Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human Diseases in the Tivaouane Department, Senegal

European Journal of Medicinal Plants

30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039 ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475

Kady Diatta1*, William Diatta1, Alioune Dior Fall1, Serigne Ibra Mbacké Dieng1, Amadou Ibrahima Mbaye1, Abdou Sarr1 and Mamadou Bamba Seye1

1Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, ZC 5005, FMPO, UCAD, Dakar, Fann, Senegal.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author KD designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and the first draft of the manuscript. Author WD managed the analyses of the study. Author ADF managed the analyses of the study. Authors SIMD, AIM, AS and MBS performed the statistical analysis. Author ADF managed the litterature searchs and approved the final corrections. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2019/v30i330178 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Ghalem Bachir Raho, Department of Biology, Mascara University, Algeria. (2) Dr. Paola Angelini, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy. (3) Marcello Iriti, Professor of Plant Biology and Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Itodo, Sunday Ewaoche, Niger Delta University, Nigeria. (2) Byron Baron, University of Malta, Malta. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/53039

Received 05 October 2019 Original Research Article Accepted 11 December 2019 Published 17 December 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: In Africa, particularly in Senegal, 70% of the population resort to traditional medicine. Aim/Objective: The aim of this study is to inventory the plants used to the the treatment of erectile dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes etc because the populations often resort to phytotherapy. Methods: Fifty traditional practitioners, fifty herbalists and fifty resources persons were conducted to identify the plants used in the management of affections in the Tivaouane department. Results: Ninety seven plants could be identified and divided into eighty nine genera and forty eight families. Thus, Fabaceae families with 18 species, Euphorbiaceae (8 species), Combretaceae (5 species), Malvaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Meliaceae Myrtaceae and Poaceae each with 3 species and Asclepiadaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Loganaceae and ______

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

Menispermaceae each with 2 species; Apocynaceae, Balanitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparidaceae, Caricaceae, Casuarinaceae, Celastraceae, Cochlospermaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Loraceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae , Moringaceae, Musaceae Olacaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae are represented by a single species. The most used plant for antipyretic herbal medicine is Senna occidentalis with a citation percentage of 31.72%, followed by Khaya senegalensis (17.18%) and Citrus aurantifolia (11.01%). The most used plant for antalgic herbal medicine is Grewia bicolor with a citation percentage of 19.48%, followed by Acacia nilotica (12.21%) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (9.59%). The most used plant for antihypertensive is Zizyphus mauritiana with a citation percentage of 16.83%, followed by Combrethum micranthum (13.37%) and Oxythenantera abyssinica (11.88%). The most used plant for cicatrizing is Acacia nilotica with a citation percentage of 25.71%, followed by Vernonia colorata (12%) and Leptadenia hastata (10.29%). The most used plant for erectile dysfunction is Flueggea virosa with a citation percentage of 24.14%, followed by Zingiber officinale (18.96%) and Cassia sieberiana (12.07%). The leaves (51%) and barks (18%) are the organs used for the medicinal preparations. The decoction (44%) is the most use followed by maceration (29%) and powder (16%). Conclusion: Further investigations are needed to explore the bioactive compounds of these herbal medicines. In this aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment of many affections.

Keywords: Ethnopharmacological survey; medicinal plants; human diseases; Tivaouane department; Senegal.

1. INTRODUCTION medicine, at least 76% of households use medicinal plants close to their homes (50%) or Medicinal plants have been prescribed and used sold on urban markets (25%). This use is justified widely for thousands of years to treat various by factors such as health indicators: a high birth disorders and ailments in traditional herbal rate (48%), population growth (3%) and medicine systems all over the world [1] and have urbanization (40%), which contrast with a low considerable importance in international trade budget, a lack of access to health care, and poor, today [2]. There is an increasing demand for the the morbidity and the high mortality [10]. utilization of medicinal plants for providing primary health care to populations, as they are Senegalese flora, despite the climatic and human extensively available and inexpensive [3]. In constraints that they suffer, can still offer Man a developing countries, approximately 80% of the variety of medicinal plants. There are many native inhabitants still rely on traditional products in the pharmacopoeia, herbalists in the medicine, mainly based on phytotherapy, for their markets, in the street, or at the source, namely in primary health care [4]. The use of plants as the villages of the interior of Senegal. Medicinal medicine is as old as the history of mankind [5, plants are used whole or in parts (leaf, stem, 6]. Nowadays, medicinal plants are not only used root, bark, fruit) in various galenic preparations. as regional and traditional treatments but also registered as official medicines that are verified The main aim of this study was to evaluate by with pharmacopoeias [7]. Medicinal plants play a surveys the plants used in the treatment of major role in pharmacological research and drug certain affections. We will focus on medicinal development, not only when plant constituents plants antipyretic, analgesic, antihypertensive, are exploited directly as therapeutic agents, but antidiabetic, healing and finally those used by the also as starting materials for the synthesis of population to treat erectile disorders. drugs or as models for pharmacologically active compounds [2,8]. In West Africa, populations are 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS used to taking traditional medicine as a first aid against common health problems [9]. In this 2.1 Study Area aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment many affections. The survey was conducted in Tivaouane Department. The Tivaouane Department (Fig. 1) 2 In Senegal, it is clearly recognized that, in the has an area of 3217 km , lies at 14º51'00''N absence of sufficient health coverage for Latitude and 16º10'00''W Longitude. It has a

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

Sudano-Sahelian climate with maritime influence living conditions are becoming more and more and a total annual rainfall of 600 mm/year ANSD, difficult and the rural exodus is very accentuated. [11]. Fig. 1 shows the survey locality. 2.4 Study Design 2.2 Vegetation Description [11] This study was conducted using a pre The vegetation cover of the department of established questionnaire. It covered the period Tivaouane is complex ranging from dunes steppe from May 2013 to December 2013. The majority to Savannah, characteristic of the Sudano- ethnicities encountered were Wolof, Peulh, Serer Sahelian domain. In the department of etc. Tivaouane there are non-leached ferruginous "dior" soils and they are of different categories : 2.5 Population of the Study Hydromorphic lowland soils (inter dunes) rich in calcium and clay, suitable for vegetable and fruit The study population was composed of fifty crops, clay sands favoring cereal crops and traditional practitioners, fifty herbalists and fifty legumes and lateritic lands very difficult to resources persons. cultivate. 2.6 Collection, Identification and 2.3 Socio-economic Conditions [11] Classification

The Tivaouane Department presents an The unknown species of our interviews had been economic issue predominantly agricultural. collected and identified in the laboratory of However some peculiarities can be reported with Botany of Cheikh Anta Diop University by Pr industry, fishing and tourism. What makes it an Diatta (Botany Specialist). The classification was attractive pole especially the presence of factory, made using and the new classification APG III surrounding populations thus accentuating the [12], the books of Eklu-Natey [13] and Kerharho already existing unemployment As a result, the [14].

Fig. 1. Map of Tivaouane department [11]

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

2.7 Statitiscal Analysis These results are a few similar with those found by Diatta [15] with 88 plant species from 79 The data collected were analyzed using both genera and 35 families and the most cited Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for families have the Fabaceae followed the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 3. Frequency Combretaceae. These results are not similar to and percentage tables were generated to those published by Hadj-Seyd [16] with 35 plant summarize results for discussion. species from 32 genera and 14 families and the most of the cited families have the Asteraceae 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This state of affairs is understandable because the geographical area of studies differs. The A total of 97 plant species from 89 genera and 48 reality with regard to the use of plants is thus families were identified as used in the different according to the geographic area. management of erectile dysfunction, antipyretic, The Fabaceae family contains many species of antalgic, antidiabetic, cicatrizing, plants known for nutritional and medicinal value. antihypertensive activities. The families, These include the Detarium microcarpum botanical names, local names are given in Table species that has shown antiinflammatory, 1 classified according to APG, [12,13,14]. Some analgesic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activity families are more often referred because they [17,18,19]. The Tamarindus indica species has include several species. Thus, Fabaceae families shown antioxidant, antidiabetic and with 18 species; Euphorbiaceae (8 species), hepatoprotective activities [20,21]. Combretaceae (5 species), Malvaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, The Euphorbiaceae plant family contains several Asteraceae, Meliaceae Myrtaceae and Poaceae species that are known to be analgesic and each with 3 species and Asclepiadaceae, antiinflammatory activity [22]. Guiera Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Loganaceae and senegalensis (Combretaceae) has shown Menispermaceae each with 2 species; acaricidal properties against Hyalomma Apocynaceae, Balanitaceae, Bignoniaceae, anatolicum [23]. Anogeissus leiocarpus has Capparidaceae, Caricaceae, Casuarinaceae, shown antiplasmodial and antileishmanial Celastraceae, Cochlospermaceae, activities [24]. The malvaceae plant family for Cucurbitaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, example Hibiscus sabdariffa has shown an Loraceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae, antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin induced mice, Moringaceae, Musaceae Olacaceae, antiinflammatory and analgesic activities [25,26]. Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, The Anacardiaceae plant family contains several Sphenocleaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, species that are known to be antimicrobial, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae are represented antioxidant, cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory, by a single species (Fig. 2). phenolic composition and acetylcholinesterase

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Fig. 2. Families classification plant cited

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

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Fig. 3. Antipyretic plants cited during the survey inhibitory activities etc [27,28]. The foregoing 19.48%. It is followed by Acacia nilotica (12.21%) literature findings suggest that plants from the and Hibiscus sabdariffa (9.59%). In my three families contain ingredients that are useful knowledge, there aren’t studies confirming this for deseases. antalgic activity. The Fig. 4 shows the different plants used for this affection. The most used plant for antipyretic herbal medicine is Senna occidentalis with a citation The most used plant for antihypertensive is percentage of 31.72%. It is followed by Khaya Zizyphus mauritiana with a citation percentage of senegalensis (17.18%) and Citrus aurantifolia 16.83%, followed by Combrethum micranthum (11.01%). In my knowledge, there aren’t studies (13.37%) and Oxythenantera abyssinica confirming this antipyretic activity. The Fig. 3 (11.88%). Koffi [29] has shown an illustrates the different plants used for this antihypertensive activity of Zizyphus mauritiana. affection. Two authors [30,31] confirmed the antihypertensive effects of Combretum The most used plant for antalgic herbal medicine micranthum and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The Fig. 5 is Grewia bicolor with a citation percentage of shows the different plants used for this affection.

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Fig. 4. Antalgic plants cited during the survey

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

18.00% N

O 16.00% I

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Fig. 5. Antihypertensive plants cited during the survey

The most used plant for antidiabetic is Parinari Chaha, et al. [33] has confirmed the wound macrophylla with a citation percentage of healing activity of Psidium guajava and Jatropha 24.18%, followed by Sesbania sesban (21.98%) curcas [34]. The Fig. 6 illustrates the antidiabetic and Cocos nucifera (17.58%). plant.

The most used plant for erectile dysfunction is Soladoye, et al. [32] has confirmed the Flueggea virosa with a citation percentage of antidiabetic activity of Parinari macrophylla and 24.14%, followed by Zingiber officinale (18.96 %) Cocos nucifera. The Fig. 6 illustrates the and Cassia sieberiana (12.07%). antidiabetic plant. Maud [35] has confirmed the erectile dysfunction The most used plant for cicatrizing is Acacia activity of Flueggea virosa and Zingiber nilotica with a citation percentage of 25.71%, officinale. Ramandeep [36] has shown this followed by Vernonia colorata (12%) and activity of these plant list. The Fig. 8 illustrates Leptadenia hastata (10.29%). the erectile dysfunction plant.

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Fig. 6. Antidiabetic plants cited during the survey

Diatta et al.; EJMP, 30(3): 1-13, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53039

N 30.00% O I 25.00% T

A 20.00% T I C

15.00% E

G 10.00% A

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FAMILIES

Fig. 7. Wound healing plants cited during the survey

N 30.00% O I

T 25.00% A T I 20.00% C

E 15.00% G A

T 10.00% N E

C 5.00% R E

P 0.00%

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Fig. 8. Erectile dysfunction plants cited during the survey

The leaves and barks are the organs used for the harvested unconventionally, with no reforestation medicinal preparations. These results are politic for future resource availability. For according to Diatta [37] demonstrate that leaves example, there were signs of severe tree attack, are mainly treatments traditional and not uprooting or cutting of the entire plant. Fig. 9 according of Thirumalai, et al. [38] who has found shown the used for the medicinal preparations. that the part of the plant is the leafy stem. Harvesting tree roots and / or bark appears to The decoction (44%) is the most use followed by have more adverse ecological impacts than leaf maceration (29%) and powder (16%) (Fig. 10). harvesting [39]. The utilization of Leaves in local Bene, et al. [40] who showed that decoction and inflicting less damaged to the medicinal treat grinding are the most important methods of them. This is understandable because the preparation in traditional pharmacopoeia. Some pathology involved and geographical study are plant species have specificities of action against different. Most of these plant parts were a given cause. These result are not according to

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Tilahun [41] who has found crushing (38.5%) explained by the fact that the diseases are followed pounding (18.8%) and powdering related to deep organs [41]. To reach them, any (14.6%). This difference in medical preparation compound must pass through the digestive may be due to the differences between the system to facilitate its assimilation. It should be species found on both sides of the m a d e c l e a r to readers that just because local planet. Decoction as boiling method is an people use a plant to treat an ailment, there is no effective method of preparing medicinal plant guarantee that the plant is successful in treating because it preserves the medicine longer when the condition. compared to cold water. Boiling is believed to be efficient in extracting active ingredient and for Table 1 shown the inventory of the plants hygienic reasons. This prescription can also be mentioned during the survey.

Latex Seeds Trunk Juice 6% 1% 0% 0% Roots 9%

Fruit 15%

Leaves 51%

Barks 18%

Fig. 9. Plant parts used

Infusion 11%

Powder 16% Decoction 44%

Maceration 29%

Fig. 10. Medicinal preparation of plant parts

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Table 1. The inventory of the plants mentioned during the survey

Botanicals names Locals names Families 1. Acacia albida Kad (w) Fabaceae 2. Acacia nilotica Gonakié (w) Fabaceae 3. Acacia seyal Surur (w) Fabaceae 4. Adansonia digitata Gouye (w) Malvaceae 5. Allium sativum Aye (fc) Liliaceae 6. Aloe vera Aloé verra (fc) Liliaceae 7. Anacardium occidentale Darkassé (w) Anacardiaceae 8. Annona senegalensis Dougor (w) Annonaceae 9. Annona muricata Corossolier (fc) Annonaceae 10. Anogeissus leiocarpus Guédian (w) Combretaceae 11. Aphania senegalensis Khéwer (w) Sapindaceae 12. Arachis hypogea Guerté (w) Fabaceae 13. Azadirachta indica Nim (w) Meliaceae 14. Balanites aegyptiaca Soump (w) Balanitaceae 15. Bauhinia rufescens Rande (w) Fabaceae 16. Boscia senegalensis Niandam (w) Capparidaceae 17. Bridelia micrantha Soulukum (w) Euphorbiaceae 18. Butyrospermum parkii Karité (w) Sapotaceae 19. Calotropis procera Poften (w) Asclepiadaceae 20. Carapa procera Tulukuna (w) Meliaceae 21. Carica papaya Papaya (w) Caricaceae 22. Cassia italica Leydour (w) Fabaceae 23. Senna occidentalis Mbanté (w) Fabaceae 24. Cassia sieberiana Siendiègne (w) Fabaceae 25. Casuarina equisetifolia Filao (w) Casuarinaceae 26. Ceïba pentandra Béntenié (w) Malvaceae 27. Centaurea sp Khomkhom (w) Asteraceae 28. Chrozophora senegalensis Ndamat (w) Euphorbiaceae 29. Citrus aurantifolia Limon (w) Rutaceae 30. Cissampelos mucronata Ngolomar (w) Menispermaceae 31. Cochlospermum tinctorium Fayar (w) Cochlospermaceae 32. Coffea sp Café (fc) Rubiaceae 33. Cocculus pendulus Sangol (w) Menispermaceae 34. Cocos nucifera Coco (w) Arecaceae 35. Combretum glutinosum Rate (w) Combretaceae 36. Combretum micranthum Douté (w) Combretaceae 37. Cordyla pinnata Dimb (w) Fabaceae 38. Cymbopogon citratus Citronnelle (fc) Poaceae 39. Detarium microcarpum Dankh (w) Fabaceae 40. Detarium senegalensis Ditakh (w) Fabaceae 41. Dichrostchys glomerata Sunth (w) Fabaceae 42. Ekebergia senegalensis Khakhthioye (w) Meliaceae 43. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Xotu butel (w) Myrtaceae 44. Eugenia caryophyllata Xorompolé (w) Myrtaceae 45. Euphorbia balsamifera Salann (w) Euphorbiaceae 46. Euphorbia hirta Mbal (w) Euphorbiaceae 47. Ficus iteophylla Loro (w) Lytraceae 48. Ficus thonningii Dobali (w) Moraceae 49. Gardenia ternifolia Dibutone (w) Rubiaceae 50. Gossypium barbadense Weten (w) Malvaceae 51. Guiera senegalensis Nguer (w) Combretaceae 52. Grewia bicolor Kelle (w) Tiliaceae

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Botanicals names Locals names Families 53. Hibiscus sabdariffa Bissap (w) Malvaceae 54. Jatropha curcas Tabananie (w) Euphorbiaceae 55. Jatropha chevalieri Weutenu beut (w) Euphorbiaceae 56. Khaya senegalensis Khaye (w) Meliaceae 57. Lactuca sativa Salade (w) Asteraceae 58. Lantana camara Douté Gambi (w) Verbenaceae 59. Lawsonia inermis Foudeun (w) Lythraceae 60. Leptadenia hastata Thiakhat (w) Asclepiadaceae 61. Loeseneriella africana Tafe (w) Loganiaceae 62. Mangifera indica Mango (w) Anacardiaceae 63. Manihot esculenta Niambi (w) Euphorbiaceae 64. Mentha sp Nana (w) Lamiaceae 65. Maytenus senegalensis Ndouri (w) Celastraceae 66. Mitragyna inermis Xoss (w) Rubiaceae 67. Momordica charantia Mbeurbof (w) Cucurbitaceae 68. Moringa oleifera Nebedail (w) Moringaceae 69. Musa paradisiaca Banana (w) Musaceae 70. Ocimum basilicum Ngungun (w) Lamiaceae 71. Oxytenanthera abyssinica Waakh (w) Poaceae 72. Parinari macrophylla New (w) Rosaceae 73. Parkia biglobosa Houle (w) Fabaceae 74. Persea gratissima Avocat (w) Lauraceae 75. Piliostigma reticulatum Nguiguis (w) Fabaceae 76. Prosopis africana Yir (w) Fabaceae 77. Prosopis chilensis Prosopis (fc) Fabaceae 78. Psidium guajava Goyab (w) Myrtaceae 79. Psorospermum corymbiferum Keutidiantabé (w) Hypericaceae 80. Pterocarpus erinaceus Wen (w) Fabaceae 81. Sclerocarya birrea Beer (w) Anacardiaceae 82. Flueggea virosa Keng (w) Euphorbiaceae 83. Securidaca longipedunculata Fouf Polygalaceae 84. Sesbania sesban Sabsab (w) Sphenocleaceae 85. Sterculia setigera Mbep (w) Sterculiaceae 86. Stereospermum kunthianum Fekh (w) Bignoniaceae 87. Strichnos spinosa Teumb (w) Loganiaceae 88. Strophantus sarmentosus Thiokh (w) Apocynaceae 89. Tamarindus indica Dakhar (w) Fabaceae 90. Tapinanthus bangwensis Tire (w) Loranthaceae 91. Terminalia avicennioides Reubreub (w) Combretaceae 92. Vernonia colorata Doctor (w) Asteraceae 93. Xanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Denguidek (w) Rutaceae 94. Ximenia americana Gologne (w) Olacaceae 95. Xylopia aethiopica Diar (w) Annonaceae 96. Zea mays Mbokh (w) Poaceae 97. Zingiber officinale Didière (w) Zingiberaceae 98. Zizyphus mauritiana Sidème (w) Rhamnaceae

4. CONCLUSION plants. The most commonly used plant part was leaves for the management of erectile A total number of Ninety seven plants could be dysfunction, antipyretic, antalgic, antidiabetic, identified and divided into eighty nine genera and wound healing and antihypertensive activities. forty eight families. Plants from the family The mode of application used by traditional Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae and medicinal practitioners (TMPs) was Anacardiaceae were the most frequently used predominantly by decoction drink. The ethno-

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