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Rhetorical Code Studies Revised Pages
Revised Pages rhetorical code studies Revised Pages Sweetland Digital rhetoric collaborative Series Editors: Anne Ruggles Gere, University of Michigan Naomi Silver, University of Michigan The Sweetland Digital Rhetoric Collaborative Book Series publishes texts that investigate the multiliteracies of digitally mediated spaces both within academia as well as other contexts. Rhetorical Code Studies: Discovering Arguments in and around Code Kevin Brock Developing Writers in Higher Education: A Longitudinal Study Anne Ruggles Gere, Editor Sites of Translation: What Multilinguals Can Teach Us about Digital Writing and Rhetoric Laura Gonzales Rhizcomics: Rhetoric, Technology, and New Media Composition Jason Helms Making Space: Writing, Instruction, Infrastrucure, and Multiliteracies James P. Purdy and Dànielle Nicole DeVoss, Editors Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities Jim Ridolfo diGitalculturebooks, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities. Revised Pages Rhetorical Code Studies discovering arguments in and around code Kevin Brock University of Michigan Press ann arbor Revised Pages Copyright © 2019 by Kevin Brock Some rights reserved This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Note to users: A Creative Commons license is only valid when it is applied by the person or entity that holds rights to the licensed work. Works may contain components (e.g., photo- graphs, illustrations, or quotations) to which the rightsholder in the work cannot apply the license. It is ultimately your responsibility to independently evaluate the copyright status of any work or component part of a work you use, in light of your intended use. -
Key Differentiation Attacks on Stream Ciphers
Key differentiation attacks on stream ciphers Abstract In this paper the applicability of differential cryptanalytic tool to stream ciphers is elaborated using the algebraic representation similar to early Shannon’s postulates regarding the concept of confusion. In 2007, Biham and Dunkelman [3] have formally introduced the concept of differential cryptanalysis in stream ciphers by addressing the three different scenarios of interest. Here we mainly consider the first scenario where the key difference and/or IV difference influence the internal state of the cipher (∆key, ∆IV ) → ∆S. We then show that under certain circumstances a chosen IV attack may be transformed in the key chosen attack. That is, whenever at some stage of the key/IV setup algorithm (KSA) we may identify linear relations between some subset of key and IV bits, and these key variables only appear through these linear relations, then using the differentiation of internal state variables (through chosen IV scenario of attack) we are able to eliminate the presence of corresponding key variables. The method leads to an attack whose complexity is beyond the exhaustive search, whenever the cipher admits exact algebraic description of internal state variables and the keystream computation is not complex. A successful application is especially noted in the context of stream ciphers whose keystream bits evolve relatively slow as a function of secret state bits. A modification of the attack can be applied to the TRIVIUM stream cipher [8], in this case 12 linear relations could be identified but at the same time the same 12 key variables appear in another part of state register. -
What Is a Cryptosystem?
Cryptography What is a Cryptosystem? • K = {0, 1}l • P = {0, 1}m • C′ = {0, 1}n,C ⊆ C′ • E : P × K → C • D : C × K → P • ∀p ∈ P, k ∈ K : D(E(p, k), k) = p • It is infeasible to find F : P × C → K Let’s start again, in English. Steven M. Bellovin September 13, 2006 1 Cryptography What is a Cryptosystem? A cryptosystem is pair of algorithms that take a key and convert plaintext to ciphertext and back. Plaintext is what you want to protect; ciphertext should appear to be random gibberish. The design and analysis of today’s cryptographic algorithms is highly mathematical. Do not try to design your own algorithms. Steven M. Bellovin September 13, 2006 2 Cryptography A Tiny Bit of History • Encryption goes back thousands of years • Classical ciphers encrypted letters (and perhaps digits), and yielded all sorts of bizarre outputs. • The advent of military telegraphy led to ciphers that produced only letters. Steven M. Bellovin September 13, 2006 3 Cryptography Codes vs. Ciphers • Ciphers operate syntactically, on letters or groups of letters: A → D, B → E, etc. • Codes operate semantically, on words, phrases, or sentences, per this 1910 codebook Steven M. Bellovin September 13, 2006 4 Cryptography A 1910 Commercial Codebook Steven M. Bellovin September 13, 2006 5 Cryptography Commercial Telegraph Codes • Most were aimed at economy • Secrecy from casual snoopers was a useful side-effect, but not the primary motivation • That said, a few such codes were intended for secrecy; I have some in my collection, including one intended for union use Steven M. -
Comparison of 256-Bit Stream Ciphers DJ Bernstein Thanks To
Comparison of Cipher implementations 256-bit stream ciphers from cipher authors D. J. Bernstein Timing tools Thanks to: (De Canni`ere) University of Illinois at Chicago Denmark Technical University Timings Alfred P. Sloan Foundation on various machines Graphing tools (Bernstein) Speed graphs in this talk Comparison of Cipher implementations Security disasters 256-bit stream ciphers from cipher authors Attack claimed on YAMB: “258.” D. J. Bernstein 72 Timing tools Attack claimed on Py: “2 .” Thanks to: (De Canni`ere) Presumably also Py6. University of Illinois at Chicago Attack claimed on SOSEMANUK: Denmark Technical University Timings “2226.” Alfred P. Sloan Foundation on various machines Is there any dispute Graphing tools about these attacks? (Bernstein) If not: Reject YAMB etc. as competition for 256-bit AES. Speed graphs in this talk Cipher implementations Security disasters from cipher authors Attack claimed on YAMB: “258.” 72 Timing tools Attack claimed on Py: “2 .” (De Canni`ere) Presumably also Py6. Attack claimed on SOSEMANUK: Timings “2226.” on various machines Is there any dispute Graphing tools about these attacks? (Bernstein) If not: Reject YAMB etc. as competition for 256-bit AES. Speed graphs in this talk Cipher implementations Security disasters Speed disasters from cipher authors Attack claimed on YAMB: “258.” FUBUKI is slower than AES 72 in all of these benchmarks. Timing tools Attack claimed on Py: “2 .” Any hope of faster FUBUKI? (De Canni`ere) Presumably also Py6. If not: Reject FUBUKI. Attack claimed on SOSEMANUK: VEST is extremely slow Timings “2226.” on various machines in all of these benchmarks. Is there any dispute On the other hand, Graphing tools about these attacks? VEST is claimed to be (Bernstein) If not: Reject YAMB etc. -
A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Articles School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2009-01-01 A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange Jonathan Blackledge Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Dmitry Dubovitskiy Oxford Recognition Limited, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/engscheleart2 Part of the Digital Communications and Networking Commons, Numerical Analysis and Computation Commons, and the Software Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Blackledge, J., Dubovitskiy, D.: A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange. ISAST Journal on Electronics and Signal Processing, vol: 4, issue: 1, pages: 107 -128, 2009. doi:10.21427/D7RS67 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License A Covert Encryption Method for Applications in Electronic Data Interchange Jonathan M Blackledge, Fellow, IET, Fellow, BCS and Dmitry A Dubovitskiy, Member IET Abstract— A principal weakness of all encryption systems is to make sure that the ciphertext is relatively strong (but not that the output data can be ‘seen’ to be encrypted. In other too strong!) and that the information extracted is of good words, encrypted data provides a ‘flag’ on the potential value quality in terms of providing the attacker with ‘intelligence’ of the information that has been encrypted. -
A New Cryptosystem for Ciphers Using Transposition Techniques
Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 8 Issue 04, April-2019 A New Cryptosystem for Ciphers using Transposition Techniques U. Thirupalu Dr. E. Kesavulu Reddy FCSRC (USA) Research Scholar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science S V U CM&CS – Tirupati S V U CM&CS - Tirupati India – 517502 India – 517502 Abstract:- Data Encryption techniques is used to avoid the performs the decryption. Cryptographic algorithms are unauthorized access original content of a data in broadly classified as Symmetric key cryptography and communication between two parties, but the data can be Asymmetric key cryptography. recovered only through using a key known as decryption process. The objective of the encryption is to secure or save data from unauthorized access in term of inspecting or A. Symmetric Cryptography adapting the data. Encryption can be implemented occurs by In the symmetric key encryption, same key is used for both using some substitute technique, shifting technique, or encryption and decryption process. Symmetric algorithms mathematical operations. By adapting these techniques we more advantageous with low consuming with more can generate a different form of that data which can be computing power and it works with high speed in encrypt difficult to understand by any person. The original data is them. The symmetric key encryption takes place in two referred to as the plaintext and the encrypted data as the modes either as the block ciphers or as the stream ciphers. cipher text. Several symmetric key base algorithms have been The block cipher mode provides, whole data is divided into developed in the past year. -
The Origins of Beowulf Between Anglo-Saxon Tradition and Christian Latin Culture
The Origins of Beowulf Between Anglo-Saxon Tradition and Christian Latin Culture Autor: Rubén Abellán García Tutor: Agustí Alemany Villamajó Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2019-2020 Index 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1. The structure and transmission of Beowulf. ......................................................... 2 1.2. Literacy context during the creation period of Beowulf ....................................... 3 1.3. Historical Oral-formulaic and literacy research in Old studies ............................. 3 2. Latin Tradition in Beowulf ........................................................................................ 5 2.1. Latin syntax in Beowulf ...................................................................................... 5 2.2. Literary devices .................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1. Alliteration ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. Formulas .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3. Compounding and Kennings ............................................................................ 8 2.2.4. Rhymes............................................................................................................ 8 2.2.5. Litotes and irony ............................................................................................. -
Iso/Iec Jtc 1/Sc 27/Wg 2 N 1804
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG 2 N 1804 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG 2 Cryptography and security mechanisms Convenorship: JISC (Japan) Document type: Officer's Contribution Title: A Memo on Kuznyechik S-Box Status: Date of document: 2018-09-27 Source: Project Editor (Vasily Shishkin), Project Co-editor (Grigory Marshalko) Expected action: ACT Action due date: 2018-10-04 No. of pages: 1 + 4 Email of convenor: [email protected] Committee URL: https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/open/jtc1sc27wg2 A Memo on Kuznyechik S-Box During ballot on 18033-3 DAmd1 (finished in June 2018) comments from some NB were received concerning issues regarding Kuznyechik design rationale and its parameters origins. The goal of this Memo is to provide all relevant information known to the designers of the algorithm. Kuznyechik has transparent and well studied design. Its design rationale was introduced to WG2 experts in 2016 by presentation (WG2) N1740. Kuznyechik is based on well examined constructions. Each transformation provides certain cryptographic properties. All transformations used as building blocks have transparent origin. The only transformation used in Kuznyechik which origin may be questioned is the S-box π. This S-box was chosen from Streebog hash-function and it was synthesized in 2007. Note that through many years of cryptanalysis no weakness of this S-box was found. The S-box π was obtained by pseudo- random search and the following properties were taken into account. 1. The differential characteristic π pπ = max pα,β; α,β2V8nf0g π where pα,β = Pfπ(x ⊕ α) ⊕ π(x) = βg. -
Illuminating the Darkness: the Naturalistic Evolution of Gothicism in the Nineteenth-Century British Novel and Visual Art
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English English, Department of 8-2013 Illuminating the Darkness: The Naturalistic Evolution of Gothicism in the Nineteenth-Century British Novel and Visual Art Cameron Dodworth University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Dodworth, Cameron, "Illuminating the Darkness: The Naturalistic Evolution of Gothicism in the Nineteenth- Century British Novel and Visual Art" (2013). Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English. 79. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishdiss/79 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research: Department of English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ILLUMINATING THE DARKNESS: THE NATURALISTIC EVOLUTION OF GOTHICISM IN THE NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITISH NOVEL AND VISUAL ART by Cameron Dodworth A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: English (Nineteenth-Century Studies) Under the Supervision of Professor Laura M. White Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2013 ILLUMINATING THE DARKNESS: THE NATURALISTIC EVOLUTION OF GOTHICISM IN THE NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITISH NOVEL AND VISUAL ART Cameron Dodworth, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2013 Adviser: Laura White The British Gothic novel reached a level of very high popularity in the literary market of the late 1700s and the first two decades of the 1800s, but after that point in time the popularity of these types of publications dipped significantly. -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers
On the Security of IV Dependent Stream Ciphers Côme Berbain and Henri Gilbert France Telecom R&D {[email protected]} research & development Stream Ciphers IV-less IV-dependent key K key K IV (initial value) number ? generator keystream keystream plaintext ⊕ ciphertext plaintext ⊕ ciphertext e.g. RC4, Shrinking Generator e.g. SNOW, Scream, eSTREAM ciphers well founded theory [S81,Y82,BM84] less unanimously agreed theory practical limitations: prior work [RC94, HN01, Z06] - no reuse of K numerous chosen IV attacks - synchronisation - key and IV setup not well understood IV setup – H. Gilbert (2) research & developement Orange Group Outline security requirements on IV-dependent stream ciphers whole cipher key and IV setup key and IV setup constructions satisfying these requirements blockcipher based tree based application example: QUAD incorporate key and IV setup in QUAD's provable security argument IV setup – H. Gilbert (3) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-less case: PRNG notion m K∈R{0,1} number truly random VS generator g generator g g(K) ∈{0,1}L L OR Z ∈R{0,1} 1 input A 0 or 1 PRNG A tests number distributions: Adv g (A) = PrK [A(g(K)) = 1] − PrZ [A(Z) = 1] PRNG PRNG Advg (t) = maxA,T(A)≤t (Advg (A)) PRNG 80 g is a secure cipher ⇔ g is a PRNG ⇔ Advg (t < 2 ) <<1 IV setup – H. Gilbert (4) research & developement Orange Group Security in IV-dependent case: PRF notion stream cipher perfect random fct. IV∈ {0,1}n function generator VSOR g* gK G = {gK} gK(IV) q oracle queries • A 0 or 1 PRF gK g* A tests function distributions: Adv G (A) = Pr[A = 1] − Pr[A = 1] PRF PRF Adv G (t, q) = max A (Adv G (A)) PRF 80 40 G is a secure cipher ⇔ G is a PRF ⇔ Adv G (t < 2 ,2 ) << 1 IV setup – H. -
9/11 Report”), July 2, 2004, Pp
Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page i THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page v CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Tables ix Member List xi Staff List xiii–xiv Preface xv 1. “WE HAVE SOME PLANES” 1 1.1 Inside the Four Flights 1 1.2 Improvising a Homeland Defense 14 1.3 National Crisis Management 35 2. THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM 47 2.1 A Declaration of War 47 2.2 Bin Ladin’s Appeal in the Islamic World 48 2.3 The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988–1992) 55 2.4 Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992–1996) 59 2.5 Al Qaeda’s Renewal in Afghanistan (1996–1998) 63 3. COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES 71 3.1 From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing 71 3.2 Adaptation—and Nonadaptation— ...in the Law Enforcement Community 73 3.3 . and in the Federal Aviation Administration 82 3.4 . and in the Intelligence Community 86 v Final FM.1pp 7/17/04 5:25 PM Page vi 3.5 . and in the State Department and the Defense Department 93 3.6 . and in the White House 98 3.7 . and in the Congress 102 4. RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA’S INITIAL ASSAULTS 108 4.1 Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania 108 4.2 Crisis:August 1998 115 4.3 Diplomacy 121 4.4 Covert Action 126 4.5 Searching for Fresh Options 134 5.