Kansas Public Education: The Foundation for Economic Growth

(785) 783-7370 | 720 SW Jackson St., Suite 203, Topeka, KS 66603 | realprosperityks.com PUBLIC EDUCATION: their lifetime compared with non-graduates – just by AN ECONOMIC INVESTMENT receiving a Kansas high school diploma. Kansans have long recognized that education is key to • High school graduates save the state money: The economic growth. In 1874, the Territorial Legislature social costs saved by graduating students add up took the first steps to increase school attendance by quickly. Estimates show the Class of 2014 may save the passing a compulsory school attendance law. The state a total of over $2.5 billion.3 For example, Kansas rationale: “education was key to the state’s growth saves an estimated: and development, since a literate and skilled citizenry • $985 million on crime control costs could help build business and industry.”1 • $111 million on social safety net programs • $1.5 billion on public health costs Over 150 years later, as state lawmakers seek to “make the Sunflower State the best place in America to • Business and community leaders expect high school raise a family and grow a business,”2 the link between graduates to possess technical and non-academic education, workforce, and economic growth endures. skills: Kansans strongly support efforts to prepare Then as now, investment in public education directly high school students with non-academic skills, like a correlates to Kansas’ stake in the national and global strong work ethic, employability, and persistence.4 The economy. top 10 projected fastest growing jobs in the state will require employees with a strong background in non- Unfortunately, Kansas struggles to keep pace with academic skills – like perseverance and a collaborative the investments necessary to ensure K-12 education mindset – and at least a high school education, with remains relevant and responsive to workforce demands. most needing some level of post-secondary education.5 Following a recent series of tax policy changes, the In conversations facilitated by the Kansas Center for state continues to lose ground as job growth lags and Economic Growth (KCEG), business, community, and revenue continues to trend downward. school leaders expressed concerns that current state investments in education will likely not keep pace Kansas faces big challenges. We are dealing with with expectations for workforce preparedness. recurring budget crises. We are not making strategic and long-term decisions. We are not talking about the • Workforce demands in Kansas require greater investments necessary to fund K-12 education. We are investments in career and technical training programs: not talking about the opportunity cost of not investing The legislature established the Career Technical in education. We are not generating enough private Education (CTE) Incentive plan to “prepare students sector jobs. for a future of economic prosperity, prepare a qualified and talented workforce for business, and promote a For Kansas to remain competitive, policymakers and robust economy for Kansas.”6 Since 2012, enrollment the governor must recommit to supporting K-12 public in CTE programs increased by 65,000 students. Due to education, a critical part of the workforce development Kansas’ poor fiscal health, however, reimbursement to pipeline, with the resources necessary to create the next schools for training in high-demand careers (e.g. welders, big economic surge. electricians, and nursing assistants) fell by more than 50 percent of what the legislature promised.

“…I strongly believe we must do • With education funding lingering below 2008 funding levels and a record number of students to more to invest in the beginning serve, Kansas schools cannot respond to workforce of the workforce development demands in a timely fashion: Despite an increase pipeline,” Mike Petters, President of almost 19,000 more students, total state aid remains almost $350 million below its peak in 2009, and CEO of Huntington Ingalls when adjusted for cost increases such as inflation. Industries. Furthermore, the number of certified teachers in Kansas public schools fell by over 620.

KEY FINDINGS Educating Kansas kids broadly impacts our state • Kansas high school graduates earn far more than economy and, with the damaging consequences their peers who do not graduate: The Class of 2014 from tax changes made in 2012, 2013, and 2015, KCEG will earn an extra $4 billion in salary and wages over recommends the repeal of efforts to eliminate or reduce

K12 Report | Page 2 realprosperityks.com the state income tax. Additional revenue from the repeal would fund Kansas public schools. Furthermore, Kansas Graduates Earn More High school graduates earn almost $5,400 more a year than KCEG recommends replacing the current block grant those who did not graduate high school. Graduates with a funding system with a school finance formula that two-year college degree earn $10,000 more annually. comprehensively helps prepare students for their future careers.

“A well-educated student with $10,000 + (2-Year College Degree) a good paying job isn’t just important in this community, but for the entire state. We do $5,400 + a good job preparing students (HS Degree) regardless of whether we get Source: American Community Survey, Median Earnings of Kansans by Educa- new jobs here…because our tional Attainment. students can make a difference In order to envision what this figure looks like in total, anywhere in Kansas.” look at a snapshot of the Class of 2014. One year after completing high school, many graduates put their K-12 Administrator, employability and technical skills to use. Some train North Central Kansas for a technical skill or certificate while others attend a four-year university. These Kansas high school graduates will broadly impact the Kansas economy during their working lives. For example, the Class of 2014 will earn over $4 billion more during their careers just by holding K-12 EDUCATION IN KANSAS IS AN a high school degree, even if they don’t receive any additional education or technical skills training.8 This ECONOMIC DRIVER figure only reflects one year of graduates from Kansas Most of the discussion on growing the Kansas schools, so investment in K-12 education yields this economy focuses on tax policy – specifically, cutting huge economic benefit each and every year. or eliminating business and income taxes. At the same time, discussion about K-12 funding focuses almost exclusively on the “cost” to the state instead of “investment” in one of Kansas’ most powerful economic development tools. Kansas’ Graduating Class of 2014 will earn over Educating Kansas students pays significant dividends for the Kansas economy. High-quality, adaptive public education means more opportunities for students $4 BILLIONILLIONLIO MMORE entering post-secondary education or the workforce. Students who continue their education will likely during their careers just by holding experience higher earnings and job advancement over a high school degree. the course of their careers.

A high school degree increases an average Kansan’s The higher earnings of high school graduates increases annual median earnings by almost $5,400.7 The their spending power, translating into more economic difference in earnings increases with more education, prosperity throughout Kansas. too, as those with a two-year college degree earn $10,000 more annually than those who did not graduate high school. This adds up – both for the individual and RETURN ON INVESTMENT for the state’s economy. Educating Kansas kids saves taxpayers down the line and

K12 Report | Page 3 realprosperityks.com offers a direct economic benefit for the state economy at large. In addition to a higher earning potential, high school graduates tend to find more opportunities for employment, maintain better health, and avoid the criminal justice system. These savings provide a return- on-investment that benefits graduates of Kansas’ K-12 education system and society at large. Simply put, the “dollars and cents” side of the education equation reveals a wise investment that pays off. Each dollar invested in public schools reaps a $2.62 return, and results in big savings for taxpayers and government “Spending on education alike.10 Investing in Kansas schools and students is a makes more sense than paying tried-and-true method for building a strong economy. for welfare programs and BUSINESSES’ VIEW: WHAT’S BEST FOR THE government assistance. But KANSAS ECONOMY that return won’t be felt for So what is the measure of a successful K-12 education years. What do we do in the system? Among the most common answers: graduating meantime?” good citizens who are workforce ready and earn an income that sustains them. They need the skills – Community Member, whether it’s employability, technical abilities, or critical Southeast Kansas thinking – to enter the economy after graduation and adapt as the economy changes and grows over their lifetime. In the summer and fall of 2015, KSDE held conversations in more than 20 communities across the state, gathering feedback from almost 2,000 community The largest cost savings from the Class of 2014 come in and business leaders.11 KSDE posed a basic question: three categories: crime control, social assistance, and What qualities, characteristics, and skills does a 24-year- public health.9 In these areas, Kansas sees significant old Kansan need to be successful? They reached a savings over the lifetime of each graduate: clear consensus: 70 percent of community leaders and 81 percent of business and industry leaders believed students need non-academic skills – like the ability to persevere, communicate, and collaborate with others – to achieve success.12 Crime Control The state will save an estimated $985 million as high school graduates have lower rates of criminal activity than non-graduates.

Social Safety Net Since Kansas graduates will have higher incomes, they are less likely to be in need of food or housing assistance, which will save the state $111 million.

Public Health CONNECTING KANSAS’ K-12 EDUCATION Health care options that are supported by public dollars, such as Medicaid and Medicare, are SYSTEM TO THE STATE ECONOMY utilized much less by high school graduates than KCEG’s conversations with business, school, and by non-graduates. This amounts to a savings of $1.5 billion by the Class of 2014. community leaders affirm the belief that schools can prepare students for their role in the Kansas economy. Source: Henry Levin, et al., 2006. The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for All of America’s Children, Adjusted for Inflation. Education has an important role to play in promoting a vibrant and dynamic Kansas economy.

K12 Report | Page 4 realprosperityks.com A recurring theme emerged: the state’s public schools of the Kansas workforce. A Georgetown Public Policy attract talented workers to Kansas who want their kids Institute study indicates that by 2020, 71 percent of to receive a strong education. This effect is enhanced Kansas jobs will require some education beyond high when that hope is fulfilled. Those graduating students school – six percentage points higher than the national find a job in Kansas and, eventually, send their own average.16 One of the exacerbating factors for this children to one of Kansas’ world-class public schools. estimated labor shortage may be the out-migration of people from Kansas as current tax policy threatens our quality schools, roads, and communities. Indeed, in the first full year of the tax cuts, 4,200 more people left Kansas than moved to Kansas.17

This emerging shortfall highlights the need to expand opportunities for Kansas students to plan and prepare for their careers. Policymakers must invest in initiatives that While instilling non-academic skills in Kansas students benefit students’ educational experience and outcomes remains a high priority, students still need the credentials by shrinking class sizes, adding more teachers, and to enter the labor force successfully. Many Kansas teaching the necessary skills or trades that will help them jobs will require a diploma, credential, or other post- – and Kansas – succeed in the future. secondary degree in the near future. In fact, between 2012 and 2022, the Kansas Department of Labor projects Business and education leaders spoke clearly about almost 35,000 job openings in Kansas per year will the needs of the Kansas workforce; both technical skills require at least a high school diploma or equivalent.13 The and non-academic skills will help students succeed in average number of high school graduates per year since work and life. The question that remains is whether 2007, however, falls at only about 33,700. This leaves policymakers make the needed investments right now. 1,300 jobs unfilled because too few students graduate. Unfortunately, current tax policy in Kansas makes it ever-more difficult to give schools the resources they need to train tomorrow’s workforce. The tax changes of 2012-15 left no room in the state’s budget to invest in education as needed, given Kansas’ constant state of fiscal crisis since these changes took effect.18, 19 “Education, jobs, and the economy of our state are inextricably linked. I don’t know how anyone could say otherwise.”

-Community Member, MISSED OPPORTUNITY: INVESTING IN THE KANSAS WORKFORCE Northeast Kansas Drastic cuts in state income tax reduced revenue quickly and hindered the state’s ability to invest in K-12 education.20 This makes it exceedingly difficult to provide schools with necessary resources, especially as enrollment continues to increase, fixed costs increase, and the services schools provide expand. The Kansas economy heavily relies on jobs requiring a high school degree or at least some college. The state ranks 10th nationally in the proportion of jobs requiring In a 2014 survey of Kansas public school a high school degree, and third in the proportion of jobs superintendents, KCEG documented how insufficient requiring at least some college.14 Of the top 10 fastest state investment in K-12 public education affected growing occupations in our state, eight require some schools. Results showed that average class sizes education beyond high school.15 As these numbers increased, funding per pupil decreased, and extra- suggest and other studies confirm, a gap looms on the curricular activities, athletics, art, and music programs 21 horizon between job requirements and the education had been reduced or eliminated. Stagnant state

K12 Report | Page 5 realprosperityks.com revenue, in conjunction with the elimination of the school finance formula in favor a block grant funding system, severely limits districts’ ability to reverse these trends.

State Aid Remains Flat While Enrollment Sees New Highs

500 $3,600 At the local level, Kansas public schools made significant 490

$3,400 changes to cope with years of funding that failed to 480 meet the needs of their students. Here is a sampling of what districts had to do in 2015 just to balance their (in thousands)

470 Total State Aid $3,200 budgets: Headcount Enrollment

460 (in millions, adjusted to 2014 dollars) • Chetopa-St. Paul (USD 505) moved to a four-day

450 $3,000 ‘08- ‘09- ‘10- ‘11- ‘12 ‘13 school week, causing working parents to pay for ’09 ’10 ’11 ’12 -’13 -’14 unexpected child care costs.27 Source: Kansas State Department of Education, Headcount Enrollment and Total State Expenditures • Six school districts ended their 2014-15 school year early because of low funding provided by the state in When accounting for cost increases over time, the the form of block grants.28 amount of state aid for Kansas schools still falls $350 million below its peak in 2009.22 During this time, • Andover (USD 385) enacted a combination of budget however, headcount enrollment increased by nearly cuts and student fee increases, doubling the cost for 20,000 students.23 Districts face additional stress due some kids to ride the bus to school.29 to the fact that fewer certified teachers work in Kansas now than before the recession. Kansas State Department of Education data shows 620 fewer certified teachers • Kansas City, Kansas (USD 500), reduced all school and worked in Kansas in 2014-15 than in 2008-2009.24 This department budgets by 10 percent, cut $350,000 from fact alone demonstrates that Kansas public schools textbook purchases, and eliminated $900,000 in funding must provide the same quality education with stagnant for alternative services, such as the KVC Academy 30 funding, less classroom support, and more students. program.

• Tonganoxie (USD 464) eliminated a popular middle As an example of the direct impact of insufficient school music teacher’s position, cut paraprofessionals state support for public schools, consider the Career and ninth-grade sports, and increased fees for Technical Education (CTE) program in Kansas. kindergarten and technology.31 Lawmakers unanimously supported a bill in 2012 to help pay the costs for high school students to enroll in • Winfield (USD 465) cut the graduation completion career and technical education courses. Simultaneously, program – one of the most important avenues they enacted ill-advised tax policy that prevented them for people who didn’t finish high school to earn a from fulfilling that promise. The CTE program proved diploma.32 popular with Kansas high schoolers looking to jumpstart their careers; approximately 65,000 students enrolled Unfortunately, this list merely scratches the surface. over the last three years. Funding for high-demand Schools across Kansas implemented these sort of cuts jobs in the program, however, has now diminished by and fee increases specifically because state funding more than 50 percent of what the legislature originally failed to meet their districts’ needs. Despite challenges, promised.25 Because of lawmakers’ tax policy decisions, Kansas schools still aim to keep standards high. The the original commitment to school districts of a $1,000 vast majority of Kansas public school spending goes per student incentive for high-need occupations in the directly to instruction and necessary support services.33 CTE program now falls at only $450.26 Even business leaders agree that supporting students and creating a quality learning atmosphere requires unavoidable operational costs.

K12 Report | Page 6 realprosperityks.com In Kansas, 87% of School Spending Goes Toward Instruction & Support Services Administration 8% Other functions like food services 5% SUPPORT SERVICES

Other Support Services 3%

Student Transportation 4% Instruction

Operations & Maintenance, including 62% heat, air conditioning & lights 9%

Instructional Sta , including librarians, sta training & computer centers 4%

Support Services, including Social Workers, Nurses & Psychologists 5%

Spending as a portion of K-12 current expenditures Source: Census Public Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data 2013

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS (especially considering the tenuous nature of the budget) A good education is the foundation on which citizens because lawmakers failed to consider what it actually can build and improve their lives. To that end, KCEG costs to educate and prepare students for jobs. The block offers several key policy recommendations to facilitate grants do, however, present an opportunity to write a broad, shared prosperity as the Kansas economy grows formula better suited to funding Kansas schools at the by supporting the state’s schools. level needed. The following elements are necessary to consider as lawmakers craft a new school finance Repeal the unaffordable income tax changes to formula: 1.generate revenue and invest in schools. Income a. Focus on non-academic skills and progress tax changes went into full effect in 2013, but they failed toward acclimatizing students to the to produce the economic boost promised. Instead, workforce. This includes providing students with significant drops in revenue jeopardize the fiscal health more opportunities for internships, technical of the entire state, including public education. Early and/or career training, and working with warnings of a perpetual budget crisis came to fruition, businesses to prepare students for entering the with Kansas missing tax revenue estimates for 11 of the job market. Equity among Kansas school districts past 12 months.34 Even with lowered consensus revenue plays a key role in preparing students for college estimates, lawmakers must address yet another unstable or a career. Addressing statewide inequity issues budget for Fiscal Year 2016 and 2017. If Kansas repeals will balance the varying needs of districts and efforts to eliminate the state income tax, additional students across Kansas. revenue can shore up Kansas’ finances and re-stabilize public schools. The CTE program could fulfill its potential b. Work with students to build a career path. to provide opportunity to more students. Classroom If students receive more exposure to a variety sizes could decrease. More teachers could be hired. The of careers, they can begin working towards proven return on this investment will generate far more employment goals earlier, making them job- economic prosperity in one year than Kansans ever ready and productive employees sooner. received from a reduced state income tax. c. Focus on student outcomes both during and after their time in public schools. A school Replace block grant funding with a school finance formula focused on student success funding formula built for success. During the 2015 2. on a range of measures will help schools legislative session, lawmakers scrapped the underfunded deliver what the labor force needs. Furthermore, formula used to allocate dollars for public schools in favor awareness of student outcomes beyond their of block grants for the next two years.35 In that two-year time in public schools will allow districts to focus interim period, the legislature must re-write the school their efforts today on what makes a successful funding formula. The block grants received fair criticism employee in the future.

K12 Report | Page 7 realprosperityks.com When lawmakers invest a dollar in a Kansas high school graduate, that investment more than doubles by the time the graduate finishes his or her career. Boosting this investment offers huge economic potential for the state. But Kansas’ unaffordable tax policies make this otherwise obvious choice incredibly difficult, if not impossible. It is time to repeal the tax changes for the sake of our kids, our future workforce, and our economy.

1 See Dr. Sherrill Martinez and Lue Ann Snider, Planning and Research, Kansas 20 See Kansas Center for Economic Growth, “It’s Like Déjà vu All Over Again” State Department of Education. 2001. Available online: http://www.ksde.org/ Available online: http://realprosperityks.com/its-like-deja-vu-all-over-again/ Portals/0/Research%20and%20Evaluation/historyofeducationfinal.pdf 21 See Kansas Center for Economic Growth, “Quality at Risk: Impact of 2 See Governor Sam Brownback, Roadmap for Kansas. Available online: http:// Education Cuts.” Available online: http://realprosperityks.com/kac/wp-content/ brownback.com/ uploads/2014/09/KCEG-school-funding-report3.pdf 3 See Henry Levin, et al., 2006. The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education 22 Inflation-adjustment analysis used Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price for All of America’s Children. Available online: http://www3.nd.edu/~jwarlick/ Index (CPI) on spending data from the Kansas Department of Education (KSDE). documents/Levin_Belfield_Muennig_Rouse.pdf Available at: http://www.ksde.org/Agency/FiscalandAdministrativeServices/ 4 See Mara Rose Williams, “Kansas Education Commissioner Looks to Blend SchoolFinance/ReportsandPublications.aspx#GSA Academic Skills with Employment Skills.” Available online: http://www.kansascity. 23 Data made available by Kansas Department of Education. Please note that data com/news/government-politics/article38015937.html beyond the 2013-14 school year reclassify the statewide 20 mill levy on property 5 See Kansas Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Services, Kansas owners to fund K-12 education from ‘Local Aid’ to ‘State Aid’. Comparisons of Industry and Occupational Outlook, 2012-2022. Available online: https://klic.dol. State Aid in years 2014-15 and beyond to State Aid in years 2013-14 and prior ks.gov/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/Projections%202022%20Statewide%20 would be inaccurate due to this reclassification. Available under ‘Headcount Dashboard.pdf Enrollment’ at: http://www.ksde.org/Agency/FiscalandAdministrativeServices/ SchoolFinance/ReportsandPublications.aspx 6 See Kansas State Department of Education, SB 155 Reference Materials (2015- 24 16): Kansas Career & Technical Education. Available online: http://www.ksde. Data made available by the Kansas Department of Education. Definition org/Portals/0/CSAS/CSAS%20Home/CTE%20Home/Initiatives/SB_155/SB155%20 of data analyzed as teachers in the ‘About Certified Personnel Report’ where Material.pdf personnel data are located. Available under ‘Personnel’ and ‘Certified’ at: http://www.ksde.org/Agency/FiscalandAdministrativeServices/SchoolFinance/ 7 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), 5-year Estimates, ReportsandPublications.aspx#Personnel Median Earnings in the past 12 Months by Educational Attainment for Population 25 over 25. Kansas State Department of Education, number of unique students in grades 8 through 12 enrolled in at least one CTE course in a Kansas public high school, 8Analysis uses a ‘present value’ deflator to adjust earnings for future inflation. years included 2012-13 through 2014-2015. Raw total is higher, but doesn’t account for future increases in cost of living, 26 which necessitates the use of a present value deflation. Present value deflation See Suzanne Perez Tobias, “Technology Education Incentives cut for Kansas uses a 3.5% assumption, 0.5% higher than the U.S. 30-Year Treasury bond School Districts.” Available online: http://www.kansas.com/news/local/education/ yields, meaning this estimate is likely conservative. Calculated for working lives article25701169.html. between ages 18 and 65. 27 See Diane Gerstenfeld, “Southeast Kansas School District Moves Toward Four- 9 These estimates utilize Levin et al.’s (2006) appraisal of savings and adjust for Day School Week.” Available online: http://www.koamtv.com/story/30067165/ inflation to 2015. All of Levin et al.’s estimates are lifetime totals per student also southeast-kansas-school-district-moves-toward-four-day-school-week utilizing a present value deflator of 3.5%. 28 See KMBC TV-9, “6 Kansas School Districts Close Early, Cite Budget Cuts.” 10 Return-on-investment figure calculated by adding returns on income, Available online: http://www.kmbc.com/news/6-kansas-school-districts-to- economic activity, and social cost savings and dividing that sum by the total cost close-early-cite-budget-cuts/32486018 of educating the Class of 2014. 29 See KSN.com, “Andover among districts bracing for cuts.” Available online: 11 See Mara Rose Williams, “Kansas Education Commissioner Looks to Blend http://ksn.com/2015/05/11/andover-among-districts-bracing-for-cuts/ Academic Skills with Employment Skills.” Available online: http://www.kansascity. 30 See David Smith, “Kansas City, Kansas Public Schools to Implement Significant com/news/government-politics/article38015937.html Budget Cuts.” Available online: http://kckps.org/index.php/news-releases/40- 12 See Dr. Randy Watson, “Kansas Can”, KSDE 2015 Annual Conference. Full departments/communications/news-archive/608-kansas-city-kansas-public- presentation available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDG8yNn2Eo0 schools-to-implement-significant-budget-cuts 31 13 See Kansas Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Services, Kansas See Haley Harrison, “Tonganoxie Teacher’s Job Cut due to Budget Shortfall.” Industry and Occupational Outlook, 2012-2022. Available online: https://klic.dol. Available online: http://www.kmbc.com/news/students-support-tonganoxie- ks.gov/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/Projections%202022%20Statewide%20 teacher-whose-job-may-be-cut/32946258 Dashboard.pdf 32 See Pilar Pedraza, “Winfield Ends Diploma Completion Program.” Available 14 See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Education Level and Jobs: Opportunities by online: http://www.kwch.com/news/local-news/winfield-ends-diploma- State, September 2014. Available online: http://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2014/ completion-program/32638704#.VUEixEaTbtx.twitter article/education-level-and-jobs.htm 33 See Wichita Eagle, “John Allison: Classrooms are Focus of Spending Now. 15 See Kansas Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Services, Kansas “November 7, 2015. Available online: http://www.kansas.com/opinion/opn- Industry and Occupational Outlook, 2012-2022. columns-blogs/article43503528.html 34 16 See Scott Smith, “Education in Kansas: Where are we Headed?” Available See Phillip Brownlee, “State Nowhere Near Meeting Brownback’s Jobs Goal.” online: http://coe.k-state.edu/annex/keli/download/sublette/Scott-Smith-KS- Available online: http://www.kansas.com/opinion/editorials/article65065107.html Accreditation.pdf 35 See Jonathan Shorman, “Brownback Signs School Block Grant Funding Bill.” 17 See Kansas Center for Economic Growth, “Math is Wrong on Kansas Migration.” Available online: http://cjonline.com/news/2015-03-25/brownback-signs-school- Available online: http://realprosperityks.com/math-wrong-kansas-migration/ block-grant-funding-bill 18 See Duane Goossen, Senior Fellow at the Kansas Center for Economic Growth, “What Does Financial Health Look Like?” Available online: http://realprosperityks. com/goossen-what-does-financial-health-look-like/ 19 See Edward M. Eveld, “Kansas Slashes Revenue Estimate, Announces Budget Adjustments.” Available online: http://www.kansascity.com/news/government- politics/article43502073.html

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