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Review Article Adult Onset Nesidioblastosis After Gastric Bypass Surgery, a Clinical and Pathologic Review

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Review Article Adult Onset Nesidioblastosis After Gastric Bypass Surgery, a Clinical and Pathologic Review Am J Digest Dis 2015;2(2):68-75 www.ajdd.us /ISSN:2329-6992/AJDD0017998 Review Article Adult onset nesidioblastosis after gastric bypass surgery, a clinical and pathologic review Yongxin Chen1, Nicolas M Lopez-Hisijos2, Haiyan Chen2, Neelima Valluru2, Xianzhong Ding2 1Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; 2Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA Received October 13, 2015; Accepted December 16, 2015; Epub December 25, 2015; Published December 30, 2015 Abstract: Despite the many benefits of bariatric surgery in patients with morbid obesity, concerns have been raised over its association with severe hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and nesidioblastosis following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Cases have been described with severe post-prandial hypoglycemia with neurological symptoms fol- lowing surgery. Some of these cases are recalcitrant to medical treatment and may require partial pancreatectomy. Histological examination of the resected pancreas specimens shows features of adult nesidioblastosis character- ized by hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans and beta cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Although the underlying mechanisms of gastric bypass-associated nesidioblastosis and hypoglycemia are still not fully understood, the ex- aggerated gut hormone response to altered nutrient flow in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may be the cause of nesid- ioblastosis, hyperinsulinemia, hypoglycemia, and relevant neurological symptoms. We summarize the clinical and pathological features of adult nesidioblastosis following the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure. The underlying mechanisms of post gastric bypass-associated hypoglycemia and nesidioblastosis are also discussed in this review. Keywords: Gastric bypass, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, nesidioblastosis, pancreas Introduction genetically heterogenous entity [1-4]. Most commonly, it is sporadic with no known genetic The most common cause of persistent hyperin- abnormalities. Familial cases are rare and are sulinemic hypoglycemia is insulinoma in adults most commonly seen in Ashkenazi Jews with or nesidioblastosis in infants [1-4]. Nesidio- an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern [2, blastosis is a pathological term describing the 4]. Currently, at least 8 genes have been identi- neoformation of islets of Langerhans and pan- fied to be associated with congenital nesidio- creatic beta cell hyperplasia with a clinical pre- blastosis including ABCC8, KCNJ11, GCK, GLU- sentation of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypo- D1, HADH, SLC16A1, HNF4A, and UCP2 genes glycemia [4]. Histologically, it is characterized [2-4]. In contrast, the adult onset nesidioblas- by enlargement of islets of Langerhans, insulin- tosis with pancreatic beta cell hypertrophy is producing islet cell hyperplasia, and islet cell extremely rare and was first described by neogenesis from stem cells adjacent to the Harness et al. in 1981 [5, 6]. Subsequently, it pancreatic ducts [4]. It was generally believed has been reported in association with other that nesidioblastosis affects predominantly conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, infants and children. However this entity has multiple endocrine adenomatosis, cystic fibro- recently been described in adult populations in sis, and familial adenomatous polyposis as the literature, specifically in the post Roux-en-Y described in a review by Jabri and Bayard [7]. In gastric bypass patients. 2005, Service et al. described 6 patients who developed severe hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y In infants, nesidioblastosis presents with recur- gastric bypass surgery [8]. Since then, more rent episodes of profound hypoglycemia, which cases of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and can lead to severe brain damage if not treated nesidioblastosis have been reported in the adequately. It is a clinically, pathologically, and patients who received Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Nesidioblastosis after gastric bypass Figure 1. Diagram of different type bariatric surgery. A: Adjustable Gastric Band; B: Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy; C: Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch; D: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. procedure for morbid obesity. In this article, we The adjustable gastric band procedure de- attempt to conduct a comprehensive review on creases food intake and subsequently results the adult form of nesidioblastosis including its in weight loss by placing a small bracelet-like clinical and pathological features, pathophysi- band around the top of the stomach to limit the ological mechanisms, and its clinical and surgi- opening from the esophagus to the stomach. cal management. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is a procedure which is performed to decrease food intake Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia following the by removing a large portion of stomach. Bilio- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass pancreatic diversion with duodenal switch is a procedure that works by creating a tubular Obesity is a major health issue in the United stomach pouch similar to the sleeve gastrecto- States. It is associated with high risks for meta- my, and then bypassing a large portion of the bolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus, car- small intestine. This alters the normal nutrient diovascular diseases, and malignant tumors absorption process. The Roux-en-Y gastric by- such as colorectal cancer. Numerous strate- pass procedure diverts food directly from the gies such as changes in life-style and diet have gastric pouch to the small intestine. Therefore, been introduced to prevent obesity with a goal the food is processed in a non-physiological to decrease obesity-associated morbidity and way because the majority of the stomach, duo- mortality. Surgery is considered as a treatment denum, and upper intestine are no longer option when patients have a very high body involved (Figure 1). As with any major surgery, 2 mass index (BMI, great than 40 kg/m ) or with bariatric surgery poses several potential long obesity-related serious health issues such as and short term complications. One of these hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, hyper- complications is severe hypoglycemia, which lipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. Baria- may not respond to medication, and lead to a tric surgical procedures result in weight loss by partial or complete removal of the pancreas in decreasing gastric volume, altering gastrointes- order to prevent dangerous insulin-induced tinal absorption capacity, or by their combina- declines in blood glucose. This is defined as tion. The commonly performed bariatric proce- adult onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. As dures are adjustable gastric band, sleeve gas- discussed in the next section, it is generally trectomy, biliopancreatic diversion with duode- believed that the exaggerated gut hormone in nal switch, Roux-en-Y, gastric bypass with Roux- response to altered nutrient flow may be the en-Y gastric bypass remaining the most popular cause of nesidioblastosis, hyperinsulinemia, among them (Figure 1). hypoglycemia, and relevant neurological symp- 69 Am J Digest Dis 2015;2(2):68-75 Nesidioblastosis after gastric bypass toms. This theory is indeed supported by the Mechanisms of hyperinsulinemic hypogly- clinical observation that nesidioblastosis and cemia and nesidioblastosis after Roux-en-Y hypoglycemia is more commonly associated gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, whereas it had never been described in patients with the The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery is superi- adjustable gastric band procedure. It is reason- or to other bariatric surgical procedures to ably speculated that nesidioblastosis and hypo- achieve weight loss by rearranging the gastroin- glycemia is also associated with Biliopancreatic testinal tract [10]. The nutrients bypass a large Diversion with Duodenal Switch although data part of the stomach and duodenum and directly is sparse in literature if there is any. The pan- enter the jejunum. This procedure alters the creas in these patients often demonstrates gastrointestinal physiology by alternation of nesidioblastosis similar to that seen in the bile flow, vagal manipulation, gastrointestinal infant onset counterpart. However, unlike the hormone secretion such as glucagon-like pep- beta cell hyperplasia seen in the infant nesidio- tide-1 (GLP-1), Ghrelin, and insulin-like growth blastosis, the adult onset form is not associat- factors. GLP-1 is a neuropeptide derived from ed with any gene mutation. The exact incidence the transcription product of the proglucagon of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia following the gene. The major source of GLP-1 is the intesti- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is still unclear. A nal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a gut hormone Swedish nationwide cohort study based on [19]. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and national registries with 5040 patients who large intestine, but some are also found in the underwent gastric bypass or vertical banded duodenum and jejunum. GLP-1 secretion by gastroplasty revealed that the prevalence ileal L cells is dependent on the presence of of significant hypoglycemia and syncope after nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine gastric bypass surgery is less than 1% [9]. [19]. The major nutrients like carbohydrate, Another study conducted at University of protein and lipid are the agents stimulating Washington indicated that the absolute risk GLP-1 secretion [19]. Counterintuitively, unlike for severe hypoglycemia was relatively low, glucogon which increases blood sugar level by with approximately 0.2% in post-gastric bypass converting
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