1

   24

        (Center for Korean Studies, Ramkhamhaeng University)

 23 2553:  8 92 9:2 (Korea in 2010)

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2

Abstract

Korea in 2010 , documented by Damrong Thandee, revealed changes and persistence taken place in between 1986-2010 in all spheres of social phenomena. The authorEs close observation during his last visit indicated a unilateral change of the society toward the status of an advanced industrialized country amid turbulent social process caused by internal and international factors. He was impressed by the superb management of this state and it should surely be a good lesson for other countries around the globe. This paper is an academic paper no. 24 of Center for Korean Studies, Ramkhamhaeng university.

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4

 23 2553:  8 92 9:2

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Seoul National University Entrance

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!YY PUh"  !    Oh!     Xg N"X   ]Yd Y ( e!!  R !R)    (ObR) d" U " U  dN  P iMY N]  Md  Y  Xd M  M National Tax Service  X PkRRT  Oh!N]  R 1.6 ]  ScPm !.. 1999 PQ  X 2 ]  Sc !.. 2009

Korean Drinks

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11

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Pm (!..) e!!      Y ObR

1965 396 73 38

1970 1,213 198 86

1975 1,447 379 170

1980 1,428 495 580

1985 872 772 587

1990 562 1,308 702

1995 246 1,850 762

2000 158 1,731 867

2005 166 1,838 929

2009 261 2,003 930

 : National Tax Service, South Korea, 2010.

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ON!   SSPi RXc "  Y Sd  o c Xg Md  X 240 o O R  X ZYSd"SX 10  X!NPRZR  !ZY  "!SX o c X   1950-1980  Y !Xg jt}S R!   Y " UX]ƒS "]ƒ p R n 1 cPm !.. 1962 !   eRc]ƒ c! eeZPUO M!  PQSTPQ !   Yc!   Z !  M ] S R O " U ]o (  N) RU MS !R  e!  ! M! S c    ST!c X  cP !   Y Md O  X X o  !T +*/!(! !(-T/,+#7+, 0 !(+:J"K p o ! ( S U! c YN X ˆo ]‰) PQ o !   Yd M Sd"SXT!O!O bYO bOi (Pm 2333 X! S ) b!  o ] YR ScRM! cSd PkRRT N PQ]R"] o " UX  M!]Y"cX X  o MRYdb ! PQYM\ir     SM"SX U!c! !sk  PQpPU]yS Pq S c  SPUR     !fM o MRYd M!! !Y !  SfSX]X" X O  !OS S"  d]X" XR"XƒX " UPQYSU SXNP XNe S " !TXc X  " U    ]c YRU! !  Sf!Ti N XY !  "SXU RU"SSXNPRS  X  !OSRN XXX c! Y M]X" X O"NPXS ]S SMSh" U MS X  heS ]Y X N RTRY!! "RU" ]X" X  X "SXXX ] MRU  S ]X" Xc T "SXc!deN XN ]USNP X ]  PQS X ] oN ]TT c  bd !NPq S X]U " U RUT   (ZYPQ T ) ]Yc!  ]Y PU]id g c!  TM"X]X" X bYd X SXPUcPQMM fcT! p   XP  cPU   NPX SXPUNSd"SX   1990 PQS  ]X" X RU PQ TX g !Y  juNPSXPU ] de PUicSX"" U   XXc]Ys" U  jk ]  X !  Y NMM f ddR g  coT RX jtwj " UeTX    eNPPUR XcSXPU]Y PQ !!Tc"XX  S NPQ!   X ]UNZ X  c h y cY "SX 19

X ]cRRUY h    X Y" "SX!Z RU Z]h   N "SXeN XX]RUYN!Z  i Rd X      RU]!T!  h MS RXc U  \  !Y  c NZ ]"SXc (c!XR"XNZ ] e) "SX! R g PQ!  R ! ] X X ˆ"0 . J7  ! *8   ! N   !!(+9. -...p  c!Z N X!X]cR]UZ"XNPYd  [. AWQA PkRRT !SX S Xc  1.2 ! (RR  PU M PU 50 !) ! XdM  cO cMM SXPUSdXc   ! R   !"SX    " U dhR Y (4)  d  R   29,000 !Sdp]XcPU  RUeN X !  T!dNP NP PQ!  !     ƒo Md

BQAWQA 9??WP PAL Pm ! .. R   (! ) !X   SX S (! )   Y (! ) 2005 747,467 (75 ,011) n.a. 2007 1,066,273 (110,362) n.a. 2009 1.168,477 (125,087) n.a. 2010 (ZY ! ) 1,210,756 (138,104) (20,000)

 : Korea Herald . February 2, 2010; Countercurrents.org . February 27, 2010; Korea Times. October 6, 2010.

cS !  RUXPQ S ]oT  (homogeneity) " RU !  "SSXU X TX YX b OS  YYO!SSU (clan) PQ  "SX!  PQ  ƒo On]UX h ]e PqX X   M! dR  X  PQ ˆ]oT‰  X !Y PQ!  PU  X]oT  SX cT!iRO b (!.. 1392-1910)   R 5,000 !]]M X  RPQ]  TX  TX  eg N X  !f! O  !  h!h cRPQ  S ]oT d R  \! ! !T ]yS  M  M! N  N " U!SXX PPu  i" U 20

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" Xd X! RR On]U!R  Yd XcMS P!SM ir Rd  " UR ir c ! X  YPQ"R   j| PP| N !  PZ   PQ XNeS !   !  skM"SX S RUc   S!  PQXXU c dRN X T ! N   dd]U] MRUN!X"S    " U   S!  PQX   dSPQdSd"SXX  ]USdY  ]YRXc"X cPUMS" U!Xc RXc  (5) XNeS O ! USe X  !   d  ]U]]RM   !Tio eRU   SX N XZP Yc      Pkf M"SX S c e!Y PQ" \  O] M N M Y" U X \  ! XdRU]Pkf   dZ !XR" S!  ZRT MS  R Xc X  " U   S!  PQXS  X Sp  Rd S  ˆ  ! ‰  RN XSe   PQS MN h i N!MNP c " U  RU    YNcY\! !.. 2010 !"PQ  !    36 Pm NP  YPm !.. 2002 cpUX Rde" Y RZPm !.. 2010 M X X N P  8 "X Pkfe!Y MPQ" \  RZRN XRX!X"  c "SXN!XRS  (Z!X") RTX " Uc c   NP  cSP Xg ]URUNPjuUNRc!N XN NXcU 1,500,000 SXY ( 50,000 ) c X  7 Pm   c  MN X O NP   YN]UN X cg PQ ZM-NXZS !! " U X dPUZ Pm 5 N]!TX SSXd SdS   YN]US  R MR"ZY Md " UM  X ORU  NPORUX "MNZSS \  !N OX "MN RPQ"Z\ " UN !T !R\ "M cY!XR"    " U o c  NP  YNT 3 Pm MR R  ]]Y cO  Pk (Me N ) ZS"Xd] PQ  6 PmON!XRY U 1,800,000  cOd !N X 10 ! !   X 10 Pm RMcR McR " UecR R oN S PQ!  O !MM" U R  "SX Y R "   MNPPQ  Y 3 YX  (Y]y h! !.. 2010)   22

!c X N XX T " UP!N MRM XRU ff 3 Y "SXRMN X c" UN]   PQ!X !X] " U Yc 70,000  XNeS !  N X]cRe! X RMRTfSc NP]X YN " UMc NP SXORU ff XRc Xc "   RUN!XR  X"SX S Y 2,300,000  dd ]URSR!Z M  S \  "  XRU N XX Y !  fc XeS XNeS "SX S R S h] XRN X PQo X  N X] "dSX !! bXcPUN ! XdNP   X "N X 52,000 ! c cPm !.. 2010 ]YNc SXPUX    dh" U XYd  (6) cSM    ]  MRUbYd M NPc"XPQh RSc   S S ! cSX"PQ   Pm

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. UO DB9:2 cPm !.. 1962 M Shir  "X S M! dX 2.7 ]  fp‹ " U NSX  103 fSXPm  Yp N " U  S "]ƒ p RSd"SXPmd RZ !.. 2010 S  M p R]TXMdPQ 991.1 " U 20,265 S  (S  M p RM cScSN  R" XM    ZN  XNeS XR]M  "SSXNP dd]U" XM  R !  iRp"SSX) RUeN X  p RMPUdN]TX] MdX e ON UOR PURTPUc X h !   PQPUTS c X c  1980   Shir  "X S X 118 ] f" U NSX 2,813 f " URPQPUXc TX PU]ƒ"  cSP   2000  M p RcfXPQ  12 MO 

KL?  DBK?2O PAL

23 .. GDP (current prices) Per Capita (US$bn/] f) (US$/f)

1962 2.7 103 1987 118 2,813 1990 n.a. 7,400 1995 n.a. 11,450 2000 n.a. 15,220 2005 844.9 17,551 2006 951.8 19,707 2007 1,049.2 21,653 2008 931.4 19,162 2009 832.5 17,074 2010 (IMF/EIU forecast) 991.1 20,265  : Dong-Ki Kim and Linsu Kim (ed.) Management behind Industrialization , 1989; http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/fs/rkor.pdf 33

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p ! RTN"NMPkf p RRN  eRhc 18 Y   !Y d d 57,000 f"XT U XPU Rd NX TS ƒo TS !OO   h]" UY "SXNPP  Pu ]ƒR!  R f  p R Op PU " U TX oT RMcfX  XcS PQ]ƒXc !  X ! Md OdN  SX cT! Mp O  34

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36

X X c N 9 ] fSXPm " Up ! X NRU ]  MdPQ 13.5 ] f" U]  Md 40,000 S "X .  Z OL  cS  ]ƒPU  S !c "  (labor intensive industries) c   1960 N"X TS   SZ " U!YTPOh! Oh!      SX  NTS " U! hir (heavy and chemical industries) cSP   1970 ]U ee X  !c " S f"MXM  !RPU  ]ƒd SXU  S !   XS  d ]Yc Z]  h]c! RS S !c  T" U!OO Md  STd  ! SRP PQZS !YR Y  T ! hir PQS ]ƒTS MPUd"SSXNPRNS PUM  " UM ecPUoT RTS ]U cSNc o ]  " U T TX oT RMcfX (" O  [ Chaebol) cS OSX e " U!!  S" UR X !" U   X U 70 M !Xd  cSP   1980  TX oT RMcfXNNP T S !  !Y YY  X semi-conductor O] YZY O !  !  PQ R SU " !  !OO  dMX  S]Yc ! !Tih] Z "MXM !M  cfXMfPTz p‹ " UTOP Op cTT "X b bT " U" R cT  !M eYX"Z MS O cT! N!"X  c X 37

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After the end of World War II, the first explosion of the cold war was dramatic. With Stalin and MaoEs full consent, the Korean PeopleEs Army (KPA) moved in secret towards the international line of division of the 38 th parallel, and on June 25, 1950 launched a full-scale attack. There had been two lines of the division of the world drawn by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. one in Berlin, Europe, and the other on the Korean peninsula, Northeast Asia. With the attack on the latter the first hot war of the cold war era was started [ a true explosion. šWashington [ Seoul [ Tokyo vs. Moscow [ Beijing [ Pyongyang (31)

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!  SMR" U Y ]M!PU  S " U cSPQNP XTY  cdszf  NP   RR X N X  YM" U PU  N N X  d! T  c]Y "SY!Y R]  " U ]o Sd  YNU    15 ] PUR  150,000 ! X    MRMX   28 ]   ]  X 280,000 !  !  X RNc X  Y YXSe ]Y cszO MNPT d MS"Msz!  SN SX ]PU  S  ZTOb  !Y N!d " UMN X !  ScZXMdNPYM 38 RdR RR XPk T R c  27 \! !.. 1953 O   3 ! !Y ]   SU   f    !PU  R !  bT f T]PU     " U] !  ! ! f T]PU  S !  R h SXXTY   3 Pm ! N!  fX    "Xdsz O   S  !     S] ]RO! Y!NP cScMiU! cSX  SNP Y ] PQX" U P Z  X d  " U !Xc RXc c ! ! PQ  !X 2 [ 3 " fp‹ h !  YS fPkf  PQ UR! RSXcjt}jiUPUMd SPUM Y !Y R Ob S" U PUcTOPSU cT!dNc!  X  Y p R" U! !R    OcPm !.. 1953 Rc!  X  Y 325.5 f" U d    YXMdcU X!  72 f cMiUOb Sc!  X  Y!  PQ  !X 250 f SX RNc!  X  Y]  Md 517 f Y! PQ  U 38 M  X  YRSXPUd  X  YPQ X  YR S PU!  SYg  X  YMRSX Y X MSd PQ!  X  Y cfX !  ]" U cRc " UPU  Y ZTf!TiMRX  Y dd]URNTX d YYd" U]  X  Y"TS  STd !   ]o U XPUdR   X!  PQ]Y" UX XX Y p R" U  YXd

47

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(1) MN fMX  Y Trade and Development Policies RO International Development Exchange Program, Korea Development Institute U X  11-20 ZT !.. 1986;  ! p,  cS: Mpc]ƒPU . T]‹: O] ]   o S, 2530;  ! p, PkRR! ƒo X SX]ƒPUM oip .  RM      ! " ONTR Korea Foundation   Yd    Hankuk University of Foreign Studies U XPm ].. 2538-2539;  ! p, ˆ! ‰ http://www.ru.ac.th/korea/article1/article10.pdf;  ! p, ˆ ƒo  ,‰ http://www.ru.ac.th/korea/article1/article18.pdf (2) ˆKoreans Rank 4 th in Hard Liquor Consumption,‰ http://english.chosun.com/w21data/htmlEnew...0509130027.html (3) ˆKorean Alcohol Consumption Hits Decade High,‰ Korea Herald. July 6, 2010;  ! p, ˆ ƒo " U!YY PUh"  ,‰ c ! " U ƒo  . (AN 353) T]‹: O] ]    ! ", 2547,  191-211. (4) ˆNorth Korea Defectors in South Expected to Surpass 20,000,‰ Korean Times. October 6, 2010. (5) Ben Mc Grath, ˆAbuse of Immigrant Workers in South Korea,‰ Humantraffickorg.com http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/south_korea (6) Thai Job-seekers Failing Tests, ˆBangkok Post. September 19, 2010 "RU NP c cSZSS \ SXh  YdS "NX]  U 30 cMiU"  " Uj| PP| !   Zh   X Z! SNPUR TOb  X "NR   29,728 ! c c PkRRT cMiUMX RY] ] Bangkok Post  X R  Z 52,000 ! (PQd"M PUZ\ " U  \ )  Royal Thai Embassy, Seoul, ˆThe Relations between Thailand and the Republic of Korea,‰ June 2, 2009. http://www.thaiembassy.or.kr/en/about/thai_rok_relations.htm (7) Narimitsu Onishi, ˆWed to Strangers, Vietnamese Wives Build Korean Lives,‰ March 30, 2008. http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/04_08/03_31_0//03310p_south2.htm (8) Aruna Lee, ˆKoreaEs Desperate Housewives: Foreign Wives Find Korea a Bad Fit,‰ New America Media. May 14, 2007; ˆVietnamese Women Murdered after One Week by Korean Husband,‰ VietnamNet Bridge. July 13, 2010. (9) ˆCambodia Halts Marriages between S.Korean Men, Cambodia Women,‰ Associated Press. March 19, 2010. (10) ˆDivorces Soar in South Korea among International Couples,‰ Korea Herald. October 10, 2010. (11) ˆLocal Election Returns First Foreign-born Councilor,‰ Korea.net June 3, 2010. (12) ˆSouth Korea: Watchdog Monitors Anti-Migrant Web Posts,‰ Korea Herald. February 2, 2010; ˆStudies Exposes Prejudice against Illegal Immigrants,‰ Korea Herald. August 22, 2010. 71

(13) ˆKoreans over 65 Make up 11 % of Population,‰ Korea Times. September 29, 2010; ˆKorea to Become Most Aged Society in OECD in 2050,‰ Korea Times . October 7, 2010. (14) ˆTaiwan Singer Reopens Issue of Sexual Corruption and Female Entertainers,‰ Korea Herald. August 23, 2010. (15) ˆSexual Harassment, Assaults Let to Actress Jong Ja-yeonEs Suicide,‰ Extrakorea. March 15, 2009. (16) Sang-mok Suh, ˆDevelopment Strategies: The Korean Experiences,‰ Trade and Development Policies. International Development Exchange Program, Korea Development Institute, Seoul, 1985; Jon Woronoff, KoreaEs Economy: Man-Made Miracle . Seoul: Si-sa-yong-o-sa Publishers, Inc., 1983; Dong-ki Kim and Linsu Kim (ed.), Management behind Industrialization: Readings in Korean Business. Seoul: Korea University Press, 1989;  ! p, ˆToS]ƒMoip  ,‰ U ]ƒ" U YoiU. X  9 S 9.1 Y  M 83705 ir S   MpS   TOMo o  . T]‹:  ] ]   TOMo o  , 2548  9-4 - 9-23. (17)  ! p,  " . YXPU  ƒo " U]yS   p R. (AN. 478 (S)), T]‹:  ] ]    ! ", 2536. (18)  ! p ˆ SU nY, !.. 2006 [ 2009,‰ qph  .  Pu iR Pm 51 n 2 (  [ ZT 2552). (19) ˆKorean Emigrant Population to Fall below 1,000,‰ Korea Times. October 17, 2010. (20) ˆSouth Korea Univeils New Policies to Attract More Foreign Tourists,‰ MCOT.net July 15, 2010. (21) ˆPkf p R" U"NM,‰ c  ! p, ! " U ƒo  . T]‹:  ] ]    ! ", 2547,  103 [ 126. (22) ˆPresident Lee Myung-bak on the 65 th Anniversary of Liberation,‰ Korea Times. August 15, 2010. PUoo  X X |.The Government has already started implementing various, concrete policy measures| policies to make both conglomerates and small and medium-sized enterprises prosperous| (23) ˆ cSTX  ]Y  N X yS  p R,‰ . 1   2553.; ˆGovernment to Create 70,000 Jobs for Young Adults, ˆKorea Times . October 14, 2010. (24) ˆSouth Korea,‰ CIA Factbook . September 29, 2010. (25) ˆKorea All-out to Secure Cabbages amid Kimchi Crisis,‰ Korea Times. October 1, 2010; ˆChinese Company to Export 1,500 Tonnes of Cabbage to South Korea,‰ Global Times. October 12, 2010; ˆChinese Exports Ease Korean Kimchi Crisis,‰ China Daily . October 12, 2010. (26) Sang-hae Han, ˆESuperwomanE Returns to Voice Working Mom Woes,‰ Korea Times. October 12, 2010; ˆAre Girl Groups Riding Next Hallyu Wave?‰ Korea Times. October 28, 2010; ˆMen Are in Kitchen, Women Are on Mound,‰ Korea Times. October 31, 2010. (27) Charles La Shure, ˆContinuing Education for an Older Population,‰ Koreana. Vol. 24 No. 3 (Autumn 2010), pp. 76 [ 80. (28)  ! p,  Y . YXPU ! " U ƒo   (AN 353 (S)). T]‹:  ] ]    ! ", 2546. (29) Benard Wideman, ˆA Cry for Justice,‰ Far Eastern Economic Review. November 19, 1973, p. 17. 72

(30) ˆTorture Allegations Guarantee Dissent,‰ Far Eastern Economic Review. March 21, 1975, p. 23. (31) Myung [ Lim Park, The Requiem for Peace: A Critical [ Constructive Reflection on the Korean War. Kyeonggi-do, Korea: Nanam Publishing House, 2005, p. 68. (32)  ! p,  SU nY: !   ]oU XR   " UfPTz [ RT!OiRZ Pm !.. 2009.  Rn i.    23       ! ", 2553. (33) ˆList of Countries by Suicide Rate, Wikipedia P|X  24 ST ! 2553. S  MMSŠXS SRUSXS " XM     ciM cS SŠXS SRUXcSg MO  (34) ˆKorea More Vulnerable to China Threats Than Japan,‰ Korea Times. September 27, 2010; ˆPeninsular in Transition‰, Korea Times. October 11, 2010; ˆNorth Korea May Become Part of China,‰ Korea Times. November 2, 2010. MX  !oSTc X  !  SS U XRfPTzR ˆChinaEs Rare Earth Exports Back on Track,‰ Japan Times. September 30, 2010; ˆFirms Rethink Rare Earth Sourcing,‰ Japan Times. October 2, 2010; ˆRare Earth Will Not Be Used as Bargaining Chip: Wen,‰ China Daily. October 8, 2010; ˆMaehara, Clinton Unite on Rare Earths,‰ Japan Times. October 28, 2010; Michael Richardson, ˆChinaEs Big Stick: Trade Reprisals,‰ Japan Times. November 18, 2010. (35) Brahma Chellaney, ˆThe Center of AsiaEs Divide,‰ Japan Times. October 1, 2010; Mark Valencia, ˆN.E. Asia Needs a Maritime Code of Conduct, ˆJapan Times. October 6, 2010.

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 oUS, ROK, Japan Vow Coordination on Pyongyang,p China Daily . December 7, 2010; oWar Rhetoric Rises Between North and South Korea,p Yahoo News. December 23, 2010; oNew ROK Drills Add to Tension on Peninsula,p China Daily. December 27, 2010; oS. Korean President Faces Conflicting Pressures as He Toughens N. Korea Response,p Washington Post. December 28, 2010; oSeoul Hints at Talks with N.K., Stresses Preparing for Unity,p Korea Herald. December 29, 2010; oN. Korea Calls for Better Ties with South,p Korea Times. January 1, 2011; oDPRK Calls for Better Relations with ROK,p China Daily. January 1, 2011.

75

Northern Limit Line (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

A: UN forces acknowledged Northern Limit Line since 1953 B: Maritime Demarcation Line claimed by DPRK since 1999 1. Yeonpyeong Island 2. Baengnyeong Island 3. Daecheong Island

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