Front Matter

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Frontmatter More information

the cambridge history of inner asia THE CHINGGISID AGE

This volume centres on the history and legacy of the Mongol World Empire founded by Chinggis Khan and his sons, including its impact upon the modern world. An international team of scholars examines the political and cultural history of the Mongol Empire, its Chinggisid successor states, and the non-Chinggisid dynasties that came to dominate Inner Asia in its wake. Geographically, it focuses on the continental region from East Asia to Eastern Europe. Beginning in the twelfth century, the volume moves through to the establishment of Chinese and Russian political hegemony in Inner Asia from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Contributors use recent research and new approaches that have revitalized Inner Asian studies to highlight the world-historical importance of the regimes and states formed during and after the Mongol conquest. Their conclusions testify to the importance of a region whose modern fate has been overshadowed by Russia and China.

Nicola Di Cosmo is Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Prince- ton. His recent publications include Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Powers in East Asian History (2002), Manchu-Mongol Relations on the Eve of the Qing Conquest (2003) and The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth- Century China (2006). Allen J. Frank is an independent scholar. He has published widely on the history of Islam in Imperial Russia and in the Central Asian Soviet successor states. His previous publications include Islamic Historiography and ‘Bulghar’ Identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia (1998), Muslim Religious Insti- tutions in Imperial Russia (2001) and An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe, 1770–1912 (as co-editor, 2005). Peter B. Golden is Professor of History and Academic Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University. Among his publications are An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (1992; Turkish editions 2002, 2006), Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe (2003) and The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives (as co-editor, 2007).

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INNER ASIA THE CHINGGISID AGE

Edited by NICOLA DI COSMO ALLEN J. FRANK and PETER B. GOLDEN

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data The Cambridge history of medieval Inner Asia : the Chinggisid Age / edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen Frank, and Peter B. Golden. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-84926-5 (hardback) 1. Asia, Central – History. 2. Asia, Central – Civilization. 3. Mongols – Asia, Central – History. I. Di Cosmo, Nicola, 1957– II. Frank, Allen J., 1964– III. Golden, Peter B. IV. Title.

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Contents

List of fi gure and maps viii List of contributors ix Note on transliteration xii List of abbreviations xiii Maps xviii

Introduction 1 nicola di cosmo, allen j. frank and peter b. golden

part one THE RISE OF THE CHINGGISIDS

1 . Inner Asia c. 1200 9 peter b. golden

2 . The Mongol age in Eastern Inner Asia 26 peter jackson

3 . The Mongols in Central Asia from Chinggis Khan’s invasion to the rise of Temür: the Ögödeid and Chaghadaid realms 46 michal biran

4 . The Jochid realm: the western steppe and Eastern Europe 67 istván vásáry

Contents

part two LEGACIES OF THE MONGOL CONQUESTS

5 . Institutional development, revenues and trade 89 arsenio peter martinez

6 . Migrations, ethnogenesis 109 peter b. golden

7 . Islamization in the Mongol Empire 120 devin deweese

8 . Mongols as vectors for cultural transmission 135 thomas t. allsen

part three CHINGGISID DECLINE: 1368–c. 1700

9 . The eastern steppe: Mongol regimes after the Yuan (1368–1636) 157 veronika veit

10 . Temür and the early Timurids to c. 1450 182 beatrice forbes manz

11 . The later Timurids c. 1450–1526 199 stephen dale

part four NOMADS AND SETTLED PEOPLES IN INNER ASIA AFTER THE TIMURIDS

12 . Uzbeks, Qazaqs and Turkmens 221 yuri bregel

13 . The western steppe: Volga-Ural region, Siberia and the Crimea 237 allen j. frank

Contents

14 . Eastern Central Asia (Xinjiang): 1300–1800 260 james millward

15 . The Chinggisid restoration in Central Asia: 1500–1785 277 r.d. mcchesney

16 . The western steppe: the Volga-Ural region, Siberia and the Crimea under Russian rule 303 christian noack

part five NEW IMPERIAL MANDATES AND THE END OF THE CHINGGISID ERA (18th–19th CENTURIES)

17 . The Qing and Inner Asia: 1636–1800 333 nicola di cosmo

18 . The Qazaqs and Russia 363 allen j. frank

19 . Russia and the peoples of the Volga-Ural region: 1600–1850 380 allen j. frank

20 . The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: c. 1750–1886 392 yuri bregel

Bibliography 412 Index 466

vii

Figure and maps

Figure Genealogy of the Chaghadaid Rulers (up to 1347) 45

Maps 1 Inner Asia c. 1250 xviii 2 The Mongol Empire xx 3 Central Asia in the time of Timur xxii 4 Central Asia in the fi fteenth and sixteenth centuries xxiii 5 Manchuria and Eastern Mongolia in c. 1600 xxiv 6 Central Asia in the seventeenth century xxv 7 Inner Mongolia under the Qing Dynasty xxvi 8 Outer Mongolia under the Qing Dynasty xxvii 9 Central Asia in the eighteenth century xxvii

viii

Contributors

Thomas T. Allsen is Professor Emeritus, The College of New Jersey. His publications include The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History (2006), Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia (2001), Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire (1997) and Mongol Imperialism: the Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251–1259 (1987).

Michal Biran is Associate Professor at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at the He- brew University of Jerusalem. Her main publications include Chingg is Khan (2007), The Qara Khitai Empire in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World (2005), Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, co-edited with Reuven Amitai-Preiss (2005) and Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State in Central Asia (1997).

Yuri Bregel is Professor Emeritus of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University, Bloomington. His major works include Khorezmskie Turkmeny v XIX veke (1961), Dokumenty arkhiva khivinskikh khanov po istorii i etnografi i karakalpakov(1967) and An Historical Atlas of Central Asia (2003). He is also the editor of the text (1988) and translation (1999) of the Firdaws al-Iqbal of Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi.

Stephen F. Dale is Professor of South Asian and Islamic History at Ohio State University. He is the author of The Garden of the Eight Paradises: Babur and the Culture of Empire, 1483–1530 (2004), Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750 (1994) and Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: the Mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922 (1980).

Devin DeWeese is Professor of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University, Blooming- ton. His publications include Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition (1994).

Nicola Di Cosmo is the Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asia Studies at the School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. His publications include Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China (2006), A Documentary History of Manchu–Mongol Relations (1616–1626), co-authored with Dalizhabu Bao (2003), Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History, co-edited with Don J. Wyatt (2003), Ancient China and its Enemies: the Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History (2002) and Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800), editor (2002).

List of contributors

Allen J. Frank is an independent scholar who lives in Takoma Park, Maryland. His publications include Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: the Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910 (2001) and Islamic Historiography and ‘Bulghar’ Identity among the Tatars and Bashkirs of Russia (1998).

Peter B. Golden is Professor of Central Eurasian History and Academic Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University. His publications include The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives, co-edited with Haggai Ben-Shammai and András Róna-Tas (2007), Türk Halkları Tarihine Giris¸, trans. Osman Karatay (2007), an expanded second edi- tion of the Turkish translation of his An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (1992), Hazarlar ve Musevîlik (The Khazars and Judaism), a collection of essays with C. Zuckerman and A. Zaja˛czkowski, edited and translated by Osman Karatay (2005), Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs (2003), The King’s Dictionary. The Rasulid Hexâglot, editor (2000), Nomads and Sedentary Societies in Medieval Eurasia (1998) and Khazar Studies, 2 vols. (1980).

Peter Jackson is Professor of Medieval History at Keele University. His main publications include The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 (2005), The Delhi Sultanate: a Political and Military History (1999) and The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: his Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke, 1253–1255, translated and co-edited with David Morgan (1990).

Beatrice Forbes Manz is Professor of History at Tufts University, Massachusetts. Her previous publications include Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran (2007), The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane (1989) and as editor, Central Asia in Historical Perspective (1994) and Studies on Chinese and Islamic Central Asia (1995).

Arsenio Peter Martinez is Emeritus Associate Professor of Middle Eastern–Islamic Studies at the State University of New York and of Social Sciences at the City University of New York. He has published extensively on Persian sources on Inner Asian history. In addition to numerous translations, his publications include ‘The Wealth of Ormus and of Ind’: the Interregional Trade in Bullion, Intergovernmental Arbitrage, and Currency Manipulation in the Il-Khanate, 1304–1350 (1995–7), and Changes in Chancery Language and Language Changes in General in the Middle East with Particular Reference to Iran in the Arab and Mongol Periods (1987–91).

R. D. McChesney is Professor Emeritus of Middle Eastern Studies and History at New York University and director of the Afghanistan Digital Library. His recent publications include Central Asia: Foundations of Change (1997) and Waqf in Central Asia (1991). He is the editor and translator of Fayz Muhammad, Kabul under Siege: an Inside Account of the 1929 Uprising (1999).

James Millward is Professor of Intersocietal History in the Department of History and School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. His research has focused on Chinese–Inner Asian relations and, in particular, the Xinjiang region. He is author of Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 (1998) and Eurasian Crossroads: a History of Xinjiang (2007).

List of contributors

Christian Noack is Lecturer for East European History (including Russia) at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. Among his publications are Muslimischer Nationalismus im Russischen Reich. Nationsbildung und Nationalbewegung bei Tataren und Baschkiren, 1860–1917 (2000).

István Vásáry is Professor of Turkic and Central Asian Studies at the Loránd Eötvös University (Budapest) and former Ambassador of the Republic of Hungary to Turkey (1991–6) and Iran (1999–2003). His recent books include Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Mili- tary in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1361 (2005); Turks, Tatars and Russians in the 13th–16th Centuries (2007); Eski ˙Iç Asya Tarihi (Turkish translation of his Pre-Mongol Inner Asia) (1993, in Hungarian) and The Golden Horde (1986) and Chancellery of the Golden Horde (1987) (both in Hungarian).

Veronika Veit is Professor of Mongolian Studies at the Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms- Universität Bonn. Her works include Petitions of Grievances, 18th to Early 20th Century, in collaboration with S. Rasidondug (1975), The Four Qans of Qalqa, according to the Iledkel sastir of 1795 (1990, in German) and The Role of Women in the Altaic World (2007), as editor.

Note on transliteration

Arabic and Persian terms, including names and titles, have been transliterated according to the system used in the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Russian has been transliterated according to the Library of Congress system. For Chinese, the pinyin transliteration system has been adopted. Turkic names and terms have been transliterated according to the system used in the Encyclopaedia of Islam with the usual exceptions (e.g. cˇ is rendered as ch). Terms of Mongolian origin have been transliterated normally in accordance with Nicholas Poppe’s Grammar of Written Mongolian except for cˇ, γ, jˇ, š which are rendered respectively as ch, gh, j, sh. The letter q has been rendered as kh in terms and names around and after 1600 for consistency with more common forms of transliteration. Many Mongol names also appear in Turkicized form, in particular when a people or political unit has adopted a name of Mongol origin (e.g. Turk. Chaghatay for Mong. Chaghadai and hence Chaghatayid for Chaghadaid, Turk. Noghay, the name of a Turko-Mongolian people, from Mong. Noghai). Both forms will be indicated in the Index. Certain forms (e.g. Qara Khitai rather than Qara Qitai) which do not conform to this schema have become generally used in the scholarly literature and are employed here. For Manchu the system of Jerry Norman’s Manchu–English Lexicon has been followed. Common renderings of place names, personal names and titles have been left in their usual English form.

xii

Abbreviations

AEMAe Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. Wiesbaden. AOH Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest. Bar Hebraeus/Budge Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography of Gregory Abu’l-Faraj 1225–1286, the Son of Aaron, the Hebrew Physician Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus, trans. E. A. W. Budge. London, 1932. Bartol’d, Sochineniia Vasilii V. Bartol’d, Sochineniia. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Vostochnoi Literatury, 1963–77. 9 vols. al-Bı¯ru¯ nı¯, A¯tha¯ r al-Bı¯r u¯ nı¯, Al-A¯tha¯ r al-Ba¯ qiyya an Qur u¯ n al- Kha¯ liyya: Chronologie Orientalischer Völker, ed. C. E. Sachau. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1878, reprint Leipzig: Brockhaus and Otto Harrassowitz, 1923, reprint Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic- Islamic Science. Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy 30, Frankfurt am Main, 1998. BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London. CAJ Central Asiatic Journal. Wiesbaden. CHChina, VI Dennis Twitchett and Herbert Franke, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. VI, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. CHEIA Denis Sinor, ed., The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. CHIran, V John A. Boyle et al., eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. V, The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. CHIran, VI Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, eds., The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. VI, The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

xiii

List of abbreviations

CMCT Chiu Man Chiu Tang. The Old Manchu Archives, vols. I–II, ed. N. Kanda, J. Matsumura and H. Okada. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1972–5. Du¯ ghla¯ t/Ross Du¯ ghla¯ t, Haidar, A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia being the Tarikh-i Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughla¯ t, ed. N. Elias, trans. E. Denison Ross, 2nd edn. London, 1898; reprint London Curzon Press, and New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972. Du¯ ghla¯ t/Thackston Du¯ ghla¯ t, Muh.ammad H. aydar, Mirza Haydar Dughlat’s Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Khans of Moghulistan, trans. W. M. Thackston. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Press, 1996; Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures 38; Central Asian Sources, III. EI1 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st edn. Leiden: Brill, 1913–36. EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn. Leiden: Brill, 1960– 2002. HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Cambridge, Mass. HUS Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Cambridge, Mass. Ibn al-Athı¯r/Tornberg Ibn al-Athı¯r, Al-Ka¯ mil f¯ıal-Tar¯ ı kh, ed. C. J. Tornberg. Beirut, 1965–6, pagination diff ers from the Leiden, 1851–76 edn. 12 vols. Ibn Bat.t. u¯t.a/Defrémery Voyages d’Ibn Bat.t. u¯t.a, ed. and trans. Charles Defrémery and B. R. Sanguinetti. Paris: L’Imprimirie Nationale, 1969. 4 vols. Ibn Bat.t. u¯t.a/Gibb Ibn Bat.t. u¯t.a, The Travels of Ibn Bat.t. u¯t.a, trans. Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Cambridge, Mass.: The Hakluyt Society, 1958–94. 4 vols. Ibn Khaldu¯n Ibn Khaldu¯n, Abd al-Rah.ma¯ n, Kita¯ b al-ibar. Beirut: Da¯ r al-Kita¯ b al-Lubna¯ n¯ı, 1957. 7 vols. Reprint Beirut: Da¯ r al-Kita¯ b al-Lubna¯ nı¯, 1983–6. 14 vols. Ibn Khaldu¯ n/Muqaddima Ibn Khaldu¯ n, The Muqaddima (Muqaddimatu l-alamati bni Khaldun). Beirut, 1886. Ibn al-Nafı¯s Ibn al-Nafı¯s, The Theologus Autodidactus of Ibn al-Naf¯ ı s , trans. Max Meyerhof and Joseph Schacht. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. IVRUz Institut vostokovedeniia Akademii nauk Respubliki Uzbekistana (Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan). JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society. JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. al-Juvainı¯/Boyle al-Juvaini, At.a¯ -malik, The History of the World- Conqueror, trans. E. J. Boyle. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958. Reprint Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997. 2 vols. al-Juvainı¯/Qazvı¯nı¯ al-Juvainı¯, Ta’r¯ ı kh-i Jaha¯ n-Gusha¯ , ed. M. Qazvı¯nı¯. Leiden and London, 1912, 1916, 1937. 3 vols.

xiv

List of abbreviations

Ju¯ zja¯ nı¯/H. abı¯bı¯ Minha¯ j al-Dı¯n al-Ju¯ zja¯ nı¯, T.abaq a¯ t-i Na¯ s.ir¯ ı, ed. A. H. ab¯ıbı¯. Tehran, 1363/1984. JWH Journal of World History. Ka¯ sˇγarı¯/Dankoff hMa .mu¯ d al-Ka¯ sˇγarı¯, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (D¯ıwa¯ n Luγa¯ t al-Turk), ed. and trans. R. Dankoff in collaboration with J. Kelly. Cambridge, Mass., 1982–5. 3 vols. Khva¯ ndamı¯r/Thackston Khva¯ ndamı¯r, H. ab¯ ı bu’ siyar [sic], ed. and trans. Wheeler M. Thackston. Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, 1994. 3 vols. Mengda beilu/Wang Zhao Hong, Mengda beilu, in Wang Guowei, ed., Mengg u shiliao sizhong. Taibei: Zhengzhong shuju, 1975. Mengda beilu/Olbricht, Pinks Meng-ta Pei-lu und Hei-Ta Shih-Lüeh, intro. by Erich Haenisch and Yao Tsung-wu, trans. and commentary by Peter Olbricht and Elisabeth Pinks. Asiatische Forschungen 56. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1980. Munzavı¯, Ganj-bakhsh Munzavı¯, Ah.mad, ed., Fihrist-i nuskhaha¯ -yi khat.t.¯ı-i Kit a¯ bkh a¯ nah-i Ganj-bakhsh, vol. IV. Islamabad: Markaz-i Tah.q¯ıqa¯ t-i Fa¯ rsı¯-yi ¯Ira¯ n va Pa¯ kista¯ n, 1982. MWLD Manwen laodang [Manbun Ro¯ to¯ ] Tongki fuka hergei-i dangse. The Secret Chronicles of the Manchu Dynasty 1607–1637 A.D. Trans. and annotated by Kanda Nobuo et al. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, 1955–63. 7 vols. Nakhchiva¯ nı¯, Dastu¯ r Nakhchiva¯ nı¯, Muh. ammad b. Hindu¯ sha¯ h, Dastu¯ r al-ka¯ tib f¯ı tay¯ ın al-mara¯ tib (Rukovodstvo dlia pistsa pri opredelenii stepenei), ed. A. A. Ali-zade. Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1976; Pamiatniki literatury narodov Vostoka, Teksty, Bol’shaia seriia 9. 2 vols. in 3. Al-Nasawı¯/Buniiatov Shiha¯ b al-Dı¯n Muh.ammad al-Nasawı¯, S¯ ırat al-Sult.a¯ n Jala¯ l al-D¯ın Mankburn¯ı (Zhizneopisanie sultana Dzhalal ad-Dina Mankburny), ed. and Russian trans. Z. M. Buniiatov. Moscow: Vostochnaia Literatura, 1996. ONS Oriental Numismatic Society. London. PSRL Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei. St Petersburg/ Petrograd/Leningrad, 1846– . 43 vols. to date. Qarshı¯ Qarsh¯ı, Jama¯ l, Mulkhaqa¯ t al-s.ura¯ h., in V. V. Bartol’d, Turkestan v epokhu mongol’skogo nashestviia, vol. I (texts). St Petersburg: Tipografi ia imperatorskoi akademii nauk, 1900, pp. 128–52. Qa¯ sha¯ n¯ı Qa¯ sha¯ nı¯, Abu¯ al-Qa¯ sim Abdalla¯ h b. Alı¯, Tar¯ ıkh-i Uljaytu¯ , ed. Mahin Hambly. Tehran: Bangah-i tarjumah wa-nashr-i kita¯ b, 1969. QGZ/Taskin Ye Lungli, Qidan guozhi: Istoriia gosudarstva kidanei (tsidan’ gochzhi), trans. V. S. Taskin. Moscow, 1979.

List of abbreviations

QTZWHSL Qing Taizu Wuhuangdi Shilu. In Qing shi lu, vol. II. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985. Qutadghu Bilig Yu¯ suf Khas.s. H. a¯ jib, Kutadgu Bilig, ed. R. R. Arat. Ankara, 1979. Qutadghu Bilig/Eng. R. Dankoff , trans., Wisdom of Royal Glory. Chicago, 1983. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Ali-za¯ de et al. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Ja¯ mi‘ al-Tava¯ r¯ ı kh, ed. A. A. Ali-za¯ de, A. A. Romaskevich and L. A Khetagurov. Baku: Nashariyya¯ t -i farhangista¯ n-i ulu¯ m-i jumhu¯ ri-i sosiya¯ lı¯stı¯-i Adharbayja¯ n, 1957; Moscow: Nauka, 1965/68, 1980. 3 vols. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Blochet Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Fad. lalla¯ h, Ja¯ mi al-tava¯ r¯ ıkh, vol. II, ed. Edgar Blochet, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series 18. London and Leiden: Luzac and Brill, 1911. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Boyle Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Fad. lalla¯ h Ab u¯ al-Khayr, The Successors of Genghis Khan, ed. and trans. John A. Boyle. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1971. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Jahn Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Ta¯ r¯ ı kh-i Muba¯ rak-i Gha¯ za¯ n¯ı, ed. Karl Jahn. Gibb Memorial Series 14. London: Lusac & Co., 1940. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Karı¯mı¯ Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Ja¯ mi‘ al-Tava¯ ar¯ ı kh, ed. Barman Karı¯mı¯. Tehran: Iqba¯ l, 1338/1959. 2 vols. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Rawshan Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n, Fad. lalla¯ h, Ja¯ mi al-Tava¯ r¯ ı kh, ed. M. and Mu¯ savı¯ Rawshan and M. Mu¯ savı¯. Tehran, 1373/1994. 4 vols. Rashı¯d al-Dı¯n/Thackston Rashiduddin Fazlullah’s Jamiut-tawarikh. Compendium of Chronicles, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston. Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures: Central Asian Sources 4. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998–9. 3 vols. Secret History/de Rachewiltz Igor de Rachewiltz, The Secret History of the Mongols: a Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Brill’s Inner Asian Library 7. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 2 vols. Sha¯ mı¯/Tauer Sha¯ mı¯, Ni z.a¯ m al-Dı¯n (1937, 1956) Histoire des conquêtes de Tamerlan intitulée Z. afarna¯ ma, par Niz.a¯ mudd¯ın Sha¯ m¯ı, ed. Felix Tauer. Prague: Oriental Institute, 1937, 1956. 2 vols. (Vol. II contains additions made by H. a¯ fi z.-i Abr u¯ .) Simna¯ nı¯, Opera minora Ala¯ uddawla Simna¯ nı¯, Opera minora, ed. W. M. Thackston, Jr. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Offi ce of the University Publisher, 1988; Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 10, ed. S¸inasi Tekin and Gönül Alpay Tekin, Islamic Sources 2. Simna¯ nı¯, al-Urwa Simna¯ nı¯, Ala¯ al-Dawla, al-Urva li-ahl al-khalva va’l-jalva, ed. Najı¯b Ma¯ yil Haravı¯. Tehran: Intisha¯ ra¯ t-i Mawla¯ , 1362/1983. SR Slavic Review.

xvi

List of abbreviations

SVR Sobranie vostochnykh rukopisei Akademii nauk Uzbekskoi SSR; vol. III, ed. A. A. Semenov. Tashkent: Fan, 1955; vol. IX, ed. A. Urunbaev and L. M. Epifanova. Tashkent: Fan, 1971. Tavakkul¯ı, S.afvat al-s.af a¯ Ibn Bazza¯ z Ardabı¯lı¯, ‘Tavakkulı¯’. S.afvat al-s.afa¯ , ed. Ghula¯ m-riz.a¯ T. aba¯ t.aba¯ ¯ı-Majd. Tabriz, 1373/1994. al-Umarı¯/India al-Umarı¯, Ah.mad b. Yah.ya ibn Fad. lalla¯ h, A Fourteenth Century Arab Account of India under Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq. Being English Translation of the Chapters on India from Shiha¯ b al-Di¯ ı n al-Umar¯ ı’s Masa¯ lik al-abs.a¯ r fi -mama¯ lik al-ams.a¯ r, ed. Iqtidar H. Siddiqi and Qazi M. Ahmad. Aligarh: Siddiqi Pub. House, 1972. al-Umarı¯/Lech al-Umarı¯, Das mongolische Weltreich: al-Umar¯ ı’s Darstellung der mongolischen Reiche in seinem Werk Masa¯ lik al-abs.a¯ r f¯ ı mama¯ lik al-ams.a¯ r, ed. and trans. Klaus Lech. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1968. Asiatische Forschungen 22. Vas.s.a¯ f Vas.s.a¯ f, Abd Alla¯ h b. Fad.l Alla¯ h, Tar¯ ıkh-i Vas.s.a¯ f (Tajziyat al-ams.a¯ r va-tazjiyat al-as.a¯ r) (reprint Tehran: Shamsı¯ 1338 S/1959–60 of facs. edn. Bombay, 1269 H/1852–3. Reprint Tehran: Ibn-i Sina, 1338/1959). Yazdı¯/Abba¯ sı¯ Yazdı¯, Sharaf al-Dı¯n Alı¯, Z. afarna¯ ma, ed. Muh.ammad Abba¯ sı¯. Tehran: Amı¯r Kabı¯r, sh. 1336/1957. 2 vols. YS Song Lian, Yuan shi [The Offi cial History of the Yuan]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976. 15 vols. Yule, Cathay H. Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Series II, vol. XXXVII. Reprint Nendeln/Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1967.

xvii

a n POLAND u b e Cracow Novgorod

Buda Pest Spalato HUNGARY (Split) ES ITI AL Vladimir Kiev IP D C IN n R Rlazan Vo i P lg e S’ a p U n e R o r D Bulghar M Q MORDVINS VOLGA BULGARS e I Ukek d Sudaq Constantinople P i (Soldia) New Sarai BASHKIRS t Bla C e ck Kaffa Ural r Nicaoa S r e H Ir t a R a y U s Sarai h n M A e Konya a Q n LESSER GEORGIA QANGLÏ ARMENIA a S Tiflis e e Ayas S a Darband Aral Yangikent Lake n Sea Ja Balkhash Aleppo a x i a r Sighnaq p t

s Tabriz e Q i S C AR Acre s ’ s hu LU

Damascus r Q

H S g a T Mosul i C A Utrar Talas T Maragha H Balasaghun P CALIPHATE S Alamut M QARA KHITAI Sultaniyya Z Y A Tashkent BaghdadE R Bukhara u A EMPIRE p Hamadan Ray O G W Samarqand h H Merv x r K E u a R s Kashghar E I te Nishapur s Isfahan P E M Balkh Herat Khotan Yazd AT ER Kabul Shiraz H Kirman Peshawar Nandana FARS KIRMAN Tiginabad Hurmuz (Qandahar) Lahore Multan QAIS s M du Samana AK In Amroha RA Sivistan Uch N (Sehvan) Delhi DELHI SULTANATE

0 500 1000 1500 km

0 250 500 750 1000 miles

Map 1 Inner Asia c. 1250

xviii

Y e n i s r e O u

b i

m A

n FOREST PEOPLES n

no e Lake O l u r Baikal e T RA K I T QÏRGHÏZ O I S K R a R N ng MONGOLS A A le E T I M Se M A N S T A T A R IT I EY G ER G K Qaraqorum N Liaoyang Imil O Qayaligh Q K Shangdu OR Almaligh Beshbaligh Y ÖNGG O Hami ÜT JAPAN

(Qamul) Y

TANGUT e

UIGHUR l

l o KINGDOM (XIXIA) w JIN R EMPIRE i v EMPIRE e r Khotan Kaifeng Yangzhou Hangzhou gzi an TIBET Y Fuzhou Quanzhou SONG EMPIRE L I A Guangzhou D

L G A E N B A N N BURMA A M

C H

P A

xix

a n POLAND u b e

HUNGARY

D n Vo i lg e a p n e o r D

M Q

e I d B P i lac t k C U S ral e e r a H Ir t r y s a A h n e GEORGIA Q a I n a e

S S e L Aral Yangikent Lake n a Sea Ja Balkhash a x i a r p t

s K e i C

s s hu r g a T i C T P H CHAGHADAI Y

E u O p G A x h u KHANATE r s a E t es Kashghar N

A T E

us Ind DELHI SULTANATE

0 500 1000 1500 km

0 250 500 750 1000 miles

Map 2 The Mongol Empire

Y e n i s r e O u

b i

m A

n o n

e Lake On l u r Baikal e K

a ng Sele

Qaraqorum Liaoyang

KO Shangdu R Y O JAPAN Tadu Suzhou R iv w er lo Yel

YUAN EMPIRE gzi an TIBET Y

xxi

0 500 1000 km Moscow 0 500250 750 miles

Bulghar

GOLDEN HORDE

Saray

BLUE HORDE Derbent Sighnaq KHOREZM Otrar MO GH Tabriz U GHATAY Tashkent L HA I S C T Bukhara Samarqand Uzgard A S eraf N LU Z shan U River Kashghar Termez Kunduz Isfahan Balkh Yazd Herat Kabul

Map 3 Central Asia in the time of Timur

xxii

Moscow RUSSIAN PRINCIPALITIES Kazan KA Isker/Sibir ZA N K HAN Tura KHANATE OF SIBIR ATE Ufa CRIMEAN BASHKIRS KHANATE NOMADIC NO Saray GREAT GH UZBEKS AY HORDE S ASTRAKHAN KHANATE Astrakhan Saraychiq Q A Z A Q

A S Z E Derbent R B A I E J H’ A KHOREZM SEMIREC N Urgench Turkistan Tabriz TUR KM Bukhara Tashkent M EN O S Andijan GH UL Samarqand ISTA SHÏBANIDS Kashghar N Termez Balkh Herat Kabul 0 500 1000 km

0 500250 750 miles

Map 4 Central Asia in the fi fteenth and sixteenth centuries

xxiii

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xxiv

Moscow Kazan Perm Tobol‘sk

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0 500 1000 1500 km

0 500250 750 1000 miles

Map 6 Central Asia in the seventeenth century

xxv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84926-5 - The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age Edited by Nicola Di Cosmo, Allen J. Frank and Peter B. Golden Frontmatter More information Ghorlos Mukden Dörbet Ghorlos Khorchin FENGTIAN Jalayit Khorchin Tümet Khorchin JERIM LEAGUE Khorchin Khorchin Khorchin Tümet Karachin

Naiman E U Jarut G A Jarut Aokhan LE TU U

Barin S O Wudan J Ongniut Aru Khorchin Shanhaiguan Barin Ongniut Karachin JUU UDA LEAGUE Üjümchin Karachin SHANDONG Üjümchin Khauchit Beijing Kesigten Jingpeng Dolonnor Chengde Abaghanar

Abaghanar S

Khauchit

R Zhangjiakou

Abagha E N

Abagha N A

Sünit

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Map 7 Inner Mongolia under the Qing Dynasty

3 U ( Höhhot

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H K

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Wang A SHAANXI

Maominggan

K 00 R

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YEKE JUU LEAGUE

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xxvi

r a u n m e A L

b i g e O s a i r n a e Y L. Baikal

SECHEN TANNU ULA REGION KHAN AIMAGH

Ulaanbaatar KOBDO REGION SAYIN NOYAN TÜSIYETÜ Irtysh KHAN AIMAGH KHAN AIMAGH JASAGHTU KHAN AIMAGH

H 0 500 1000 1500 km e

0 250 500 750 1000 miles

Map 8 Outer Mongolia under the Qing Dynasty

Moscow UDMURTS MARI Perm Kazan Tobol‘sk CHUVASH TATARS Ufa Petropavlovsk Samara BASHKIRS Ural’sk Orenburg Omsk

NOGHAYS JUNIOR HORDE Semipalatinsk Astrakhan Q A Z A Q S

MIDDLE HORDE JUNGARIA KHANATE OF KHIVA SENIOR HORDE Khiva Turkistan TU QIRGHIZ RKM Tashkent ENS EMIRATE OF Bukhara Qoqand BUKHARA Samarqand Kashghar

0 500 1000 1500 km

0 250 500 750 1000 miles

Map 9 Central Asia in the eighteenth century xxvii