DOCSLIB.ORG

Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of Chrysanthemum Sun-Hyung Lim 1,*, Bora Park 2,3, Da-Hye Kim 2, Sangkyu Park 2, Ju-Hee Yang 2, Jae-A Jung 4 , JeMin Lee 3 and Jong-Yeol Lee 2,* 1 Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea 2 National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; [email protected] (B.P.); [email protected] (D.-H.K.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (J.-H.Y.) 3 Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] 4 Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-H.L.); [email protected] (J.-Y.L.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5105 (S.-H.L.); +82-63-238-4616 (J.-Y.L.) Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 25 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes a committed step in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by reducing dihydroflavonols to leucoanthocyanidins. However, the role of this enzyme in determining flower color in the economically important crop chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is unknown. Here, we isolated cDNAs encoding DFR from two chrysanthemum cultivars, the white-flowered chrysanthemum “OhBlang” (CmDFR-OB) and the red-flowered chrysanthemum “RedMarble” (CmDFR-RM) and identified variations in the C-terminus between the two sequences. An enzyme assay using recombinant proteins revealed that both enzymes catalyzed the reduction of dihydroflavonol substrates, but CmDFR-OB showed significantly reduced DFR activity for dihydrokaempferol (DHK) substrate as compared with CmDFR-RM. Transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were consistent with the anthocyanin contents at different flower developmental stages of both cultivars. The in planta complementation assay, using Arabidopsis thaliana dfr mutant (tt3-1), revealed that CmDFR-RM, but not CmDFR-OB, transgenes restored defective anthocyanin biosynthesis of this mutant at the seedling stage, as well as proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed. The difference in the flower color of two chrysanthemums can be explained by the C-terminal variation of CmDFR combined with the loss of CmF3H expression during flower development. Keywords: anthocyanin; chrysanthemum; dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; flavonoid; flower color 1. Introduction Flower color influences the commercial value of ornamental plants. In general, floral coloration involves the accumulation of pigments such as flavonoids (including anthocyanins), carotenoids, and betalains. The flavonoid class anthocyanins are responsible for flower colors ranging from pale pink to blue in many ornamental plants including chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), lily (Lilium longiflorum), gerbera (Gerbera hybrida), petunia (Petunia hybrida), and rose (Rosa hybrida). The mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis has been extensively investigated, and most structural and regulatory genes involved in this process have been identified in several Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7960; doi:10.3390/ijms21217960 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7960 2 of 17 investigated, and most structural and regulatory genes involved in this process have been identified in several plant species [1–3]. Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) plays an important role in the plantformation species of anthocyanins [1–3]. Dihydroflavonol and proanthocyanidins, 4-reductase (DFR) as shown plays anin the important Figure role1. DFR in thecatalyzes formation the ofconversion anthocyanins of andthe proanthocyanidins, colorless dihydroflavonols, as shown in theincluding Figure1. DFRdihydrokaempferol catalyzes the conversion (DHK), ofdihydroquercetin the colorless dihydroflavonols, (DHQ), and dihydromyricetin including dihydrokaempferol (DHM), into leucoanthocyanidins. (DHK), dihydroquercetin These (DHQ), three andcolorless dihydromyricetin dihydroflavonols (DHM), are intosubs leucoanthocyanidins.trates of flavonol biosynthesis These three that colorless are catalyzed dihydroflavonols by flavonol are substratessynthase (FLS). of flavonol Competition biosynthesis between that areFLS catalyzed and DFR by can flavonol modify synthase the metabolic (FLS). Competitionflux and alter between flower FLScolor and [4–6]. DFR can modify the metabolic flux and alter flower color [4–6]. Figure 1.1. Schematic representation of flavonols,flavonols, proanthocyanidins,proanthocyanidins, and anthocyaninsanthocyanins biosyntheticbiosynthetic pathway in in plants plants The The abbreviations abbreviations of ofenzyme enzyme names names are areas follows: as follows: CHS, CHS, chalcone chalcone synthase; synthase; CHI, CHI,chalcone chalcone isomerase; isomerase; F3H, F3H,flavanone flavanone 3-hydroxylase; 3-hydroxylase; FLS, FLS,flavonol flavonol synthase; synthase; F3′H, F3 0flavonoidH, flavonoid 3′- 3hydroxylase;0-hydroxylase; F3 F3′5′H,050 H,flavonoid flavonoid 3′ 3,50′,5-hydroxylase;0-hydroxylase; DFR, DFR, dihydroflavonol dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; 4-reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; reductase; ANR, ANR, anthocyanidi anthocyanidinn reductase; reductase; ANS, ANS, anthocyanidin anthocyanidin synthase; synthase; and andUFGT, UFGT, UDP-glucose: UDP-glucose: flavonoid flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Several studies have revealed that the substrate specificityspecificity of DFR plays an important role in the determination ofof anthocyaninanthocyanin types types [ 7[7–10].–10]. According According to to di differencesfferences at at the the 134th 134th amino amino acid acid residues residues in theirin their substrate substrate binding binding domains, domains, DFRs DFRs are divided are divi intoded three into types,three thetypes, asparagine the asparagine (Asn)-type, (Asn)-type, aspartic acidaspartic (Asp)-type, acid (Asp)-type, and non-Asn and non-Asn/Asp-type./Asp-type. Previous Prev studiesious have studies reported have reported that Asn-type that Asn-type DFRs catalyze DFRs thecatalyze conversion the conversion of all three of dihydroflavonolsall three dihydrofla (DHK,vonols DHQ, (DHK, and DHQ, DHM), and whereas DHM), Asp-typewhereas DFRsAsp-type are highlyDFRs are specific highly for specific DHQ and for DHMDHQ ratherand DHM than rather for DHK than as for a substrate DHK as [a8– substrate10]. However, [8–10]. not However, all Asn-type not DFRsall Asn-type can catalyze DFRs all can three catalyze dihydroflavonols all three dihydroflavonols as substrates. DFRs as substrates. from sweet DFRs potato from (IbDFR) sweet and potato from freesia(IbDFR) (FeDFR2) and from are freesia classified (FeDFR2) into the are Asn-type classified DFR, into duethe toAsn-type their 134th DFR, amino due to acid their residues 134th [amino10,11]. IbDFRacid residues catalyzes [10,11]. only IbDFR the DHK catalyzes but not only DHQ the and DHK DHM, but not while DHQ FeDFR2 and DHM, utilizes while both FeDFR2 the DHQ utilizes and DHMboth the but DHQ not the and DHK DHM as a substrate.but not the Other DHK studies as a havesubstrate. shown Other that thestudies neighboring have shown residues that of the substrateneighboring binding residues sites of and the NADPsubstrate binding binding regions sites and of DFRs NADP play binding pivotal regions roles inof proteinDFRs play activity pivotal in buckwheatroles in protein (Fagopyrum activity esculentumin buckwheat), gerbera, (Fagopyrum and grape esculentum hyacinth), gerbera, (Muscari and armeniacum grape hyacinth)[11–13 (].Muscari These resultsarmeniacum imply) [11–13]. that other These factors results can imply influence that the other substrate factors specificity can influence of DFR the enzyme. substrate specificity of DFR Chrysanthemum,enzyme. a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, is an important floricultural crop worldwide.Chrysanthemum, The ray florets a perennial of chrysanthemum herbaceous flowers flowering can beplant, pink, is red,an important yellow, white, floricultural purple, green, crop orworldwide. various bicolored The ray florets forms of due chry tosanthemum the accumulation flowersof can di befferent pink, proportions red, yellow,of white, two pigments,purple, green, i.e., anthocyaninsor various bicolored and carotenoids forms due [14 ].to Therethe accumulation are three basic of types different of anthocyanidins, proportions of namely, two pigments, pelargonidin, i.e., cyanidin,anthocyanins and delphinidin.and carotenoids Although [14]. the There ray florets are three of chrysanthemum basic types onlyof anthocyanidins, accumulate the cyanidinnamely, derivatives,pelargonidin, the cyanidin, substrate and feeding delphinidin. assay revealed Although that CmDFRthe ray couldflorets utilize of chrysanthemum DHK and DHM only as a substrateaccumulate for the pelargonidin cyanidin derivatives, and delphinidin the substrat biosynthesis,e feeding respectively assay revealed [14–16 that]. CmDFR could utilize DHKIn and the DHM current as study,a substrate we identified for pelargonidin two DFR and genes, delphinidinCmDFR-OB biosynthesis,and CmDFR-RM, respectivelywith [14–16]. different C-terminus, from chrysanthemum flowers with white and red colors, respectively, and demonstrated that these genes function in anthocyanin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wo 2007/133479 A2
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (43) International Publication Date (10) International Publication Number 22 November 2007 (22.11.2007) PCT WO 2007/133479 A2 (51) International Patent Classification: Not classified (74) Agent: GODLEWSKI, Richard, J.; P.O. Box 2269, Bloomington, IN 47402-2269 (US). (21) International Application Number: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every PCT/US2007/0 10828 kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT,AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, (22) International Filing Date: 4 May 2007 (04.05.2007) CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, (25) Filing Language: English IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY,MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, (26) Publication Language: English MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, SV, SY, TJ, TM, (30) Priority Data: TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW 60/799,608 10 May 2006 (10.05.2006) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicants (for all designated States except US): COOK GM, KE, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, INCORPORATED [US/US]; 750 North Daniel's Way, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Engineering of Microbial Cell Factories for Biosynthesis of Flavonoids: a Review
    molecules Review Metabolic Engineering of Microbial Cell Factories for Biosynthesis of Flavonoids: A Review Hanghang Lou 1,†, Lifei Hu 2,†, Hongyun Lu 1, Tianyu Wei 1 and Qihe Chen 1,* 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (T.W.) 2 Hubei Key Lab of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Health Food, Huangshi 435100, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0571-8698-4316 † These authors are equally to this manuscript. Abstract: Flavonoids belong to a class of plant secondary metabolites that have a polyphenol structure. Flavonoids show extensive biological activity, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties, so they are widely used in the food, phar- maceutical, and nutraceutical industries. However, traditional sources of flavonoids are no longer sufficient to meet current demands. In recent years, with the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids and the development of synthetic biology, it has become possible to use synthetic metabolic engineering methods with microorganisms as hosts to produce flavonoids. This article mainly reviews the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids and the development of microbial expression systems for the production of flavonoids in order to provide a useful reference for further research on synthetic metabolic engineering of flavonoids. Meanwhile, the application of co-culture systems in the biosynthesis of flavonoids is emphasized in this review. Citation: Lou, H.; Hu, L.; Lu, H.; Wei, Keywords: flavonoids; metabolic engineering; co-culture system; biosynthesis; microbial cell factories T.; Chen, Q.
    [Show full text]
  • Itraq-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Weakening of Carbon Metabolism in Chlorotic Tea Leaves
    Article iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Mechanism Underlying the Weakening of Carbon Metabolism in Chlorotic Tea Leaves Fang Dong 1,2, Yuanzhi Shi 1,2, Meiya Liu 1,2, Kai Fan 1,2, Qunfeng Zhang 1,2,* and Jianyun Ruan 1,2 1 Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; [email protected] (F.D.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (K.F.); [email protected] (J.R.) 2 Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, the Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-571-8527-0665 Received: 7 November 2018; Accepted: 5 December 2018; Published: 7 December 2018 Abstract: To uncover mechanism of highly weakened carbon metabolism in chlorotic tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based proteomic analyses were employed to study the differences in protein expression profiles in chlorophyll-deficient and normal green leaves in the tea plant cultivar “Huangjinya”. A total of 2110 proteins were identified in “Huangjinya”, and 173 proteins showed differential accumulations between the chlorotic and normal green leaves. Of these, 19 proteins were correlated with RNA expression levels, based on integrated analyses of the transcriptome and proteome. Moreover, the results of our analysis of differentially expressed proteins suggested that primary carbon metabolism (i.e., carbohydrate synthesis and transport) was inhibited in chlorotic tea leaves. The differentially expressed genes and proteins combined with photosynthetic phenotypic data indicated that 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) showed a major effect on repressing flavonoid metabolism, and abnormal developmental chloroplast inhibited the accumulation of chlorophyll and flavonoids because few carbon skeletons were provided as a result of a weakened primary carbon metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Playing with Extremes Origins and Evolution of Exaggerated Female
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 115 (2017) 95–105 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Playing with extremes: Origins and evolution of exaggerated female forelegs MARK in South African Rediviva bees ⁎ Belinda Kahnta,b, , Graham A. Montgomeryc, Elizabeth Murrayc, Michael Kuhlmannd,e, Anton Pauwf, Denis Michezg, Robert J. Paxtona,b, Bryan N. Danforthc a Institute of Biology/General Zoology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany b German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany c Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 3124 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA d Zoological Museum, Kiel University, Hegewischstr. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany e Dept. of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK f Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa g Laboratoire de Zoologie, Research institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000 Mons, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Despite close ecological interactions between plants and their pollinators, only some highly specialised polli- Molecular phylogenetics nators adapt to a specific host plant trait by evolving a bizarre morphology. Here we investigated the evolution Plant-pollinator interaction of extremely elongated forelegs in females of the South African bee genus Rediviva (Hymenoptera: Melittidae), in Ecological adaptation which long forelegs are hypothesised to be an adaptation for collecting oils from the extended spurs of their Greater cape floristic region Diascia host flowers. We first reconstructed the phylogeny of the genus Rediviva using seven genes and inferred Trait evolution an origin of Rediviva at around 29 MYA (95% HPD = 19.2–40.5), concurrent with the origin and radiation of the Melittidae Succulent Karoo flora.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • BIOSYNTHESIS of PROANTHOCYANIDINS in BARLEY: GENETIC CONTROL of the CONVERSION of DIHYDROQUERCETIN to CATECHIN and PROCYANIDINS by KLAUS NYEGAARD KRISTIANSEN
    Carlsberg Res. Commun. Vol. 49, p. 503-524, 1984 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN BARLEY: GENETIC CONTROL OF THE CONVERSION OF DIHYDROQUERCETIN TO CATECHIN AND PROCYANIDINS by KLAUS NYEGAARD KRISTIANSEN Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby and Institute of Genetics, University of Copenhagen Oster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K Keywords: Flavonoid biosynthesis, leucocyanidin isomers, ant mutants, genetic control, high pressure liquid chromatography, 'H NMR, mass spectroscopy The conversion of dihydroquercetin to catechin and procyanidin was studied in maturing wild type barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Nordal) seeds and proanthocyanidin free mutants blocked in four different genes, ant 13, ant 17. ant 18 and ant 19. In the wild type barley grown under controlled conditions, maximal rate of synthesis of catechin, procyanidin B3 and procyanidin C2 occurred 8-16 days after flowering. Dihydroquercetin was radioactively labelled by feeding ( 1-'4C)-acetate and (2-'4C)-acetate to flowerbuds of a petunia mutant accumulating this flavonoid. When fed to pericarp-testa tissue of wild type barley labelled catechin, procyanidin B3 and procyanidin C2 were synthesized establishing dihydroquercetin as a precursor of these compounds. In addition labelled 2,3-trans-3,4-cis-leucocyanidin was synthesized indicating that this compound is an intermediate. The leucocyanidin was identified by co-chromatography with an authentic standard prepared chemically by reduction ofdihydroquercetin with NaBH,. The major product of this reduction, however, was the 2,3-trans-3,4-trans-leuco- cyanidin. Only mutant ant 18-102 accumulated dihydroquercetin in the seeds. Feeding ('4C)-dihydroquercetin to pericarp-testa tissue from the mutants revealed that ant 17-139 was capable of synthesizing significant amounts of labelled catechin and procyanidin, whereas ant 13-101, ant 13-152, ant 18-102 and ant 19-109 synthesized none or only very small amounts of these compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of Pigment Metabolic Pathways and Their Contributions to White Tepal Color Formation of Chinese Narcissus Tazetta Var
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Structure of Pigment Metabolic Pathways and Their Contributions to White Tepal Color Formation of Chinese Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis cv Jinzhanyintai Yujun Ren † ID , Jingwen Yang †, Bingguo Lu, Yaping Jiang, Haiyang Chen, Yuwei Hong, Binghua Wu and Ying Miao * Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] (Y.R.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (B.L.); [email protected] (Y.J.); [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (B.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:/Fax: +86-591-8639-2987 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 7 August 2017; Accepted: 4 September 2017; Published: 8 September 2017 Abstract: Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis) is one of the ten traditional flowers in China and a famous bulb flower in the world flower market. However, only white color tepals are formed in mature flowers of the cultivated varieties, which constrains their applicable occasions. Unfortunately, for lack of genome information of narcissus species, the explanation of tepal color formation of Chinese narcissus is still not clear. Concerning no genome information, the application of transcriptome profile to dissect biological phenomena in plants was reported to be effective. As known, pigments are metabolites of related metabolic pathways, which dominantly decide flower color. In this study, transcriptome profile and pigment metabolite analysis methods were used in the most widely cultivated Chinese narcissus “Jinzhanyintai” to discover the structure of pigment metabolic pathways and their contributions to white tepal color formation during flower development and pigmentation processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Reductase from Populus Trichocarpa
    Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase from Populus trichocarpa Lijun Wang1,2., Yuanzhong Jiang1., Li Yuan1., Wanxiang Lu2,3, Li Yang1, Abdul Karim1, Keming Luo1,2,3* 1 Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 2 College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 3 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Abstract Proanthocyanidins (PAs) contribute to poplar defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses. Transcripts of PA biosynthetic genes accumulated rapidly in response to infection by the fungus Marssonina brunnea f.sp. multigermtubi, treatments of salicylic acid (SA) and wounding, resulting in PA accumulation in poplar leaves. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) are two key enzymes of the PA biosynthesis that produce the main subunits: (+)-catechin and (2)-epicatechin required for formation of PA polymers. In Populus, ANR and LAR are encoded by at least two and three highly related genes, respectively. In this study, we isolated and functionally characterized genes PtrANR1 and PtrLAR1 from P. trichocarpa. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Populus ANR1 and LAR1 occurr in two distinct phylogenetic lineages, but both genes have little difference in their tissue distribution, preferentially expressed in roots. Overexpression of PtrANR1 in poplar resulted in a significant increase in PA levels but no impact on catechin levels. Antisense down-regulation of PtrANR1 showed reduced PA accumulation in transgenic lines, but increased levels of anthocyanin content.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources of Crude Drug, Plant Families, Biogenesis of Phytochemicals
    1 Sources of Crude Drug, Plant Families, Biogenesis of Phytochemicals SOURCES OF CRUDE DRUG Plant Oldest source of drugs. 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants More than 200 drugs considered as basic and essential by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Significant number of synthetic drugs obtained from natural precursors. Example: Digoxin from Digitalis species, quinine and quinidine from Cinchona species, vincristrine and vinblastine from Catharanthus roseus, atropine from Atropa belladonna and morphine and codeine from Papaver somniferum. Animal Second largest source of crude drugs. Example: Honey from honeybee, beeswax from bees, cod liver oil from shark, bufalin from toad, animal pancreas is a source of Insulin, musk oil from musk, spermaceti wax from sperm whale, woolfat from sheep, carminic acid from colchineal, venoms from snake Mineral Highly purified form of naturally occurring mineral substances is used in medicine Example: Sulphur is a key ingredient in certain bacteriostatic drugs, shilajit is used as tonic, calamine is used as anti-itching agent Marine Major part of earth is covered with water bodies and hence bioactive compounds from marine flora and fauna (microorganisms, algae, fungi, invertebrates, and 1 Contd… 2 Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry: A Companion Handbook vertebrates) have extensive past and present use in the treatment of many diseases Marine Serve as compounds of interest both in their natural form and as templates for synthetic modification. Several molecules isolated from various
    [Show full text]
  • Different Approaches to Evaluate Tannin Content and Structure of Selected Plant Extracts – Review and New Aspects M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut) Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86, 154 - 166 (2013), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.021 1University of Kiel, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding – Grass and Forage Science / Organic Agriculture, Kiel, Germany 2Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection; Julius Kühn-Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts – review and new aspects M. Kardel1*, F. Taube1, H. Schulz2, W. Schütze2, M. Gierus1 (Received July 2, 2013) Summary extracts, tannins, salts and derivates was imported to the EU in the year 2011, mainly from Argentina, with a trade value of nearly Tannins occur in many field herbs and legumes, providing an im- 63.5 mio. US Dollar (UN-COMTRADE, 2013). These extracts are pro- mense variability in structure and molecular weight. This leads to duced industrially on a large scale. They could therefore maintain complications when measuring tannin content; comparability of a relatively constant quality and thus provide an advantage in rumi- different methods is problematic. The present investigations aimed at nant feeding. characterizing four different tannin extracts: quebracho (Schinopsis Tannins from different sources can react very diverse regarding lorentzii), mimosa (Acacia mearnsii), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), protein affinity (MCNABB et al., 1998; BUENO et al., 2008). Diffe- and gambier (Uncaria gambir) and impact of storage conditions. rences in tannin structure can occur even between similar plant Using photometrical methods as well as HPLC-ESI-MS, fundamen- species (OSBORNE and MCNEILL, 2001; HATTAS et al., 2011) and a tal differences could be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolic Compounds in Cereal Grains and Their Health Benefits
    and antioxidant activity are reported in the Phenolic Compounds in Cereal literature. Unfortunately, it is difficult to make comparisons of phenol and anti- Grains and Their Health Benefits oxidant activity levels in cereals since different methods have been used. The ➤ Whole grain cereals are a good source of phenolics. purpose of this article is to give an overview ➤ Black sorghums contain high levels of the unique 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. of phenolic compounds reported in whole ➤ Oats are the only source of avenanthramides. grain cereals and to compare their phenol and antioxidant activity levels. ➤ Among cereal grains, tannin sorghum and black rice contain the highest antioxidant activity in vitro. Phenolic Acids Phenolic acids are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids (Fig. 1) and are present in all cereals (Table I). There are two Most of the literature on plant phenolics classes of phenolic acids: hydroxybenzoic L. DYKES AND L. W. ROONEY focuses mainly on those in fruits, acids and hydroxycinnamic acids. Hy- TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY vegetables, wines, and teas (33,50,53,58, droxybenzoic acids include gallic, p- College Station, TX 74). However, many phenolic compounds hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, and in fruits and vegetables (i.e., phenolic acids protocatechuic acids. The hydroxycinna- esearch has shown that whole grain and flavonoids) are also reported in cereals. mic acids have a C6-C3 structure and Rconsumption helps lower the risk of The different species of grains have a great include coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, deal of diversity in their germplasm sinapic acids. The phenolic acids reported type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and resources, which can be exploited.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin, Structure, Functions And
    iochemis t B try n & la P P h f y o s l i Journal of o a l n o r g Pervaiz et al., J Plant Biochem Physiol 2017, 5:2 u y o J DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000187 ISSN: 2329-9029 Plant Biochemistry & Physiology Review Article Open Access Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin, Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway in Fruit Plants Tariq Pervaiz1,2, Jiu Songtao1, Faezeh Faghihi3, Muhammad Salman Haider1 and Jinggui Fang1* 1Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China 2Department of Agriculture and Food Technology, Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan 3Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Jinggui Fang, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China, E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: April 25, 2017; Accepted Date: April 29, 2017; Published Date: May 06, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Pervaiz T, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Anthocyanins are naturally occurring compounds, member of the flavonoid groups of photochemical, involved in defense against the damaging effects of UV irradiation in plants and protect from many oxidants. The anthocyanins, group of pigments are relatively small and diverse flavonoid family in nature, and responsible for the attractive colors, red and purple to blue in many plants. Presence of pigments in flowers and fruits seems to provide attraction for pollination and aiding seed distribution, it also provides antiviral and antimicrobial activities, however their occurrence in the vacuoles remains ambiguous.
    [Show full text]