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The Reason Why the Companion Ibn Abbas Changed His Opinion on Riba Al-Fadhl

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The Reason Why the Companion Ibn Abbas Changed His Opinion on Riba Al-Fadhl International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 6, June 2016 The Reason Why the Companion Ibn Abbas Changed His Opinion on Riba Al-fadhl Ibrahim Nuhu Tahir “Riba has seventy segments, the least serious being Abstract—This paper aims to explain an important element that should be avoided in business dealings for them to be equivalent to a man committing adultery with his own permissible in Islam. The interest to conduct this research was mother” [4]. inspired by a fatwah given by some contemporary scholars. The In another place the Prophet, (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) fatwah states that Riba al-Fadhl does not exist in currency exchange, hence the topic. The objective of this research is to said: disclose the truth of the matter. In addition it aims to rouse the “There will certainly come a time for mankind when awareness of people of concern and to draw their attention to everyone will take riba and if he does not do so, its dust will what really happened during the early days of the companions regarding the said issue. The reader is presented with clear reach him” [5]. evidence that shows that the above fatwa is wrong. The Prophet Abu Umamah narrated that: The Prophet, (sallallahu (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) said: “Gold for gold, silver for silver, alaihi wasallam) said: “Whoever makes an intercession for wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, and salt for salt - like for like, equal for equal, and hand-to-hand; if the his brother and accepts a gift offered by him has entered riba commodities differ, then you may sell as you wish, provided that through one of its large gates” [6]. the exchange is hand-to-hand.” Therefore it does not come as a surprise to witness the strict way Qur‟an has treated dealings of riba: Allah says: Index Terms—Riba al-fadhl, riba al-nasi’ah, abdullah ibn abbas and sarf. “O you who believe! Be afraid of Allah and give up what remains (due to you) from Riba (from now onward), if you are (really) believers”. And if you do not do it, then take a notice I. INTRODUCTION of war from Allah and His Messenger [sal-Allahu 'alayhi wa To proceed, it is known to every Muslim familiar with the sallam] but if you repent, you shall have your capital sums. Islamic way of doing business that Riba is strongly prohibited Deal not unjustly (by asking more than your capital sums), and dealing in it is a major sin in Islam. In fact it is and you shall not be dealt with unjustly (by receiving less categorized by the Sunnah to be among the seven most than your capital sums),[002.278-279]. destructive sins, The Prophet said (sallallahu alaihi Based on the above mentioned evidences and many others wasallam): that have not been mentioned, the scholars unanimously “Beware of the seven most destructive sins” He was asked, agreed that Riba is one of the major sins in Islam. This is the “What are they O messenger of Allah?” He said: holistic perspective on the issue. However there are a few “Associating partners with Allah, magic, killing a soul whom specific issues that are controversial when it comes to their Allah has forbidden to be killed, except with just cause, details. One of those areas where controversy exists or used to consuming Riba; and chaste and good believing woman, who exist is Riba al-Fadhl. It has been reported that Abdullah ibn never think of anything touching their chastity…” [1]. Abbas (May Allah be pleased with him) was of the opinion that Riba only exists in Nasi‟ah and not Fadhl. Insha‟Allah The Prophet also said (sallallahu alaihi wasallam): this article assesses whether or not his opinion is correct, and “Allah cursed whoever consumes Riba, whoever pays Riba, whether or not this eminent companion died upon this view. the two who are witnesses to it, and the scribe who records it” [2]. II. THE REASON BEHIND THE ARTICLE In another place the Prophet, (sallallahu alaihi wasallam): The interest to conduct this research was a result of some “A dirham of riba which a man receives knowingly is fatwahs given by some scholars of this contemporary era. The worse than committing adultery thirty-six times”. Bayhaqi fatwah says that Riba al-Fadhl does not exist in currency, has also reported the above hadith in Shuab al-Iman with the hence the selection of this topic. The objective of this research addition that, "Hell befits him whose flesh has been is to disclose the truth of the matter. Similarly to awaken the nourished by the unlawful” [3]. awareness of people of concern and to draw their attention on In another place the Prophet, (sallallahu alaihi wasallam), what really happened during the early days of the companions said: regarding the said issue. Manuscript received November 18, 2013; revised February 28, 2015. Ibrahim Nuhu Tahir is with the Kulliyyah of Economic and Management III. METHODOLOGY Science, Department of Economic, IIUM, Selangor, Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected]). The writer will begin with a short biography on Abdullah DOI: 10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.694 475 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 6, June 2016 ibn Abbas (May Allah be pleased with him), this will be except when it is like for like, and do not increase one over the succeeded by the following topics: Definition of Riba, Types other; and do not sell what is away [from among these] for of Riba, The opinion of Abdullah ibn Abbas (May Allah be what is ready". Another narration says, "Gold for gold, silver pleased with him) on Riba al-Fadhl, An analysis on the for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, evidence used by the two approaches, Preference by the and salt for salt - like for like, and hand-to-hand. Whoever researcher, Conclusion and Recommendations given by the pays more or takes more has indulged in riba. The taker and researcher and then the reference referred to by the writer in the giver are alike [in guilt]" [10]. this article. VII. RIBA AL-NASI‟AH IV. A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF ABDULLAH IBN ABBAS This type of Riba refers to a stipulated and fixed increase Abdullah ibn Abbas was one of the most prominent over and above the loan amount that a debtor agrees to pay his companions of the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam), the creditor in relation to a specific period of time [11]. Jabir ibn sheikh of this Ummah, and a great scholar in Tafseer. He was Abdullah, reported that on the Prophet's Farewell Pilgrimage: the son of the Prophet‟s Uncle, Abbas ibn Abdulmuttalib. He The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be on him, was born three years before the hijra of the Prophet addressed the people and said: “All of the riba of Jahilliyyah (sallallahu alaihi wasallam). He accompanied the Messenger is annulled. The first riba that I annul is our riba, that of Allah for about thirty months before his demise; he was accruing to Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib [the Prophet's uncle]; able to narrate a number of Ahadith from him before he died. it is being cancelled completely. [12] In another place the He also took several Ahadith from many other companions. Prophet, (sallallahu alaihi wasallam), said: "There is no riba The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) died when ibn Abbas except in Nasia‟h [waiting]" in Sahih Muslim it is said was at the young age of ten, some said at the age of 15 and "There is no riba in hand-to-hand [spot] transactions" [13]. some said otherwise. The Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam) prayed to Allah to grant him wisdom and knowledge. Because VIII. THE OPINION OF ABDULLAH IBN ABBAS ON RIBA of this concern from the Prophet (sallallahu alaihi wasallam), AL-FADHL ibn Abbas was blessed by Allah with an extensive amount of knowledge in the area of Tafseer, Sunnah, Fiqh, language and Although it is a consensus of the scholars that Riba is haram, many others. Abdullah ibn Abbas (May Allah be pleased with they differ when it comes to what constitutes Riba and what him) died in year sixty eight of Hijrah at the age of seventy does not. They all agreed that Riba al-Nasia‟h is prohibited. one (May Allah have mercy upon him) [7]. The only argument that exists is on the acceptance of Riba al-Fadhl. The argument is between the majority of the scholars on one side and Abdullah ibn Abbas and a minority V. DEFINITION OF RIBA on the other side. This issue is of greatest concern compared to other issues in riba as people are unknowingly falling into The word Riba literally means increase, addition and Riba. In this article the focus is on the opinion of Abdullah ibn excess. Linguistically when this word is mentioned an Arab Abbas. The following are details of the two opinions and their man understands increase [8]. evidences. When dealing with the technical definition the meaning cannot be understood properly without knowing the A. The View of the Majority classification of Riba under the Fiqh al-Islami. The scholars Majority of the scholars believe that both types of Riba have divided Riba into two different types: Riba al-Fadhl and (al-Fadh and al-Nasi‟ah) exist in the six items mentioned by Riba al-Nasi‟ah the Prophet in the hadith of Ubadah ibn al-Samit. A person cannot exchange gold with another gold with excess in one of them, both pieces of gold have to be the same weight.
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