of a computer. Measures can be checked when the supply-demand analysis is made. 2.3 The Demand For a first exploration of the demand for fishing possibilities in each province during the next five years - up to 1980 - the assistance of the Institute for Land and Water Management Research (ICW) in Wageningen was asked. The following information proved to be of importance for the investigation: ˰ data on numbers of legal anglers in each province during the period of 1963–74 (Directorate of Fisheries, 1963–74); ˰ results of the national angling survey (ITS, 1975); ˰ prognoses of the development of the Dutch population (RPD, 1974). The data on numbers of legal anglers in the Netherlands are based on the licenses issued. Three types of licenses are in existence: ˰ the angling certificate - for fishing with one rod only, no bob, spinning and live baiting (not needed for children under 15 years); ˰ the angling license - for fishing with two rods, a bob spinning and live baiting (earlier called small angling license); ˰ the fishing license - for all types of fishing gear permitted by law. Because of the relatively small number issued, they are not considered (earlier called big angling license). For each province the trend in the issued numbers of angling certificates and angling licenses was studied in relation to the population growth and the time factor. Two equations were used, in which the time is the explanatory factor; V = a.t + b - linear regression equation t (1)

- logistic equation (2)

Vt = number of licenses issued in year a, b, Į, Ȗ and Ȣ parameters to define It was possible for the angling certificates to construct a logistic growth curve for five of the eleven provinces. However, the upper limits are quite different. In the province of Utrecht the upper limit is 2.75 (± 0.09)1/ angling certificates per 100 inhabitants, while in Friesland this is 7.23 (± 0.34)1. This probably cannot be explained by the availability of fishing waters. 1 Standard deviation at 95 percent certainty level The number of angling licenses per 100 inhabitants in the period up to 1980 in all the eleven provinces can be estimated more accurately with a linear regression equation than with a logistic one. The following demand model, which will be tried out in the near future, has been developed for an estimate of the number of fishing trips to be made during the period of June up to August 1980:

D80 (3) = D 1980 = number of fishing trips in the period of June up to August 1980 P = population in 1980 = number of anglers with an angling certificate per 100 inhabitants in 1980 = idem with an angling license IF = illegal fishermen in 1980 Y = younger people under 15 years in 1980 f 1.2.3.4. = fishing frequency in 1980 of the different groups The restriction of this demand estimate for the summer period is based on data with regard to the fishing frequencies in different periods (ITS, 1975) and on the assumption that the participation in other forms of outdoor recreation is than also at its highest. One of the problems to be solved is that in six of the eleven provinces the number of angling certificates per 100 inhabitants in 1980 cannot be estimated with the equations given earlier. As a first approach the total number of legal anglers per 100 inhabitants in 1980 will be studied with the logistic growth equation. Because of the fact that the number of anglers with an angling license can be estimated with linear regression, the difference between the total and the latter gives an idea of the number of anglers with an angling certificate (per 100 inhabitants in 1980). Besides the information on numbers of legal anglers, information must be available with regard to illegal anglers, youth, fishing frequencies with distribution on summer, autumn and winter, distances travelled and anglers fishing in other provinces. The number of illegal anglers in this investigation was estimated based on the results of the National Angling Survey (ITS, 1975). Information was gathered about the geographical distribution of the legal and the illegal angler. Thus it became possible to calculate the number of illegal anglers per 100 legal ones, which results in the factor ȕ, needed for the following formula:

IFt = ȕ.(ACt + ALt) (4) IFt = number of illegal anglers in year t

ACt = idem legal anglers with angling certificates

ALt = idem legal anglers with angling license It is supposed that this factor will be constant within a period of five years. Information with regard to sport fishing by young people is scarce. Research into the leisure activities of boys and girls in the age group of 10 to 16 revealed however that one girl to three boys fishes instead of 1 female to about 30 male of the groups of 15 years and older (ITS, 1974/75). Only a rough estimate based on total population data can be used. It is supposed that the group includes approximately 5 percent of the total population and that they fish with the same frequency (48x) as the age group of 15 to 24 years old (ITS, 1975). An examination of the available information (Table 1) confirms that the results of the national angling research can be used for the demand model. Table 1 Fishing Frequencies in Several Studies Average fishing frequency Study June up to August Total per season Angling certificate Angling license Nat. angl. survey (ITS, 1975) 43 22 28 Utrecht (Kamphorst, 1969) at least 29 Drente (van Ocstrum, 1971) 55 Brielse Maas (ITS, 1972) Lek (ITS, 1972) 49 Polder Achttienhoven (ITS, 1972) Grevelingen (Steinmetz, 1973) 41a/ 50b/ England (NOP Market Res. Ltd., c/ 42 1971) a Bank fishing b Boat fishing c Course fishermen The total demand for fishing trips per province during the period June–August can now be calculated. However, three steps have to be determined before indications can be taken from a supply-demand analysis. The first step is a further allocation of the total number of fishing trips in a province to the municipalities in that province. This can be done as follows:

Dn' (5)

Dn' '80 = number of fishing trips from municipality n in province x

Dx' '80 = number of fishing trips in province x

ACn = number of angling certificates issued in 1972/73 in municipality n

ALn = idem for angling licenses

ACx = total number of angling certificates issued in 1972/73 in province x

ALx = idem for angling licences The number of angling certificates and licenses issued per municipality are published (Steinmetz, 1974). Normally every year this information will be available as a report. Furthermore, it has to be pointed out that this approach (5) is possible only because a very small percentage of all licenses issued were bought in another place than the dwelling place of the angler (ITS, 1975). However, it is possible that large numbers of foreign anglers will be attracted by, for example, good trout catches as happened on the Veerse Meer in 1968–71. The second step is the introduction of the distance an angler is prepared to travel. The National Angling Survey (ITS, 1975) makes it clear that about half of all fishing trips are made within a distance of 5 km of the dwelling and 60 percent within 10 km. The average distance to the fishing water that is visited most frequently is 12.5 km. However, 21 percent of the anglers travel 20 km or more. Generally speaking the fishing waters should be located near the town areas in accordance with the long-term policy of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Recreation and Social Work. A distance of up to 10 km will therefore be chosen. Under special circumstances, however, as in the case of very good catches, the angler is prepared to travel greater distances, as happened at Grevelingen (Steinmetz, 1973). A solution for fishing trips made to other provinces is still under study. The last step before the supply-demand confrontation is the allocation in time, which month(s), day(s) and hours have to be considered. Two possibilities are studied. The first is the construction of exceedance curves (see Figure 1) (and the choice of a “norm day”). The results of three small studies (Steinmetz, unpublished) and a more theoretical approach (Lier, 1971) indicates that they are quite different: ˰ “Hoensbroek” is a town pond of 5 ha; ˰ “Wellerlooi” is a newly created fish pond of 1 ha, about 2 km from the small village of Wellerlooi; ˰ “Achttienhoven” is a polder at a greater distance from urban centres; ˰ “Lopikerwaard” is also a polder at a distance of about 10 km from the nearest city. Moreover, the number of fishing trips made in the late afternoon (17.00 hours and later), which depends largely on the location of the area, has a strong influence on the shape of the curve. In Hoensbroek more than 25 percent of the fishing trips made in the summer of 1975-almost 10 000 on 5 ha of water - were started at 17.00 hours or later. In Wellerlooi within the same period almost 9 500 fishing trips on only 1 ha of water, 19 percent concerned “evening trips”, while in Achttienhoven with 4 300 fishing trips on several ha of water only 4 percent were “evening trips”. Nor is it clear whether a chosen “norm” day concerns a Saturday or a Sunday. Therefore a more direct approach was tried. In the following table (Table 2) this is done for the three areas already mentioned. Table 2 Percentage Per Day of the Total Fishing Trips - June up to August 1975 for Three Objects Object Day Sat. Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. “Hoensbroek” 18.7 16.1 13.0 12.8 13.7 12.8 12.9 “Wellerlooi” 15.8 16.4 11.4 11.3 15.8 13.6 13.2 “Achttienhoven” 29.5 29.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 8.1 7.4

After the solution of this problem the circulation factor has to be taken into account for the calculation of the maximum-momentary visit. (This factor is 1.5, while the maximum-moment of the visits is reached at 21.00 hours on weekend days as well as on weekdays (ITS, 1975).) The problem indicated here above will be studied more thoroughly. It cannot be denied, however, that it has also political aspects because of the influence of the distance. Some studies were initiated. On six fishing areas postal inquiries were handed to the visiting anglers during two or three summer days, while a greater number of countings of anglers visiting these areas was organized. With regard to this approach it is interesting to note that the response, with one reminder after a week, was as high as between 70 and 88 percent. The information gathered concerns age and sex, dwelling place and fishing frequency, species fished for, catches, etc., place of departure, etc. It will be clear from what has been written above that no results are yet available with regard to the angling supply-demand analysis per province. One of the methods Kerstens (1975) mentioned, namely the synagraphic mapping technique as described by Hodges and van Doren (1975), may give the solution. 3. REFERENCES Hodges L. and W. van Doren, Synagraphic Mapping ex a tool in locating and evaluating 1975 the special distribution of municipal recreation facilities. Journ. of Leisure Res. Vol. 4 nr. 4 1975, 341.353 ITS (Institute for Applied Sociology), Angling in the Netherlands - a preliminary sport 1972 fishing survey in the Netherlands (in Dutch), Nijmegen 1972 ITS (Institute for Applied Sociology), Scouting Netherlands (in Dutch), Nijmegen 1974 1974 , The Dutch Angler - a study of the characteristics, behaviours and wishes of 1975 anglers (in Dutch), Nijmegen 1975 Kamphorst, T.J., Angling in central Utrecht (in Dutch), Bull Soc.Inst. of State Univ.of 1969 Utrecht No. 55, Utrecht 1969 Kerstens, A.P.C., Prognosis, Research for the benefit planning of outdoor recreation 1975 facilities (in Dutch), Recreatie onderzoek en Recreatie prognoses, T.H. Delft Werkgroep Recreatie/Landschap Afd. der Bouwkunde Lier, H.N. van, Capacity Calculations for newly to create inland beaches (in Dutch), 1971 Verkeerstechniek 20(12) & 21(1) Recr. voorz. 12:186–90 & 1:2–6 NOP Market Res. Ltd., National Angling Survey 1969–70, March 1971 1971 Oostrum, H.J. van, Results of an angling survey in Drente in September and October 1971 1968 (in Dutch), Cult.Techn.Tijdschr. 1971, 175–88 R.P.D. (National Physical Planning Agency), Revised provincial population prognosis 1974 1974 (in Dutch), The Hague Steinmetz, B., Development of sport fisheries. Contr. to First Eur.Cons. on the Ec.Ev. of 1972 Sport & Comm.Fish., The Hague 1972, edited by J.L. Gaudet, EIFAC , An orientation to the sport fishing possibilities in the Grevelingen bekken. 1973 (in Dutch), Visserij 26 jg. (1973) nr. 8 , Number of licenses issued in 1972/73 per Municipality. Doc.Rapp. of the 1974 Directorate of Fisheries, The Hague Steinmetz, B. and A.R. Westerdiep, Preliminary sport fishing survey in the Netherlands. 1972 Contr. to First Eur.Cons. on the Ec.Ev. of Sport & Comm.Fish., The Hague 1972, edited by J.L. Gaudet, EIFAC Figure 1 SPORT FISHING IN SWEDEN - A SUMMARY OF GENERAL STATISTICS, SOCIO- ECONOMIC STUDIES AND SOME SELECTED PROBLEMS LA PECHE SPORTIVE EN SUEDE - RESUME DES STATISTIQUES GENERALES ET DES ETUDES SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES, QUELQUES PROBLEMES

by

I. Norling Assistant Professor Institute of Sociology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden in collaboration with The National Board of Fisheries and the Research Group

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Studies Completed and in Progress 2. General Data about Sport Fishing in Sweden 3. Special Data and Problems 3.1 Socio-Economic Data 3.2 Quality of Recreation 3.3 The Recreation Circle and Restrictions in the Total Fishing Process 3.4 Consumer Aspects on Amount and Type of Service at Licensed Waters 3.5 The Impact of Direct and Indirect Information about new Fishing Waters 3.6 Multi-Objectives in Sport Fishing 3.7 Sport Fishing and the Career Model 3.8 Sport Fishing and Quality of Life 3.9 Sport Fishing and Special Population Groups 3.10 The Importance of River Fishing for Settling and Staying in an Area 3.11 Tourist Sport Fishing 3.12 Pollution and Sport Fishing 3.13 Hydro-Electric Power and Sport Fishing 3.14 Sport Fishing and the Fishery Laws 4. References Abstract

This paper gives a summary of what is currently being done in Sweden in the field of sport fishing. A considerable quantity of data and information is reproduced regarding important socio-economic data such as, for example, quality of recreation, multi-objectives in sport fishery, sport fishery and the career model, pollution problems, and sport fishery and fishery laws and regulations. It is mentioned that a series of studies have been made in this field and that several government studies in respect of sport fishery are in progress These deal with, inter alia, fishery laws and access in sport fishery, river planning and hydro-electric power and land and water use.

A study of salt water sport fishery is planned. The resource-oriented ecological and fishery biology research is very well developed in Sweden and findings and results are published regularly in international journals.

Résumé

Ce document donne un résumé des réalisations suédoises actuelles dans le domaine de la pêche sportive. On y cite de nombreuses données et informations socio- économiques: qualité récréative et objectifs multiples de la pêche sportive, son rapport avec la pêche professionnelle, problèmes de la pollution, législation et réglementation de la pêche sportive. Une série d'études ont été faites dans ce domaine et plusieurs en cours pour le compte du Gouvernement, notamment sur la réglementation des pêches et l'accès à la pêche sportive, l'aménagement des cours d'eau et l'énergie hydro- électrique, et l'utilisation des terres et des eaux.

Une étude sur la pêche sportive en mer est envisagée. Les recherches écologiques et biologiques en fonction des ressources halieutiques sont très développées en Suède et conclusions et résultats sont régulièrement publiés dans des revues internationales. 1. STUDIES COMPLETED AND IN PROGRESS

Some minor studies in sport fishing were undertaken during the nineteen sixties (Norling, 1968 and 1965) mostly in cooperation with the Swedish Anglers Association. The EIFAC paper on economic evaluation in sport fishing (Norling, 1968) states a broader interest but the real breakthrough came when the National Board of Fisheries got a special section for sport fishing in 1971. Also contributing is the broad interest for applied research in out-door recreation within SNV - The National Swedish Environment Protection Board.

A series of studies have been made and are in progress as a cooperative project between the National Board of Fisheries and the Norling group at Socialhögskolan and the University of Gothenburg (Norling et al., 1975). A more research-oriented project is in progress by the Norling group and SNV dealing with basic concepts and methods for the outdoor recreation area (Frankenberg, 1975).

Other institutions and associations are partly dealing with studies connected with sport fishing, for example, on tourism and river planning. The world famous equipment factory, ABU, has completed a study on sport fishing in Sweden in 1974 (ABU, AB, 1973 and 1974). The Swedish Anglers Association has completed a study on the economy of licensed fishing waters (Runnström, 1974). Several government studies with relevance to sport fisheries are in progress. One is focused on fishery laws and access of sport fishing, another is dealing with river planning and hydro-electric power and a third is a large inventory of resources and use of water and land. A study of salt water angling is planned. The resource-oriented ecological and fishery biology research has since long been well developed in Sweden. Results are continuously published in international journals. 2. GENERAL DATA ABOUT SPORT FISHING IN SWEDEN Two studies have been made without any restrictions to special population groups, in 1968 (Lundahl, 1968) and 1973 (ABU, AB, 1973 and 1974). The results, when comparable, are quite similar. Of Swedens' seven million people between 15–67 years old, 2.6 million have been fishing once or more in 1973, that is 45 percent. Thirty three percent or 1.8 million have been fishing at least 2–3 times per year and 20 percent or 1.1 million at least once a month. The sex distribution is 3/4 male anglers. Fifty two percent of the households contain at least one angler. Twelve percent fish more regularly in the winter. The regional distribution of anglers is very even in the middle and south-western part of Sweden, with about 50 percent higher frequency in the north and 25 percent lower in the south-eastern part. The age distribution is rather even with half the angling population younger than 35 years. Still very little is known about the anglers less than 15 years old. Accurate and comparable data on trends are not available. Estimates of existing data show an upward trend but a deeper analysis is not possible. Figures from 1968 and 1973 show an upward trend of just over 20 percent for the number of anglers. However, the methods used are not fully comparable and produce too large a figure (ABU, AB, 1973, 1974; Lundahl, 1968). Anglers in Sweden, as elsewhere in the western world, are not very organized in state-wide interest groups. Only 4 percent are members of the Swedish Anglers Association. Locally and in connexion with certain waters, many clubs exist, often including anglers and owners of fishing rights. Eight percent are members of such clubs (ABU, AB, 1973 and 1974). Most of the fishing with a rod is for pike and perch. Many anglers also use nets. Figures on salt water fishing compared with data on freshwater are not yet available. There are large differences between what anglers catch and what they want to catch. There is a demand for salmonids and river fishing (Norling, 1965; Norling et al., 1975 and 1973). The Swedish water and fish resources for sport fishing are either very good, rather good, not so good or bad. Generally speaking Sweden has many angling waters and happy anglers. But there are also large areas, urban centres such as Gothenburg, seriously threatened by pollution and also large areas, for example, river basins in the north, exposed to threats from the power exploitation. Fishing for salmonids in rivers and natural lakes is already seriously damaged. A great deal of rehabilitation and compensation work has started but this process has earlier been restricted by passiveness from the anglers themselves and a lack of understanding from the authorities. These phenomena should not be looked upon as conscious destructiveness but merely as a view based on restricted and biased facts about sport fishing, its socio-economic and ecological value. 3. SPECIAL DATA AND PROBLEMS 3.1 Socio-Economic Data A series of Swedish studies are dealing partly with socio-economic aspects of sport fishing, but none of them are as complete as the best from the U.S.A. and Canada. Gross expenditure figures are not used very much but some calculations are made based on figures from some studies (ABU, AB, 1973, 1974; Norling et al., 1975 and 1973). Different methods give total figures of expenditure by Swedish anglers from S.Kr. 600 million to one billion. If related costs, for example, for summer houses are included, the larger figure will be relevant and probably exceeded (90 percent of summer house owners in river basins have fishing as an important motive for buying the house). The importance of socio-economic background variables such as income, education, age, family, social class and work have, together with other variables like interest and leisure activities, been studied in connexion with frequency and type of fishing (Frankenberg, 1975; Norling et al., 1975, 1973; SNV 1974:20). The general tendency is that income, social class and education have very little explanation value. Even “exclusive” fly fishermen do not differ from ordinary people and fishermen. Some special tendencies found in stepwise regression analysis are discussed in later sections. More important are interest for outdoor life, outdoor work and access to fishing. Studies of “willingness to pay” (Jägnert and Lundahl, 1973; Norling, 1965; Norling et al., 1975, 1973) show high sensitivity to consumer or motive adaptive planning. Fishing-oriented services such as access (boats, bridges, etc.) have high values. Comfort services such as hotels, shops, etc., give low values. Large differences are found for species and type of water. Salmonids and river fishing are important whereas “put and take” waters are in constant economic difficulty (Runnström, 1974). Low figures are found for pike and perch fishing. This means, as pike-perch fishing in lakes is the overall dominating fishing, that distance and access factors will be of great importance. Hence the new “on the door-step” philosophy in Canada is probably relevant also for Sweden in the planning of outdoor recreation for ordinary, urbanized and frustrated “ex- vikings”, young and old. 3.2 Quality of Recreation The quality aspect is one of several basic dimensions in the production of fishing recreation, but it is probably the most complicated. The resource-oriented planner often asks: what is the minimum quality for this water in terms of number of anglers, catch per rod day, size and species of fish? However, data about basic motives behind recreational fishing give a partly different picture. The social motives are very important. This means that small group activities of families and friends within and around the actual fishing (for example, to be in a boat, eat and make campfire together) are very important. The composition of fish size in the lake or river is important. Larger fish should at least be available for experienced anglers. Parents with young children are, at least for the children's sake, interested in catching fish independent of size (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). Many anglers prefer some physical exercise, solitude for thier group and clean unspoiled nature. Planning that interferes with these motives affects the quality in a negative direction (SNV, 1974:20). Some astonishing and partly contradicting data are found in the studies referred to (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). Interviews with large samples of anglers indicate that they are not affected very much in their fishing by the pollution (“blacklisting”) of some Swedish lakes, rivers and coastal areas. That may mean that a serious disturbance in only one fairly important motive factor will only give reduced effect on the total experience (Frankenberg, 1975; SNV, 1974:20). As is referred to elsewhere (Frankenberg, 1975) service not corresponding to basic motives does not affect the quality of the experience. This reaction is often found in “willingness to pay” data (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). A lot of rotenone-treated and stocked “put and take” lakes and ponds are found in Sweden. These fishing resources correspond well to a certain demand but they create little tourism (Norling et al., 1975, 1973) and the willingness to pay is so low that many of these areas are in economic difficulties (Runnström, 1974). It some quite evident that the factors which create quality of fishing in rivers and stocked lakes, both with salmonids, are so different that only limited exchange and compensation is possible (Norling, 1974; Norling et al., 1975, 1973). 3.3 The Recreation Circle and Reatrictions in the Total Fishing Process Time budget and content analyses of the recreation circle (planning, travel to, actual fishing, travel from recollection) have been carried out (Jägnert and Lundahl, 1973; Norling et al., 1975, 1973). It is a tendency that urbanization, pollution, river dam building, etc., force anlgers to travel longer, lose their home water and the broad ecological contact with lakes and rivers. It seems more and more important that anglers should have an opportunity to get broad and rich experiences not limited to catching fish. In turn this will affect the quality of the time consumption, recreation-producing steps, planning and recollection. Data indicate that this is an important planning problem where motives and demand do not correspond very well with resources planning (Frankenberg, 1975; Norling, 1965). 3.4 Consumer Aspects on Amount and Types of Service at Licensed Waters Studies of a large number of anglers fishing in licensed waters (Norling et al., 1975 1973) indicate that they generally give priority to services for good access to the water, for example, boats and good casting possibilities. Very little demand is found for secondary services, for example, food, hotels. Of course, there are differences among groups of anglers where family groups are more interested in the secondary service. Strong tendencies concerning service demand are found in terms of “willingness to pay”. 3.5 The Impact of Direct and Indirect Information about new Fishing Waters Studies of licensed waters indicate that mass media, written information, for example, articles and brochures, have a low or very low influence on anglers to fish in new licensed waters. Direct or personal information from an angler with experience of the area and water is the dominating stimulus (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). 3.6 Multi-Objectives in Sport Fishing Studies in motives and multi-objectives of sport fishing are made or are in progress (Frankenberg, 1975; SNV, 1974:20). One view is that this is one of the basic targets of research but is also very complicated and sensitive to choice of concepts, methods and study groups. Some of our data and reinforced hypothesis should be mentioned. Sport fishing is a multi-activity (for example, social, therapeutic, physical, ecological) with high flexibility in composition of activities and both large and small differences within and between anglers (Norling et al., 1975, 1973; SNV, 1974:20). It generally seems as if anglers who have a sound balance between their objectives and actual activities, are satisfied with their sport fishing, their leisure in general and also life quality aspects such as the relation work - leisure (Frankenberg, 1975). One study (SNV, 1974:20) indicates generally that social motives (together with family and friends, etc.) are very important. Secondly, two other groups of motives follow-therapeutic, nature-based motives (out in nature, leaving home and work, getting rid of tensions and stress, solitude, etc.) and physical exercise. Ranking third comes excitement and competition and catching fish, fish for food. If then the change of relative importance of motives between anglers of different activity levels is studied some interesting results are conspicuous. The therapeutic motives are more important than the social motives within the high activity group. Excitement is more important within the low and high activity groups. (This study is made on anglers living in urban centres, 10 000 inhabitants and more (SNV, 1974:20).) Another study (Norling et al., 1975, 1973) on anglers fishing in licensed waters in different parts of Sweden gives similar general results. Within the social motives of families a strong education motive was found - to give the children a positive interest in outdoor life. The general tendencies in this study were rather independent of frequency of fishing and type of angling water. 3.7 Sport Fishing and the Career Model The career model is used in behavioural sciences to describe and analyse the working life (Norling, 1971). It has been used in some Swedish studies to analyse leisure in general and also sport fishing. This model gives a stepwise description from: (a) resource - exposure; (b) development of interest and basic knowledge; (c) development of a career to other and “higher” forms of fishing; (d) duration through life of the activity, to (e) turnover from the activity by resource or personal reasons. As all the steps of the model are complicated processes the studies can only give tendencies, hypothesis and new ideas. Data indicate that nearness to fishing waters and a basic outdoor interest through family or friends are important for the start of sport fishing (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). Socio-economic factors such as income and education are not important. If some of the first steps of the model are added and the activity level of fishing is looked at (1–5, 6–20, 20 times/year) a more complicated and partly contradictory picture emerges. Still income, social class, etc., do not influence generally, but the results indicate strongly that people with outdoor work belong to the most active group and office workers are less active. Shift workers are significantly more active anglers than married middle-aged people with handicaps and a higher frequency of sickness. The development of basic knowledge (step b) seems to function well among many anglers as most anglers use several types of equipment and fish over a long period of the year. Those who fish in the winter also fish in the summer (ABU, AB, 1973, 1974). The career (step c) can be defined in terms of the recreation circle as, for example, being less fish-dependent and using more time for planning and recollection or in terms of recreation quality, for example, for which fishing do you find the highest demand or willingness to pay among highly experienced anglers. Data indicate that these definitions can be used. Fish per se and catching of fish is a less and less important motive for the experienced angler. Anglers fishing in licensed waters do not, as club members, have the opportunity to broaden their fishing to planning, fish culture and stocking, water analysis, etc. Data show a large demand among licensed anglers for these “ecological” activities. Again it is found that river fishing for salmonids is the top quality goal for many planning and fishing anglers. Life duration (step d) is one of many positive values of sport fishing. Analysis of age/activity statistics of anglers show an unusually constant level and duration over age1/. The decrease of number of anglers over 50 years is partly compensated by increased activity level. 1 SNV, 1974:20; ABU, AB, 1973, 1974; Norling et al., 1975, 1973; Norling, 1965; Norling, 1968 Very little is known about the turnover (step e) where anglers are forced to stop or change type of angling because of different resource or personal barriers. Data indicate that this is a serious social problem. Urbanization, pollution, river dams restrict the resources and physical and socio-economic changes restrict the angler. Regression and factor analysis of data (Frankenberg, 1975; SNV, 1974:20) indicate that sport fishing contains an activity and motive pattern of its own, not highly correlated with other outdoor activities. That means that sport fishing is less interchangeable with other leisure activities and more difficult to compensate. 3.8 Sport Fishing and Quality of Life In several studies made recently (Frankenberg, 1975; Norling et al., 1975, 1973) a stepwise high correlation is found between: satisfied with/the sport fishing situation/the general leisure situation/the relation work/leisure. Similar connexions are found in other studies dealing with leisure - sport fishing and work in northern Sweden (Jägnert and Lundahl, 1973; Daun, 1959). Secondary data dealing with this concept are found in other sections of this paper (Frankenberg, 1975; Runnström, 1974).

3.9 Sport Fishing and Special Population Groups Studies (SNV, 1974:20; Lundahl, 1968) indicate that barriers, like physical handicaps, have moderate effect on the sport fishing activity. Still, the adapted service for, for example, persons who are wheelchair-bound, is at its beginning. A promising cooperation is going on in Gothenburg with an American expert in therapeutic recreation. Small studies of gangs and juvenile delinquents indicate that sport fishing is an activity which often ranks high in the list of what they would like to do or do more (Norling, in preparation). Small-scale experiments are going on treating alcoholics with therapeutic fishing in different clinics - as a part of what is called milieu therapy. The experiences are positive but an overall scientific evaluation is needed. Very little is known about the fishing situation for urbanized people and immigrants. It seems as if large part of urbanized people from the north and Finnish immigrants with a pronounced interest in fishing and hunting will fall in the turnover group. This could be a serious social problem as we know that sport fishing is hard to compensate (SNV, 1974:20); that sport fishing is an important activity for two thirds of the northern male population and that sport fishing is highly correlated to satisfaction with leisure and total life quality (Frankenberg, 1975; SNV, 1974:20). 3.10 Sport Fishing and the Fishery Laws Several important studies are now being made dealing with programmes for hydro-electric power stations in the few remaining parts of the northern Swedish rivers. One important experience from these studies (Norling et al., 1975, 1973) and also documentation (Norling, 1974) is that the values (social and economic) of rivers for fishing and other types of recreation have been seriously underestimated. Data indicate (Jägnert and Lundahl, 1973; Norling et al., 1975, 1973) that river fishing for local people in the north is of fundamental importance and basic for their quality of life experience. It affects setting and staying in the area to a large extent (two thirds) and also the typical Swedish summer-house activity (90 percent). 3.11 Tourist Sport Fishing Many Swedes and also foreigners go tourist fishing especially in northern Sweden, to lakes and especially rivers with natural stocks of salmonids. In our studies (Norling et al., 1975, 1973) of licensed fishing in the north, half of the group from southern Sweden go to the north mainly for fishing, and 95 percent of them want to fish in rivers. The economic value of river fishing is considerable, S.Kr. 360 per angler and half of that sum stays in the local region. Studies of stocked rotenone-treated lakes indicate that they have a limited value for tourism and do not function well as compensation for polluted rivers. Many Swedes go to Norway fishing for salmonids, Smaller groups go to Scotland and Ireland. Pioneer groups develop deep-sea tourist fishing in the Atlantic (Canary Islands, etc.). 3.12 Pollution and Sport Fishing The continuous pollution of Swedish lakes and rivers suitable for sport fishing is alarming. One estimate is that about 5 000 Swedish lakes have a critically low pH-value. The problem is that most of this pollution comes from industries in other parts of Europe. Equally alarming is the fact that the anglers themselves react on these slow changes in a very passive way. Even if a study of anglers fishing in licensed waters will give a biased positive view of the pollution effect on fishing, the anglers there would say that pollution does effect their fishing, but not very much (Norling et al., 1975, 1973). The angler for the moment reacts on pollution as if only one minor part of the recreation process is disturbed. However, in the long run this “minor part” is the basic target of fishing and the angler will, after a while, find himself a turnover case (Frankenberg, 1975; Norling, 1968, 1965). The restricted actions taken by the society concerning pollution and sport fishing is partly a function of the usual underestimation of its socio-economic importance (Norling, 1968, 1974) and also because only a small fraction of the anglers are organized (ABU, AB, 1973, 1974). As is evident from this short description we have no reliable data about the effect of pollution on, for example, number of recreation days, turnover and recruitment of new anglers. 3.13 Hydro-Electric Power and Sport Fishing Most rivers in Sweden holding salmonids are totally or partly destroyed as sport fishing waters by dambuildings and power stations. Two state committees are working with plans for the rivers in northern Sweden. For the first time the fishery authorities have been able to present socio-economic data about river sport fishing and values that represent some of the basic “true” values (Norling et al., 1975, 1973 and in preparation). Still, the frustrating experience is that new studies often and new and higher values in favour of dams and power stations while data now used to estimate recreational values give a serious underestimation of sport fishing values and negative socio-economic effects. Documentation of international research has been used to fill the gaps, such as Krutillas study of Hells Canyon (Norling, 1974). 3.14 Sport Fishing and the Fishery Laws Swedish law differentiates between private and public waters. According to current rules all waters are private which are within 300 m from the mainland shore, or within the same distance from an island measuring at least 100 m in length. The only public fresh waters are to be found in the lakes Vänern, Vättern, Hjälmaren and Storsjön in the province of Jämtland. The Fishing Rights Act applies to Swedish territorial waters and to Swedish fishing zones. In public waters every Swedish citizen is allowed to fish with hooks, rods and gillnets, with different exceptions in the various areas. A special permission from the County Administration is required for fishing with pound nets and traps in public waters on the coast and in the five major lakes. In private waters only the land-owner is allowed to fish (with certain exceptions). This rule applies to the lakes. As regards the sea coast there are many exemption clauses, varying from one place to another. The extreme case is the west coast where only the oyster fishery is reserved for the land-owner. Scandinavian nationals are to some extent permitted to fish in Swedish public waters without licence. Other foreigners can obtain such permission from the authorities. In many private waters outsiders are granted fishing rights by means of fishing licences. As a rule the fishing licenses are not valid for all kinds of fishing, but restricted to rod and fly fishing. To protect different kinds of species from overexploitation, mesh sizes, minimum sizes, closed seasons are the general tools. These are used in country-wide regulations as well as by local authorities. 4. REFERENCES ABU, AB, Fritidsfisket i Sverige 1973, ABU, 1974 (not published) Deun, Å., Upp till kamp i Båtskärsnäs. Verdandi Debatt, Prisma 1959. Frankenberg, K., Utveckling av begrepp och mätmetoder inom fritidsplanering. Del 1, mätning av aktiviteter. Psykologiska institutionen, Göteborgs universitet, 1975. , Fritidsfiske vid kortfiskevatten - 3. Fiskeristyrelsen Informerar 1974-08–23. Jägnert, Ch. and B. Lundahl, Jakt och fiske och andra fritidsaktiviteter bland skogsarbetare vid SCA. Socialhögskolan i Göteborg, 1973.

Lundahl, A., Låginkomstutredningen kap. fritid, 1968.

Norling, I., Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing. FAO, EIFAC Technical Paper T7, 1968 Norling, I., 1965. Fritidsfiskets planering. Särtryck ur Svenskt Fiske/Sportfiskaren nr 9 och 11,

, Fritid och friluftsrekreation. Del 1: Planering och forskning inom fritidsområdet, speciellt friluftssektorn. Socialhögskolan i Göteborg, 1971.

, Utbyggnad av älvsystem. Lönsamhetsberäkningar som innefattar naturresursers rekreationsvärde. SNV PM 456, 1974.

Norling, I., Jägnert, Ch. and B. Lundahl, Fritidsfiske vid kortfiskevatten - 4. Fiskeristyrelsen Informerar 1975-09–15. Resultat frå en enkätundersökning 1973 bland fritidsfiskare vid 13 kortfiskeområden angående deras fritidsfiske under ett år.

Runnström, H., Kortfiskets lönsamhet. Fiskeristyrelsen Informerar 1974-08–23.

SNV 1974:20, Fritid-Friluftsliv. Vidare bearbetningar på friluftsvaneutredningens material med avseende på bl. a gruppen fritidsfiskare. Pågår f. n. vid Socialhögskolan i Göteborg i samarbete med Statens Naturvårdsverk. THE DUTCH ANGLERS (WITH A BIBLIOGRAPHY) LE PECHEUR A LA LIGNE NEERLANDAIS (Y COMPRIS UNE BIBLIOGRAPHIE)

by

J.C.C. Prinssen and J.A. Kropman Nigmegen, The Netherlands

CONTENTS

Abstract Résume 1. Why was this Research Initiated? 1.1 Angling Policy and the Need for Research 1.2 Reason for and Object of the Research 2 What Categories were Interviewed; When and How? 3 The Number of Anglers 4. Social Characteristics, Behaviour and Desires of the Anglers 4.1 Who are the Anglers? 4.2 Who are the Unlicenced Anglers? 4.3 Behaviour of the Anglers

4.3.1 When do the anglers fish? 4.3.2 Where do the anglers fish? 4.3.3 How do the anglers cover the distance to the fishing water, and how much time do they spend travelling? 4.3.4 How early do they start and for how long do they fish? 4.3.5 How frequently do anglers fish? 4.3.6 How do they fish, with what bait and for what species? 4.3.7 What equipment do anglers possess? 4.3.8 To what extent are anglers familiar with regulations and with fish species? 4.4 Anglers' Views, Valuations and Desires 4.4.1 Preference for and valuations of a specific fishing water 4.4.2 Desired distance to fishing water 4.4.3 Desires as to the fishing water, the fish population and the management 4.4.4 General policy priorities mentioned by the anglers 4.4.5 Anglers' views on the price of fishing licences, the method of selling them and the control 5. More Detailed Observation of Certain Types of Anglers 5.1 Members of Angling Clubs; their Behaviour and Desires 5.2 Anglers with an Angling Licence and Anglers with an Angling Certificate 5.3 A Typology of Anglers 6 Some Developments in Angling and in Anglers' Behaviour 6.1 Growth in the Number of Anglers 6.2 Increase in the Number of Anglers with an Angling Licence 6.3 Developments relating to the Species that Anglers fish for, the Fishing Water, the Distance to the Fishing Water, Use of a Boat and Angling in Company 6.4 A Development in the Private Organization of Angling

7. Angling as a Leisure Pastime 7.1 Do Anglers and Non-Anglers seek the same in their Leisure Time? 7.2 What do Anglers seek in Angling? 7.3 What Views are held concerning Angling and Anglers? 7.4 Are there obvious Differences between the way Anglers and Non-Anglers spend their Leisure Time? 8. Summary and Conclusions 9. Some Fishing Rules and Regulations 10. References Abstract On the initiative of the Research Committee on Angling, the Institute for Applied Sociology (I.T.S.) conducted in 1971 a preliminary survey among anglers in inland water at three locations in the province of South Holland (I.T.S., 1972). Its main purpose was to gain experience in interviewing anglers at the waterside and to obtain an initial impression of their behaviour and desires. This preparatory survey was followed by a large-scale, national study, for the purpose of which nearly 1 500 male anglers of 15 years and older, holding fishing licences, were interviewed at their homes at the beginning of 1973. Its aim was to get a fair picture of the need for angling facilities and of the characteristics, behaviour and desires of the anglers. Simultaneously, a random sample consisting of about 1 150 members of the Dutch male population was interviewed. The object in view was to ascertain whether the anglers constituted a specific category, and to make possible a comparison between angling and other kinds of leisure pastime. The results of the national angling survey are contained in the I.T.S. report entitled “DE NEDERLANDSE SPORTVISSER” (The Dutch Angler) - a study of the characteristics, behaviour and desires of anglers (February, 1975). This paper contains the most important data from this second survey. Résume A l'initiative du Comité de recherche sur la pêche à la ligne, l'Institut de sociologie appliquée (ITS) a conduit en 1971 une enquête préliminaire auprès des pêcheurs à la ligne en eau douce, dans trois endroits de la Hollande méridionale (ITS, 1972). Cette enquête avait pour principal objet de réunir des données en interrogeant les pêcheurs à la ligne sur les lieux de pêche et de se faire une première idée de leur comportement et de leurs souhaits. Cette enquête préparatoire a été suivie d'une étude nationale de grande envergure: près de 1 500 pêcheurs à la ligne âgés de 15 ans et plus et possesseurs de permis de pêche ont été interrogés chez eux au début de 1973. L'étude visait à brosser un tableau exact des besoins en matière de pêche à la ligne, ainsi que des caractéristiques, du comportement et des désirs des pêcheurs à la ligne. Dans le même temps, un échantillon aléatoire comprenant environ 1 500 personnes de la population néerlandaise mâle a été interrogé. Le but recherché était de déterminer si les pêcheurs à la ligne constituent une catégorie spécifique et de procéder à une comparaison entre la pêche à la ligne et d'autres activités récréatives. Les résultats de l'enquête nationale sur la pêche à la ligne sont consignés dans le rapport de l'ITS intitulé “De nederlandse sportvisser” (Le pêcheur à la ligne néerlandais) - étude des caractéristiques, du comportement et des désirs des pêcheurs à la ligne (février 1975). Le présent document reproduit les plus importantes des données tirées de cette seconde enquête. 1. WHY WAS THIS RESEARCH INITIATED? 1.1 Angling Policy and the Need for Research Various governmental and private bodies in The Netherlands concern themselves with angling policy: the Department for Sport Fisheries and Professional Inland Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Organization for the Improvement of Inland Fisheries, and the Netherlands Association of Angling Federations (N.V.V.S.). One might wonder why a special angling policy is needed in a country with so much water, and why it was even considered necessary to conduct an inquiry among anglers. Despite the large number of stretches of water in The Netherlands, from the economic point of view surface water must be regarded as a scarce commodity, which is used for all kinds of widely different purposes including industry, agriculture, shipping, commercial fishing, recreation and the provision of drinking water. The harmonizing of the respective interests of the “users” calls for a policy which, among other things, regulates water use, inter alia by anglers. This, of course, is not the only reason for the existence of an angling policy. Another reason is the fact that angling, particularly when it has many followers, calls for special measures relating to the distribution and management of the fishing waters, fish population and facilities provided at the sites, if it is to remain a satisfactory leisure- pastime. When taking the requisite measures and planning the facilities, anglers' needs and desires have to be taken into account. Reliable and well ordered research data favour the development of an angling policy. 1.2 Reason for and Object of the Research Angling in The Netherlands is subject to a number of regulations. One of these is that people of 15 years and older cannot fish without a fishing licence. These licences1/ are valid for one fishing season and can be bought at the municipal clerk's office, police station or post office, varying from place to place. The fishing licences most in demand are the angling licence and the angling certificate1/ sales of these two types of documents, taken together, rose from nearly 540 000 for the 1964/65 fishing season to nearly 800 000 for the 1972/73 fishing season - an increase of 47 percent. The rapidly growing popularity of angling gave rise to questions that helped to get this research started. The principal questions to which the research was directed are: 1 Certain regulations are given in Section 9 of this report where the terms used are also defined in greater detail ˰ Where does the rapidly growing enthusiasm come from? Do larger numbers of juveniles go fishing nowadays, or is it the older people who cause the marked growth? ˰ Who are the anglers? Do they constitute a certain category of the population (juveniles or older people, well-off or less well-off) which may, therefore, require extra attention. ˰ Are there perhaps types of anglers who have specific wishes regarding the facilities provided, the fish population and the management of the fishing water? ˰ What can be expected of the future? Will the growth in the number of anglers continue? This last question is very important, because a growth like the one manifested in recent years greatly affects, for instance, the available length of shore per angler, the requisite facilities and, no less, the fish population. It is becoming all the more urgent since registration of the fishing documents issued has shown that the total increase of the number sold (47 percent) is mainly accounted for by the angling licences, the sale of which increased in those years by nearly 100 percent, as against an increase of barely 25 percent in those of angling certificates. Since, as it was also found, that anglers with an angling licence fish more frequently and also because of the fact that they are allowed to fish with several rods and with a special rod1/, they are more successful in catching predatory fish, this change would appear to have additional effects, for instance on the occupation of the shore and on the fish population. This matter brings us back again to a question which received much attention in both the preliminary survey and this research project, namely whether on the basis of their behaviour a distinction can be made between different kinds or “types” of anglers and, if so, whether the distinct types of anglers differ in their desires as to the management, the fish population and the facilities to be provided. If the latter is the case, the policy should take into account the desires of the several types of anglers. 1 For a more precise description, see Section 9 To put it clearly, when seeking a typology, the question at issue is whether, for instance, one can state: “Distinction can be made between different types of anglers; one of these is the casual angler. He does not fish frequently, he fishes near home, wants to sit close to other fishermen, fishes without a boat and wants many facilities at the waterside. This category comprises a quarter of all anglers”. This hypothetical example is meant to show that, when seeking the types from among the data, the position is reviewed to see whether one or more categories of anglers can be found who display a specific, fixed combination of behavioural characteristics that distinguish them from other anglers. If this turns out to be so, a second question arises, i.e., whether the individual categories perhaps possess several such specific wishes which the government policy can meet separately. On the basis of the questions and considerations quoted above, the Research Committee on Angling established in 1970 gave the further impetus for this research, after taking note of the results of the preliminary survey conducted by the I.T.S. Allowing for the fact that, apart from the numbers of fishing documents sold, there were scarcely any data available on anglers, the Committee decided to focus attention on the next themes: ˰ What are the present and future requirements as to angling facilities? ˰ How can the demand be broken down into specific needs or desires regarding facilities, fish population and management? These central questions formed the point of departure when drawing up the questionnaire. How they were worked out and formulated will be seen from the subjects discussed in the following chapters. 2. WHAT CATEGORIES WERE INTERVIEWED, WHEN AND HOW? For the purpose of the research 1 485 men of 15 years and older, who held a small angling licence or an angling certificate for the 1972/73 fishing season were questioned. Their names and addresses were obtained by taking a representative sample from among the registered 1972/73 fishing documents of 114 Netherlands municipalities. These municipalities had in turn been selected in such a manner that their inhabitants together constitute a representative cross-section of the Dutch male anglers of 15 years and older. At the same time 1 168 men in the municipalities concerned, of 15 years and older, were questioned. Their names and addresses were obtained by taking a random sample from the population registers of those municipalities. Among them, of course, were a number of persons with a fishing licence, but also anglers without a fishing licence (unlicensed anglers), salt-water anglers, persons who only fish abroad, and persons who do not fish at all. By questioning this second sample, the national numbers could be roughly ascertained for each of the said categories of anglers. In addition, this random sample served to determine the extent to which anglers as a category resemble persons who do not fish as regards their social and economic characteristics (age, income, etc.) and leisure pastimes. Two separate questionnaires were drawn up, one for the 1 485 anglers with a fishing licence and the other for the sample of the male population. The questions relating to social and economic characteristics and leisure time were identical in the two questionnaires. Furthermore, the anglers were approached as to their desires regarding possibilities for angling. For the interviews with the men of the population sample, special questions were included, for instance, about plans to go fishing, fishing without a fishing licence, etc. The approach as to angling and the anglers' desires constituted the main theme of the research. By means of the questions asked, the behaviour and desires of the men of 15 years and older living in The Netherlands who held a small angling licence or an angling certificate to fish in inland waters in the 1972/73 season were studied. Categories to which the research was not specifically directed are the anglers who fish only in salt water and also from those fishing in inland waters, anglers with a “large” angling licence, female anglers, male anglers under 15 years of age and foreigners who fish in The Netherlands. The main reason for not specially studying these categories of anglers may be summed up as follows. Salt-water angling calls for less attention than angling in inland waters, particularly since the supply of salt-water fish and sea fish is fairly large in proportion to the number of anglers availing themselves of it. The situation also differs from that relating to angling in inland water, because the opportunities of creating facilities for salt-water anglers and managing the fish population are far more limited. The size of the category of (inland water) anglers with a “large” angling licence (approximately 6 200) and that of women holding a fishing licence (2.5 percent of all the applicants, i.e., 0.4 percent of the women of 15 years old and older) is so small that sufficiently large numbers for separate analysis could only be obtained by picking a separate and, therefore, fairly expensive sample. This is also true of foreign anglers who fish in The Netherlands. It is not possible to pick a sample of the persons under 15 who fish because they are not registered. They are allowed to fish with one common rod without an angling certificate. 3. THE NUMBER OF ANGLERS The information on the number of anglers was obtained from three sources, viz., the registration of fishing licences sold by the “sample” municipalities, the registration of the total national number of fishing licences sold by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and, thirdly, the sample of the male population. It was also found from the registration of the licences sold that at least 3 percent of the fishing documents were sold to persons living in municipalities other than those in which they bought the document. Table 1 Some Figures from the Register of the Fishing Documents sold for the 1972/73 Fishing Season

Number of angling certificates sold 460 425 Number of angling licences sold 332 613 Total, in round figures 793 000 of which: to Belgians, Germans, etc. (approximately 1%) 10 000 to women (approximately 2.5%) 20 000 to men already having a licence (approximately 5%) 38 000a/ Dutchmen with at least one fishing licence 725 000

This is 15.1% of the men of 15 years and older a/ The interviews with the anglers showed that about 5 percent of them held both an angling licence and an angling certificate for the 1972/73 season

It can be stated provisionally that the most important information given in the table is that 15 percent of the men of 15 years of age and older hold a fishing licence. This figure can be compared with the corresponding percentage in the following survey, which is based on the population sample. Table 2 Estimated number of Anglers based on the Sample of Males of 15 years and older Estimated number Percentage found in of men of 15 years sample and older Holders of a 1972/73 fishing document 15.9 760 000 Unlicensed anglers 8.5 400 000 Those who fished only in the sea 1.9 90 000 Those who fished only abroad 1.1 50 000

Total of anglers 27.4 1 300 000 Total male population 15 years and older 72.6 3 500 000

Further inference: Those who fished a few times in the sea in 1972 7.8 375 000 Those who fished a few times abroad in 1972 3.2 155 000

Since the figures in Table 2 were not obtained by questioning all males, but by questioning only a sample of males, account must be taken of the fact that the estimates may be too high or too low. On the other hand, the fact that there is only a 0.8 percent difference between the percentages shown in Tables 1 and 2 indicates that the estimates are reliable. The main conclusions drawn from Table 2 are that: ˰ 1.3 million Dutchmen of 15 years and older fished in 1972 ˰ 1.15 million Dutchmen of 15 years and older fished in inland waters in 1972 ˰ one third of the Dutchmen of 15 years and older who occasionally fished in inland waters do not hold one of the required fishing licences1/ 1 As will be seen further on, the unlicensed anglers fish considerably less often than the licenced anglers. It must not therefore be stated that 1 in 3 anglers found in the field is an unlicensed angler On the basis of the figures for the age at which anglers take up fishing, it is estimated, though with less certainty, that the number of male anglers of 14 years of age or less amounts to 10 percent of the said 1.3 million. Further, it seems likely that the number of women and girls who fish occasionally can be estimated as 50 000 to 100 000. It can therefore be stated that: OF ALL DUTCH PEOPLE, REGARDLESS OF SEX, 1.5 MILLION FISHED ONCE OR MORE IN 1972 IN INLAND WATERS, IN DUTCH SALT WATER OR ABROAD. 4. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, BEHAVIOUR AND DESIRES OF THE ANGLERS Social characteristics should be understood here as including age, occupation, marital status, etc. The term “behaviour” is used to indicate the anglers' actions connected with their sport. It is given a wide interpretation in this study and consequently relates not only to the number of times people go fishing, but also, for example, to knowledge of the angling regulations. The term “desires” relates to people's desires as regards facilities at the fishing water, fish population and management. Lastly it should be pointed out that the term “anglers” relates here and in the succeeding chapters to the men of 15 years and older who live in he Netherlands and hold an angling licence or an angling certificate for the 1972/73 fishing season. The term is thus more narrowly interpreted than in the preceding chapter. 4.1 Who are the Anglers? The anglers comprise mainly men. Only 2.5 percent of the fishing licences sold are used by women. To get a better vision of the male anglers, they are compared in Table 3, as regards a number of characteristics, with the non-anglers. The comparison shows that the anglers include more people from the following categories: married persons, persons of middle age, persons with a primary education, manual workers and persons working in the industrial or trade sector. Rather fewer self- employed persons are found among anglers. However, the differences are so slight that there may be said to be a large similarity between the two categories. In other words, anglers are found in almost equal proportions in all strata and categories of the population. Table 3 Some Social and Economic Characteristics of Anglers and Non-Anglers Non- Percentage Anglers anglers are under 35 39 44 are between 35 and 50 30 23 are between 50 and 65 21 22 are 65 or more 10 11 have had an elementary vocational or primary education 72 59 have a net annual income (1972) of less than FL 12 500 53 54 have an annual income of between FL 12 500 and 20 000 42 35 have an annual income of more than FL 20 000 5 11 are employed (not attending school or pensioned) 79 75 do manual work 58 45 are wage-earners 31 31 are self-employed 10 19 work in the industrial or trade sector 54 45 work in trade, transport or organization 33 35 are married but without children 79 71 have children (related to married ones) 90 90 Average age 42 42 In view of the sort of fishing licence the anglers hold, the only significant difference is that angling certificates are held by 82 percent of the 11 percent of anglers who are attending full-time courses and 61 percent of the other anglers. 4.2 who are the Unlicenced Anglers? As has already been seen, 8 percent of the men of 15 years and older belong to the unlicensed anglers. If it is queried whether the percentage is the same among, for instance, people who are studying and working, or manual workers and wage-earners, it is found that within each of these categories about 8 percent fish without a licence. It is interesting to note that the percentage of unlicenced anglers declines from 11 percent in the age bracket of 15 to 24 years, to 3 percent in that of 65 years and over. A comparison between the social characteristics of unlicensed and licensed anglers shows in the first place that unlicensed anglers, like licensed, come from all strata of society. Of the former, however, over half are under 35, and of the latter, one third. The ratio of unlicensed anglers to document holders is roughly 1:1 in the North Brabant and Limburg region and 1:2 in the remaining regions. 4.3 Behaviour of the Anglers In this paragraph the term behaviour is widely interpreted. The most important subjects are: 4.3.1 When do the anglers fish? ˰ Sixty-two percent of the anglers fished in winter (November 1971 to March 1972), 98 percent in summer (June to August 1972) and 63 percent in autumn (September to October 1972). ˰ Four percent of all anglers fish only during the holidays, 58 percent both during and outside the holidays, 28 percent only outside the holidays, and 8 percent do not take a holiday. ˰ One third of the anglers sometimes fish on Saturday or Sunday, 12 percent only on weekdays, and over half both at the weekend and on working days. ˰ Of the anglers who work in daytime or are attending a course of training (totalling 83 percent of all anglers), 8 percent sometimes fish before their day's work and two thirds sometimes fish after work. ˰ On the first day of the fishing season in 1972 - a Thursday - one third of the anglers fished; one quarter fished for the first time in the weekend that followed, and 40 percent did not begin until later in the season. ˰ One third of all anglers sometimes go fishing in very rainy weather, one third in very cold weather and over 40 percent when there is a high wind. The percentage who only fish in fine weather is 40, both of those fishing on working days and of those who only fish at the weekend. 4.3.2 Where do the anglers fish? More than one quarter of the anglers only fish in one fishing water, one quarter in two and 47 percent in more than two. How accustomed anglers are to fishing in the same fishing water can be seen from the calculation that in 70 percent of the number of times they go fishing, they fish in the same water. The water in which they most often fish is on average 12.5 km from their homes; for two thirds of the anglers the distance to the water in question is less than 10 km and for one third it is less than 2.5 km. The average distance to the water visited most often is longest for town-dwellers and shortest for anglers from municipalities. Of the total number of times that all anglers fish, in half of the cases they do so within a distance of 5 km from their homes. The water most frequently visited, or the only water into which they fish, is said by 28 percent to be a canal, by 21 percent a lake, by 20 percent a river, by 10 percent a polder, and by 19 percent some other stretch of water. Of the anglers who are using a boat, one third is fishing on the lakes, 24 percent on the rivers, 11 percent in the canals, 13 percent in the polder fisheries and 16 percent in some other stretch of water. About one tenth of the anglers fished abroad in their holidays. One percent of all anglers organized a special fishing holiday abroad. The total number of the latter is estimated at 8 000. One third of the anglers in 1972 also fished in salt water or offshore waters; on an average this category did so 8 times. 4.3.3 How do the anglers cover the distance to the fishing water and how much time do they spend travelling? More than half of the anglers go by car to the fishing water they visit most frequently; over a quarter go by bicycle or moped, and 15 percent walk. More than half of the anglers take less than a quarter of an hour to reach the fishing water they visit most often. The average duration of the journey is 25 minutes; the distance is longest for the anglers from the towns. 4.3.4 How early do they start and for how long do they fish? A general estimate of the anglers' times of arrival and departure in the summer shows that of the 78 percent who occasionally fish on Saturdays, one third arrive before 6 am and one third between 6 and 9 am; 40 percent leave on Saturday before noon, 50 percent between noon and 6 pm, and 10 percent after 6 pm. Those who fish on Saturday spend on an average 5¾ hours by the water. Of those who sometimes fish on Sundays (60 percent) one quarter arrive before 6 am, and over one quarter between 6 and 9 am. The times of departure on Sundays are about the same as on Saturdays. The average time spent by the water is 5½ hours. Of those who sometimes fish on weekdays (68 percent) many arrive rather late on such days; 31 percent do not arrive until after 6 pm. Naturally, weekday fishing generally means a late time of departure and a shorter stay. The average time spent by the water on weekdays is 4½ hours. On both working days and weekend days in summer the majority of the anglers are by the water at 9 am. Of those who fish on Saturday, 67 percent arrive before 9 am; by that time 53 percent of those who fish on Sundays and 33 percent of those who fish on working days arrive. 4.3.5 How frequently do anglers fish? In the winter months (November to the close of the fishing season) the anglers fish on an average 12 times (=fishing trips) in inland waters, in the summer (June up to August) 24 times and in the autumn (September and October) 7 times. The total fishing frequency over the whole year (1971/72) for inland watersis therefore 43, including evening fishing. Over the whole year, 37 percent fish fewer than 21 times, 25 percent from 21 to 40 times, 16 percent 41 to 60 times, and 22 percent more than 60 times. Thirty-two percent of all anglers with a fishing licence in 1972 fished offshore or in coastal waters. As already stated they did so an an average 8 times. Twenty-eight percent of them fished there once or twice, 35 percent 3 to 7 times, 25 percent 8 to 22 times, and 12 percent more than 22 times. Of the anglers who work or attend courses during the day (83 percent of all the anglers), 8 percent sometimes fish before their day's work and 64 percent sometimes fish afterwards. Those who fish before work do so on an average about 10 times a year; those who sometimes fish afterwards do so on average about 13 times a year. The unlicensed anglers fish on an average 11 times in the first part of the season (June up to December); 31 percent of them fish fewer than 4 times, 31 percent 4 to 7 times, 20 percent 8 to 15 times, and 18 percent more than 15 times in the period concerned. 4.3.6 How do they fish, with what bait, and for what species? Two fifths of the anglers occasionally fish from a boat. On the most frequently visited water, one fifth usually or always fish from a boat. Ninety percent of all anglers usually sit during their fishing trip and fish from one site; one tenth sometimes try to trace the fish on foot. Three quarters of those fishing from one site do not change for another site. Those who do, mainly change on account of the (poor) catch. On busy days, the average distance between the shore anglers is 25 to 30 m. In those circumstances one fifth of the shore anglers fish at less than 5 m apart. To what extent they are content with this spacing will be seen from paragraph 4.4.3. Sixteen percent of all anglers took part in an angling competition in the period from June to December 1972. Sixty-one percent of all anglers sometimes go fishing in the company of non- relatives, who also fish. One quarter sometimes go fishing with their fiancées or wives, 38 percent of whom also sometimes fish. Those who go fishing with their own children (23 percent) state that the children hardly fish at all. On the other hand, 80 percent of those who quote their father, brothers and sisters as fishing companions (23 percent) state that the latter do fish. With what do they fish? For the most frequently fished species 76 percent fish with a “plain” rod (without reel), 16 percent with a (spinning) rod shorter than 2.5 m, 7 percent with a longer (spinning) rod, and 1 percent with an eel bobbing rod. For the most frequently fished species 83 percent fish with one rod and 17 percent with two or more rods at the same time. In half of the cases the bait used is bread or bread paste, in 19 percent worms, in 15 percent grubs, in 5 percent potato, in 6 percent live bait, in 1 percent cheese and in 1 percent ragworm. Each of the other baits, including artificial baits, are mentioned by fewer than 1 percent. For which Species do Anglers fish? In the survey report many details are given as to the species of fish mentioned (those most often fished for, those preferred), sometimes broken down according to the period (summer or winter), number of roads, type of bait, releasing, region, etc. A number of these details are summed up in Table 4. In this connexion it must be pointed out, however, that the study is mainly concerned with the species mentioned. As will be seen, not every angler knows the species by its correct name. When interpreting the details it must also be remembered that the percentages do not refer to the catch. Roach is by far the most important species; seven anglers out of ten sometimes fish for roach. Then come bream (51 percent), eel (27 percent), carp (24 percent), pike (22 percent) and perch (20 percent). There are hardly any differences in the ratio of species fished for per season. The question as to which species is generally fished for shows again that this is the roach; 45 percent of the anglers say they generally fish for roach. Then come bream, eel, perch and carp. In the three coastal provinces relatively fewer anglers fish for roach than in the other provinces. Of the fish species mentioned, 80 percent of the fish which can legally be taken home are put back. The species most seldom put back are saltwater fish, 13 percent of those who mentioned these species say they put them back, eel (38 percent), pike (70 percent) and pike-perch (64 percent). In the case of these percentages, which seem rather low, it must be remembered that only relatively few anglers say that they fish most often for these species (see Table 4, column 2). Species mentioned as lacking or in short supply are pike and carp (each by 13 percent of the anglers), trout, eel and pike perch (each by about 10 percent). In the case of trout this seems rather remarkable, because only 1 percent say they prefer fishing for this species. It has to be pointed out that with the enclosure of two estuaries, Lake Veere (2 000 ha, brackish) and the Grevelingen lake (11 000 ha, salt) were created. These lakes now belong to the Dutch inland waters. These two lakes are stocked with trout (both rainbow and brown). The following species have been attracting more interest in the last few years: salt-water fish (12 percent of the anglers say they have been fishing for these more often in recent years), carp (7 percent), pike (6 percent), pike-perch (4 percent), eel (4 percent), bream (3 percent) and trout (2 percent) 4.3.7 What equipment do anglers possess? Besides a rod, which is common to nearly all anglers, many have wellingtons (83 percent), a keep net (75 percent), a landing net (64 percent) and a folding chair (74 percent). Very few own a fixed spool or baitcasting reel for inland water (64 percent), a tackle box or fishing bag (64 percent), or a waterproof suit (63 percent); 30 percent own a fixed spool or baitcasting reel, fewer than one quarter own a minnow bucket (23 percent), a fishing jacket (23 percent), a fisherman's umbrella (17 percent), waders or a fishing boat (17 percent). Only 3 percent own a boat trailer. For every 100 anglers the equipment consists of: 230 rods and 100 reels for inland waters and 50 rods and reels for seafishing. Besides a fishing licence, anglers sometimes hold one or more fishing permits or “walking-rights” papers; in 1972/73, 43 percent spent less than FL 11 on these things, 24 percent between FL 11 and 20, 21 percent between FL 21 and 30, and 12 percent more than FL 30. Table 4 Some Data concerning the Fish Species The percentage of anglers who: fished fishing fish for this fish for this to fish for this y l pp want to start fishing for this species in future for this species in recent years have more often species most often sometimes su have given up species consider that this species is in short species prefer for this species in recent years

Eel 27 8 10 9 4 4 - Perch 20 6 5 6 4 1 1 White bream 9 1 - 1 - - - White 12 2 1 - - - - bream/bream Bream 51 19 17 5 2 3 1 Trout - - 1 11 - 2 2 Carp 24 6 12 13 2 7 3 Rudd 4 2 2 2 - - - Pike 22 2 6 13 5 6 4 Pike-perch 10 2 4 9 1 4 3 Roach/rudd 70 45 38 4 2 1 - Coarse fish (roach, bream, 21---- etc.) 5 Tench 4 - 1 5 1 1 - All species 4 2 - - - - - “Other freshwater 6215211 species” Saltwater 31 --112 species 1 427 1 296 Total 1 386 794 281 393 183 (=100%) (=100%)

One third of the anglers own books on angling, 17 percent receive a journal from an angling club or the angling association, and 5 percent subscribe to an independent magazine for anglers. 4.3.8 To what extent are anglers familiar with regulations and with fish species? Eighty-eight percent of all anglers know how many rods a holder of an angling certificate may fish with; 77 percent know what rights the angling licence procures in this respect. The legal size of a perch is known by 44 percent, the period in which fishing is prohibited under national regulations by 23 percent. Only 32 percent know what is meant in the regulations by a “common rod” and by a “special rod”. When shown good colour photos, 90 percent give the correct name for pike, 57 percent for carp, 55 percent for trout and bream, and 37 percent for roach. In the case of the latter, 55 percent give the name of the very similar-looking rudd. 4.4 Anglers' Views, Valuations and Desires A large number of the questions asked relate to their preference for the type of fishing water and the species of fish, their desires as to the facilities to be provided, the fish population and the management, the general policy priorities and their views on the issuing of fishing licences and on management. Their preference for certain fish species has been dealt with in paragraph 4.3.6, and can therefore be left out of consideration here. 4.4.1 Preference for and valuation of a specific fishing water Of those who fish in more than one water (72 percent), 61 percent have a preference for the water they fish in most often. As the principal reason, 68 percent quote its greater proximity to home. In addition, quite a number of people mention tranquillity (38 percent), more fish, better catches, larger fish species (together 36 percent), and cleaner water (11 percent). From the question how, expressed in report figures, anglers in general rate the water in which they fish, it is apparent that on average the polders have the highest appreciation, the canals and rivers the lowest. 4.4.2 Desired distance of the water In the foregoing it was found to be that the distance between home and the water plays a large part in the choice of the fishing water. From other questions it was found that even a fishing water with facilities entirely to the angler's likings does not have sufficient attraction for everyone to travel a long distance to fish there. On working days 39 percent do not go fishing, or are not willing to travel 5 km to reach such an “ideally” equipped fishing water; 62 percent find 10 km too far, in other words 38 percent are willing to travel 10 km on working days to fish in such a water. One fifth of the anglers are even willing to travel 20 km. During the weekend 80 percent are willing to travel 5 km, 69 percent 10 km, 51 percent 20 km and 34 percent 30 km. 4.4.3 Desires as to the fishing water, the fish population and the management In paragraph 4.3.6 it was shown that on busy days the average distance between shore anglers is 25 to 30 m. The anglers who fish on such days at a distance of up to 5 m apart (20 percent of the shore anglers), 60 percent consider this distance acceptable. If the distance between anglers is 6 to 10 m, as it is for 24 percent on busy days, as many as three quarters consider that sufficient. In total, 80 percent of the anglers consider the distance on busy days sufficient. The anglers were asked what facilities, etc., they considered important for an “ideal” fishing water equipped entirely according to their own desires. Matters which are considered important by very many anglers (70 percent or more) (Table 5) are the situation of the water in the open air, the quiet surroundings, beautiful scenery, permission to use a rowing boat, the necessity of holding a fishing permit, inspection on the possession of a fishing licence, permit, bait and size of the fish, the qualities of the fish population, particularly the resistance the fish offers, clean water, the possibility of walking along the shores, protection against the wind by bushes, provision of litter bins, and the distance between anglers. What is understood by this latter can be judged more accurately from the data at the beginning of this paragraph. Matters considered unimportant or even undesirable by many (70 percent or more) are the availability of a camping site for the family, permission to swim in the fishing water, its situation in town area, permission to use a motor boat, the provision of steps down to the water, a high or steep shore and the presence of a refreshment tent. More precise information is given in Table 5. The anglers have given a general appreciation for the fishing water where they fish most frequently. It was found to be that a high appreciation is associated mainly with the assumed presence of many fish species, many fishes, the edibility of the fish and the quality of the water. A low valuation is associated with the absence of natural environment, with the use of motor boats, the lack of management and supervision, and in particular the absence of many fish species, big fishes, many fishes, edible fishes and of clean water. The absence of a winding shoreline is also sometimes associated with a low valuation. Table 5 Importance attached to the Facilities, the Qualities of the Fish Population, and the Management The percentage of anglers who attach importance to: playing ground for the family 56 big fishes 71 picnic site for the family 47 many species of fish 85 camping ground for the family 30 many fishes 77 separate swimming facilities 42 edible and tasty fish 35 swimming in the fishing water allowed 20 fish offering considerable resistance, fighting 91 situation in the open air 97 clean and clear water 97 quiet surroundings 98 running water 62 surrounded by natural scenery 89 plant growth on the bottom 65 location in town area 9 ability to walk along the shore to search for 83 fish use of rowing boat allowed 77 great distance between anglers 83 boat-launching place 59 fish landing stages 39 boat-hire establishment 52 steps down to the water 30 use of motor boat allowed 21 shore with shelter 78 hardened shore 47 water managed by angling association 58 high shoreline 30 fishing with permit only 75 winding shore line 66 inspection of licence and permit 89 steep shore 22 inspection of bait and size of fish 86 fishing with back to the sun 56 accessible by car 69 hut nearby for shelter 37 accessible by public transport 59 toilets close by 48 possibility of parking cars beside the 38 litter bins 84 water metalled parking lot for cars 56 bait for sale close by 34 refreshment tent close by 26 fishing allowed at night 32 4.4.4 General policy priorities mentioned by the anglers As the final question of the interview the anglers were asked to outline the policy measures they considered most essential, or to state the problems they considered most urgently called for a solution. One sixth of them have no specific desires or problems in this connexion. One third of the others' desires relate to the control of water and shore pollution, one sixth to simplification of the licensing system, 8 percent on inspection, and 7 percent to improvement of the fish population. The question on the policy measures considered most essential reflects the priorities in their sequence. However, the question does not show what else is considered important, unimportant or undesirable. That information was included in the preceding paragraph. 4.4.5 Anglers' views on the price of fishing licences, the method of selling them, and the control The angling certificate, which in 1972 cost FL 4 (plus fees) is still considered too expensive by 10 percent; 25 percent consider the price of the angling licence (FL 10.75) too high. About 90 percent consider compulsory possession of a fishing document to be right. Possession (in many cases compulsory) of a permit or walking permit is considered by 55 percent to be good or normal. The method of applying for a fishing document (from the municipality, police station or post office) is regarded by 69 percent as convenient and by 12 percent as troublesome. The supervision of fishing documents and permits is considered inadequate by 59 and 53 percent respectively. 5. A MORE DETAILED OBSERVATION OF CERTAIN TYPES OF ANGLERS It is obvious that not all anglers behave in the same way when fishing, and that there are differences, for instance, in the number of times they go fishing per season. One of the more interesting categories - members of angling clubs - are considered below more closely by comparing them with non-members. In view of the rise in the sale of angling licences, noted in the introduction, and the possible influences, it is understandable that a comparison has also been drawn between the anglers with an angling licence and those with an angling certificate. Likewise in view of what was said about this in the introduction, a few types of anglers are described at the end of this chapter. 5.1 Members of Angling clubs, their Behaviour and Desires Of the total number of anglers holding a fishing document, 49 percent are members of an angling club, 10 percent have been members, and 41 percent have never been members. Fifty two percent of the members and 63 percent of the non-members are under 45 years. Of all the anglers in the random sample, 38 percent hold an angling licence1, of the members 55 percent, of the ex-members 38 percent and of the rest 17 percent. 1 The ratio of the anglers with an angling licence to those with an angling certificate in the random sample has been established on the basis of the figures of the 1969/70 fishing season. The present ratio is different because, as already stated, a change is taking place in the sale of fishing documents in favour of angling licences On an average, members fish 51 times a year and non-members 35 times. Members fish more for carp, pike and pike-perch; they also spend more on their equipment and have a greater knowledge of fish species and regulations. Ninety one percent of the members belong to one angling club, 7 percent to two, and 2 percent to three or more. Three quarters of the members belong to an angling club in order to obtain a fishing permit. The members were asked what activities the club carries out and which it should pay more attention to. Fifty five percent of the members considered that the club should focus on water pollution and also on stocking fish (50 percent), keeping the shores clean (43 percent) and acquiring fishing rights (42 percent). On the other hand, half or more of the members considered that the club did enough about organizing angling competitions (67 percent), instructing (65 percent), placing at the disposal of boats (62 percent), constructing landing stages (60 percent), organizing social evenings (60 percent), indicating the location of fishing sites (58 percent) and limiting plant growth in the water (51 percent). 5.2 Anglers with an Angling Licence and Anglers with an Angling Certificate In the 1968/69 fishing season, 31 percent of the anglers bought an angling licence and 69 percent an angling certificate. In 1972/73 the ratio was 42 percent as against 58 percent. One may wonder who buys an angling licence and whether the anglers with this licence make use of the extra facilities its possession offers. Anglers with an angling licence are found among those over 25, and therefore less among the juveniles, the schoolchildren and the unmarried ones. However, no great differences are apparent between the two kinds of licence holders as regards income, occupation, work sector and educational level. Of the anglers with an angling licence, 29 percent as a rule fish with two rods, which is allowed. Two percent of the anglers with this licence fish with more than 2 rods, and 8 percent of the anglers with an angling certificate fish with more than one rod, which is not allowed. As regards the species usually fished for, the following differences have been found between anglers with an angling licence and those with an angling certificate of the former, 10 percent quote carp as the species most frequently fished for, and of the others 5 percent; pike, 4 and 1 percent respectively; pike-perch 3 and 1 percent, roach 39 and 48 percent, and bream 20 and 18 percent. Since there are no differences regarding other fish species, it can be stated that anglers with an angling licence fish more for carp and predators, and rather less for roach, than the anglers who hold an angling certificate. To fish for certain species it is necessary to hold an angling permit which is often obtained by the membership of an angling club. It is no wonder, therefore, that of the anglers with an angling licence, 71 percent are members of an angling club and of those with an angling certificate, only 35 percent. The two categories differ in other respects too; anglers with an angling licence fish more often (51-38 times a year), a larger percentage of them also fish in the sea (43-25 percent), on Saturdays a larger percentage of them start fishing before 6.00 h (45-26 percent), as on Sundays (35-18 percent) and working days (22-12 percent). On average they continue fishing on those days one hour longer than the others, and they include fewer anglers (25–50 percent) who only fish in fine weather. Moreover, it turns out to be that of the anglers with an angling licence 20 percent participate in angling competitions, and of those with an angling certificate 13 percent. As regards their desires it was found that anglers with an angling licence emphasize more management, supervision and the qualities of the fish population, while they appreciate less swimming in the fishing water. The more marked orientation towards angling of fishermen with an angling licence turns also out to be from the fact that many of them have a more extensive and consequently more expensive angling equipment and a somewhat better acquaintance with regulations and fish species. 5.3 A Typology of Anglers In angling, such terms as competition angler, fine-weather angler, hobby angler, keen angler, recreation angler, etc., are not unknown. It is assumed that when using these terms the angler referred to is distinguished from other anglers by a combination of characteristics; he belongs to a certain category with many others who also do certain things and do not do other things, when they fish. One can imagine that there is a large category of anglers who only fish in fine weather, only at weekend, near home, from the shore. Such a category gives an idea of the expected use (little, weekend, in fine weather) and the desired facilities of the fishing waters situated near town areas. It would seem possible, when equipping the fishing water, to take such categories into account, particularly if it comprises many anglers, and all the more if they should also be found to have a specific package of wishes regarding the various facilities and/or management of the fish stock. They might, for instance, include people who appreciate family recreation facilities. By giving this hypothetical example an attempt has been made to show why much attention was paid to study a typology of anglers. How this was done cannot be indicated within the scope of this paper. It must, however, be stated that there was no explicit search for a certain or concrete type but an endeavour was made to ascertain whether more or less fixed combinations of characteristics occur, namely characteristics of fishing behaviour. Within the aggregate of data on fishing behaviour, two groups of characteristics can be pointed out that show a certain correlation on the basis of which types of anglers can be distinguished. On the basis of the first small group of correlated behaviour characteristics, anglers can be grouped according to the degree of intensity of their fishing behaviour, thus a relative distinction. The second small group of correlated characteristics indicates a difference in the distribution of the fishing behaviour. An angler can be classified a very intensive angler if 9 or at least 8 of the following characteristics apply to him: ˰ he possesses an angling licence; ˰ he is a member of an angling club; ˰ he fishes more than 30 times a year; ˰ he fishes in more than two waters; ˰ he owns more than two rods; ˰ he fishes on the first day or in the first weekend of the season; ˰ he answers correctly more than 5 of the 10 questions on fish species and regulations; ˰ he also fishes in less fine weather; ˰ he fishes in winter If his behaviour does not comply with more than one of these characteristics, we call him a less intensive angler. Ten percent of the anglers belong to the very intensive type and 11 percent to the opposite type. The latter includes particularly the anglers who hold an angling certificate; are not members of an angling club; fish less than 30 times a year, etc. In the first place it is ascertained whether these opposed types differ from each other as regards their desires regarding equipment, management and fish population. Only if a very clear difference between both types is ascertained, a closer study of the intermediate types, to which 79 percent of the anglers belong, should be effected. The numbers of, and the scope of the extreme types and the intermediate types can be seen from the following table. Complies with: of the 9 Number in random Type of angler Percentage aspects sample

9 or 8 very intensive 143 10 7 or 6 very intensive 298 20 5 or 4 very intensive 390 26 3 or 2 very intensive 389 26 1 or 0 less intensive 161 11 Not applicable Did not fish, or did so only during holidays 104 7

Total 1 485 100%

On the basis of the correlation in certain distribution data a distinction between weekend anglers and everyday anglers was made. To the former belong the anglers who fish more than 5 km from home and only on weekend days, and not after work. This type accounts for 10 percent of the anglers. Those who fish at a distance of less than 5 km from home and fish at weekends and on working days and also after work are classified as everyday anglers. This type accounts for 18 percent of the anglers. It is obviously far more difficult to draw policy conclusions from this type than from the one described at the beginning of this paragraph. It was suggested for example that there would be a relation between the intensity and the distribution (anglers who do not fish often, mostly in the direct neighbourhood of their home anglers who fish frequently, always far from home). This could give an indication of the use of a water to be expected. Both typologies prove the counterpart; there is no relation between intensity and distribution of fishing. The question remains whether the various types have different desires as to facilities management and fish stock. The category which attaches importance to a natural environment, to boat facilities or the quality of the fish stock, is 10 to 15 percent larger than among the less intensive anglers. Especially the management of the fish stock by the anglers association, and the inspection of licences, type of bait, and size of the fish is given much more importance by the intensive angler than the less intensive. The weekend anglers attach more importance to a natural environment than do the everyday anglers; however, nearly half of the everyday anglers also consider these aspects important. Other differences have not been found, for example, as regards family recreation facilities; the percentages of both types which consider these provisions important or unimportant are equally large. For instance, the preservation of a natural environment at the fishing water would seem to deserve more attention than the construction of metalled parking places for cars in the neighbourhood of the water, whilst the latter could be given more priority than the creation of opportunities for parking cars right alongside the water (paragraph 4.4.3). If the desires of types of anglers are studied, i.e., in relation to a group of fishing- behaviour characteristics, it was found almost impossible to pursue a separate policy for the separate types. 6. SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN ANGLING AND IN ANGLERS' BEHAVIOUR This chapter deals with one of the central themes of the study, viz., what developments can be foreseen in the future. The first question on that arises is whether the number of anglers will continue to increase. 6.1 Growth in the Number of Anglers As stated, the number of angling licences and angling certificates issued increased between 1964/65 and 1972/73 by 47 percent. Taking into account the population growth in the same period, the participation in angling of the population increased by 31 percent. A further development which is important in this context is the fact that the younger generations start fishing at an earlier age. This, together with the fact that starting young is particularly decisive for the question whether one continues to fish, indicates that a further increase in the number of anglers must be expected. This assumption is supported also by the fact that 7 percent of the non-anglers say that they intend to start with angling soon. 6.2 The Increase in the Number of Anglers with an Angling Licence In 1972/73 nearly twice as many angling licences were sold as in 1964/65. The number of angling certificates issued, increased by only 20 percent in that period. It is expected that the disproportional rise in the sale of angling licences will continue. This expectation is based on the following combination of facts. Firstly it has been found that, as stated earlier, younger generations start fishing at an earlier age, and that on the whole those who begin young will also continue fishing until later in life. It can, therefore, be assumed that the average number of years people fish will increase throughout the population. Since it has also been found that it is not the age at which people take up fishing which leads to the purchase of an angling licence but more often the number of years they have been fishing, the conclusion would appear to be justified. Moreover, many anglers with an angling licence fish more often than the others, therefore a more intensive fishing of the fish stock may be expected. 6.3 Developments relating to the Species that Anglers fish for, the Fishing Water, the Distance to the Fishing Water, use of a Boat and Angling in Company The rapid increase in the number of anglers with an angling licence also affects the species fished for. It has been seen that the anglers with a small angling licence fish somewhat less for reach and more for predatory fish. From questions regarding the species no longer fished for and the plans for future fishing for species not earlier fished, an identical trend appears. On the basis of these questions a net increase in interest may be expected for bream (2 percent), trout (4 percent), carp (9 percent), pike (6 percent), pike-perch (6 percent) and particularly saltwater species (11 percent). Some change has been found in the distance travelled to reach the fishing water. Of those who have been fishing for longer than 4 years and living for more than 4 years in the same municipality, 25 percent now fish in more distant water (particularly car- owners) and 10 percent in water less far away. Of the same category, which comprises 82 percent of the respondents, one quarter say they fish less frequently in the past few years than before; one fifth fish more often. Since in future one fifth want to go fishing more often, a rise in the fishing frequency seems to be probable. The reasons for the change in the fishing frequency are mainly personal ones, such as working conditions and interest. As regards the use of boats, it has been found that 19 percent fish more frequently from boats in recent years and 9 percent less often. If these anglers' plans for the future are fully realized, the percentage of boat-users among the anglers in the near future will rise from 39 to 45. Of the category who have been fishing for longer than 4 years, 85 percent sometimes take with them other people who also fish; 18 percent have been doing this more often in the past few years, 5 percent less often and 62 percent equally often. These figures indicate that fishing with another angler is increasing. As regards fishing in the company of people who do not fish themselves (35 percent of the category concerned sometimes do so), hardly any changes have occurred in recent years. 6.4 A Development in the Private Organization of Angling If in the past anglers who wished to fish for certain species, such as pike, or wished to gain admittance to private fishing waters, they were able to do so primarily by becoming members of an angling club. Even then, they will only gain the right to fish in the waters (which were not usually very extensive) managed by that club. If they wanted to fish in other private waters as well, they had to join a second club. Not all clubs, however, admitted anglers from elsewhere. After intensive preparations a marked change has recently come about in this respect. In January 1975 the Netherlands Association of Angling Federations (in Dutch N.V.V.S.) came into being. One of its objectives is to allow the largest possible number of anglers to fish in the most suitable fishing water possible, on payment of a reasonable price. The anglers who have joined the N.V.V.S. through an angling federation (about 400 000) receive the “Large Permit” every year. This entitles them to fish in a great number of waters of the federation associated with the N.V.V.S. These now comprise 75 000 ha of mainly larger (public) waters (rivers and lakes), distributed over the whole country. This is about half of the available fishing water in The Netherlands, not including Lake Ijssel. It is clear that this important development may induce anglers to fish more frequently, or encourage others who do not yet fish to start with angling. 7. ANGLING AS A LEISURE PASTIME Angling is a popular form of pastime. One aspect investigated in an attempt to examine more in detail what is special about angling has been whether the situation a person is in plays a part in his decision whether or not to go fishing. It has already been found that social and economic backgrounds do not affect the decision. A proportionate percentage of anglers is found in all the various population categories, viz, those of persons with higher or with lower incomes, manual workers or white-collar workers, married persons with children and married persons without children, persons with their own means of transport and those without, town-dwellers and villagers, and so on. Apparently angling has a more or less equal attraction for all categories. In view of a number of circumstances relating to the dwelling, work and leisure time, the conclusion found has been the same. The type of dwelling, the location as regards facilities for outdoor recreation, the space in the dwelling, the physical or mental difficulty of people's work, the regularity of their work, the number of days off, the hours of leisure after work, and similar data, are the same for anglers and non-anglers. Another way to find out what is special about angling was by inquiring whether perhaps anglers and non-anglers differ as to the things they want or the aspects they wish to be confronted with in their leisure time. This matter is raised by the question: do anglers and non-anglers seek the same things in their leisure time (paragraph 7.1)? The next question is derived from it, i.e., what do anglers seek in angling (paragraph 7.2)? What is special about angling can also be sought in the question, what are their views on angling (paragraph 7.3)? In the next place one may wonder if anglers hold a different view from non- anglers of the way they wish to spend their leisure time, if they want to become acquainted with different aspects or to do different things, does this become apparent from their other leisure-time activities (besides fishing)? In this connexion paragraph 7.4 raises the point, do the leisure-time occupations of anglers and those of non-anglers differ? 7.1 Do Anglers and Non-Anglers seek the same in their Leisure Time? In views stated on such aspects as creativity, rivalry and intercourse with other people. Anglers and non-anglers as categories do not differ. Both find it equally important to be occupied with manual skill in their leisure time, to meet other people, to learn something, and so on. On the other hand, considerably more anglers attach importance to look for quiet and natural surroundings in their leisure time, or to be in the open air. Moreover, as a whole they attach rather more importance to escape from noise, to forget their cares, work and daily routine, and to physical rest. 7.2 What do Anglers seek in Angling? From anglers' replies to the question what they consider important when fishing, it is evident that the very point on which they differ somewhat from non-anglers, namely that they like to enjoy quiet and natural surroundings, plays the chief role. They also find fishing good for their health, for forgetting cares and for escaping from the daily routine. A little more than half of them attach importance that they can be alone when they fish. A little less than half consider the possibility of fishing in the company of friends and of meeting other people. As regards the actual fishing, it has been found that 70 percent want to catch a lot of fish, 60 percent want big fishes, and two thirds are cut to improve their catching methods. Only a relatively small number want to catch bigger fishes than others (21 percent) and, by going fishing, to leave the bustle of the family behind (20 percent). Finally, almost every angler rejects the idea of fishing to get food or to catch fish for sale. 7.3 What Views are held concerning Angling and Anglers? Almost all anglers experience or recognize in angling a number of aspects regarded as liberating. They consider angling a suitable means of attaining quiet and eliminating cares. They also see in it an exciting activity that is beneficial to health. Nearly half of the anglers find fishing difficult; one third considers that one has to drive a long way to be able to fish, and a quarter considers it an expensive occupation. Anglers do not consider fishing cruel, old-fashioned, or suitable only for certain categories. Those who do not fish also consider that angling has a liberating significance, but to a noticeably lesser degree. In addition, more than two third of them regard fishing as a dull, wet activity requiring a great deal of patience. About one third quotes, probably as hindrances, the necessity of getting up early, the great distance to the fishing water and the difficulty of angling. Further, a quarter of the non-anglers feel that fishing is a cruel activity, unsuitable for women. On the whole, both anglers and non-anglers have a favourable idea of the character of the angler. More anglers than non-anglers consider the angler as a sportsman. One third of the anglers consider that anglers damage the shores; one-fifth consider they pollute the water. Finally, 15 percent of the latter consider that anglers ill- treat animals when they fish. Only half the percentage of the anglers themselves share this view. Nearly all anglers' wives consider fishing a suitable pastime for their husbands. Although they are confronted somewhat more with fishing, 27 percent of them consider it unsuitable for women. This is the same percentage as the one among men who never fished. Two percent of the wives find it is often a nuisance that their husbands go fishing; 9 percent consider this is sometimes the case. It is interesting that 21 percent of the wives even consider that their husbands go fishing too seldom; five percent say their husbands go fishing too often. Altogether 25 percent of the wives would like to accompany their husbands when they go fishing but do not manage to do so, owing mainly to domestic duties. That this does not result in their regarding themselves as “anglers' widows” is evident from the fact that 91 percent of the wives never feel left behind when their husbands go fishing; 7 percent have this feeling sometimes and only 2 percent always. 7.4 Are there obvious differences between the way Anglers and Non-Anglers spend their Leisure Time? If thirty other leisure-time activities besides fishing are considered, anglers and non-anglers spend their leisure in a very similar way. This is true of the nature of the activities pursued indoors and outdoors, physically active and physically passive, artistic, creative. It also applies to the frequency with which the two categories pursue these activities and the measure in which they tend to pursue them alone or in company with others. Also in the number of activities pursued, the categories do not differ. This applies not only to the winter period but also to the summer period, whereas anglers clearly spend more time fishing in summer than in winter. Considering all these similarities, it may be stated that anglers and non-anglers do spend their leisure time in a similar way, except, of course, for the fact that the anglers fish. Whether angling is in essence a totally different leisure-time activity or just an activity like so many others could probably be inferred by comparing the way angling and other activities are experienced. But such figures are not available. However, as was found earlier, there are differences between anglers and non-anglers in the figures relating to what they want in their leisure time and to the views they hold on fishing, which indicate that anglers tend more than other people to seek the open air, and attractive scenery. By fishing they are able to satisfy these requirements. 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (a) In The Netherlands about 800 000 licensed and 400 000 unlicensed anglers fish in the inland waters. Besides this large number some other hundred thousand anglers fish in the sea, or abroad. Of the 800 000 licensed anglers, the main subject of this study, only 2.5 percent are female. Besides this fact it is clear from the study that sport fishing is done by all social classes and groups of the Dutch population. (b) The licensed angler on an average fishes 43 times a year mainly in the summer months or at weekends. They travel about 12.5 km often by car to their favourite fishing water. About 70 percent of the anglers do not go to another site during the same fishing trip. The most important species are roach/rudd and bream, of which 45 percent and 19 percent respectively of the anglers fish. Of these species more than 85 percent are put back into the water. (c) The following question is important. Will angling in The Netherlands, like various other forms of leisure activity, rapidly gain popularity, or not. Assuming the absence of disturbing factors, such as a marked change in the fish population, the answer is in the affirmative. The conclusion is based mainly on the fact that younger generations are beginning to fish at an ever earlier age, and on the number of non-anglers who say they have serious plans to start angling in the near future. The former fact is important, for the saying “Learnt in youth, done in old age” is very applicable to angling. In other words, the younger people are when they start fishing, the longer they continue to do so. (d) A second, and equally important, question is whether the proportional rise in the sale of angling licences will continue. Since people nowadays begin to fish at an earlier age, the average number of years they continue to fish will increase in the long run. As it has been found that it is the number of years people fish which largely determines whether they buy an angling licence or not, we feel that this growth in the proportion of angling licences will continue. (e) Much attention has been paid to the question whether on the grounds of fishing behaviour a distinction can be drawn between types of anglers. A correlation has been found between a number of aspects of fishing behaviour which together indicate its intensity. In view of this correlation, a distinction can be drawn between intensive and less intensive anglers. Since there is also a correlation between a small number of characteristics of fishing behaviour which are connected with its distribution in distance and time, anglers may be typologized in a second manner. We call the anglers who most clearly show this correlation “weekend anglers” and “everyday anglers”. (f) Such terms as “hobby anglers” and “recreation anglers”, which are used in publications on anglers and which should indicate a correlation between many other behaviour characteristics, cannot be substantiated from the correlations discovered in this study. This indicates that they have little practical significance, in the sense that they comprise no large categories of anglers on which a government policy can be focused. (g) An important question is whether the distinct types referred to under (e) are also characterized by different desires regarding management, the fish population and the equipment of the fishing water. The only important connexion seems to be that more intensive anglers lay far more emphasis on the importance of management and inspection. They are more convinced than others that the possession of a fishing permit should be compulsory, that there should be a check on it, on the size of the fish removed and on the bait used, and they also attach great importance to management of the fishing water by an angling club. (h) The absence of further connexion between intensity and distribution of fishing behaviour on the one hand and desires regarding equipment and the fish population on the other hand, leads to a conclusion similar to that under (f). In other words, the anglers' fishing behaviour and their wishes vary greatly. Moreover the connexion between these two matters, irrespective of point (e), is so slight that types of anglers can hardly be distinguished for the benefit of the management. (i) Not only has the management no usable relation between behaviour and desires, but in addition a great diversity can be observed in the separate behavioural aspects and in the wishes regarding the separate aspects of the facilities. No direct indications can therefore be found as to the facilities of specific fishing waters which, indeed, was not the intention of this study. Because of this diversity, however, it seems necessary to offer also a great diversity in sport fishing facilities. From the following items it will be seen that important indications as to facilities can none the less be drawn from behaviour and desires. (j) As stated, not only a further increase in the number of anglers can be expected, but also a continued rise in the sale of angling licences. The result of the former has already been described. That of the latter can be deduced from the fact that anglers with an angling licence belong to the more intensive anglers. The most important aspects of their fishing behaviour are the considerable larger fishing frequency, the greater interest in carp and predatory fish and the two times larger number of boat-owners in this category (24 percent as against 12 percent for the anglers with an angling certificate). These aspects are still more important in view of the plans of a number of anglers to buy a boat in the near future (10 percent, some of them to replace an old boat) and their plans to start fishing for predatory fish (8 percent of all anglers). (k) The increase in the number of anglers, the rapidly growing number of anglers with an angling licence and the greater fishing frequency have, as stated, consequences also for the occupation of the shore and the distance between the anglers along the shore. One can assume that the waterside is getting more crowded. For the present on the whole the over-occupation of the shore is seen. This is apparent from the fact that on busy days anglers fish on average 25 to 30 m apart and that 80 percent of them are satisfied with that space. Considering for example that, of those who on busy days fish at a distance of from 11 to 20 m apart, 86 percent are still satisfied with that space, a further increase in the number of anglers would not seem likely to lead to a shore-occupation unacceptable to the anglers. Perhaps the fact that many go fishing with their own companions contributes to the contentment with a rather closer space. In this context it seems right to revert to the figure of 83 percent of anglers who attach importance to wide space. Although, when questioning the anglers, no special attention was given to what they understand by a long distance, an idea of this can be obtained from the above particulars. (l) The reader will not be surprised by the fact that it has been found from anglers' desires and evaluation that the qualities of fish population play an important role. If certain qualities of fish population are present (plenty of fish, big fish, offering of resistance by fish, edibility of fish), the fishing water is more highly evaluated. If these are not present, the water is evaluated considerably less highly. This is also true of the anglers who say they attach little importance to them. (m) Clean water is something many wish for but by no means always find. Considering the important role of clean water shown by the evaluation, and the policy priorities sketched by anglers, it seems right that much attention should be given to combating water pollution. More than half of the angling club members wish their clubs to give more attention to this point. (n) From data of many different kinds the natural surroundings of the fishing water play an even greater role for the anglers than the qualities of the fish and of the water. It has also been found that because polder waters possess these elements they are the most highly evaluated and are preferred by many to other types of water. (o) The fairly general disapproval of the use of motorboats and of swimming in fishing water once again emphasizes the importance of the quiet desired in the neighbourhood of the water. Since, on the other hand, quite a number of anglers nevertheless consider a playing field or a picnicking place for the family and separate swimming facilities desirable, it seems right to plan a fishing water in a number of recreation projects to be used for many purposes. This is also indicated by the fact that a fair number of anglers take their families with them when they go fishing. Considering the quiet required for fishing, attention should be given to allotting a rather more secluded place to the fishing water in such projects. Furthermore, it must be pointed out in connexion with the desires regarding family recreation facilities, that there are rough indications that their behaviour in this respect is not in line with this. It has been found that the number of anglers taking non-fishing company with them to the fishing water has not increased in recent years. (p) In general, the location of fishing waters should be not only in quiet surroundings, but also outside the town. On the other hand there are indications that many anglers, particularly the older ones, advocate the fishing water being situated as near as possible to the dwelling. The main indication lies in the fact that 50 percent of the fishing behaviour takes place within a radius of 5 km of the dwelling, in the distance people are willing to travel to reach an ideally equipped fishing water, and in the fact that a third of the anglers and 30 percent of the ex-anglers consider the distance they have to drive to reach the fishing water rather long. (q) Just importance is attached to the management of the fish stocks. Eighty three percent want inspection on the size of the fish removed, and on the bait used. More than half of those wanting this say that there is no such control. Of the 90 percent who want a check on the possession of an angling licence or fishing permit, about 40 percent do not find it. (r) In the percentage of angling club members who consider that their club should do more to keep the shores clean, and in the fairly general wish for litter bins to be provided beside the fishing water, a positive attitude that can perhaps be turned to good account is found. (s) A number of matters that also call for differentiated equipment relate to facilities regarded by very many anglers as desirable, but by very many others as unnecessary or even undesirable. For instance, 40 to 60 percent would like the water to be accessible by public transport, would like a paved parking place, a launching site for boats and a boat-hire establishment. Wishes are similarly divided as regards the flow of the water, the presence of landing stages, steps down to the water, a paved shore, shelters and toilets. In almost all these respects at least 25 percent of these facilities are lacking; they want the facility but do not find it. Many others find these facilities unimportant. (t) The study has shown that the number of unlicensed anglers is about half that of the licensed. Because the number of unlicensed anglers is based on a single survey, an increase or decrease in the number of fishing documents sold in the various years cannot be explained by a decrease or increase in the number of unlicensed anglers. Many unlicensed anglers have been found unaware of the fact that possession of a fishing document is compulsory, and there are misapprehensions by many others in this respect. This is hardly any wonder, as even many of the anglers with a fishing licence have been found unacquainted with the more general regulations. It has also been found that many anglers do not know some common fish species. A more intensive and more specialized extension service, that takes into account these particulars of the anglers and unlicensed anglers, seems desirable. Account could also be taken of the fact that most anglers begin fishing at an early age. (u) Another point that still merits attention from the extension service is salt- water angling, since it has been found that in 1972 nearly 8 percent of Dutchmen sometimes engaged in this form of angling. (v) In this first national angling survey many aspects of angling have become more clear, through which a basis has been laid for comparison when recording developments. As also regards the number of fishing waters anglers use and the distance they travel, it would appear interesting to ascertain effects of the increased fishing possibilities for many anglers since the recent founding of the N.V.V.S. Further, it is very important to find out whether developments occur regarding angling in company of the family. The last-mentioned particulars might provide a better understanding as to how to to meet both the fairly general desire for quiet at the fishing water on the one hand and the very widespread desire for recreation facilities on the other. 9. SOME DEFINITIONS (taken from the Memorandum on Angling (1972) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries) ˰ Fishing rod: the tackle consisting of a rod - possibly provided with a reel - a line attached to the rod - possibly provided with one or more floats - and at most three single, double or triple hooks. ˰ Common rod: a rod, with hook or hooks provided with one of the baits designated in the Order of 26 May 1965 by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (including dough, bread, cheese, pieces of fish of up to 3 cm, artificial flies of up to 2.5 cm, etc. ˰ Special rod: rod, baited with different bait from that designated by the Minister. ˰ Eel bobbing rod: tackle consisting of a line, to the bottom of which is attached a bunch of worms strung onto one thread, with a small piece of lead above it to make it heavier. ˰ Public water: the navigable and floatable streams and rivers, as referred to in Section 577 of the Civil Code - in the general water that is used with some permanence and frequency for economic transport of goods or persons - and the canals and channels as referred to in Section 579 of the Civil Code. ˰ The party entitled to the fishing rights: the person who, as owner of a stretch of water or in virtue of a tenancy agreement with that owner, has the right to fish in that water. In the case of the public waters, the State (Crown lands) or the State's lessee is as a rule the party entitled to the fishing rights. ˰ Permit: document granted to a third party by the person entitled to the fishing rights, to fish in the water in question. Under Section 21 of the Fisheries Law, a person who fishes in a water of which somebody else is entitled to the fishing rights must be in possession of a written permit from the latter, valid for the fishing pursued. Exception: In public waters, fishing with one common rod is allowed under Section 21, paragraph 2 (d), without a written permit. The State, which is the party entitled to the fishing rights for these waters, has as it were given permission by means of a statutory provision to everyone. However: the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries can exempt certain waters from this general statutory permit, to ensure the management of the fish stock. This occurred, e.g., in the case of Lake Veere, the Grevelingen, the Brielse Mass, the Rotte and Lauwersmeer. When fishing in these waters with one normal rod, one must therefore be in possession of permit from the party entitled to the fishing rights - in this case the State. ˰ Right of access: the right (of anglers) to walk on the shores of the fishing water. This right must be obtained from the owner or from the lessee or tenant farmer of the land, who is often not the same person as the party entitled to the fishing rights. ˰ Fishing documents for inland fishing, issued by a public authority: angling certificate, angling licence and large fishing licence. Everyone who fishes into the inland waters must not only be authorized according to private law (as owner of the water, as lessee of the fishing right or as holder of a permit obtained from the party entitled to the fishing rights) but must in addition, as appears from Section 10, paragraph 1, and Section 15, paragraph 1, of the Fisheries Law, also hold a document issued by a public authority, as proof that the Government has granted him permission to fish (c.f. the Licence). The following documents are issued by public authorities: a) Angling certificate: needed for fishing with one common rod; persons under 15 are exempted from this. b) Angling licence: needed for fishing with one special rod, two common rods or one eel bobbing rod (in earlier publication called small fishing licence). c) Large fishing licence: needed for all tackle allowed by law. 10. REFERENCES Algemeen Hengelaarsbond (General Anglers' Union), Annual reports Bovins, M.J. and others, Characteristics of hunters and fishermen in six northeastern 1968 States. University of Vermont Blok, E., Viswater als recreatie-object (Fishing water as a recreational amenity). 1970 Recreatievoorzieningen (Recreational Amenities) 1970, No. 3 Blom, B., Het gebruik van de Nederlandse rivieren en overige binnenwateren als 1973 viswater per 1 januari 1971 (The use of the Netherlands rivers and other inland waters as fishing waters as from 1 January 1971). Department of Sportfisheries and Professional Inland Fisheries. Documentation Report No. 16 , 25 jaar wetgeving binnenvisserij (25 years' legislation on commercial inland 1972 fisheries). Visserij (Fisheries) No. 3 , Vissen - akten - vergunningen (Fishing, Licences, Permits). Visserij, No. 4 1972 Dill, W.A. and J. Norling, Expanded, annotated bibliography on the economic evaluation 1974 of sport fisheries (EIFAC/74/I-2) Directie Visserijen (Fisheries Directorate), Annual reports Directie Visserijen, Sportvisserij in Nederland (Angling in The Netherlands). The Hague 1970 Doll, F., Hunting and fishing values in Wyoming. University of Wyoming 1970 Gaudet, J.L., First European Consultation on the economic evaluation of sport and 1972 commercial fisheries. Consultation report, articles, bibliography. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Netherlands Haar, E. ter, Het gebruik van sportvisserijvoorzieningen in Ocst-Flevoland (The use made of angling, amenities in Eastern Flevoland). (unpublished) Heidemij Nederland B.V., Structuurschets voor de ontwikkeling van voorzieningen ten 1972 behoeve van de sportvisserij in Friesland (Structural outline for the development of angling amenities in Friesland). Arnhem Hoef, J.J. van der, Visplaatsen in Oostelijk Flevoland (Fishing sports in Eastern 1973 Flevoland) Recreatievoorzieningen (Recreational Amenities) No. 3 Hoofdafdeling Sportvisserij en Beroepsbinnenvisserij (Department of Sportfisheries and Commercial Inland Fisheries Branch), Vissoorten in Nederland (Fish Species in The 1972 Netherlands). The Hague Hurck, J.A. van, De ontwikkeling van de sportvisserij (The development of angling). 1972 Visserij (Fisheries), No. 3 Instituut voor Toegepaste Sociologie (Institute for Applied Sociology), Sportvisserij in 1972 Nederland, voor-onderzoek op een drietal objecten van sport-visserij in Zuid-Holland (Angling in The Netherlands; preliminary survey at three angling amenities in the province of South Holland). Nijmegen Kamphorst, T.J., De sportvisserij in Midden Utrecht. Mededelingen van het Sociologisch 1969 Instituut van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht. (Angling in Central Utrecht. Bulletins of the Sociological Institute of Utrecht), No. 55. Utrecht Kerstens, A.P.C., Recreatie en platteland (Recreation and the countryside). Wageningen Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Nota inzake de sportvisserij (Memorandum on 1972 Angling). The Hague Nederlands Research Instituut voor Toerisme en Rekreatie (Netherlands Institute for Tourism and Recreation), Sportvissen op de Waddenzee (Angling in the Dutch 1971 Skallows). Breda N.O.P. Market Research, National Angling Survey, 1969–70. London 1971 Oostrum, H.J. van, Sportvisserij-onderzoek in de provincie Drenthe (Angling Research in 1968 the province of Drenthe) Organisatie ter Verbetering van de Binnenvisserij (Organization for the Improvement of Inland Fisheries), Annual reports Outdoor Recreation Review Commission, National Recreation Survey. Washington 1962 Sewell, W.R.D. and J. Rostroo, Recreational fishing evaluation. Department of Fisheries 1970 and Forestry, Ottawa Steinmetz, B., De in het visseizoen 1972/73 per gemeente uitgereikte publiekrechtelijke 1974 visdocumenten (The fishing licences issued per municipality in 1972/73). Hoofdafdeling Sportvisserij en Beroepsbinnenvisserij. Documentatierapport (Documentation Report) No. 17 , B., De sportvisserij in het polder-en plassengebied “Nieuwkoop-Noorden” 1973 (Angling in the “Nieuwkoop-Noorden” Polders and Ponds Area). Visserij, No. 2 , B., Hengelaars enquête Veerse Meer, augustus 1970 (Anglers survey at 1972 Lake Veere), August 1970. Visserij (Fisheries) No. 7 , B., Sportvisserstellingen op de Grevelingen 1972 (Anglers Censuses at the 1973 Grevelingen) 1972. Recreatievoorzienlingen No. 5 , B., Een oriënterend onderzoek naar de mogelijkheden voor de sportvisserij in 1973 het Grevelingen bekken. (An orientation to the sport fishing possibilities in the Grevelingen lake). Visserij No. 8 Stichting Landelijke Hengelsportorganisatie (National Angling Organization), Studiedag 1974 Sportvisserij (One-day Angling Course). Amsterdam, 1974 University of Maine, The Maine Sportsman; characteristics of hunters and fishermen. 1969 Maine Veldhuis, R., Vissen, visplaatsen en visplassen (Fishing, fishing sites and fishponds). 1974 (Working Group on the Provision of Facilities at Outdoor Recreation Sites). Report 4, De Bilt, 1974 Wippler, R., Vrijetijd buiten (Leisure time in the country). Groningen 1966 Yoesting, D.R. and D.L. Burkhead, Sociological aspects of water-based recreation in 1971 Iowa. Journals Algemeen Hengelaars Bond (General Anglers' Union), De Nederlandse Hengelsport (Dutch Angling) A.N.W.B. (Royal Dutch Touring Club), Recreatievoorzieningen Interdijk B.V., Vissport (Angling) Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Visserij (Fisheries) FISHERIES MANAGEMENT GOALS, PROBLEMS AND OPTIONS LES OBJECTIFS DE L'AMENAGEMENT DES PECHERIES, PROBLEMES ET POSSIBILITES

by

A.L.W. Tuomi Director, Recreational Fisheries Branch Fisheries and Marine Service Environment Canada Ottawa, Canada

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Fisheries Management Goals, Problems and Options 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Problems in Goal Formulation 1.3 Importance of Sport Fisheries Goal Formulation 2. Fisheries Goal Options 3. Framework for Decision-Making 4. Conclusions 5. Acknowledgements 6. References Abstract Mounting demands on all natural resources have brought about the need to assess the role and performance of sport fisheries. Though sport fishing ranks next only to swimming as a form of resource-based recreation, one of the main problems has been the lack of economic theory to assess recreational fisheries management and performance. Reasons for this lack and the importance of such theory development are outlined. It is then pointed out that the extension of commercial fisheries theory delineated by Copes (1972) applies equally to recreational fisheries, and that a comprehensive basis of theory for identifying, weighing and integrating optimal sport and commercial fisheries management goals and programmes is now available for study and adoption. Résumé Les exigences toujours plus pressantes en ressources naturelles ont mis en évidence le besoin d'évaluer le rôle et le rendement de la pêche sportive. Même si la pêche sportive occupe le deuxième rang, après la natation, en tant que forme d'utilisation récréatives des ressources, l'un des principaux problèmes y affèrent est le manque de théorie économique pour en évaluer l'aménagement et le rendement. On expose les raisons de cet état de choses et l'importance de définir une telle théorie. On signale que la théorie de Copes (1972) sur les pêcheries commerciales peut s'adapter également à la pêche sportive et que l'on dispose donc, d'ores et déjà, d'une base théorique générale pour identifier, évaluer et intégrer d'une façon optimale les buts et les programmes d'aménagement des pêches sportive et commerciale. 1. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT GOALS, PROBLEMS AND OPTIONS 1.1 Introduction In common with increasing demands on all natural resources, worldwide concerns relating to mounting leisure aspirations, population pressures, “limits to growth”, energy shortages, and rising costs of resource supply have brought about re- appraisals of the role and purpose of sport fisheries. However, while remarkably little has been published with respect to the “purpose” of sport fisheries other than by anglers and related philosophical devotees, it would be a rare instance where resource managers variously concerned with sport fishery decisions have not agonized over some of the basic issues involved, e.g., how many fish should be “provided”, to whom, on what basis, and at the expense of what alternative uses of all the resources involved? The purpose of this paper is to describe and explore a framework for identifying basic options in sport fishery goal formulation without indulging in either advocacy or the making of judgements as to what is, or would be, “right”. Considering the scope of the subject, this paper is intended to stimulate thought and study - comprehensiveness in almost any sense being recognized as impossible. As background, a review is made in the next section of reasons why so little research seems to have been done in this field. Similarly, reasons why sport fisheries, and sport fisheries goal formulation, are important are outlined in the succeeding section. A delineation of the theory and the major options in fisheries goal formulation is then dealt with, followed by a look at related aspects of decision-making. Conclusions are then drawn pointing out how objectivity can now be improved in the understanding, formulation of goals and the management of fisheries. 1.2 Problems in Goal Formulation: There are general as well as specific reasons why so little seems to have been done respect of recreational goals analysis and synthesis. One obvious explanation is that fisheries managers and experts have always routinely done a great deal in relation to goals (e.g., developing data, doing analysis, ranking alternatives), but the bulk of these analytical and advisory efforts have generally served as internal administrative inputs into the political decision-making process. Publication of this operational input, and its linkages to decisions that may be made, tend to be discretionary, and can range anywhere from a highly publicized and documented announcement heralding a new policy or development to simply an unannounced continuation or cessation of a programme. Related to the foregoing are the increasing complexities and interdependencies in society which makes it genuinely difficult to keep pace, let alone bring about improvement in the administrative processes of public policy formulation. Both the need for such improvement and the difficulties involved are clearly evident in the efforts made in the last decade or so to apply systems analysis to governmental planning, programming and budgeting (i.e., PPB in Canada, PPBS in the United States and the equivalent endeavours and acronyms in other countries). But much of the early euphoria surrounding these approaches has disappeared with the realization that the progress made has not been easy and that computerized systems, per se, are not enough.1/ 1 “We emphasize in the strongest possible terms that progress toward improved government decision-making is not simply a matter of developing better information and adopting new and more sophisticated techniques. Increasingly sophisticated as they may become, better information and techniques are only aids for improving judgement. Decision- making is essentially a judgemental process.” p. 64, “Design for Decision-Making”, Economic Council of Canada, Eight Annual Review, Ottawa, 1971. There are also a number of specific aspects of sport fisheries which make goal formulation difficult. The first is that sport fishing is a want rather than a basic need, thus pitting views relating to consumer sovereignty against the variously perceived and exercised responsibilities of government. Taken further, angling is a discretionary leisure-time activity - or more precisely, a resource-based form of outdoor recreation. But besides epitomizing the “good life” in the public eye, sport fishing, from a public policy point of view, is actually a transcendent goal, i.e., one of society's more basic objectives which governmental “performance goals” (e.g., economic growth, full employment, equitable income distribution, etc.) are designed to support.2/ 2 See Malcoml Rowan, “A Conceptual Framework for Government Policy-Making”, Canadian Public Administration, Autumn 1970, Vol. XIII, No. 3, p. 277 Second, the angler is part of the conceptual problem. He or she is first and foremost, and always, a consumer, and as is the case with most consumers in the discretionary field, the satisfactions sought and enjoyed are highly subjective. So it should not be surprising that, in common with the whole field of leisure and recreation, there are no universally agreed-upon or soundly-based definitions of angling, except perhaps, for the aphorism that “angling is what you think it is”. At the same time, this lack of precision cannot disguise the fact that it is angler demand, direct or indirect, that not only confers value on the resources involved, but it is also the angler who ultimately defines both the product and the “business” of angling where by the angler simultaneously “produces” and consumes sport fishing. In seeming contradiction to this, the third aspect is that there is no broadly accepted theory or holistic concept of sport fisheries management. Part of this deficiency can be attributed to the lack of agreement as to what is meant by the word management. As arbitrarily used here, management involves identification and responsibility for achieving society's goals respecting fishery supply and angler demand as these relate to the “production” and consumption of fishing. It is readily apparent, there is no lack of either scientific knowledge or management experience and capabilities in the field of the biological management of fish, the regulation of fish harvesting and the overall field of the conservation, protection and augmentation of fisheries. Suffice to say, the real deficiency lies in the area of socio-economic management of the demand for fishing, with progress in this respect being regarded as a prerequisite to the formulation of overall sport fisheries management theory and performance. Reflecting this imbalance, and contributing to the lack of central theory, is the view still held by some administrators that the management of common property sport fisheries is simply an extension or variation of commercial fisheries management. This, however, is not the case. The product is different (i.e., fishing rather than the fish). Thanks to angler subjectivity and its site-specific nature (to cite the more obvious reasons), sport fishing is by comparison an incredibly complex and angler-differentiated product (“Welfare is in the eye of the beholder”, Strumpel 1972,p. 72). The angler is also simultaneously both “producer” and ultimate consumer of fishing, after access has been obtained, while the comparable ultimate consumer buying fish as food in the grocery store or restaurant generally buys a product that has been variously “produced”, standardized and successively owned and sold by as many as three levels of industry. In short, in a common property sport fishery there is no industry with a proprietary interest in the product to serve as a buffer between the agency authorizing angler access and the mass consumer market. (Where sport fishing is a private, market good, both fisheries, and the right to fish can be owned, bought and sold in accordance with the laws that prevail). Fourth, problems and misconceptions relating to economic evaluation also have to be identified as impediments to goal formulation. The generalized case for economic evaluation of sport fishery output is obvious: it is very difficult to propose, fund and operate projects (e.g., a hatchery) if the physical output cannot be valued so as to justify the public investment required (i.e., ideally, by quantifying the proposed generation of competitively superior net benefits as compared with alternative uses of all the resources involved). Economic evaluation is admittedly expensive in terms of the time, money and the skills involved, particularly as, in most instances, the required data are simply not available and their collection becomes the first step. The validity of the methodological approaches available is still open to continuing argument. In some instances, the intransigence of the problems involved is such that practioners in this field, particularly economists, have tended to turn their attentions from the central issues for which evaluation is needed to what can best be called consumer research (e.g., studies of angler values, expectations, motivations, preferences, behaviour and related aspects of consumer decision-making). In other instances, economic evaluation has become an academic subject matter field for engrossing but arcane research. It is not really surprising that many administrators tend to look askance at economic evaluation. At the same time, not all of this scepticism is warranted. Firstly, economic evaluation has hitherto been primarily used to justify traditional fish supply management-oriented programmes (or the protection of fish): its obvious greater application to the demand side (to quantify either the waste or potential gain in marketing opportunities) has not been similarly perceived and acted upon. Secondly, economic evaluation is only a means to an end, i.e., knowing the “value” of a fishery for a specific purpose may in some instances be simply an interesting but irrelevant quantification of the problem if no decision-making application is made or possible. Thirdly, in a great many instances, adequate answers for specific decision-making purposes can be generated by using some of the much neglected sport fish marketing information that is available as well as by variations of the “direct” and “indirect” methodological approaches. However, it must be said, on balance, that little can be done about many of the problems of economic evaluation until sport fisheries goals are more clearly identified and agreed upon. Finally, as a fourth aspect, it has to be recognized that there are many other factors bearing on the lack of central sport fisheries management theory. Entrenched public views and precedent-laden institutional arrangements can readily delay recognition of the need for let alone acceptance of change in time-honoured but suboptimal goals. In some cases, the supply of sport fish opportunity is so great that, as in the case of energy resources, full-fledged recognition of the need for new goals and programmes will only come in response to some combination of real scarcity, reduced quality and the actual impact of the cost of major new maintenance, restoration and enhancement. Reinforcement to this recognition will also come from competing demands on fish and the fishery environment. 1.3 Importance of Sport Fisheries Goal Formulation To begin with, fishing for sport ranks next only to swimming as the leading form of outdoor recreation in a number of the developed countries for which reasonably comparable data are available, with the percentage of citizens annually participating ranging from ten percent upward.3/ In short, when compared with other recreation pursuits, sport fishing is an activity regularly sought after and enjoyed by a substantial percentage of the total population. 3 A listing of outdoor pursuits in Britain, the United States and Sweden shows angling ranking respectively as fourth, second and second, as shown on p. 177 of the report “Technical Research Based On Consumers Needs, Demands and Wishes”, as published by the Swedish Board for Technical Development, Stockholm, Sweden, 1972 The other side of the coin of angling popularity is the continuing growth in population and - until recently - in discretionary incomes, discretionary time, and continuing improvements in means of access. Taken together, the available data show that overall participation is surpassing population growth rates. In a way this is not surprising as sport fishing is one of the best “bargains” of the times and, in common with a number of other forms of recreation, is not overly affected by recession. It is paradoxical, however, to note that in a world increasingly confronted with hunger that the marketing of sport fishing opportunity may generate the economic margin of actual revenues necessary to justify as well as pay for expensive new fisheries restoration and enhancement programmes which can contribute substantially to world food supplies. Particularly in the case of species capable of large-scale augmentation (e.g., salmon), most sport fish gear is inefficient by definition (i.e., designed to catch one, rather than many fish at a time): most of such sport gear also tends to be incapable of either reaching or cropping annually harvestable runs. Thus sport fisheries “needs” can often be fully met (and their actual take of fish be more than proportionately paid for by “satisfied” anglers) while still leaving as much as ninety percent of the potentially allowable harvest to be commercially cropped for sale as food (i.e., synergism through internalization of external economies). It is equally paradoxical to note that unless value through sport fisheries use is added to the justification for keeping rivers, lakes and estuaries available for all fisheries production, the fisheries habitat stands in risk of being converted and irreversibly lost because of the spiralling demand for conflicting uses such as hydro power. In the case of salmonids, second best, expensive, and only partially satisfactory sport fisheries measures, like the stocking of headwaters and the trucking of salmon above dams (e.g., the Mactuaquac in New Brunswick) make the commercial fisheries the real loser in any such river-use trade-off (i.e., as a result of purely sport fisheries mitigation measures). Though the specifics of such resource-use trade-offs vary tremendously, there is little room for doubting either man's physical capacity to alter whole river basins or the rapidity with which the whole international perspective on resource use needs and values can be re-aligned. Some of this concern is, for instance, expressed in the United States Fish and Wildlife Service policy study of evaluation where it is noted that “…the Nation is embarking upon what may be the last great wave of resource use decisions, and these affecting natural resources on an unprecedented scale”.4/ 4 Lynn A. Greenwalt, “Decision Making in Natural Resources”, Papers on Fish and Wildlife Resources Evaluation, Ed. Spencer H. Smith and Albert H. Rosenthal, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, February 1975, p. 7 Conceivably sport fishing could continue to be treated as exempt from market discipline indefinitely except for one thing - cost. Other than in the case of certain sport- caught species which largely cannot or need not be physically protected or augmented (e.g., ocean mackerel, northern pike), most other sport species in developed areas have long since ceased being Nature's free gifts. In addition to rising costs of general administration, most fish now come at a rapidly rising level of cost - either to the licensed angler or general tax-payers. Thus, in the face of increasing angler participation, rising costs of physical supply provision, and protection, and the many constraints on raising user fees, many fisheries managers are confronted with the realization that they must do more with less, or face unavoidable resource supply shortfalls. Whether regarded as an “impediment”, or as measure of the need for and importance of sport fishery evaluation, the conclusion is the same: the costs of the provision and protection of fishing opportunity will continue to climb and will have to be better justified if sport fisheries are to make an optimal contribution. This, however, is the kind of conclusion that begs the central question in this paper, i.e., what are the goal(s) which must be pursued so that fisheries can make an “optimal” contribution? 2. FISHERIES GOAL OPTIONS As noted by Johnson (1970) with respect to the governmental decision-making process, “People tend to think more in terms of problems… than they do in terms of objectives.” Two other observations on the decision-making process are of equal relevance here: first, that “… government programmes are based in the final analysis upon social goals and aspirations”, and second, that while politicians make the final decisions, by means of a “… process or art - probably one of the highest arts of them all”, one should not idealize the political process, for a variety of reasons, including the fact that “the political process is often more intuitive in character than it is scientific”. Recursiveness is also characteristic of the process, as pointed out in the observation that “The objectives of programmes are discovered as much, if not more, from the examination of programmes, as the programmes are discovered through as examination of objectives”.5/ It is thus not surprising that Steiner (1970) in a somewhat similar overview of the complexities inherent in the multi-dimensional objective structure of government was led to remark “…the question, ‘what is the public interest?’ has no simple answer. Indeed, asking the question invites the kind of smile reserved for small children and benign idiots”.6/ 5 Johnson, A.W., 1970. “PPB and Decision-Making in the Government of Canada”, Mimeo of address to 50th Anniversary Conference, Society of Industrial Accountants, Toronto, Canada, pp. 4–6 6 Steiner, Peter O., 1969. “The Public Sector and the Public Interest”, 91st Congress Compendium of papers on the Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPB System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Vol. 1, p. 42 If one accepts, as this writer and many other writers do, that the right to sport fish is just as capable of being treated as a divisible, measurable and marketable economic item as fish in the form of a food commodity, then it becomes appropriate to seek guidance for present sport fisheries purposes from the often complementary if not competitive field of commercial fisheries goal formulation. The development of an economic basis for commercial fisheries management theory has progressed in two broad stages. The first, reflecting the “problem” orientation noted by Johnson (1970), had its roots in the realization that costs of inputs in open entry fisheries tend to rise until rents are dissipated. While definition of this “problem” stemmed from the work of many - Graham (1940), Scott Gordon (1954), to name two, the basic conclusion in this first stage can perhaps be best summarized in what Graham (1940) calls the “Great Law of Fishing” that “Fisheries that are unlimited become unprofitable”.7/ Acceptance of the basic theory is now widespread, and there are many instances of programmes being variously considered and implemented to restrict entry and restore competitively appropriate levels of rationality to commercial fisheries performance. It is also apparent that entry control is not the answer to all fisheries problems. 7 Graham, Michael, 1940, “The Fish Gate”, Faber and Faber Ltd., London, p. 155 The second stage, however, was formally introduced when Copes (1972) moved beyond a primary preoccupation with the various aspects of resource rent maximization and delineated both the other “surpluses” that can be generated and the basic options open to society in the management of commercial fisheries. In essence, Copes pointed out who could benefit, in what ways, by what mix of amounts and at whose expense, from fisheries exploitation. Thus, according to the specifics of the fishery involved, the state may be able to order the market so as to variously generate and/or pass on all or a mix of these “surpluses” as benefits to consumers, producers, or to the resource owners (state or private). Alternatively, in the absence of such an ordering, consumers, producers and owners alike may ultimately suffer according to the effects of overfishing. As illustrated in graphic and tabular form in the Appendix, the framework for the formulation of optimal commercial fisheries management options (and their implications) is essentially defined. In short, rational choices can be identified, weighed and recommended for goal articulation and definition by political decision-makers. It would be edifying to be able to point to a similar progression in the development of recreational fisheries management theory and practice. Admittedly many of the problems have been recognized, thought of, written about, and even variously acted upon: but the fact essentially remains that there is no generally recognized body of integrated recreational fisheries management theory or understanding. Perhaps Norling in Victoria, British Colombia in 1972 encapsulated the situation best in his seemingly contradictory observation that there have been four stages in the development of theory and management of sport fisheries.8/ The first was the period of regulation of the use of natural supply which, under the impact of demand pressures and the development of scientific knowledge and capabilities, led to biological management as the second stage. These two initial stages then led to the social scientists joining in the fray to try to simultaneously develop both a basis for economic management as well as a socially- oriented understanding and/or justification for the provision of angling opportunity. Unfortunately, as Norling pointed out, economists' seeming lack of success in the former task led to economic management of sport fisheries being by-passed in favour of social welfare considerations now forming the fourth and prevailing public policy basis for recreational fisheries management. 8 Observation made by Professor Ingermar Norling, Socialhögskilan, Gothenburg, Sweden, at the 1972 Canadian Sport Fisheries Statistics and Evaluation Workshop in Victoria, British Columbia, November 22–24 1972 (unpublished) When one considers the long and tortuous history of the development of commercial fisheries economic theory (and its operational application), it is not surprising that the exemption of most North American sport fisheries from market pricing (i.e., lack of value data) has been a monumental roadblock to the formulation of comparable economic theory for the management of sport fisheries. Thanks to the problems already mentioned with respect to economic evaluation, the “by-passing” of recreational fisheries management theory was almost inevitable. But if it is recognized that sport fishing is as inherently an “economic good” within the framework of our system as a frozen fish in a supermarket, it is fruitful to note how closely the basic concepts underlying the two stages of commercial fisheries economic theory can also be applied to sport fishing. No one can deny that rent maximization can be pragmatically aimed at and variously achieved where there is either or both public and private ownership and marketing of sport fishing: such a denial in Canada, and perhaps also in the United States would be a rejection of the capabilities inherent in our European heritage of laws. In Canada, it would also represent a denial of the unbroken continuation of the ownership and marketing of sport fishing as a private “good” in two provinces of Canada that easily pre-dates Confederation (1867). And if denied because realistic marketing of the right to sport fish is regarded as abhorrent, or in conflict with the so-called North American tradition of “free access” to resource use, it would be mistakenly endowing “frontier era” beliefs with an immutability long since abandoned with respect to other resources, e.g., no one any longer really expects to get “free” land, the hope of which attracted many generations of settlers to North America.9/ 9 It is worth noting that in Canada the “tradition” of free access to fishing was neither intended nor planned by the Fathers of Confederation: rather it arose from Court decisions in 1883 and 1898 that led to the abandonment of federal marketing of sport fishing and divided legislative authority between the federal and provincial governments Though not yet formally articulated as such, it seems equally the case that excessive numbers of anglers (i.e., overcrowding), can just as surely dissipate “rent potential” (regardless if rents are charged or simulated) and prove destructive to resource supply (and “quality”) of the product as is the case in comparable commercial fisheries. There is also a parallel in public agency remedies to control entry and eliminate “economic waste” in commercial fisheries10/ and, for instance, in the broader field of recreation resources, to allocate access to the “maximum number of recreationists an area can handle before site and enjoyment degenerate.”11/ 10 See the review in RFF Resources, June 1975, p. 7 entitled: “Controlling Waste In Fisheries”, of the paper “Alternative Entry Controls for Fisheries” by Frances T. Christy, Jr., in J. Carl Mundt's publication “Limited Entry into the Commercial Fisheries”, Institute for Marine Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, 1975 11 Baden, J. and Becker, W., “Recreation - Is There Rationing In Its Future”, Tourism and Recreation Review, Institute for the Study of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1975, pp. 1–3 Without probing all the nuances and purposes involved, the remedies discussed in the two instances just cited, both include entry limitation (units of commercial gear capacity vs. recreationists' numbers), pricing (licence fees in both instances), and various means of sharing opportunity (commercial fishing quotas vs. recreationists'queueing reservations and lotteries). If the two steps noted in commercial fisheries theory development are retraced, the relevance of Copes' (1972) systematized delineation of the scope for overall goal identification and assessment becomes very evident. Once it is ascertained that there is an effective demand for fishing that can produce benefits (i.e., surpluses) in excess of costs, then it becomes a question for the agencies with responsibilities for the resources involved to quantify those surpluses and to determine the administrative practicality (e.g., revenues in excess of transaction costs) and public policy desirability of their capture and allocation. In short, just as is the case with respect to commercial fisheries options, the question has to be asked: is it anglers (i.e., “producer”-consumers), owners (public or private), the support industry (i.e., secondary beneficiaries), or some combination who should variously pay the bills and enjoy either or both factor returns and the surpluses generated? Given that many aspects of the adaptation of the generalized framework of commercial fisheries economic theory to recreational fishing are not dealt with here, only one integrative step remains if the basic theory fit suggested in the foregoing is accepted, viz. a theoretically sound basis for incorporating both commercial and sport aspects into a comprehensive, overall theory of fisheries management. Fortunately, the theoretical trade-offs required are relatively straightforward providing net benefit flows can be reasonably proximated, compared and equalized at the margin. Operationally, this is neither new nor of any immediate help, except of course, that the extension of Copes' work into a common framework for assessing and recommending an optimal mix of commercial and sport fishery goals and their attainment does provide a firmer basis for defining and developing other management inputs. It would of course be illusionary to suggest that the development of an overall framework makes economic simulation of the value of sport fisheries output any easier. Given the oversimplified yet fundamental assertion that sport fishing is worth what anglers individually and citizens collectively are willing to pay, a further fleshing out of a framework for sport fisheries decision-making provides both incentive as well as a discipline for sorting out the management philosophy, machinery and the data systems required for the comprehensive goal-oriented management of specific fisheries. It also provides a more disciplined rationale for identifying what real or proxy values are appropriate in keeping with the goals being pursued. 3. FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION-MAKING Myriad factors bear on how recreational fisheries goals can be decided upon and incorporated into the overall context of governmental goals, programmes and policies. There are, however, three aspects that merit special mention. The first is the seeming permanence of the instructional framework relating to fisheries ownership and laws. Though much of this legislative framework can be traced back to earlier common concerns (e.g., the demarcation of authority respecting fish, navigation, and the implications of waterbed ownership in fresh versus salt water), the specifics of ownership and laws tend to vary tremendously between and even in countries. Bedded into these specifics is a great resistance to change, a resistance which fisheries managers confronted with ongoing operational challenges ultimately tend to accept as a permanent constraint on management innovation and change - especially in waters where more than one jurisdiction and/or level of government is involved. The second aspect is the somewhat begrudging acceptance by governments of responsibility for coping with the not-to-be-denied leisure and recreation demands. Neither the underlying forces nor the problems associated with these demands (e.g., lack of definitions, uncertainty regarding the role of government) need to be dealt with here. It suffices to say that fisheries managers starting to manage sport fishing so as to optimize and allocate benefits can be confronted with real problems where they have to operate on the basis of historically commercial fisheries-oriented laws and institutional arrangements. The management aspect of the dilemma is perhaps best defined by Drucker (1974) in his observation that, “A business is not defined by the company's name, statutes, or articles of incorporation. It is defined by what the customer's needs are when he buys a product or service.” Specifically, Drucker makes the point earlier - “With respect to the definition of business purpose and business mission, there is only one such focus, one starting point. It is the customer. The customer defines the business.”12/ The implications are clear: the costs of adapting institutions to serve management needs must be incorporated into the weighing of alternatives and the decisions made respecting the goals to be sought. 12 Drucker, Peter F., “Management Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices.” Harper and Row, New York, 1974, p. 11 The third aspect is inextricably intertwined with the previous two. Neither the acceptance of new (or more completely delineated) fisheries goals nor the changing of institutional relationships to serve those goals, is readily possible without public understanding, acceptance and support. Though the matter can be dealt with in many ways the provision of full information to the public has to be regarded as the ideal situation.13/ But at the outset, there are several reasons why action on this has to be tempered. A necessary condition for any real progress in the identification and formulation of sport fisheries goals is acceptance by fisheries managers, experts and analysts of the need for change. This, for instance, may actually mean that instead of concentrating on the future, the first step will be to develop and use input-output models designed to reveal how, and how well existing fisheries are performing in terms of net pay-offs. 13 Wall, D., “The Provision of Government Information”, Report to the Privy Council Office, Ottawa, 1975 The second step can then very well be a ranking of fisheries, and fisheries issues, so as to establish priorities in the development and provision of data to the public which is future goal-oriented, relevant and understandable. Understandability involves more than numbers however. The various uses of the word value have to be explained. Thought also has to be given to how both the awareness and responsibilities associated with the public ownership can be brought into focus. A problem exists in the form of a dilution of this responsibility (in numbers equivalence if not in principle) because, as noted in respect to the analyses of water resources in the United States, “water resource projects bring enormous economic benefits to specific regions, and commensurate political benefits to their political sponsors, while the costs are spread thinly among taxpayers as a whole”.14/ Data also needs to be provided to relate to and build upon areas of the current discussion of optimum sustainable yield.15/ Fortunately, when it comes to informing the public, organized sport fishermen are among the most broadly representative, dedicated and certainly the longest established consumer advocates that can be found. Given dialogue that leads to general concurrence with management goals, organized anglers can carry a significant share of the task of explaining issues to the public and bringing about acceptance of the case for the better management of fisheries and the fisheries environment. 14 Lynn, Lawrence E. Jr., “The Role of Benefit-Cost Analysis in Fish and Wildlife Programs”, Papers on Fish and Wildlife Resources Evaluation, Ed. Spencer H. Smith and Albert H. Rosenthal, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior, Washington, February 1975, p. 9 15 Roedel, Philip M. (Ed.) 1974, “Optimum Sustainable Yield as a Concept in Fisheries Management”, American Fisheries Society, Washington, 89 p 4. CONCLUSIONS In the opinion of this writer, Copes' work has extended commercial fisheries theory development to its logical multidimensional scope. Thus, a framework is now available in which basic choices relating to commercial fisheries benefit generation and allocation can be identified and reasonably approximated. Actual decisions can, of course, represent any combination in keeping with the specifics of the fishery in question. As outlined in this paper, Copes' framework for goal identification can be applied equally to recreational fisheries once it is recognized that the value of the right to sport fish can be established for management purposes either in the market or through simulation. In essence, economic rents, for instance, can be variously “dissipated”, captured and allocated according to the specifics of the fishery in question and the management goals and machinery applied. The framework applies equally to cases where the decision is to maximize consumer benefits through the provision of fishing as a social welfare service. As sport and commercial value flows can be variously developed and compared, it follows that the application of Copes' framework now provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for the integrated management of both sport and commercial fisheries. In short, there is now an objective basis for determining how sport and commercial fisheries could be managed so as to optimize the generation and allocation of net yields. The availability of a comprehensive theoretical framework should lead to substantially increased objectivity in the identification and weighing of management options. Similarly while it must be recognized that many problems are as intransigent as ever (e.g., economic evaluation), the presence of a logical goal framework will serve to better define not only the data and data systems required for purposive management but also the methods used and many of the characteristics and limits relating to proxy figures which may be needed and developed. Finally, the availability and fuller articulation of comprehensive theory imposes an analytical discipline not only on fisheries experts and analysts. Fisheries managers and ultimately political decision-makers, will also be confronted with the need to be able to fully understand and, where appropriate, to explain the rationality of ensuing conclusions, recommendations, decisions and programmes. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The comments and criticisms of Professor Parzival Copes and Mr. Ian D. Thomson were very much appreciated. All shortcomings in the paper are the sole responsibility of the author. 6. REFERENCES Copes, Parzival, “Factor Rents, Sole Ownership and the Optimum Level of Fisheries 1972 Exploitation”, The Manchester School University of Manchester, Manchester U.K. June edition 1972, pp. 145–63 Gordon, H. Scott, “An Economic Approach to the Economic Utilization of Fishery 1953 Resources”, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa 10(7) 1953 Graham, Michael, “The Fish Gate”, Faber and Faber Ltd., London, 196 p. 1940 Johnson, A.W., “PPB and Decision-Making in the Government of Canada”, Mimeo of 1974 address to 50th Anniversary Conference, Society of Industrial Accountants, Toronto, Canada, 14 p. Steiner, Peter O., “The Public Sector and the Public Interest”, 91st Congress 1969 Compendium of papers on The Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPB System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Vol. 1., 610 p. Strumpel, Burkhard, “Economic Life-Styles, Values and Subjective Welfare – An 1972 Empirical Approach”, Family Economic Behavior, J.B. Lippincott Company, pp. 69–124 Table 1 Characteristics of Equilibrium Levels of Output and Price for Different Forms of Fisheries Management Categories of Relation of Relation to socially Incidental social Social benefits Relation to socially Market organization benefits consumers' price to optimum level of benefits eliminated optimum output maximized social optimum effort (a) Free entry and free Consumers' Resource rent Indeterminate Indeterminate Overfishing market surplus and producers' surplus (b) State control Combined total of Optimal Optimal Optimal consumers' surplus, resource rent and producers' surplus (c) Consumers' Combined total of Producers' surplus Below optimum Above optimum Underfishing monopsony consumers' surplus and resource rent (d) Producers' Combined total of Consumers' Below optimum Above optimum Underfishing monopoly producers' surplus surplus and resource rent (e) Resource owners' Resource rent Consumers' Below optimum Above optimum Underfishing monopoly surplus and producers' surplus APPENDIX1/

1 This is reproduced, thanks to the courtesy of the author, Professor Parzival Copes, Economics Department, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia and is taken from his paper, Sole Ownership and the Optimum Level of Fisheries Exploitation, that appeared in The Manchester School, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K., June Edition 1972, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 145–63. STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON SPORT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ETAT DE L'ECHANGE INTERNATIONAL D'INFORMATIONS SUR L'AMENAGEMENT ET DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE

by

A.L.W. Tuomi Director, Recreational Fisheries Branch Fisheries and Marine Service Environment Canada Ottawa, Canada

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Status of the International Exchange of Information on Sport Fisheries Management and Development

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Why Such Information is Not Available 2. The Importance of Sport Fisheries Data 3. Present Status of International Sport Fisheries Information Development 4. Possible Courses of Action Abstract There is as yet no centrally coordinated basis for the international exchange of information related to the management and performance of sport fisheries. Reasons for this are outlined. The importance and the advantages to be gained from the exchange of such information are discussed together with a brief outline of existing activities in this respect. Possible courses of action are touched on regarding the development and dissemination of sport fisheries information at the international level. Résumé Il n'existe pas de centre coordonné d'échange international d'informations sur l'aménagement et le fonctionnement de la pêche sportive. On donne les raisons de cet état de choses. Il est discuté de l'importance et des avantages que présenterait l'échange de telles informations et l'on signale brièvement les arrangements existant en la matière. On mentionne succinctement les possibilités d'élaboration et de diffusion d'informations sur la pêche sportive au niveau international. 1. STATUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON SPORT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 1.1 Introduction The problem addressed in this paper is simple to describe. When one goes beyond scientific and administrative information on the management and development of fish and fisheries, per se, there is no international focal point, or any internationally recognized system of information accumulation and dissemination respecting sport fishing. As might be expected, this problem has its roots at the national level: in most instances, there is no information compiled on angler numbers, participation, or especially on the value of output either as marketed or imputed. To some extent, both levels of this problem have been identified. For instance, at the Hague Consultation in 1972, the need for such data is variously touched on in recommendations number 1, 2, 4 and particularly number 3. Recommendation 11 in fact set the stage for this Consultation (see pp. 8–10). In this paper, a brief examination is made of the reasons why such information is not available, the importance of the development of such data are discussed, the present status of present endeavours are reviewed and recommendations are made for consideration of this Consultation. 1.2 Why Such Information is not Available There is no one simple or single reason why information on sport fisheries is not available at the international level. The following however merit mention. (a) Conceptual issues of at least two kinds exist. For those who see management of sport fisheries essentially in terms of fish produced and caught (i.e., supply management), the problem cited here may range from non-existent (i.e., where adequate biological data are available) to not important (i.e., where the sport fish catch is either so small in relation to other catch, or where stocks are so large or incapable of management that such data are not seen as needed). The related issue is that of definition. Some see information needs in terms of reference centres focussing on scientific research material. Others see statistics on production and consumption as the priority need. Finally, a smaller number see the need for information development and dissemination related to the management function per se. In short, the “problem” is variously perceived, i.e., in terms of research so-called fisheries “intelligence” or statistics, or on the concepts and practices relating to overall management (of fishing rather than fish). (b) The range in the role which sport fisheries can play within any one country can present a problem. If supply of all outdoor recreation opportunity is limited, and population pressures and needs are great, opportunity for sport fishing can be funded and provided as a desired form of social welfare service. Conversely, where virgin wilderness opportunities have neither been exhausted nor destroyed (or costs by way of income transfer are not identified in terms of their incidence) the abundance of the supply of such opportunity can preclude sport fishing being either recognized or treated as an economic good; i.e., it is a “free good” which, while it may satisfy demands, tends to be profligately used and abused without too much thought of the consequences. (c) Where sport fisheries are treated as common property to which free access is provided, the sport fisheries managers are left with no direct means to clearly determine either the value of output or the competively determined effective demand of consumers (i.e., anglers). In essence, fisheries agencies have no management “handles” respecting what either is or should be “produced”. (d) In some instances where nominal entry to common property sport fisheries prevail, the sport catch of fish which are primarily taken commercially may be so small that the sport fishery can be treated as an “incidental” cost of commercial fisheries. Thus, paradoxical situations can occur where neither sport fishery costs or value of output are quantified or reported on with the result that commercial fishery conservation costs are inflated accordingly and made to look considerably worse in relation to output because of the absence of any data on the value flow from sport fishing. 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORT FISHERIES DATA Keeping in mind that the data in question relate to research, statistics and management, there are a number of reasons that can be cited why such information - and its dissemination - are important. (a) Sport fishing is the major resource-based form of outdoor recreation in many countries. (b) Sport fishing is in many countries a major source for tourism income, as well as a very important component of the tourism “image”. (c) Research information, statistics and management knowledge and guidance are needed to establish and use the value of sport fishing to justify the protection of all fisheries and related environmental resources. (d) The value of sport fishing is rising and, as a result, many commercial fishing developments can only be justified on the basis of the high-value component arising from sport fishery demand. (e) Organized sport fishermen are the oldest, the best organized and the most effective environmental advocates that can be found in many countries. Actions by fisheries agencies that ensure that their need for information and knowledge is satisfied can very well hold the key to many of the mounting problems with respect to all fisheries and the environmentally-related aspects of quality-of-life. 3. PRESENT STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL SPORT FISHERIES INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT Considering the popularity and the esteem that sport fishing is held in throughout most of the world, it is remarkable how little there is to report on in this field. In this respect, recent developments in commercial fisheries information retrieval and dissemination provide a lead. Because of their long-established nature, there are in most countries many centres where scientific, technical and industrial information are accumulated and available on commercial fisheries. In many instances, some related sport fisheries data are also collected and available at these centres particularly in relation to supply management of competitively sought-for species. Through processes most of you are aware of, the Fishery Resources Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has recently taken the lead in the development of an Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS). The progress thus made possible and the obvious benefits from enlarging the scope of ASFIS to cover all fisheries use makes present consideration of sport fisheries needs in this field most opportune. It must be reported that some progress has been made toward the development of standardized sport fisheries statistics on what might be called a “regionally” compatible basis. It is understood that as a result of the Hague Consultation some basic statistics have been developed in at least one country which were designed to be compatible and in keeping with then-perceived EIFAC needs. Increasing consultation has been going on in the last few years between Canada and the United States in respect to the commonly oriented, yet differingly developed, approaches toward the development of national statistics in these two countries. Arising from the joint consideration and cooperation of all sport fisheries agencies in Canada, an information “item” clearing house service was established a few years ago. Thanks to participation and interest by EIFAC and United States agencies, this information clearing house service has been serving an embryo function in an international capacity. Its expansion is possible but some agreement on goals, means and inputs would be desirable. As this Consultation attests, the stage is now set for a better definition of what should be done in the whole field of information development, organization, retrieval and dissemination. 4. POSSIBLE COURSES OF ACTION There is little reason to question either the need, importance or the benefits that could be derived from agreement on what can and should be done with respect to sport fisheries information at the international level. In some way, either this Consultation or a committee should determine how this matter is to be dealt with. It is hoped that the distinction will continue to be kept in mind between the differing purposes involved and the kinds of data needed within the respective fields of research, “intelligence” and management. Equally, that a conceptual framework can be developed that will permit the needs of all agencies to be systematically ascertained and taken into account in the formulation of the means for cooperative input in a common cause. SPORT FISHING IN EAST FLEVOLAND LA PECHE SPORTIVE DANS LE POLDER DE FLEVOLAND-EST

by

E. Ter Haar Rijksdient Voor de IJsselmeerpolders Smedinghuis, Lelystad, The Netherlands

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Introduction 2. The Planning Project 3. Sport Fishing 4. Problems 5. Methodological Aspects 6. Research Results 6.1 Registration-Analysis 6.2 National Research (1971–72) 6.3 Area Counting 6.4 Observations 6.5 Interviews 6.6 Selections 6.7 Typology 6.8 Planning 7. Concluding Remarks Abstract This paper attempts to give information on research in the field of sport fishing by the IJsselmeerpolders Development Authority; to indicate some of the possibilities of such research; to establish relations with national research in this field and other fields of recreation and to provide some information on methodology. Résumé L'auteur fournit des renseignements concernant les recherches sur la pêche sportive réalisées par l'Agenoe de mise en valeur des polders du lac de l'Ijsel, signale quelquesunes des possibilités offertes par ces recherches, établit des relations entre les recherches nationales effectuées dans ce domaine et celles qui portent sur d'autres activités récréatives et donne quelques indications sur la méthodologie utilisée. 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to examine the research carried out on sport fishing by the IJsselmeerpolders Development Authority, its advantages and restrictions and its relation with other fields of recreation and provide information on methodology. First some information about the nature of the region, its planning problems, the position of sport fishing and of the research problems involved is necessary. 2. THE PLANNING PROJECT Physical plans for the newly claimed land in the former Zuydersee, the geographical centre of The Netherlands, for the surrounding districts and the country as a whole, have been integrated to a very high degree. The reason is the availability of a very large area of flat virgin land near highly populated areas. Land use for Eastern Flevoland indicates a transition from farming use to urban use as in Southern Flevoland and perhaps in the Markerwaard. While Eastern Flevoland was being developed people turned increasingly to outdoor recreation and were offered necessary facilities particularly along the lakes bordering the polder, while the central part of the polders was being developed along the old lines and became farming country. The idea arose to integrate in the land use plan farmland and recreational provisions. Planners tried to integrate recreational functions with the creation of at least two new towns with a minimum of 100 000 inhabitants in the year 2000 (Lelystad and Almere) keeping in mind the strong recreation pressure on East Flevoland and South Flevoland, the geographical situation to the northern part of the Randstad Holland and the growth of outdoor recreation in all its forms. Careful spatial planning adapted as far as possible to the wishes and preferences of the different groups, integrated with other developments in various combinations, are an absolute necessity in South Flevoland. The lack of fundamental research handicapped planning and put undue pressure on research departments. For this reason research was carried out in Eastern Flevoland to evaluate the existing provisions and to acquire knowledge for application in Southern Flevoland. 3. SPORT FISHING The surrounding lakes and polder canals were welcomed to sport fishing circles. As soon as the first roads and bridges had been constructed, sport fishermen discovered the wealth of fish in the canals and appreciated the central location in the country. It forced the government agency responsible for the engineering works to introduce “dyke- permits” and “canal-bank-permits”. In 1967 for example, about 5 000 of each type of permit were sold. The fishermen concentrated on spots where roads and canals intersected. A number of these concentration spots were turned into the “fish- and picnic-sites”, leaving the rest of the canal banks to those who preferred secluded sport. In this way about one third of the 60 km of passable canal banks has been equipped with about 30 sites for sport fishermen and other waterside enthusiasts. The accommodation is often very modest but includes provisions for parking and toilets or even slipways, children's playgrounds, day camping areas, horse riding facilities, shrubs, trees, earth mounds and provisions for handicapped persons, etc., in varying combinations. The “Fish- and picnic- sites” lie scattered throughout the area along the most important canals. 4. PROBLEMS There are different categories of sport fishermen who have a right to optimal fishing conditions. This implies that a great deal of sport fishing is done in groups (families and/or others) contrary to the often quoted belief that fishermen look for secluded spots. To make adequate planning decisions an evaluation of this “principle” and its consequences was necessary. Research was concentrated only on the use of the water courses inside Eastern Flevoland. 5. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS To obtain an insight in the use and the kind of users of the angling facilities, different methods have been used. Because no research in this field had been undertaken in The Netherlands, some trial and error therefore occurred. 5.1 The registration of sport fishermen who bought the “canal-bank-permits” (until 1968) made it possible to get information only on the place of origin of the sport fishermen, and on the attraction zone of the canals in East Flevoland. No information on the real use, the selected spots, etc., could be obtained and interviewing was necessary although the number of sport fishermen fishing illegally was unknown. This type of research is labour-intensive and the analysis was not taken further. 5.2 Some information could also be obtained from the nationwide research (1972, by N.I.P.O.) on the use of Flevoland as a recreation area which also paid some attention to sport fishing. Although superficial, it can give a good insight on the relative importance of sport fishing compared with other recreational use. The interviewing of a national sample of 6 700 men and women yielded a great deal of very interesting information. 5.3 The inventory of the use of the facilities can be better obtained by direct counting and observation on the spot. Both methods were used, with the awareness of their problems and restrictions. As regards counting it must be said that in an area of more than 50 000 ha, with 165 km of canal banks of which about 60 km can be reached by sport fishermen, presents difficulties. Counting on different hours of the day by a number of people travelling through parts of the area, is one method but it is obviously very labour- intensive. Counting as part of the observation of an area is another method especially if the circulation-factor in the area is high. Observations are very labour-intensive and not usable on a large scale, but have a certain importance both quantitatively and qualitatively. In practice counting was done on 25 summer days in the years between 1968 and 1971, thus giving a very fragmentary picture of the reality. Countings were done morning and afternoon and both fishing and non-fishing people were counted. Figures were grouped systematically by type of bank, canal and geographical zone. Two countings a day showed little double counting. 5.4 Of course, the method of interviews has also been used to overcome some of the difficulties of the previous mentioned methods. These interviews took place during the summer of 1970. Every spot along the canals in use at that moment was included in the sample. Of course, there was over-representation during the weekend days, but it is known that most sport fishing in the area is done during the weekends. About 520 representatives of groups were interviewed, by 6 interviewers - themselves sport fishermen. The disadvantage of the interviews on the sport is that normally they cannot be done in depth not to disturb unduly the interviewees. The questions had to be concentrated more or less on the situation at hand; questions on behaviour at other times and places had to be restricted in number and variety. This research has not been repeated, but appears to be necessary, not only to study possible changes, but also to control the applied method. 6. RESEARCH RESULTS 6.1 Registration-Analysis The “attraction-zone” of Eastern Flevoland proves to be limited. About two thirds of the anglers live in the adjacent zones of the neighbouring provinces. Fifty four percent of the sport fishermen in 1967 lived in urban communities, only 18.5 percent in farming communities. 6.2 National Research (1971–72) Until the spring of 1972 it could be said that roughly 36 percent of the adult population of the Netherlands had visited Eastern Flevoland for one reason or another. Half of them had been there only once, about 4 percent more than 10 times. Twenty- three percent of the respondents had been in the area for touristic reasons. Only 2 percent of the adult inhabitants had visited fishing spots and only two thirds of them had been fishing there. Most people said that the main attraction was to drive through the area (33 percent), visit of tourist sites (25 percent) and special recreational attractions such as the beach, forests, camping, etc. Other research proved, however, that in conditions of bad weather sport fishing may attract on some days more than 10 percent of the recreational visitors to the polders. Sport fishing in Eastern Flevoland, however, is together with water sports the most frequent activity of visitors from other areas. In 1972 only 45 percent of the anglers came from the provinces in the east of the country and 42 percent from the provinces in the western part. Nevertheless, the predominantly regional function of the area remained. One of the most interesting features of recreation in Eastern Flevoland was that people visiting the area had on an average slightly higher family incomes than those recorded in the total national sample. But the same sample shows that the percentage of sport fishermen with an income of less than FL 21 000 (in 1972) was higher (79) than of the total national sample (71). The sport fishermen in Eastern Flevoland nevertheless belong for the most part to the lower income groups. There are relatively more married men among them than the national sample shows, they have slightly larger families, but are comparatively younger. Their level of school education is comparable to the national sample, but lower than that of water sport fans and than those visiting beaches, forests and tourist attractions. One should bear in mind that the area itself is rather thinly populated, that all sport fishermen come from regions outside where different possibilities for sport fishing exist. 6.3 Area Counting Counting gives the number of sport fishermen as well as their geographical dispersion. The geographical dispersion, the relation between sport fishermen and accompanying people and some information about densities is of importance even if the information is not exact. (a) The average day visits along the canals in Eastern Flevoland during the last years was about 1 000 people, including approximately 125 non-fishing visitors. More people come on Saturdays than on work days. The ratio between Saturdays, Sundays and work days was 10:7:5. It means that sport fishing in Eastern Flevoland occurs on the same days as most other recreational activities. This sometimes causes problems. Sixty two percent of the sport fishermen came in the early morning, with only 17 percent of the non-fishing visitors. These average figures are different for Saturdays, Sundays and work days because of the lower percentage of “morning fishermen”. Table 1 shows that the combination of sport fishermen and non-fishing visitors occurs at moments when also in other recreational activities mixed groups of people are present. This is a very interesting observation because it shows some difference within the group of sport fishermen on one hand and some conformity in behaviour for part of the sport fishermen with other recreational activities on the other hand. Table 1 Percentage distribution of fishing- and non-fishing visitors present on different day-type and parts of the day

Sport fishermen Non-fishing visitors Total Day/type Morning Afternoon Morning Afternoon Morning Afternoon Saturdays (11) 71.6 28.4 32.1 67.9 68.6 31.4 Sundays ( 4) 55.4 44.6 13.4 86.6 48.7 51.3 Work days (10) 43.3 56.7 7.7 92.3 35.2 64.7 Average (25) 62.6 37.4 17.2 82.8 56.7 43.3

The percentage of non-fishing visitors on the average afternoon is about 25 percent of all visitors, but most negligible (4 percent) in the mornings. On Sunday afternoons and work days in the holiday season it is often much higher, especially in certain spots. (b) The average group size proves to be about 2.4 persons per group, on Sundays being higher than on work days. This means on an average of about 415 groups who are looking for a good place along 60 km of canal banks, thus theoretically 140 m between each. (c) Seasonal differences are present and show some interesting features. The central part of the summer season (holiday period of about 4 weeks) saw on the average the greatest number of sport fishermen and their friends. It seems, however, that Saturday does not in all parts of the season receive the greatest number of visitors. If the figures for Sundays are correct a comparison between sport fishing and other aspects of daily recreation can be made; a diminishing number of activities during the high season on Sundays, a growing importance of sport fishermen on holiday. In the after-season only Saturdays and Sundays are of importance, work days are not. In general one may say that the role of the non-fishing visitors in the total number of visitors is more important on Sunday afternoon and work days in the high season; in the after-season it is lower than in the pre-season. Weather conditions have a strong influence on the number of non-fishing people. (d) The geographical dispersion is another interesting aspect of the results of the count. For this reason figures are analysed on three levels: (i) There are two canals, the High Canal (situated closest to the mainland) and the Low Canal. It appears that the number of sport fishermen and their density is always higher along the High Canal. The average figures for the whole season show that the Saturday morning is relatively the most important for both canals, but especially for the Low Canal. The percentage of non-fishing visitors is higher along the High Canal than along the Low Canal. This is a normal situation in recreation as most people look for the shortest distance to travel. Also sport fishermen seem to follow this habit, although it is interesting to note that a maximum density of 1 sport fisherman for about 70 m of bank length along the High Canal does not prevent about 40 percent of the sport fishermen to go farther. (ii) Both canals can be parcelled out in 3 zones, each relating to the point of entrance of sport fishermen in the polder and the distance to these points. Comparison between the relative part of the canal banks in each of the 6 zones and the dispersion of the sport fishermen in 1970 makes it clear that (see Table 2) there are some differences. Table 2 Dispersion of sport fishermen in the summer of 1970 in the different zones, per day-type and in comparison to the relative part of the canal-bank-length per zone (in percentage)

Saturdays Sundays Work days Total % of bank- Zone (average) (average) (average) average length High Canal I 6 6 6 6 4.8 High Canal II 17 20 23 19 12.7 High Canal III 33 36 37 35 28.5 Low Canal IV 23 17 17 20 15.5 Low Canal V 14 13 9 13 17.5 Low Canal VI 7 8 8 7 20.9 100 100 100 100 100.0

The principle seems to be clear; a shorter distance leads to higher pressure. It seems possible that other factors are present: the density of sport fishermen in the different zones shows that apart from distance some zones seem to have more attraction than others. Hence the highest density is found in zone IV on Saturday morning and never in zone I. For the whole period 1968–71 the highest comparable density was found in zone II, the zone with the highest percentage of equipped canal banks and closest to the mainland. While there is little change in the use of the sport fishing facilities, a diminishing number of sport fishermen is combined with a higher number of non-fishing visitors which is another use of the facilities. The causes behind this development are not known. It may be a problem of diminishing quantities of fish in the canals, combined with a reorientation of leisure activities. iii The banks of the canal zones are divided in four types, depending on the number and type of facilities; the first type is well equipped for sport fishermen often in combination with picnic facilities; the second and third groups have some facilities but are not so well equipped; the last type often was given no special attention, with the exception of some parking facilities along the road. The relative and absolute importance of the last group of banks is diminishing. The length of the equipped banks increased and was more than 11 km in 1971 (18 percent). Rough fishing places were about 8 km in 1971 (12 percent). Later changes were more in the direction of the equipped sites. Table 3 Percentage of counted sport fishermen in different days, registered on banks of different types, compared to the relative length of the bank-types

Non-equipped Rough Rough sites Equipped Day-type Total banks sites near nucleii sites

Saturday 44 10 15 31 100 Sunday 41 8 14 37 100 Work day 43 9 14 34 100

Average 100 43 (m.48) 9 (m.8) 14 (16) 34 (28) (a.35) (a.10) (13) (42)

Relative length per 71 6 6 17 100 bank-type

The striking observation is not only that there is a relative concentration of sport fishermen on the equipped sites, which means a much higher density than on the non- equipped banks, but also that the relative position of the different bank-types is maintained without much change during the different day-types. An interesting aspect too is that the relative position of the different bank-types is different between morning and afternoon countings, for all day-types at about the same degree. It is shown in the table (see percentages behind m. and a.) that the relative position of the different bank-types during an average day is changing: the importance of the non-equipped banks is much higher in the morning (m.) than in the afternoon (a.), the opposite is the case on the equipped sites. It seems to be an aspect of the changing types of visitors during a day. It is shown that especially on the rough site near the village Dronten a rather high density was found in 1970: 56 sport fishermen/km of banks (18 m per sport fishermen). Especially for this reason the overall density of the rough sites near nucleii is the highest in general but particularly in zone IV. In all other zones the equipped sites have the highest density. Among the non-fishing visitors the remarkable thing is that the dispersion of them during the morning is about the same as of the sport fishermen, but that in the afternoon the concentration on the equipped sites is much higher. In general it may be concluded that the simple countings of people present in an area, according to a system of stratification, can give a great deal of information, ready for further interpretation and allowing possibilities for indications, hypotheses and even conclusions. 6.4 Observations In the registration of all people arriving and leaving the site under study, it was proved that the two daily counts do not “cover” all visitors. A full day count in the summer of 1970 revealed that about 16 percent of the visiting groups stayed not more than half an hour and that about 25 percent of them had no member who fished. A very interesting aspect of full day counts is also that in registering the unequal presence of groups the circulation factor can be shown. On the 6 fishing sites observed, the groups found at 07.00 h and 15.00 h represented together only 52 percent of all groups observed those days. It seems that the equipped sites have the highest circulation factor. Between the different day-types there are great differences in the number of hours in which such a site is in real use. On the observation days about 70 percent of the groups for which the staying time could be observed, stayed less than 4 h and 20 percent less than half an hour. On the equipped sites the time of arrival of the groups was generally after 10.00 h in the morning and about 7 percent after 18.00 h. On work days the spread over the day was more gradual than during the weekend and the number of groups arriving after 18.00 h was much higher (18 percent). On Saturday there were two peaks in arrival; before 10.00 h and in the afternoon; on Sunday people arrived during the whole morning and in the afternoon but not in the evening. Most of the departures were concentrated in the late afternoon. The number of people arriving alone was only 25 percent. About 40 percent of the groups were of 3 persons and more. People who came alone came and left earlier than the larger groups. Other observations were: (a) the spatial use of the whole site during the day, (b) the favourite spots, (c) the distances among groups, (d) the contacts between the groups, (e) the use of the different facilities on the site, and (f) the movement of groups over the site during the day, etc. The method of observation can be of considerable help although the sample days should be chosen carefully. 6.5 Interviews Regarding the results from the interview campaign in 1970, reference is made to the paper delivered at the Consultation in 1972 in the Hague1/, although some results will be mentioned again. 1 Consultation on the Economic Evaluation of Sport and Commercial Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of The Netherlands and FAO/EIFAC, 1972 The most important aspects are: (i) The relation between behaviour on the day of interview and general behaviour in Eastern Flevoland; (ii) the relation between fishing in Eastern Flevoland and on the mainland; (iii) the typology used as such and in relation to behaviour and opinions; (iv) some remarks on planning of fishing sites in relation to the wishes. (a) The sample It should be borne in mind that the interviews were only held with people who were fishing. This means that no information was gathered on the other functions of the fishing sites. This also means that sport fishermen with a high visit frequency had more chances to be in the sample than those with a lower visit frequency. Apart from these points it is assumed that the sample is a rather good representative sample of day-types, bank-type, degree of motorization and place of origin, etc. (b) Personal information The age structure of the sport fishermen in the sample has a strong resemblance to the age structure of the sport fishermen visiting Eastern Flevoland, but differs from the age structure of the sport fishermen in The Netherlands; in Eastern Flevoland relatively less people come under 24 and over 55 years of age, the age group between 35 and 55 being strongly over-represented (54 percent versus 79 percent). Also relatively more of the sport fishermen are married (86 percent versus 79 percent). Almost 20 percent of the interviewees were fishing in Eastern Flevoland during their holidays, 60 percent had a free weekend and 7 percent were pensioned or out of work. The first group may have been spending the holiday in or in the neighbourhood of Eastern Flevoland, a factor of importance also for other areas, for example, for about 15 percent of the interviewees their place of origin on the interview day was not the same as the community where they lived. (c) Company Only 16 percent of the interviewees were alone, the rest were in company mostly of family members (26 percent), other relatives (17 percent), friends (22 percent) or a combination of these (19 percent). Unfortunately, it is not clear from the national research among Dutch sport fishermen what are the exact comparable figures, but the impression is that the sport fishermen who visited the polder canals on the days of interview are much more in the company of others than is considered normal. This is particularly important because less than 20 percent of them who come regularly say that they mostly come alone, the rest with family members (19 percent), with other relatives (22 percent), with friends (33 percent) or with some combination (16.5 percent). The effect is that most visits are group visits, averaging 3 persons (16 percent alone, 31 percent two persons and the rest 3–8 persons). The activity of the company gives interesting differences. While 73 percent said they went mainly for angling, only 51 percent actually fished. If the number of interviewees is added it becomes clear that 82 percent of the people involved with the interviews fished, which figure is about the same as that found by the counting (87.5 percent). An interesting aspect is also that a more intense family relation to the interviewees corresponds with a more diversified behaviour on the fishing spot. The family members accompanying the fishermen are, in most cases, the wife and the children of the interviewee (64 percent), or the wife alone (24 percent), the rest being other persons. (d) Geographical origin, distance and transport About 35 percent of the sport fishermen lived in agricultural and suburbanized communities, this is only a little lower than figures shown in the national research. This and other figures show that the sample does not differ much from national figures in this aspect, although the origin on the day of interview is somewhat different giving somewhat higher percentages for the non- and semi-urbanized communities. This results from the geographical origin of the sport fishermen: 10.6 percent came from Flevoland, 71.8 percent from the surrounding provinces and the rest from the northern provinces (11.6 percent) and the western and southern provinces (5.6 percent). These figures are different from those for the whole of sport fishermen in Eastern Flevoland and quite different from the national sport fishermen research. They prove the particularly regional attraction zone of the canal area, although there is a non-negligible number of sport fishermen coming from further away. About 58 percent came from areas adjacent to Eastern Flevoland. For 48 percent of the sport fishermen the distance (by the shortest road) from their place of origin to the place of the interview on the fishing site was more than 50 km, which is somewhat unusual in Dutch recreation trips. Only 11.6 percent were from a short distance (0–10 km), 40.5 percent between 11 and 50. If one realizes that of the sport fishermen in The Netherlands only 35 percent travel over a distance of more than 10 km to their favourite spot, it is clear that for Eastern Flevoland some attracting factors exist. One can understand that under these circumstances 94 percent of all interviewees came by car, only 4.2 percent by bicycle and only 1.5 percent on foot, (the national research give a much lower percentage for car and a much higher percentage for bicycle and on foot). Perhaps the fact that two thirds of the groups take along equipment such as tents, awnings, tables and camping chairs (9 percent) or only fishing chairs (56 percent) and often more than one rod, might necessitate car transport. It means that the creation of parking facilities is a necessity. (e) Choice of place Compared with the results of the count, the geographical dispersion of the interviewees over the different geographical zones mentioned above shows no great differences (see Table 3). (f) Intensity of use of Eastern Flevoland and other places Of the sport fishermen interviewed, about 16 percent were in Eastern Flevoland for the first time and another 11 percent were there for the first year. Three quarters of them had been coming for a longer period, 18 percent even more than 6 years. There was a group who had been coming for many years with a high frequency, for example, 68 percent of those who came more than once said that they did so during the summer fortnightly or more frequently. About 65 percent of them said they came to fish only or chiefly at the weekend, 20 percent do so during weekends and work days; the other 15 percent were more concentrated on work days. This means that in relation to the habits of the average Dutch sport fishermen the area has a relatively strong attraction for them as a weekend recreation area. Apart from the 16 percent of the respondents who fished for the first time in the area, 8 percent of the interviewees only fished in this area. Eastern Flevoland thus is to most of the interviewees of partial interest. Almost 70 percent of the places where respondents fish outside Flevoland are also situated closer to their living place than the area under study (for 43 percent even very close to the place of residence). Only for 30 percent of the respondents are these fishing sites situated farther away. Of the sites situated closest to the place of residence, 60 percent said they were situated less than 10 km away; of the sites situated the greatest distance this was 43 percent (and only 28 percent farther away than 50 km). The alternatives to the Eastern Flevoland canals were rivers (37 percent), other canals (20 percent), lakes (11.5 percent) or the sea (7 percent), or combinations of those mentioned. They were used also rather frequently. The consequence of these fishing habits is that two thirds of the sport fishermen have a total fishing frequency during the summer of once a week or more, 19 percent go fortnightly up to once a week and only 13.5 percent of them go less than fortnightly. The frequency of visits to Eastern Flevoland is more than half of all times people go fishing, showing a very strong integration of Eastern Flevoland in the “leisure life” of the sport fishermen. One may conclude in general that fishing outside Flevoland is done during the week and on short distances, keeping the weekend for a longer trip to Eastern Flevoland. Only part of the sport fishermen fished in the winter, either in Eastern Flevoland or outside. About 37 percent said they did not fish in the winter, about 39 percent said they did regularly (more than 6 times). One can understand that 41.5 percent of the interviewees said that sport fishing was for them the most important form of leisure time use and only 10 percent said that it was one of the less important forms. The difference between the time spent on the interview day and on a “normal” day is interesting. Only 26.8 percent of the interviewees would stay less than 4 h, but 44 percent more than 6 h. On a “normal” day 60 percent said they were on the spots in Eastern Flevoland more than 6 h and only 8 percent less than 4 h. The latter is very low in comparison to what is normal among Dutch sport fishermen, of which about 44 percent stay less than 4 h at the first fishing spot and have an average number of 4¼ h. Also the figures for the days of the interview are rather different from the normal Dutch situation. It is a clear indication that in travelling such a distance, most sport fishermen do this if they have much more time than under normal circumstances. The average of 5½ h spent in Eastern Flevoland demonstrates the somewhat extraordinary position of this area and its special attraction. The consequence is that on “normal” days about 45 percent of the sport fishermen say they arrive at the spot before 06.00 h (against 22 percent on the day of the interview). The time of departure in both cases also is spread over the day but with a somewhat different pattern: on a “normal” day the biggest number leave between 10.00 h and 14.00 h (41 percent), during the interview days this was between 16.00 h and 20.00 h (44 percent). 6.6 Selections The following subjects have been selected for further consideration. (a) Behaviour The distance people travel to reach Eastern Flevoland and the fishing spot may depend on their opinion about the importance of sport fishing in their leisure time; a growing distance between the place of origin and the fishing spot correspond significantly with a higher percentage of people thinking in terms of more importance of sport fishing. An interesting aspect of this is that there exists a significant relation between the distances outside Eastern Flevoland and inside the polder: the bigger the distances from the place of origin to Eastern Flevoland, the bigger the distances inside the polder (averages are 47 km and 11 km respectively). The place of origin and the zone where people fish have significant relation in the following sense; although there are very interesting exceptions it is shown that the areas surrounding the polder are especially over-represented, where the zone under discussion is nearest to them. This means that the people coming from the surrounding areas use distance (and costs) as a factor in their choice within an area of rather uniform quality. For people coming from farther away, and their choice of area is a rather far point in the polder, it may be said that within their scope of distance the number of kilometres are less important. It was also found that the more leisure time (holiday) the shorter was the distance travelled. (b) Choice of fishing site People who think that sport fishing is of less importance to them are found more often on the equipped sites. People who think it is the most important leisure activity are found more often on the non-equipped canal banks. The group in between is usually found more often on the rough sites. This is a very important finding because it seems to prove again that the policy has been successful, also qualitatively. It is also found that people who came from greater distance were usually found more often on the non-equipped banks. Equipped sites were usually visited more so by people on holiday; the non- equipped banks by people on a free weekend; the rough places near a village by aged people. (c) Group There is a relation between the choice and the size of the group; the equipped sites seem to be attractive for both the small groups and the large groups; the rough sites near the villages for the small groups or people fishing alone; the non-equipped banks are usually visited by groups of 3 or 4 persons. It is interesting to note also that the groups become significantly larger with the distance. The number of members and the composition of the group also cohere in the choice of the site; the non-equipped banks are visited relatively more often by sport fishermen with their friends, etc.; the equipped sites mostly by the families. It will be understood that the relative importance of the family diminishes with larger distances. The families are on holiday more than the other groups. Comparison of the actual fishing group composition with the group composition reported by the sport fishermen shows that those who were with friends thought this was the normal thing and usually fished with their friends. Groups composed of families in most cases come later to the fishing area than anglers who come alone or with friends and they stop fishing somewhat later. Nevertheless, the number of hours the various groups fish does not differ much. (d) Angling hours It is clearly proved that on Saturdays sport fishermen start earlier than on Sundays (50 percent and 28 percent respectively starting before 08.00 h). On Saturdays there is a second peak after lunchtime, Sunday has no real peak. This differs from the working day which shows a peak in the morning and in the afternoon. Starting time by type of fishing site reveals that on the rough sites near the villages about 60 percent of the fishermen arrive before 08.00 h. Equipped fishing sites were used earlier than the non-equipped banks, particularly on the interview days, and even had a second peak after 14.00 h. People coming from farther away started relatively earlier than people who came from nearer places. The greater the distance, the earlier people started. The greater the distance, the higher is the number of fishing hours and consequently the shorter the distance, the lower the number of hours spent along the waterside. It may be added that the investigation proved that people who attach much importance to fishing start earlier than those who think it is less important. Under normal circumstances people from more urbanized communities fish longer than those coming from the less urbanized communities, and also that people who fished longer on the interview day fish for long periods under normal circumstances anyway. 6.7 Typology Can the sport fishermen be grouped in types or not? The national research has shown that this is a very difficult question. Following Mr. Kamphorst's example we tried to create types not based on the frequency of fishing only, but also based on the opinion of the sport fisherman about the importance of sport fishing for him within his whole leisure time. Giving more points for a higher frequency of fishing in summer and winter as well as for a higher importance of sport fishing three groups could be formed, which, in accordance with Kamphorst, were called “occasional sport fishermen”, “hobby fishermen” and “passionate sport fishermen”. Their relative position is respectively 19.1 percent, 41.1 percent and 37.8 percent. The question arises whether these types have some function in research. In the first place it must be said that the correlation between the factors which form the score, and thus the types, is very high; this could be foreseen a little. It is further noted that: (a) Hobby and passionate fishermen fish longer than occasional fishermen. They do not start nor end earlier. (b) The three groups do not differ in the type of day they fished during the interview or in general. (c) The occasional fishermen are in general more restricted to one zone than the two other groups, passionate fishermen being more mobile, also outside Flevoland. (d) The occasional fishermen were more on holiday than the other two groups. (e) No difference existed according to age. (f) It appears that the more passionate groups are ready to travel longer distances; in Flevoland as well as outside Flevoland. (g) The occasional sport fisherman is often found on the equipped fishing site (49.5 percent), in comparison to the hobby fishermen (41 percent) and the passionate fishermen (31 percent). On the other hand, the passionate sport fisherman is relatively more often found on the non-equipped banks and the rough sites than the occasional sport fisherman. The correlation, however, is not very strong. (h) The three groups do not differ in the equipment they brought with them. (i) The number of people accompanying the sport fishermen does not differ between the types. (j) On the other hand, the occasional sport fisherman was more often in the company of his family than the two other groups; the passionate sport fishermen were relatively more in company of a friend than the two other groups and were more often alone. It seems that the passionate sport fishermen are selecting their company more on the basis of the same activity and the occasional fishermen more on the basis of their primary relationship. (k) The views stated about the equipped sport fishing sites were the same in the three groups, this seems to be rather astonishing. 6.8 Planning In this paper some of the relations between people visiting the sport fishing facilities in Eastern Flevoland and the area have been indirectly formulated. The following questions were asked to the sport fishermen: (a) What was their opinion on equipped fishing sites? If negative or positive, why? (b) What were their wishes in relation to the equipped sites or to the ideal fishing situation? In the case of (a) the answers show a high degree of satisfaction with the equipped sites; 72 percent of the respondents have a positive opinion. In the case of (b) 60 percent of those asked reacted positively to this question. Opinions were expressed concerning the sphere of the site in connexion with shrubs, reeds, etc., (19.5 percent) the geographical situation (17 percent), the quality of water and fish (16 percent), the spot (13.5 percent) as well as the accommodation (12.3 percent). More than 15 percent of the respondents wanted ease of access, another 10 percent wanted no more accommodation than is normal, natural setting, quietness, etc. The accommodation people wish is primarily concentrated on sanitary provisions, parking and garbage cans (respectively 36.7 percent, 27.1 percent and 27 percent). Almost no interest is placed on the provisions for non-fishing visitors (3.4 percent). In the opinion of the respondents the confirmation of the present provisions is the only important matter. On equipped sites most attention is given to the sanitary provisions and on the non-equipped banks to the parking facilities. These items are also seen as important on the rough sites. Research in these fields must be carried out better from the methodological point of view. The interview method proved to be a very good way to get deeper insight into angling in Flevoland. 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS The foregoing paper gives an insight into what has been done in the field of research among sport fishermen in Eastern Flevoland. It is hoped that some research workers, under comparable circumstances, will be helped by the description and analyses and also that a generalized national research programme benefits from regional and local research to bring out special aspects required for local and regional integration of sport fishing planning. SOME REMARKS ABOUT RESEARCH AND INQUIRIES INTO ANGLING IN THE NETHERLANDS (DEMAND SIDE) CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVES A LA RECHERCHE ET AUX ENQUETES SUR LA PECHE A LA LIGNE AUX PAYS-BAS (DU POINT DE VUE DU CONSOMMATEUR)

by

A.P.C. Kerstens Utrecht The Netherlands

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Introduction 2. Inquiries 3. Evaluation and Suggestions 4. References Abstract This report summarizes various sociological inquiries into angling which have been carried out in the Netherlands over the last ten years. Specific mention is made of a study which was done in 1969 in central Utrecht. The paper discusses in detail whether there is an equilibrium between the need for facilities for recreational fishery and the existing supply of such facilities. The importance of a well balanced planning of sport fishery resources and management is emphasized. Résumé L'auteur résume différentes enquêtes sociologiques sur la pêche à la ligne, effectuées aux Pays-Bas au cours des dix dernières années. Il mentionne notamment une étude faite en 1969 dans le centre de la province d'Utrecht. Il étudie en détail le point de savoir s'il existe un rapport entre les installations nécessaires pour la pêche récréative et les facilités existantes à cet égard. Il souligne l'importance d'une planification bien équilibrée des ressources de la pêche sportive et de leur aménagement. 1. INTRODUCTION In the Netherlands several sociological inquiries have been carried out in angling in the past decade which have yielded much data. In this paper we analyse whether these data tell us if there is, or not, an equilibrium between the demand and supply of recreational fishing facilities and whether the objective of the policy on outdoor recreation for sport fisheries is reached. 2. INQUIRIES In 1969 Kamphorst published the results of a research project. He detected three types of anglers in his inquiry in central Utrecht: (a) Occasional anglers, i.e., those who fish fewer than 16 times per fishing season; (b) Hobby anglers, i.e., those who go fishing 16–39 times per season; and (c) Passionate anglers, i.e., those who go fishing 40 or more times per season. The types did not only differ with respect to fishing frequency but also with respect to being club members, holding special contribution receipts, fishing less or more often than they used to, fishing six or more times in winter, fishing before work, fishing after work, angling to catch a certain kind of fish and level of education and social status. Ter Haar (1971) made an inquiry into the use of sport fishing facilities on eastern Flevoland (Gaudet, 1972). He divided the anglers he found on site in this polder into the same types as Kamphorst did in 1969 in central Utrecht: occasional (19 percent), hobby (41 percent) and passionate (38 percent). The occasional fisherman was more often found on the special angling sites. He was usually accompanied by a member(s) of his family. In the group of the more passionate anglers, more members fish than in the other groups of anglers; the more the recreation pursuit is important in itself to the angler, the more he is looking for company having the same recreational preferences. No significant relation between the type of angler and the spot where the fishing took place was found. The passionate and hobby anglers fished for a longer period of time than the occasional anglers and the occasional anglers ha a lower mobility than the other two groups. The three types did not have very different opinions about the special angling sites. It can be concluded that there are some behaviour differences between the three types of anglers. With regards to special sites there were no differences. The types of fisher men adapt themselves, to a high degree, to the situation they find at the waterside. In 1971 a preliminary investigation was made by the Institute of Applied Sociology among anglers on three project sites for sport fishing. One of the important conclusions of this inquiry was that there was a close relation between the characteristics of the angler and the characteristics of the project. The research workers concluded that to construct a typology of anglers and to estimate the extent of types in this typology a household survey was needed. The project survey gives a good picture of the use which sport fishermen make of the site and their motives to visit it. On one site one will find a selection of anglers who already have adapted their wishes to the real situation. A random selection of anglers on a site gives an over-representation of anglers who are frequent visitors. A biased selection of the total population of the anglers may result unless corrected. Generalization is then not possible. The conclusion was that a better strategy would be to organize first a household survey. Once a good picture of the real variations in behavioural patterns, wishes and preferences is found than an adequate selection of sites can give a more exact and detailed insight into these patterns, wishes and preferences. Carrying out on site research following household surveys can act as a good control mechanism. The on site research was followed by a large-scale nation-wide study for the purpose of which nearly 1 500 male anglers of 15 years of age or more, holding fishing documents, were interviewed at home in the beginning of 1973. Simultaneously a random sample consisting of 1 150 members of the Dutch male population was interviewed to ascertain whether the anglers constituted a specific category in one or more respects and to compare between angling and other kinds of leisure pastimes. The results of this research project are published in a report entitled “De Nederlandse Sport-visser” (The Dutch Angler), Nijmegen, 1975. According to the results of this inquiry it can be said that demand and supply are in several respects not quite in an equilibrium. On busy days, for instance, some anglers are dissatisfied with the too short distance separating them from other anglers. Matters which are considered important by very many anglers (70 percent or more) are, among others, tranquillity, beautiful scenery, possibility ot use a row boat, the good fish population, clean water, the possibility of walking along the shores, provision of litter bins and enough distance between anglers. The conclusion is that very often there is not a good equilibrium between demand and supply and one must conclude that perhaps this kind of survey is not adequate. Priorities for different types of anglers cannot be determined. One of the drawbacks of research on site was the impossibility to get a representative insight into the variation in the behaviour, wishes and preferences of the anglers. The anglers adapt themselves to the situation they find on the site. For management and policy purposes it is very important to know whether there are certain types of fishermen. It would therefore be possible, when equipping fishing water or when creating new sites, to take into account which types of anglers there are and which are the proportion of the total angler population belonging to different types. The research workers endeavoured to find out whether constant combination of fishing behaviour characteristics occurred. The result was disappointing. One of the reasons for doing the home survey was to identify the types characterized by specific groups regarding the equipment and management of the sites. On the basis of a small group of correlated behaviour characteristics, anglers can be classified according to the degree of intensity of their fishing behaviour. The extreme type is called keen angler (10 percent); the opposite extreme type is called less keen angler (11 percent). There was a second small group of correlated characteristics indicating a difference in the distribution of the fishing behaviour. On the basis of the correlation in certain distribution data, a distinction was drawn between week-end anglers and everyday anglers. To the category of week-end anglers belong the anglers who fish more than 5 km from home on week-ends only (10 percent). Eighteen percent of the anglers belong to the category who fish at less than 5 km from home and fish on week- ends, working days and after work, the everyday anglers. Do these groups have different wishes with respect to equipment, management of the water and fish population? The category of keen anglers, who attach importance to a natural environment, tranquillity, the fishing water, boat facilities or the quality of the fish population, is roughly 15 percent larger than less keen anglers. The week-end anglers attach more importance to a natural environment and to tranquillity than everyday anglers do; however, nearly half of the everyday anglers also consider these aspects important. Other differences have not been found. The conclusion was that it is almost impossible to pursue a separate policy for separate types of anglers. 3. EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS Something is known now about social characteristics of anglers and their behaviour. Some types (or categories) of anglers differ in behaviour and facilities preferences. There are not until now types of anglers with specific groups of wishes regarding the characteristics of the fishing water. It is my opinion that we can never answer this main question with the result of existing research in the Netherlands. These static inquiries are only a means to approximate this central goal. A strategy of planning in which there is a dynamic integration of findings of research and fishery-management-goals-formulation is required. We are now developing such a strategy in the Netherlands. The leading goal is not to reach a well balanced demand-supply situation but to stimulate a development in this direction. A research programme integrated in a dynamic system of policy making and management-goals-formulation is needed. In this system three levels can be distinguished: a normative level, a strategic level and an operational level. For these levels different types of research must be done: ˰ normative level: inquiries into attitudes, preferences, latent needs, social and situational factors influencing possible gaps between needs and actual behaviour, trends in numbers of anglers, the position of angling in the pattern of leisure pastimes, etc. (normative need concept); ˰ strategic level: comparison of the demand with the supply on a regional level (comparative need). The position of angling in the system of governmental management regarding outdoor recreation on a regional level; ˰ operational level: on site research to explore how projects are used in relation to (differences in) management (felt need, expressed need). A permanent confrontation of demand and supply on a regional basis can be useful. A means to do this is the symap technique (Hodges and Van Doren, 1975). This technique or similar techniques can be used to obtain basic information to make public participation - citizens and bodies, also, the angling associations - more fruitful to arrive at exact and detailed decisions about what kind of facilities and provisions must be created. Thus technical and social planning might be integrated. By making this system dynamic, by building into it a feed-back system one may manage to guide the development of angling possibilities and facilities to a well balanced demand-supply equilibrium which means that the differentiation in angling can become optimal. This plea for integrating research in a dynamic planning system is made considering that the planning of facilities for sport fisheries must become an integrated part of the planning of (outdoor) recreation facilities and physical planning in general. On the one hand the research must be done on the basis of theories and basic concepts, respectively for instance the career concept and the model of the macro- and micro-circle of the angling experiment - (Norling, 1968; Driver and Tocher, 1970) and on the other hand description of the behaviour of anglers on a site is necessary to acquire insight into the way anglers use and evaluate the different sites. Moreover, experiments must be done. To elucidate this proposition one must remember that one of the important conclusions of the research was that anglers adapt their behaviour and wishes to the situation of a site; the supply is very much influencing the behaviour of the anglers. One of the most important tasks of the planners and of the research workers is to explore new angling possibilities and facilities. This means that experimental possibilities and facilities must be constructed by the planners and research workers. In fact this is already done but not always in a systematic way. To do this the research workers must try to discover the special significance of these new possibilities and facilities for different categories and groups of anglers. One of the aspects to which special attention must be paid is the psychological significance of the different landscape configurations of these experimental sites for the whole fishing experience of the different types and categories of anglers. One of the findings of the inquiry done by the Institute for Applied Sociology was that considering the reason for the preference of a specific type of water, it is especially noticeable that, for those who prefer to fish in polder waters - polders were on an average rated higher by anglers than canals and rivers - these have their advantages on account of tranquillity. Sixty two percent stated that reason, as against 38 percent of all those who fish in more than one water (72 percent fish in more than one water). 4. REFERENCES Driver, B.L. and S.R. Tocher, Toward a behavioral interpretation of recreational 1970 engagements, with implications for planning. In Elements of Outdoor Recreation Planning Ed. B.L. Driver, Michigan Gaudet, J.-L. (ed.), Report of the first European consultation on the economic evaluation 1972 of sport and commercial fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Netherlands, The Hague, pp. 116–20 Haar, E. ter, The use of sport fishing facilities in “Eastern Flevoland”. Summary EIFAC - 1971 consultation. The Hague, 1972. (Lelystad, 31 Dec. 1971) Hodges, L. and W. van Doren, Synagraphic mapping as a tool in locating and evaluating 1975 the special distribution of municipal recreation facilities. Journal of Leisure Research vol. 4, No. 4, 1975, pp. 341–53 Institute for Applied Sociology (I.T.S.), Angling in the Netherlands. (Sportvisserij in 1972 Nederland). Nijmegen, maart 1972 Institute for Applied Sociology, Preliminary Sportfishing Survey in the Netherlands 1972 (conducted for the Commission Sport Fisheries). Nijmegen, December 1971. Paper for the EIFAC - consultation in The Hague. Spring, 1972 Kamphorst, T.J., De sportvisserij in Midden-Utrecht. Mededelingen van het Sociologisch 1969 Instituut van de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht (Angling in Central Utrecht Bulletin of the Sociological Institute of the State University of Utrecht). No. 55, Utrecht, 1969 Kamphorst, T.J., Angling in Central Utrecht, a Field Reconnaissance. (Appeared as No. 1972 23 in the series: Bulletins of the Sociological Institute of the State University of Utrecht, 1969). Summary Paper for the EIFAC - consultation in The Hague. Spring, 1972 Norling, L., Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing. European Inland Fisheries 1968 Advisory Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1968 (EIFAC Technical Paper No. 7) Steinmetz, B., Development of sport fisheries. Directorate of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Utrecht (no date). The Netherlands U.S. NATIONAL SURVEYS OF FISHING, HUNTING AND ASSOCIATED WILDLIFE USES ENQUETES NATIONALES AUX ETATS-UNIS SUR LA PECHE, LA CHASSE ET L'USAGE ASSOCIE DE LA FAUNE

by

Robert E. Cleary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Washington, D.C. U.S.A.

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Introduction 2. Previous Survey Techniques 3. Major Fisheries' Findings - Previous Surveys 4. Design - 1975 National Survey 5. Information Systems - 1975 National Survey 6. Uses of National Survey Information Abstract Needs for information on the use of new water resources led to the first national fishing and hunting survey in 1955. Such a survey has since been repeated every five years. Survey techniques have evolved. The major fisheries' findings are given, and the design of the 1975 National Survey - started in 1976 - is detailed. It is being carried out in two stages, firstly a telephone survey, secondly a follow-up survey by mail, and its cost is estimated at U.S. $ 1 million. The report will be released at the end of 1976. Résumé Le besoin d'informations sur l'utilisation de nouveaux plans d'eau a conduit à la première enquête nationale sur la pêche et la chasse en 1955. Depuis lors, des enquêtes analogues ont été renouvelées tous les cinq ans. Les techniques d'enquête ont évolué. On donne les principaux résultats rassemblés sur les pêches, ainsi que le plan détaillé de l'enquête nationale de 1975 - commencée en 1976; elle est affectuée en deux phases: une première enquête par téléphone sera suivie d'une enquête par correspondance; dont le coût est estimé à U.S. $ un million. Le rapport en paraîtra à la fin de 1976. 1. INTRODUCTION In the fifties there was an accelerated growth in U.S. Public Works' programmes involving water development projects, especially large flood-control reservoir construction. Attendant with this increased construction cadence, the U.S. Congress passed a series of legislation aimed at safeguarding the nation's fish and wildlife resources which, it was anticipated, would be adversely affected by this construction programme. In reacting to the professional and legal incumbencies resulting from these actions, the fish and wildlife management agencies of the day came to an almost uniform realization that information on use and values of these resources was sketchy at best. With the active support of national conservation agencies as well as the sporting arms and fishing tackle industries, the first national survey of fishing and hunting was conducted in 1955. Each five years since that date the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has reconducted the survey in a manner quite similar to the initial survey procedures. In addition to collecting statistics on hunting and fishing participation, the surveys supplied information as to the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of those who hunt and fish. Over time, the data collected have been used to develop indices and trends in public demands for recreational hunting and fishing opportunities, as well as proxies for user-day values. The information derived from the surveys is used by both State and Federal Fish and Wildlife Agency administrators as an aid in allocating resources and making policy decisions concerning the management of the fish and wildlife resources in their particular responsibility area. In like manner, associated industries used the data as part of their marketing analysis. The National Surveys are funded under provisions of the Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration Acts. This legislation provides grant-in-aid to States for work on sport fish and wildlife restoration, conservation and enhancement. Monies are derived from an 11 percent manufacturer's excise tax on the sale of sporting arms and ammunition and a 10 percent tax on articles of fishing tackle and equipment. In fiscal year 1975, these monies amounted to U.S.$ 75 million and were apportioned to States according to a prescribed formula which is based on licensed sportsmen and available hunting and fishing habitat. The funds used to finance the surveys are part of these excise tax receipts reserved for the Federal administration of the programmes. At the request of the State fish and game agencies (the primary users of the survey data), the 1975 survey was altered in both scope and detail from previous efforts to provide State-level reliability for certain categories of information and to increase the scope of coverage for both non-consumptive wildlife associated recreation and benefit evaluation estimates. 2. PREVIOUS SURVEY TECHNIQUES Persons included in past National Surveys of Fishing and Hunting were actually a sub-sample of persons previously selected from the Current Population Survey (CPS) conducted monthly by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The CPS provides an accurate cross section of the population and is conducted on a nationwide basis in 449 areas, each area being a county, or group of counties, and cities spread throughout the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Half of this sample, or about 24 000 households with some 60 000 persons 9 years of age or older, were screened for inclusion in these surveys. The procedures for identifying sportsmen have differed from survey to survey. In both the 1955 and 1960 surveys, a responsible household member provided the information as part of the CPS interview. In 1965, each interviewee indicated whether he fished or hunted and provided information on his own activities. In 1970, a short questionnaire covering a number of outdoor recreational activities was left with each family contacted to complete and mail in. Part of the questionnaire concerned the extent of fishing and hunting participation for each household member. From the questionnaire, households were divided into four classes of participation (one class of non-participants and three levels of participation), depending on the highest use level among the household members. Household members identified as fishermen or hunters (or both) on this screening questionnaire were revisited and interviewed in greater detail concerning their fishing and hunting participation. The sub- sampling rates differed from each of the three levels of participation, with one third of the households in the lowest level revisited, 70 percent of the households in the next highest level, and all of the households in the highest levels. The detailed interviewing for the 1970 survey was conducted during the first part of February 1971. Altogether over 8 700 sportsmen were interviewed, of whom 5 200 had fished only, 600 had hunted only and 2 900 had both fished and hunted. 3. MAJOR FISHERIES' FINDINGS - PREVIOUS SURVEYS The surveys indicate that during the period 1955 to 1970 the number of freshwater fishermen in the U.S. has increased 60 percent, with approximately 40 percent of the increase being noted during the 1965–70 interim (Table 1). Likewise, the number of saltwater anglers increased significantly over this 15 year period but in a more progressively steady fashion. However, the total number of fishermen in the population has remained relatively stable during this same period at approximately 20 percent. Table 1 Comparison of Certain Major Fisheries' Findings in U.S. National Surveys - 1955, 1960, 1965 and 1970

Annual %Anglers in b Year a/ Expenditures Population Number Anglers Days/Angler Fresh Salt Fresh Salt U.S.$ 1955 17.6 18.4 4.6 18.4 12.9 101 1960 19.3 21.7 6.3 17.8 12.8 103 1965 20.0 24.0 8.3 17.8 11.5 93 1970 21.4 29.4 9.5 20.2 12.0 142

a In millions b Per fishermen - Expenditure figures reduced to 1957 constant dollars In some resource areas, as the total number of participants increase, their annual rate of participation decreases. This is normally interpreted to mean that as the harvestable surplus is being spread over an increasing number of users, the quality of the experience is deterioriating. When this occurs, a management decision usually is made either to limit participation and stabilize quality, or to satisfy “demands” for the experience at a reduced quality level. During the period 1955–70, while the estimated numbers of angler days increased from 397 million to 706 million (+78 percent), the annual trips per angler stayed relatively constant; the policy implication being that (nationwide) we have not reached the breakover point between “supply” and “demand” and the average angler still views his fishing trips as “quality” experiences. In the first three surveys, the average annual expenditure per angler remained at approximately U.S.$ 100 (1957 constant dollars). In 1970, expenditures increased to U.S.$ 140 per year. A review of the Bureau of the Census information for the period 1955–70 indicated no such drastic rise in per caput personal consumption expenditures. This leads one to believe that the large increase in expenditures on fishing trips was indicative of an abnormal rise in recreation expenditures, or possibly a sampling error. 4. DESIGN - 1975 NATIONAL SURVEY The 1975 survey is to be conducted in two successive increments commencing in January 1976. The initial increment will be a telephone survey of 100 000 households throughout the country. In this survey the incidence of hunting, fishing and other associated wildlife recreational activities will be established. The follow-up increment will be a mail survey of approximately 50 000 individual hunters and fishermen over the age of eight who were identified in the telephone survey. From this survey, detailed information on participation, expenditures and preferences will be derived. The telephone survey is to be a multi-stage probability sample with oversampling of non-metropolitan households, since hunting and fishing are primarily rural-oriented pursuits. Sufficient telephone numbers will be drawn for the national sample to provide 100 000 completed household interviews, an average of 2 000 per State. Within each of the 50 States, all telephone exchanges known to contain private residents will be arrayed and a probability sample of exchanges taken. Exchanges in non-metropolitan counties of metropolitan States, where the incidence of active sportsmen is likely to be highest, will be sampled at either two or three times their ratio of the population to increase the reliability of user statistics. Telephone numbers to be dialled will be generated by matching four-digit random numbers with exchanges drawn at random. Only potential numbers which fall into working banks (i.e., all four-digit numbers available for assignment by the telephone company in a given exchange) will be retained in the sample. This will permit inclusion in the sample of households with unlisted and newly assigned telephone numbers. Sufficient telephone numbers will be generated to yield the designed average of 2 000 completed household interviews in each State. Up to two callbacks, for a total of three calls, will be made to each household to secure an interview. Either the head of the household or other knowledgeable adult member of the family will be asked to respond to the questionnaire. The mail survey is to be based on a probability sample of hunters and fishermen identified in the telephone survey. Up to 1 000 sportsmen will be mailed questionnaires in each State. If more than 1 000 hunters or fishermen are identified in a State, a sub- sample of each (not to exceed 1 000) will be taken. If less than 1 000 sportsmen are identified in a State, all names will be sent questionnaires. In the States of Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Rhode Island (where the telephone survey is expected to yield fewer than 1 000 identified sportsmen) the telephone survey may be bolstered by names from State- provided lists of licensed hunters and fishermen, to bring the sample size up to 1 000 individuals. Two follow-up mailings of questionnaires will be made to each non-responding sportsman (for a total of three mailings) to reduce non-response bias. Of the approximately 50 000 sportsmen contacted, it is anticipated that between 32 500 and 37 500 replies will be received. 5. INFORMATION SYSTEMS - 1975 NATIONAL SURVEY It has been the experience of the market analysis firm the Service hired to conduct the survey that while a telephone screen was probably the most facilitative method of sampling large populations, the methodology does have its limitations. Not the least of the limitations is the attention span of those being interviewed - the longer the interview, the less reliable the responses toward the end of the questionnaire. In order to keep the interview under 15 min lapsed time (which is the standard for effective telephone questioning), we were limited in both scope and detail as to the information to be obtained. After identifying whether or not the respondent was a hunter or fisherman, we chose to explore only those associated wildlife resource uses which were of particular concern to us in our legislative and applied management programmes (Table 2). A second limitation in the use of this survey technique is the fact that 12 percent of U.S. residences do not have telephones. Table 2 Information to be collected in Telephone Screen - 1975 National Survey

No. of Categories Participants Days Expenses Identify Hunting (Present and Past) I - - Fishing (Present and Past) I - - Viewing - Natural Environment I I H Viewing - Confinement I H - Viewing - Film, TV I Frequency H - Feeding Birds H - H Photographing I I - Archery I I - Target Shooting I I - Plinking I I - Crabbing/Clamming/Collecting II- Seashells

I = By Individuals H = By Households - = No information collected The principal items of information being sought in the detailed, self-enumerative mail questionnaire are listed in Table 3. The success of the survey depends quite strongly on the deep interest that most hunters and fishermen have in their sport; it will take that interest to fill out such a questionnaire. The Service recently conducted, through a commercial surveying firm, an attitudinal and motivational survey of the nation's waterfowl hunters. The self-enumerative questionnaire sent to each identified waterfowl hunter was 43 pages in length and the pre-test of some 6 000 duck hunters resulted in a 67 percent return. Analysis of a sub-sample of the total mailing indicated that the use of franked government envelopes in both the outgoing and return mailings would have increased this response rate by at least 8 percent, raising the return estimate to approximately 75 percent. The interest is there! 6. USES OF NATIONAL SURVEY INFORMATION The original purpose of conducting these surveys was “to provide nationally reliable data as to the importance of hunting and fishing in our national economy”. The 1955 survey statistics provided the first evidence of the importance and scale of hunting and fishing as a national recreation and were used quite effectively by State and Federal fish and wildlife administrators in justifying legislative programmes and budget requests. Over the years, the value of these accumulating national statistics increased as the technicians and administrators grew more adept in their application to other value- oriented problem areas. The national trends are now used by industry and profession alike in developing broad based plans, evaluating biological impacts of extensive developmental procedures and supporting and evaluating national management concepts and programmes. However, with the passage of time, there have been attempts to use these national statistics as a substitute for a lack of localized information. It soon became apparent that these proxies would not stand up under judicial review, the arena where many resource battles are now being fought. Table 3 Items of Information being sought in Self-Ehumerative Questionnaire - 1975 National Survey

Information categories g Big Game Small Game Waterfowl Other Huntin Saltwater Coldwater Warmwater Anadromous HUNTING FISHING PARTICIPATION No. of Participants No. of Days Recreation Days on Public Lands/Waters Days on Fee Hunting or Fishing Areas No. Days Rec. out-of-State/in-State Licensed/non-licensed Category Preference Days on Lease/Owned Area Days by Weaponry Used Days Fishing by Habitat Types EXPENDITURES Auxiliary Equipment H/F Equipment Bait/Guides/Access Fees Food/Lodging/Travel Licences Leases/Land Purchase Costs USER CHARACTERISTICS Sex and Age Education Occupation Total Income Residence BENEFIT EVALUATION Day's Pay Foregone - Value equivalent Willingness to pay Payment to forego

The recent flood of environmental protection legislation, both State and Federal, requires that to successfully defend a renewable resource of an environmental amenity against any form of degradation, the data must be as local and as accurate as possible. It was this situation that prompted the change in design and level of data reliability (national to State) in the 1975 National Survey. The added emphasis on non- consumptive use and users was a strategy to increase the support base for the preservation of fish and wildlife resources. The hunter and fisherman too long had been bearing the burden of this fight. Recently, national environmental organizations have entered the picture on the side of the fish and wildlife management agencies, but “hard” evidence of general, popular support was lacking. The 1975 survey hopes to establish the presence of that support and provide structure and dimension to it. The 1975 survey will attempt to develop as many indices of user-day values as it can judiciously support. Most of the standard approaches to establishing day-use values such as time and distance proxies, expenditure estimates, use fees, and value equivalents (days' pay foregone) are included in the survey. A regimen of questions designed to fix “willingness to pay” which adds dimension to the oft-used intuitive value approach is also a major element of the survey. Hopefully, the survey will supply more accurate national and possibly local benefit evaluation estimates than have been available for use in the past. Finally, there is a definite need that certain of these national indices be scaled down for use in analysing and projecting “demands” and for establishing needs for hunting and fishing on a more local basis. Given State-level reliability, these statistics could become useful tools in the hands of legislative, budget, and even market analysts. But more important, State resource planners and individual programme managers would find State-level data of inestimable value in their analytical and decision-making processes. More by way of indicating the applicability of established survey data in forecasting future demands for fishing opportunity than in its actual employment, a regression analysis was made of the 1970 regional per caput angler data. This cross- sectional analysis at one point in time related the percentage of anglers in the total populations of nine census regions to the regional population density and per caput available fishing opportunity. The resulting national estimating relationship, in equation form, was as follows:

Y = 21.5-022X1+15.95X2 where, Y = percent anglers in population 2 X1 = population/mi

X2 = ac fishable waters per caput The estimating relationship indicates that as population densities increase, the per caput interest in fishing decreases. Conversely, regions which have high per caput fishing opportunity (habitat) also have a greater percentage of resident fishermen. These are expected findings, findings which have been borne out by other studies of this nature. Perhaps what is most significant about the results is the fact that these two independent variables account for 84 percent of the variation (R2) in the per caput participation figure. With the design phase and the questionnaire development out of the way, present plans call for the telephone survey to begin in January 1976 to be followed by the mail survey in March 1976. Data analysis will continue throughout late winter, summer and early fall of 1976. A report, for popular consumption, covering the national aspects of the survey is scheduled for a December 1976 publication date; while detailed, individual State reports are to be completed by March 1977. The total operational costs of the survey should run slightly over U.S.$ 1 million. This figure does not include approximately 2 man-years of Service supervision and support time. Despite the formidable price tag, the Service and the States are generally convinced that the benefits associated with this survey will more than exceed the costs. FACT SHEETS ON SPORT FISHING IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES OF CANADA NOTES D'INFORMATION SUR LA PECHE SPORTIVE DANS LES PROVINCES DES PRAIRIES CANADIENNES

by

Environment Canada

CONTENT

Abstract Résumé 1. Alberta 1.1 The Sport Fishery 1.2 The Commercial Fishery 2. Manitoba 3. Saskatchewan 3.1 General 3.2 Fisheries Development Programme of Northern Saskatchewan Abstract This paper summarizes current information and data on the status of sport fishery and commercial fishery in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The Fisheries Development Programme in Northern Saskatchewan is particularly mentioned. The goals of this programme are to: (1) rationally allocate the fishery resources in a manner responsive to the needs, skills and aspirations of the northern communities; (2) promote the realization of a reasonable return on time and investment to those who earn their income principally from fishery-related employment; (3) develop expanded employment opportunities in the fishery and related industries; and (4) monitor the effects of exploitation on the fishery resources and develop a framework for appropriate regulations on the basis of such monitoring. The development of recreational fishery has a central place in this programme. Résumé Informations et données actuelles sur la situation de la pêche sportive et commerciale en Alberta, au Manitoba, et au Saskatchewan. Il est notamment fait état du développement halieutique du Saskatchewan septentrional. Les objectifs de ce programme sont les suivants: (1) répartir les ressources de la pêche de manière rationnelle, pour répondre aux besoins, compétences et aspirations des communautés du Nord; (2) permettre à ceux qui tirent leurs principales ressources d'un emploi dans le secteur des pêches de tirer un bénéfice en rapport avec les inputs de temps et financiers; (3) développer les possibilités d'emploi dans la pêche et les industries connexes; et (4) assurer la surveillance continue des effets de l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques et sur la base de ce contrôle, élaborer un cadre réglementaire approprié. Ce programme occupe une place de choix au développenent de la pêche récréative. 1. ALBERTA 1.1 The Sport Fishery An economic study carried out in 1968–69 and 1969–70 resulted in data which were extrapolated to provide estimates for 1973–74 and 1974–75 as follows:

Total Sport Fish Licence a/ Year Net Economic Benefit Sales (No.)

1968–69 141 356 Can.$ 15 603 520 1969–70 153 302 Can.$ 16 663 736 1973–74 185 390 Can.$ 23 451 835 1974–75 212 173 Can.$ 26 839 885

a Includes licence sales, expenses incurred by anglers and a consideration of what the anglers would have spent extra for the privilege of fishing

1.2 The Commercial Fishery

Year Value of Fisha/ Marketed

1970–71 Can.$ 1 587 718 1971–72 Can.$ 1 411 451 1972–73 Can.$ 1 476 091 1973–74 Can.$ 1 433 573 1974–75 Can.$ 1 753 619

a 75 percent whitefish, 25 percent pike, tullibee and walleye 2. MANITOBA The total cost of fisheries programmes conducted by the Province of Manitoba is Can.$ 1 572 000 with a staffing plan of 122.5 staff man years. Activities conducted by Environment Canada, Fisheries and Marine Service which are directly related to Manitoba fisheries programmes account for a total expenditure of Can.$ 1 632 700 with a staffing plan of 51.9 staff man years. Summary of funds expended and staff man years (SMY) allotted to major categories of the Fisheries Programme by the Province of Manitoba:

Can.$ × 1 000 SMY

(1) Monitoring of fish populations 448.2 38.2 (2) Management of Fisheries Programme 224.7 19.0 (3) Stocking 362.4 27.5 (4) Enforcement 310.5 19.8 (5) Extension 226.2 18.0

1 572.0 122.5

Summary of funds expended and staff man years allotted to components of activities of Environment Canada, Fisheries and Marine Service in Manitoba. Can.$ × 1 000 SMY

(1) Production and marketing 419 11 (2) Research 738.1 37.0 (3) Resource management 68.6 2.6 (4) Economic information 16 0.8 (5) Small-craft harbours 391 0.5

1632.7 51.9

Value of boats, nets and miscellaneous gear used in commercial fishing operations in Manitoba waters, 1973–74 - Can.$ 4 871 900. Production in pounds and value in dollars of fish taken by commercial fishing in Manitoba waters - annual 1973–74.

Total production Value to Fishermen 21 566 816 pounds Can.$ 5 228 802

Number of sport fishing licence sales and average amount spent per fisherman in 1974–75.

Licence Sales Average Amount Spent Total Spent

Resident 142 748 Can.$ 82.00 Can.$ 11 705 336 Non-resident (seasonal) 24 306 Can.$ 178.00 Can.$ 4 326 468 Non-resident (3 day) 7 420 Can.$ 65.00 Can.$ 482 300

Can.$ 16 514 104

3. SASKATCHEWAN 3.1 General Background The water areas of the province are inequitably distributed in relation to the population. Most of the estimated 30 000 mi2 of water is concentrated in the northern sector of Saskatchewan, while about 95 percent of the entire population (about one million) reside in the southernhalf of the province. This places a greater strain on fish resources in southern waters, decreasing as distance (and inaccessibility) increases to the north. The Sport Fishery Year Residenta/ Non-residentb/ Total 1974–75 152 222c/ 17 815 170 037 1973–74 138 581 17 616 156 197 1972–73 135 683 16 390 152 073 1971–72 123 480 15 882 139 362 1970–71 120 082 12 682 132 764 1969–70 131 764 11 815 143 579 1968–69 118 154 12 288 130 442 1967–68 112 501 1966–67 110 017 1965–66 101 480

a ‘Resident’ means resident of Canada, 16 years of age or older. In 1972–73 about 91 percent of these were Saskatchewan residents b Almost entirely United States residents c Does not include Senior Citizen (age 65 and over) Lifetime Licence Program initiated in 1974 No estimate has been made of the sport fishery importance to the total provincial economy. The Commercial Fishery Year Total poundagea Lake Valuea (Can.$) Number of fishermen 1974–75 11 982 855 2 142 002 1 574 1973–74 8 711 600 1 788 810 1 578 1972–73 10 507 635 1 625 658 1 800 1971–72 11 540 664 1 772 269 2 098 1970–71 12 213 985 2 082 518 2 154 1969–70 13 911 736 2 293 450 2 100 1968–69 10 972 322 1 384 424 1 580 1967–68 11 725 104 1 163 500 1 724 1966–67 13 737 581 1 706 616 1 804 1965–66 14 931 276 1 730 814 1 929

a Does not include domestic fishing harvest nor a small brine shrimp and bait fish production Aquaculture (Fish Farming)

Number of licences (not licensees) Estimated harvest Year Private Commercial Total pounds

1970 144 22 166 8 000 1971 446 36 482 80 000 1972 894 40 934 115 000 1973 1 223 41 1 264 130 000 1974 2 370 42 2 412 154 000

Fish culture station One fish hatchery only which in 1974–75 distributed the following:

Water bodies Species Number stocked

Arctic grayling 35 000 7 Walleye 10 325 000 42 Whitefish 5 750 000 3 Brook trout 60 450 36 Brown trout 6 000 4 Rainbow trout 350 850 42 Northern pike 1 343 7 Perch 6 975 5 16 537 118 147

The Provincial Departments concerned with fisheries administration in Saskatchewan operate on the following approximate annual budget: Tourism and Renewable Resources - Can.$ 600 000 Northern Saskatchewan Can.$ 800 000 3.2 Fisheries Development Programme of Northern Saskatchewan The Department of Northem Saskatchewan was established in 1972 in an attempt to introduce new and integrated approaches to the social and economic problems peculiar to the northern half of the province. The region administered by this new Department is sparsely populated with only about 25 000 residents, mostly of native ancestry. However the area is geographically immense, covering some 300 000 km2. In view of the relative economic importance of the fisheries to this area, the tremendous potential for further development embodied in the fisheries resource, and the easy compatibility of the fishery-based industries with the skills and life styles of northern people, a major new fisheries programming initiative was undertaken by the Department. This initiative, known as the Fisheries Development Programme, administers a current (1975–76) budget (exclusive of grants, loans and subsidies) of some Can.$ 800 000. The Fisheries Development Programme accommodates three working principles: (a) To enable the Department to continually assess all fishery uses and all factors affecting those uses, to facilitate the planning of fisheries developmental initiatives. (b) To promote community participation in fishery resource allocation, and in local problem resolution. (c) To ensure protection of the fishery resources. The goals of the Programme are to: (i) Rationally allocate the fishery resources in a manner responsive to the needs, skills and aspirations of northern communities. (ii) Promote the realization of a reasonable return on time and investment to those who choose to derive their income principally from fishery-related employment. (iii) Develop, to the maximum extent possible, expanded employment opportunities in the fishery and related industries. (iv) Monitor the effects of exploitation on the fishery resources and develop a framework for appropriate regulation on the basis of such monitoring An incidental goal is to employ, to the maximum extent possible, unemployed northern people in programme development and delivery. As noted above, the geographical area with which the Fisheries Development Programme is concerned is large and the fisheries form an important economic component in it. Commercial fishermen in northern Saskatchewan land about 11 million pounds of fish annually, with a landed value of nearly Can.$ 2 million, from some 170 lakes. This accounts for over half of the income earned by northern fishermen. In addition, sport fishing is a major tourist attraction in the area. There are approximately 160 tourist lodges in operation; their gross revenue exceeds Can.$ 5 million. Not all anglers utilize tourist lodge facilities; many utilize the provincial parks, public campgrounds, etc. The volume of angling participation is already extensive, but the relative potential for growth of the sport fishery probably exceeds that of the commercial fishery. The Fisheries Development Programme comprises several interrelated activities, namely, extension, allocation, income improvement, stock appraisal, data processing and operations management. The aims of the extension phase are to facilitate liaison among the various activity managers within the Programme, as well as to establish and maintain liaison with other departmental programmes, with the various levels of local government, and with the marketing agencies. In addition, this aspect provides avenues for representation by the commercial and sport fishing industries. Two Fisheries Development Committees (representing sport and commercial fishing interests respectively) have been established to provide a formal link between the Department and the fishery resource users in the global sense. These committees have been active in suggesting developmental initiatives and associated policy requirements, in discussing the technical aspects of developmental alternatives, and in providing endorsement for new fisheries programming initiatives. Committee members have developed a sufficient sense of achievement and responsibility that their continued participation in the shaping of the Programme is assured. The fisheries resource allocation projects are intended to foster rational allocation processes in northern communities. Participation is voluntary. A major objective is to ensure that plans developed are in direct response to the actual needs and aspirations of local residents. In 1974, two northern communities participated in pilot allocation projects of this nature. There was considerable initial indifference within these communities to these projects because many believed there was little possibility of deliberations resulting in decisions reflecting local concerns. But through a series of carefully designed and executed meetings, plans were evolved to deal with these problems. These plans were deemed by the Department to represent realistic compromises of the divergent opinions held by the residents, and were accordingly accepted and implemented. The aims of the income improvement part of the Programme are particularly to provide all commercial fishermen with opportunities to realize satisfactory returns on their efforts and investments while engaged in commercial fishing and to maximize opportunities for participation in viable commercial fishing enterprises. These objectives are met in part by instructing and assisting commercial fishermen in basic bookkeeping, and by training field workers in northern communities in cost accounting practices. Field workers in turn assist fishermen to interpret their financial records. The aims of the stock appraisal phase of the Programme are to provide and assess information on the catches, along with the associated gear and effort, of the major fisheries (both sport and commercial) in the area. Data are obtained on the size, age, sex and maturity of the fish taken. A major challenge confronting the Programme is to obtain current assessments of the status of the resource as well as the effects of exploitation on the various individual stocks. There is also the challenge of predicting the potential yields of species in relation to changing conditions of environment, fishing pressure, markets, etc. An important and novel feature of the fish stock appraisal activity is the establishment of a facility in a remote northern community for ageing fish. This aspect of the Programme is concerned with teaching the techniques of preparing and reading scales, fin rays, and otoliths to native northerners who may be physically handicapped, etc., i.e., persons who typically have difficulty obtaining employment. If successful, this venture will enable these persons to become independent entrepreneurs, and in so doing provide an important and much needed service of mutual benefit. The fisheries data centre provides processing of information obtained from the marketing phase of the commercial fishery as well as data obtained through the stock appraisal activities. It is also integral to the building and analysis of files pertaining to fishermen's socio-economic profiles, comparative fishing mode costs and performances, etc. Day-to-day management aspects of the Programme are the responsibility of the operations management phase. This deals with such matters as improving the quality of fishery products produced; and reducing wastage by encouraging fishermen to become more efficient in handling their gear and fish, and by constructing and improving fish- chilling and lakeside packing and holding facilities. In addition, this aspect of the Programme attempts to increase benefits derived by encouraging fishermen to utilize lakes where production potential is not being fully realized. The Programme is in recognition of a need to move from the historic fisheries planning and decision-making process (which has tended to be piecemeal and reactive), to a process which is more comprehensive and objective. To this end the new Programme is more fully integrated than any in the past. At the core of the Programme is the allocation system with its emphasis on localized control, and with allocation taking place in conjunction with an “information system” involving a continual cataloguing and updating of factors affecting the fisheries along with a continual monitoring of the effects of exploitation on the resource. As appropriate time-series of quantitative data are developed with respect to the fish stocks and the economics of their exploitation, management should become more rational and objective, with fishery managers progressively better able to evaluate the risks involved in their decisions as well as the potential returns that may accrue. REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ATLANTIC PROVINCES ON SPORT FISHERIES RAPPORT DES PROVINCES CANADIENNES DE L'ATLANTIQUE SUR LA PECHE SPORTIVE

by

W.C. Hooper Fredericton New Brunswick Canada

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Purpose 2. Background 3. Results 4. Fisheries Needs

Abstract This report summarizes information and current data on the development of sport fisheries socio-economic data in Atlantic Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland provinces). It is emphasized that an assessment of needs and preferences of anglers is needed, as well as a variety of management programmes, including a careful discussion of objectives and goals. The need for public information in this field is particularly underlined. Résumé L'auteur récapitule les informations et données actuelles sur le développement de la pêche sportive, et fournit des données socio-économiques sur le Canada de l'Atlantique (Provinces du Québec, du Nouveau-Brunswick, de la Nouvelle-Ecosse, de l'île du Prince Edouard et de Terre-Neuve). Il souligne la nécessité d'évaluer les besoins et les préférences des pêcheurs à la ligne, ainsi que des différents programmes d'aménagement après examen approfondi de leurs buts et objectifs. Il insiste tout particulièrement sur la nécessité d'informer le public dans ce domaine. 1. PURPOSE This brief report will provide some background information and current results on the development of sport fisheries socio-economic data in Atlantic Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland provinces) as well as to indicate some important fisheries needs. 2. BACKGROUND An organized effort to gather socio-economic information for Atlantic Canada's recreational fisheries resources resulted only after a “Sport Fisheries Statistics and Valuation Workshop” attended by various federal and provincial fisheries agencies in 1970. Most aspects of fisheries and management and research have continually been hampered by the: (a) specialized interests of the many agencies concerned, (b) the unclear jurisdictional aspects at various levels of government. Consequently, the development of regional (and especially national) socio-economic information has been contingent upon many factors, the most crucial being: (a) a media for cooperation and assistance of all agencies through the federal Recreational Fisheries Branch (the central agency), (b) recognition of individual agency needs, as well as needs of national importance. Since the 1970 meeting, fisheries agencies have learned: (a) that socio-economic evaluation is possible and fundamental, (b) how to collect data, (c) how to look at data and what they mean, (d) how to use this data in identification of fisheries management goals and formulation of plans. 3. RESULTS 3.1 A close liaison with the central agency has been maintained, especially for a consultant advisory service. 3.2 Licence sales and angler participation information for all fisheries agencies has been published regionally and nationally. 3.3 Angler socio-economic surveys have been undertaken in provinces. (Note: Already their results have been useful for environmental impact assessments, justifying budgets and denoting priority areas for management and enforcement). 3.4 Participation in an information-exchange system (established by the central agency) has resulted in providing broader viewpoints as well as keeping abreast with important fisheries developments. 3.5 Important contributions to nationwide data development have been made. 3.6 Periodic but frequent conferences at the regional and national level have served to identify local, regional and national data needs as well as suggest how these needs can best be satisfied. 3.7 Some important statistical information for Atlantic Canada is presented: (a) About one million persons angled 10 300 000 days in 1973/74; 4.5 percent fished tidal or sea waters; (b) Angling effort may be increasing by at least 7 percent per annum; (c) Anglers have responded very well (60–80 percent return of information to survey questionnaires; (d) Two groups of anglers stand out: Atlantic salmon-anglers (residents) spend two times more than other species anglers; non-resident salmon-anglers spend four times more than resident salmon-anglers. Only 65 000 salmon-anglers spend at least Can.$ 10 000 000 annually. (Note: Since market pricing systems are available in New Brunswick, the Atlantic salmon resource has been valued at Can.$ 110 000 000.); Prince Edward Island children under 16 years of age were sampled through a regionalized school system. Their angling effort was one third of the provinces total angling effort when compared with licensed resident anglers. The survey is most important in that it evaluated a previously exempt group of anglers and shows children are a very significant group of anglers (which should not be ignored in sport fishing analysis). Such a survey may also be basic to our examining and understanding adult motivation. 4. FISHERIES NEEDS 4.1 Clarification of jurisdictional responsibilities and identification of sport and commercial fisheries goals. 4.2 Careful evaluation and use of available water-promotion of angling opportunity that is naturally available. 4.3 Assessment of needs and preferences of anglers; recognition that a variety of management programmes are needed. 4.4 Careful development of programme objectives and goals. Management programmes should reflect peoples needs and wants to be successful in competing for funding (P.P.B.). 4.5 Public information is needed; resource administrators, biologists and the public (politicians) must have a sound understanding of economic and social factors that influence fisheries development and utilization. 4.6 Recognition by resource administrators and fisheries biologists that maximizing net benefits for salmonids (especially Atlantic salmon) is not the only solution to satisfy demands and needs of anglers. THE SWEDISH ANGLERS' ASSOCIATION, ITS ORGANIZATION AND AIMS L'ASSOCIATION SUEDOISE DES PECHEURS A LA LIGNE, SON ORGANISATION ET SES BUTS

by

C. Wenst National Board of Fisheries, Gothenburg, Sweden

and

H. Runnström Swedish Anglers' Association, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract This paper surveys certain aspects of the Swedish Anglers' Association such as its organizational set-up, its activities and its aims. Résumé Etude de certains aspects de l'Association suédoise des pêcheurs à la ligne, tels que son organisation, ses activités et ses buts. The Swedish Anglers' Association is the only nation-wide anglers organization in Sweden with about 75 000 members. Thirty thousand of these are members in different sport fishing clubs. Sweden is divided into 24 counties. In every county there is a regional district coordinating the work within the clubs, between them, and activating the non-club members. From its start the organization has informed anglers, not only its own members but also non-organized people and tourists from abroad about legislation, fishing waters (a yearly publication of all licensed fishing waters in Sweden has been published). Many clubs and a few districts rent their own waters, sell fishing licences and make a good job in managing their waters. Very often the clubs have their own youth sections. In this connexion it could be mentioned that sport-fishing lessons nowadays are quite common in schools, two hours a week in grade 7, 8 and 9, where the youngsters can make a choice themselves between different things to study. Certain advice is given by the organization in a small booklet. One of the most important objects of the organization is to create a more social view on sport fishing. In this way the association acts as a pressure group. Other very important aims are to stop the still increasing pollution. In Sweden, the acid rain fall has been a very serious environmental problem. Several lakes in the western part of Sweden situated outside Gothenburg are dead lakes, lakes where no animals can exist. Also the building of hydro-electric power stations constitutes a great problem. Only a few of the Swedish rivers are not developed for hydro-electric power. Today the technicians also want to utilize the remaining rivers. Therefore the organization is very much interested in all kinds of socio-economic data concerning sport fishing. There have already been too many calculations made only from the strictly economical point of view. The Anglers Association was among the first which together with Dr. I. Norling initiated socio-economic research in Sweden. It was necessary to get a shift “from fish to people”. After 10 years' of work there now seems to be a real break; the politicians are set under pressure; the Minister of Agriculture has instructed a certain commission to work on these questions and to decide the future set-up of sport fishing in Sweden. The organization is also represented in the commission as well as in the Board of Fisheries. Another good thing is that there is a real good team work between the organization and the National Board of Fisheries and also between the organization and the Environmental Protection Board. The future seems promising. ECONOMIC ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING AFRICA IN THE FIELD OF SPORT FISHERIES PROBLEMES ET POSSIBILITES ECONOMIQUES DE LA PECHE SPORTIVE DANS LES EAUX INTERIEURES D'AFRIQUE

by

J.-L. Gaudet Secretary to EIFAC FAO, Rome, Italy

CONTENTS

Abstract Résumé 1. Introduction 2. Importance of Sport Fisheries in some African Countries 2.1 Kenya 2.2 Malawi 2.3 Tanzania 2.4 Zambia 2.5 South Africa 2.6 Uganda 2.7 Nigeria 3. Economic Issues and Opportunities 3.1 Planning 3.2 Statistical data 3.3 Ancillary industries 4. International Collaboration 4.1 CIFA 4.2 FAO 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract Sport fishery development and opportunities in Africa are studied with specific examples for a number of countries. The importance of planning, statistical data and international cooperation as main tools in sport fishery development is stressed. Résumé Les possibilités de dévelopement de la pêche sportive en Afrique sont étudiées à partir d'exemples fournis par certains pays. On y souligne l'importance de la planification, des données statistiques et de la coopération internationale qui sont les instruments essentiels au développement de la pêche sportive. 1. INTRODUCTION In Africa the development of sport fisheries should be closely linked with the growth of tourism in general and in particular with the development and management of national parks (including the various aspects of recreation in water, forest and wild lands) and reservoirs but there is an apparent lack of awareness of the potential of sport fishing in relation to tourism. It is an accepted fact in some countries that tourism based on national parks, marine parks, sport fishing along the coast or in rivers, lakes and reservoirs, regulated trophy-hunting and wildlife viewing in general, etc., contributes a substantial amount of the national income of many African countries, particularly in East Africa. No-one can put a figure on the present value of wildlife nor even make a reasonable guess. One can only point to examples of figures of known value, different in kind but sufficient to demonstrate that wildlife is a resource of considerable economic importance to Africa, even in the present early stages of its development. In Botswana1/ a tremendous increase in revenues from wildlife took place as a result of the introduction of new legislation and the application of simple management and control procedures, initially over as short a period as three years in the early nineteen sixties. In Kenya various aspects of tourism based on wildlife are worth U.S.$ 50 million annually. It is said to represent the highest single item of foreign exchange. In East Africa, back in 1965, ivory exports alone were worth over U.S.$ 1 million. In Ghana, wildlife is the source of 65 percent of the protein consumed in rural areas. An FAO report, quoting a report by the Nigerian Department of Statistics on the value of game meat in southern Nigeria, estimated the value of game meat at not less than U.S.$ 50 million for 1966, the year of the survey. 1 This number and the following in the text apply to References listed at the end of this paper 2. IMPORTANCE OF SPORT FISHERIES IN SOME AFRICAN COUNTRIES 2.1 Kenya (2) In Kenya sport fishing is fast becoming world famous and a big attraction to overseas visitors who also benefit from unbeatable scenery teeming with wild animals and exotic birds. Inland, in the north, we find Lake Rudolf where 200 lb Nile perch (Lates niloticus) are not uncommon and tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus) reach 25 lb. The black bass (Micropterus salmoides) of Lake Naivasha - with a record of 9½ lb - is famous. Also the sixty odd trout streams, some of which run through the Aberdare National Park, where fishing is allowed after paying the normal park entrance fee, are gaining in popularity. Fishing for coarse fish is also possible in most rivers other than cold streams and in the lakes. Although the Kenya coastline is just 280 mi in length, it embraces some of the best big game fishing grounds in the world. The list of species easily caught is most impressive. Apart from the internationally recognized tuna, marlin and sailfish fishing, as many as eight species of shark, barracuda, king fish, dolphin fish, snappers, bonefish, black runners, rainbow runner, etc., are found. Fishing is carried out from four main centres: Malindi, Kilifi, Mombasa and Shimoni. Although all have fishing hire centres, hotels and catering facilities, sports equipment shops, further important improvements are needed and planned. All need better landing facilities and boat anchorage. The marinas need to be enlarged and designed along modern lines such as those found in the Mediterranean and North American holiday centres. Ancillary facilities are badly required such as sea rescue and radio communication centres, chandlery shops, showrooms, provision centres, car parks, etc. 2.2 Malawi In Malawi, sport fishing is organized through the Angling Society of Malawi. Serranochromis, Haplochromis, Barilius and other fishes can be found in Lake Malawi and the Lower Shire River has good tiger fishing (Hydrocynus vittatus). Bass fishing in small privately owned dams in the highland areas is popular as well as trout fishing in Mulanje area and in dams and streams on Zomba plateau. Good trout fishing in three well stocked dams and streams in the Nyika National Park make it very attractive to tourists. Trout licences are available on a daily, weekly or yearly basis. Generally speaking, however, sport fishing is not tourist oriented but is mostly for residents, mainly foreign groups. Trout fishing is administered by the Game Department with the assistance of the Fishery Department. 2.3 Tanzania Tanzania has a very strong angling club in Moshi for trout which is exploited mainly by expatriates resident in the country. The possibilities of further development are superb. At Mbeya a resort is being developed around sport fishing facilities to cater for tourists from the south. At Dar es Salaam facilities exist and could be further developed to exploit the fabulous sea fishing grounds of the Mafia islands. 2.4 Zambia In Zambia, fishing for Nile perch and some of the rock cichlids in Lake Tanganyika is already offering unprecedented sport on one of the most beautiful lakes in Africa. Also on Lake Tanganyika, the possibility of hooking and landing the rare goliath tigerfish (H. goliath) offers a really unique opportunity to the sport fisherman. Spinning or trolling for tiger fish (Hydrocynus vittatus) in the Luapula and Chambeshi rivers, and indeed in the Upper Zambezi and Kariba, offers fantastic sport - possibly surpassed only by trout fishing in the Andes or New Zealand. Zambia is well endowed with natural waterways and strong fighting sport fish; the potential to the tourist industry is tremendous. This potential exists of course in all the countries bordering upon Lake Tanganyika (Zambia, Tanzania, Zaire, Burundi). 2.5 South Africa In South Africa, recreation sport fishing has a high value indeed for the economy. Trout fishing is highly developed as well as surf fishing and goggle fishing. The latter is rapidly gaining in importance and offers good opportunities in other African countries both in fresh and sea water. 2.6 Uganda Uganda also offers excellent angling in most of its lakes and rivers, which is capable of greater extension by intelligent management. As an example, since the stocking of Lake Kyoga and the Victoria Nile with nile perch, and subsequent catches by anglers, the sport fishery between Namasagali and Bujagali Falls has, in six months, grown to a major recreation, supporting three motorboats for hire, a dozen dug-out canoes, and employing large numbers of fishermen as guides and ghillies. Over one ton weight of fish is landed by anglers in this stretch of river in an average weekend. Recent sporadic appearances of Nile perch in Lake Victoria appear to be on the increase. This can bode well indeed for the sport fishing industry once angling for perch is established. The effect of this as a tourist attraction could be important. The Entebbe area particularly is readily accessible in normal times from all parts of the world. Excellent accommodation is available and all kinds of coastline, scenery and fishing waters - sheltered, offshore, deep, shallow, etc. - are close at hand. The Nile perch is an excellent angling fish and the chance of landing a very large one, always a possibility, seems an irresistible lure to American anglers in particular. Given the proper promotion, Lake Victoria could become one of the major angling centres of the world. Angling in Uganda as in most of Africa, however, remains a very minor sport and is almost entirely the preserve of expatriate Europeans. There is no adequate handbook or guide to angling and the fairly extensive knowledge of the sport in Uganda is locked up in the heads of those few expatriates who are now leaving the country taking this knowledge with them. The Fisheries Department has done what it can to popularize angling, but has always been handicapped by the shortage of finance and staff. Staff are in any case generally fully engaged in the development of the commercial fishery. Nevertheless, Uganda is the only country in Africa, to my knowledge, that has a course in sport fishing at the Entebbe Fisheries Training Institute. It tries to familiarize students with the various sport fishing methods and equipment. This course is of minor importance in the curriculum of the school but it is a start. Also, a post of sport fishery officer was to be established. All this points to increased investments and consequently better evaluation is needed of the present potential and future developments. Thus there is a crucial need for more information, particularly better statistics. 2.7 Burundi Lake Tanganyika offers ideal potential for sport fishing because of its size (32 000 km2), beautiful setting and rich fish fauna. The Lates and boulen Gerichromis would be the species to exploit. Lakes Cahola and Rweru being stocked mostly with tilapia offer less potential. Rivers have no sport fishery potential. The Nautical Club of Burundi regularly organizes fishing competition but on a small scale on Sundays. The present number of sport fishermen is small and catches are also small. 2.8 Madagascar Presently, sport fishing is practised only by the higher income groups in Madagascar. Between one and two thousands sport fishermen can be found, and the popular species are trout and black bass. Trout is found in lakes and rivers above 1 600 m while black-bass is found in many water areas above 700 m. A small trout fishing club exists at Tananarive but membership is said to be decreasing. 2.9 Nigeria Wildlife, including fisheries, is a valuable resource in many other regions of Africa. The building of new large reservoirs often increases the tourist potential, for example, fishing for tiger fish below the spectacular Kainji dam in Nigeria is a real attraction since success can be almost guaranteed in these waters because the fish which have been used to travel upstream are now prevented from doing so by the dam and congregate below it. Cruising and sport fishing on the Kainji Lake have not been yet organized but could raise modest revenues. Then there is the Borgu Game Reserve between the Kainji Lake and the Dahomey border which offers good possibilities of development. Mention should be made of the annual fishing festival at Argungu (Solsato River, Nigeria) as an example of an important sport fishing event entirely national in its significance but with important tourist attraction potential. Nigerians from many parts of the country come to Argungu drawn by prizes and the social aspects; consequently it has a major impact on developing tourist facilities. 3. ECONOMIC ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES Two issues seem clear. First, the more we learn about existing sport fishery and wildlife values, the more we are surprised to find that they are a far more valuable resource than hitherto realized (3). Second, for those countries for which we have comparable records annual values from wildlife seem to be increasing for a number of reasons. Internationally, we have every reason to believe that wildlife and sport fisheries as a resource will become considerably more important than at present. There is no way of knowing where the present trend will stop, but it is clear that the future developments will be closely linked with the stabilization and development of more appropriate forms of land use in marginal lands in several of these major regions (1) and the development of reservoirs. The significance of national parks, hunting, sport fishing and other forms of tourism as earners of foreign exchange has been demonstrated already in so many countries that much activity is being put into the development of new parks and reserves, controlled hunting areas and other bases for encouraging tourism. 3.1 Planning Among the important economic issues to be considered in the development of sport fishing in Africa, early planning is a basic one. There is no doubt that in Europe a major obstacle to sport fishing development has been the lack of adequate early recognition of the importance of the resource. Africa has a decided advantage here. No less than 30 countries in the region are now implementing their development plans(d). The number of trained agricultural planners is steadily increasing and requests for external assistance continue. Planning units are becoming an established part of ministries of agriculture. Among the various countries, plan objectives generally remain the same, although emphasis and policy strategies differ. Rural development and employment are common objectives, as are food self-sufficiency, agricultural diversification and the earning of foreign exchange. The development of sport fishing, particularly in East Africa is not only the result of good natural conditions but also the early recognition of sport fishing as an important element of foreign exchange earnings. Water resource development in the African continent is, however, increasingly recognized as a complex, multi-disciplinary undertaking(5). We know, for example, that in the long-term planning of outdoor recreation, man-made lakes are bound to play an important role. But the rapid change necessitated in the creation of a reservoir from a dynamic riverine ecology into a relatively stable lacustrine ecosystem makes it absolutely essential to adopt, in the early planning stage, a multi-disciplinary approach (5–8). Altering ecology as they do, and often isolating islands or long peninsulas, such new lakes also offer an opportunity for conservation of open spaces and natural beauty and preservation of natural areas for study and enjoyment. In addition, forests within these areas, just like reservoirs such as Kariba and Kainji, may often be managed for multiple use including wildlife utilization, recreation and tourism. Unless there is planning, feasibility analysis, and implementation of proposed wildlife and recreation development at an early stage, economic losses may be incurred in the management of and investment in wildlife, recreation and tourism. How, by planning, can different uses such as tourism, recreation and wildlife utilization be developed, coordinated and integrated with other aspects of the management of the new lake or of the entire drainage basin of which the lake is a part? Planners need to identify the existing resource and the potential for its development; in particular, national parks, game reserves, forest reserves and other game and forest management areas that may be devoted to various recreational uses, such as camping, hunting for game and wildfowl, fishing, boating, swimming and water skiing(5). Infrastructure for recreation and tourism development, such as tourist roads, harbours of refuge, marinas and tourist accommodation, should be constructed with overall lake development in mind, and sited so as to preserve and take advantage of features of natural beauty. In fact, Rhodesia did just that prior to the building of Kariba dam and now has important tourist facilities for sport fishing in particular. All these considerations require the early formulation of policies for wildlife, recreation and tourism, the designation of an appropriate administration and enactment of suitable legislation. Investments in the development of reservoirs for recreation need especially careful prior appraisal. In much of Africa and Asia, recreational development would probably be aimed today at the tourist trade. Nationals are little interested. However, this does not imply that long-range planning for future recreational use by local populations should not enter into early consideration of the development of new man-made lakes on these two continents. Financing the development of tourism in the vicinity of new man-made lakes may be national or international, private or public. National or regional tourism organizations will be able to advise on coordination with tourism development plans on a wider basis. As is true of every successful type of revenue-earning, particularly foreign exchange, there is a natural tendency to increase accommodation for tourism in such promising areas and thereby obtain a greater income by providing tourists with different kinds of facilities in the hope of attracting an ever greater number year after year. To facilitate increasing tourism, new hotels, more roads and other constructions are being planned or erected, new types of tours are being programmed, and, of course, new types of pressures are exerted on the natural resources which are the basis of the industry. It can already be seen also here that sound planning and intelligent management are necessary to prevent the degradation and depletion of what were thought to be unlimited resources on other continents. In the national planning, preference needs to be concentrated and oriented to stimulate the maximum complementary effort by others, whether in terms of national action or in terms of technical and financial assistance from abroad. Preference should be given to activities in which specific national policies and programmes coincide with international development priorities. 3.2 Statistical Data An essential requirement to sound planning with respect to the place of sport fishing in the multi-discipline approach to development is statistical data. In Africa, this is an acute problem. While catch statistics by sport fishermen may have been estimated fairly accurately in some African countries, there is an almost absolute dearth of data on the number of sport fishermen (national or foreign) and on their contribution to the national economy. More progress has been made in this field in hunting than fishing. Many African countries require every hunter to endorse all animals shot during safari or elsewhere and return this information within 24 hours of the permit's expiry to the nearest Game Warden(9). Trophy dealers must keep a day-by-day diary where all dealings in game products have to be entered. A duplicate of the diary, together with a bi-monthly return showing in detail all trophies bought and sold, has to be submitted to the Chief Game Warden. The hunter returns are coded and transcribed on punch cards to facilitate an analysis of the data. Wildlife biologists have gone a stop further than the fishery experts in their efforts to standardize statistical information, particularly in the African continent. An Ad hoc Working Party on wildlife management of the African Forestry Commission which met in Nairobi in February 1972 (8–10) has designed a schedule for standardizing the reporting of wildlife statistics. This schedule does not at this stage include edible marine or freshwater invertebrates because the Working Party assumed (rightly or wrongly) that such data would be included in the fisheries returns, but it accounts for inedible marine products as well as underwater parks. The latter are included because, although their main attraction is fish, the administration of such conservation areas is usually in the hands of the wildlife authority and not those of the organization responsible for fisheries. 3.3 Ancillary Industries An important factor in the overall impact of sport fishing on national economics, is the related consumption of hard goods (fishing gear, boats, engines, etc.). Maximal impact of sport fishing in developing countries can only be obtained as the manufacturing industry locally produces these goods. In the wildlife field, taxidermy and leather industries have developed as subsidiary income-producing activities, though little headway has been made in manufacturing hunting gear for example. Some manufacturing is essentially a small- scale industry which is well within the reach of African artisans and African capital, while boat construction and engine servicing also provide opportunities for small-scale investment and business. Further exploration of means of developing ancillary industry should receive a higher priority in the field of sport fishery in Africa. 4. INTRENATIONAL COLLABORATION So far, no substantial efforts have been made at the international level for the improvement of sport fishery statistics for the amalgamation of sport fisheries and wildlife statistics. Two important recent developments, however, will facilitate this task at the continental level. One is the creation of the FAO Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa (CIFA) in 1971 and the other the increasing role being played by FAO in the development of the aquatic resources on that continent in its function as Executive Agency for the United Nations Development Programme. 4.1 CIFA The Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa (CIFA) has been created at the insistence of the African countries. It is a subsidiary body of FAO whose overall purpose is to promote improvements in inland fisheries and advise Member Governments and FAO on inland fishery matters. One specific function envisaged for CIFA and incorporated in its statutes is “to assist in the collection, interchange, dissemination and analysis of statistical, biological and environmental data”. 4.2 FAO One of the major functions of FAO in the field of inland fisheries in Africa has been to assist its Member Nations in the assessment and management of their aquatic resources, and to promote international action that will enable the fullest utilization of the resources to the benefit of all concerned. The creation of CIFA is tangible evidence of the seriousness of these aims. Even though the Organization fully realizes the importance of sport fisheries, it has concentrated most of its attention, so far, on the conservation and development of commercial and subsistence fisheries for food fish in the tropical and sub-tropical regions because of the immediate need for increasing food production in these areas. FAO has endeavoured, within the financial sources available to it, to provide assistance to Member Governments in planning and conducting investigations and management in this field. Cognizant of the neglect suffered by inland fisheries in many developing as well as developed countries, the Organization has urged appropriate consideration of their value in national development plans. Several African nations have embarked in recent years on large-scale natural resource research and development projects (many of which dealing with fisheries) with assistance from the United Nations (UN), bilateral aid programmes and private foundations. The United Nations Development Programme is the Agency with which many UN supported projects are arranged. The basic intent of such projects is to assist governments in the research and planning necessary for resource development and to help in actual development of the resource. The expected results are that the nations concerned will be able to carry forward the work of the project after termination of the UN contract and that supplementary projects and financial help will have been brought into effect as needs are disclosed by the project For UNDP projects on large man-made and natural lakes in Africa, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, is often executing agency with primary responsibility assigned to its Department of Fisheries. These projects are large in scope, with teams of experts, counterparts and adequate field and laboratory equipment. The first of these in inland fisheries for which FAO was made the Executing Agency was the Lake Kariba Fishery Project on one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. Similar ones have been started on Lake Victoria (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), Kainji Lake (Nigeria), Volta Lake (Ghana), Nasser Lake (Egypt), Kossou Lake (Ivory Coast) and Lake Malawi (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania). It is important to note that most of these projects include in their plan of operation a certain number of man-months for wildlife, wildlife ecologist or tourism experts and one such project in Latin America some man-months of experts on sport fishing. In addition, FAO is also Executing Agency for a large number of field projects with a substantial tourism element in Africa in connexion with wildlife, national parks and forest management. 5. CONCLUSION In conclusion it can be said that FAO and CIFA's role in the field of sport fisheries is to promote ideas, stimulate action, function as en international catalyst and assist countries in learning to apply techniques and known technology. For many African countries investment is one of the fundamental elements of development. Tourism, including sport fishing, has a growth potential that can make an important contribution to economic growth. As mentioned above, for some countries more gifted naturally, tourism may even be the main road to earning foreign exchange. It must be remembered, however, that in Africa, the challenge is not only the lack of investments but also the difficulties faced by governments in preparing for international support projects and programmes which will have a beneficial impact on a large part of the economy. The part that sport fisheries should play in these programmes is still far from being recognised. It is hoped that intergovernmental bodies such as CIFA will help in bringing about the just recognition of the role of sport fisheries in development. 6. REFERENCES (1) Riney, T., The international significance of Botswana environment as a test case. 1971 Conference on sustained production from semi-arid areas with particular reference to Botswana. FO:MISC/71/28, 16 November 1971. FAO, Rome (2) Personal communication, Sport fishing in Kenya. Present potentials, future 1970 development (3) Copley, H., The Game fishes of Africa. London, H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd. 1952 (4) FAO, State of Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome 1971 (5) Lagler, K.F., Man-made lakes - planning and development, United Nations 1969 Development Programme, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (6) Lowe-McConnell, R.H., Man-made lakes. Proceedings of a Symposium held in 1966 London in 1965. Academic Press, London (7) Obeng Letitia, E. (ed.), Man-made lakes. The Accra Symposium. Ghana Universities 1969 Press, Accra (8) International Symposium on man-make lakes, Knoxville, Tennessee. Proceedings. 1972 American Geophysical Union. Washington, D.C. (9) Richter, W. von, The importance of wildlife statistics for the management of the 1971 wildlife industry. African Forestry Commission. Ad hoc Working Party on wildlife management. Fourth Session, Nairobi, Kenya, 1–3 February 1972. FO:AFC/WL:72/18. FAO, Rome (10) Grimwood, I., The economic value of indigenous wildlife - schedule showing. African 1972 Forestry Commission. Ad hoc Working Party on wildlife management. Fourth Session. Nairobi, Kenya, 1–3 February 1972. FO:AFC/WL/72/22. FAO, Rome Papers issued in this series

EIFAC/T1 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on finely divided solids and inland fisheries (1964).

EIFAC/T2 Fish diseases. Technical Notes submitted to EIFAC Third Sessions by Messrs. J. Heyl, H. Mann, C.J. Rasmussen, and A, van der Struik (Austria, 1964).

EIFAC/T3 Feeding in trout and salmon culture. Papers submitted to a Symposium, EIFAC Fourth Sessions (Belgrade, 1966).

EIFAC/T4 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on extreme pH values and inland fisheries (1968).

EIFAC/T5 Organization of inland fisheries administration in Europe, by Jean-Louis Gaudet (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T6 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on water temperature and inland fisheries based mainly on Slavonic literature (1968).

EIFAC/T7 Economic evaluation of inland sport fishing, by lngemar Norling (Sweden, 1968).

EIFAC/T8 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. List of literature on the effect of water temperature on fish (1969).

EIFAC/T9 New developments in carp and trout nutrition. Papers submitted to a Symposium, EIFAC Fifth Session (Rome, 1968).

EIFAC/T10 Comparative study of laws and regulations governing the international traffic in live fish and fish eggs, by F.B. Zenny, FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1969).

EIFAC/T11 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on ammonia and inland fisheries (1970).

EIFAC/T12 Salmon and trout feeds and feeding (1971). EIFAC/T13 Elements of the theory of age determination of fish according to scales. The problems of validity (1971).

EIFAC/T14 EIFAC consultation on eel fishing gear and techniques (Rome, 1971) EIFAC/T15 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on monohydric phenols and inland fisheries (1972).

EIFAC/T16 Symposium on the nature and extent of water pollution problems affecting inland fisheries in Europe. Synthesis on national reports (1972). EIFAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish disease in Europe and their control. Report (1972).

EIFAC/T17 The major communicable fish diseases of Europe and North America. A Suppl. 1 review of national and international measures for their control, by P.E. Thompson, W.A., Dill & G. Moore (1973).

EIFAC/T17 Symposium on the major communicable fish diseases in Europe and their Suppl. 2 control. Panel reviews and relevant papers (1973).

EIFAC/T18 The role of administrative action as a tool in water pollution control, by G.K. Moore, FAO Legislation Branch (Rome, 1973).

EIFAC/T19 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on dissolved oxygen and inland fisheries (1973).

EIFAC/T20 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on chlorine and freshwater fish (1973).

EIFAC/T21 Water quality criteria for European freshwater fish. Report on zinc and freshwater fish (1973).

EIFAC/T22 Ecological diagnosis in salmonid streams - Method and Example, by R. Cuinet et al. (1975).

EIFAC/T23 Report of the Symposium on methodology for the survey, monitoring, and appraisal of fishery resources in lakes and large rivers (1974).

EIFAC/T23 Symposium on the methodology for the survey, monitoring and appraisal Suppl. 1 of fishery resources in lakes and large rivers - Panel reviews and relevant papers/Symposium sur les méthodes de prospection, de surveillance et d'évaluation des ressources ichtyologiques dans les lacs et grands cours d'eau - Exposés des groupes et communications apparentées (1975). EIFAC/T24 Reprot on fish toxicity testing procedures (1975). EIFAC/T25 Workshop on controlled reproduction of cultivated fishes - Report and relevant papers/Réunin sur la reproduction contrôlée des poissons d'élevage - Rapport et communications apparentées (1976)

EIFAC/T26 Second European consultation on the economic evaluation of sport and commercial fisheries - Report and technical papers/Deuxième consultation européenne sur l'évaluation économique de la pêche sportive et commerciale - Rapport et documents techniques (1977).