DOCSLIB.ORG

Optical Mineralogy and Petrography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optical Mineralogy and Petrography INTROD U CTION TO Opti cal Mineralogy a n d P e t r o g r a p h y The P racti cal M etho ds o f Id e n tify i n g M i n e ral s i n T h i n S e c t i o n W i t h t h e Mi cro sc o p e a n d The P rincipl es Invo lved in The Classificatio n o f Ro cks By D M . M . G . ED WAR S A . , In s truc to r i n Ge o l o gy and M in e ral o gy Ca se Scho o l o f App lied Sc i en ce . CLE E V LAN D, O H IO , 1916 . 1 9 1 6 C opyright , , by D M . G . E W A RD S Th G r ne r P ri n i n o e a d t g C . PREFACE. I N THE preparation of this volume the writer has at tempted to gather together and systematize in a manner accessible f or ready reference those facts which are essen tial to a field geologist or to a mining engineer in an understanding of the fundamental principles involved in the class ification and identifica tion of rocks . In the field , a prelimina ry classification is usually made by macro scopic means . However, it is often necessary to make a more careful classificati on by a microscopic examination of a thin section of the minerals comprising the rock mass . To do this successfully requ ires a knowledge of the application of light to crystalline substances . Thi s volume differs from most of the reference and text books relating to this subj ect in that it incorporates in one volume the elements of o ptical mineralogy and the elements of petrography . In Part One , eight general operations f or the determination of unknown minerals in thin section are described , prefaced by a short summary of the principles of optics which apply to the trans mission of t polarized light through minerals . D escriptions of fif y eight of the most common of the rock-making minerals are given , special attention being given to the criteria for the determination of these minerals in thin section . o n bi Their f rm , cleavage , twinni g , color, refringence , refringence , extinction angles , pleochroism , absorption , optical character, inclusions , alterations , occu rrences , ff a uses , and di erenti tion from similar minerals , are all discussed whenever applicable . An elementary knowl edge of crystallography and descriptive mineralogy is assumed . 4 OPTICAL M INERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY of a In Pa rt Two , the principles petrogr phy are dis a cussed briefly . Attention is given to the cl ssification and description of the more important i gneous rock types and o a Following Iddings , Winchell , ther Americ n and petrographers , the symbols X , Y , Z , are here em ployed in referring to the axes of ether elasticity , instead of the German a , b , and c , used in many text and refer o ence books . This is done to av id confusion , especially in conversation or discussion , with the crystallographic axes . o o The writer is indebted to Pr fess r Frank R . Van Horn for suggestions . Among the reference and text books most frequently consulted the writer wishes t o ’ " acknowledge Winchell s Elements of Optical Miner " ’ " " o Johannsen s Ma a of o a al gy , nu l Petr gr phic Methods , ’ " " ’ " Lu uer s M r q inerals in Rock Sections , Rog e s s Study of ’ " ’ " M a a o iner ls , Findl y s Igne u s Rocks , Kemp s Hand f " ’ ’ " book o Rocks , Ries and Watson s Engineering Geol " ’ " " ogy , and Farrell s Practical Field Geology . M . G. EDWARDS . Cleveland Ohi o Februar 1 9 1 6 , , y, . T A B L E O F C O N T EN T S N I TRO D UCTION . PAGE " PAR T O NE . O P TICA L M IN ERA L O GY . — A TH CHAPTER 1 . THE E LE MENTS OF OPTICS ND E APPLICATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT TO CRYSTALLINE S UBSTANCES The Nature of Light — Isotropic and Aniso tropic Media — Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals Index of Refraction D ouble Refraction Interference Polarization . R Z CHAPTER 2 . THE POLA I ING MICROSCOPE AND ITS PARTS Microscope Nicol Prisms Condensing Lens Cross Hairs Stage Mirror Obj ective Bertrand Lens Ocular Micrometer Ad j ustment Screws . _ — E CHAPTER 3 . GENERAL METHODS OF MINERAL D TERM INATION 1 . By the General Physical Properties ; 2 . By the Relative Refractive Index Method of D ue de Chaulnes Immersion M e t h o d B ecke im Method Scale of Refringence ; 3 . By the R f ring ence Interference C o l o r s Axes of Ether Vibration Optic Plane Scale of Ri refringence . — CHAPTER 4 . GENERAL METHODS OF MINERAL DE TERM INATION ( Continued ) — 4 . By Axial Interference Figures Uniaxial 6 OPTICAL M INERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY D 6 . and B iaxial ; 5 . By ispersion ; By Optical Character Quartz-Sensitive Tint Quarter Undulation Mica Plate Quartz Wedge ; 7 . By the Extinction Ang le Parallel an d Oblique Extinction ; 8 . By Pleochroism . — OF R CHAPTER 5 . D ESCRIPTION I MPORTANT OCK MAKING MINERALS Isometric Minerals . — OF M Con CHAPTER 6 . DESCRIPTION INERALS ( tinued) Tetragonal Hexagonal . — OF M Con CHAPTER 7 . DESCRIPTION INERALS ( tinued) Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic . R R H . PART TWO . PET O G AP Y — U CHAPTER 8 . GENERAL D ISCU SSION OF IGNEO S ROCKS Classification — Essenti al and Accessory Min erals — Primary and Secondary Minerals Texture — Rosenbusch ’ s Law — Volcanic and Plutonic Rocks Petrogeny Magmas D if f erenti ati on Magmatic Stoping Crystal — lization Influence of Gases on a Magma Relation between Composition of Igneo us Rocks — and Mag mas Aids in the D etermination of R Igneous ocks in Hand Specimen . C 9 — — HAPTER . IGNEOUS ROCK TYPES PLUTONIC ROCK S Granite Syenite Nephelite and Leucite Syenite D iorite Gabbro and Norite Es TABLE OF CONTENTS i li ni e sex te Theralite , Shonkinite , Ma g t , Ij ol M o ite , issourite P e r i d t i t e Pyroxen ite , Hornblendite . — — CHAPTER 1 0 . IGNEOUS ROC K TYPES VOLCANIC Rhyol ite Trachyte Phonol ite Andesite D acite Basalt Trachydolerite Tephrite , B asanite Leucitite , Nephelinite Limburg ite Augitite . Pyroclastic rocks . - A CHAPTER 1 1 . SEDI MENTARY ND META M ORPH IC ROCKS Sedimentary Rocks Classificati on—Cong lom erate B reccia Sandstone Shale Loess Sand D unes Limestone Gypsum An hydrite Halite Flint Iron Ores Phos phate Rock Carbonaceous Rock . Metamorphic Rocks Composition , Chemical and Mineralogical Agents of Metamorphism Gneiss S c h i s t Quartzite Slate and Phyllite Marble Serpentine Ophicalcite Soapstone . AP PEND IX . S U GGESTIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL WORK Observation f or Geological Mapping . Criteria f o o Relative Age . Table for the Examination f o r R cks in the Laborato y . I NDEX N ROD C IO I T U T N . THE TERM Petrology is derived from the two Greek s words p etros ( rock) and log o ( discourse) , from which the modern definition , the science or treatise of rocks , has been evolved . The term has a wide scope , and embraces not onl y the study of the origin and transfo rmation of rocks but a consideration of thei r mineral composition , classification , description and identification based upon r either megascopic o microscopic characteristics . Petrology may be subdivided into the following spe cial studies : Petrogeny , which is concerned with the origin of rocks , and Petrography , which is concerned with the systematic classificati on and description of rocks megascopically and microscopically . It is the latter phas e of the subj ect which i s dealt with chiefly in the following notes . Petrography may be divided f or the sake of con venience into megascopic petrography and microscopic petrography , depending upon whether or not the student i s basing his identification , classification and description upon a study of the rock in hand specimen or in thin sec tion with the aid of the polarizing microscope . The use of the polarizing microscope necessarily em tails a brief review of the elements of optics and a con sideration of the application of polarizing light to crys ll ta ine substances . This is a specia l study in itself, and is called Optical Mineralogy . Assuming that the student has had little or no previous experience with the study of the optical properties of minerals , a short review of the optical characters of the more important rock-making 1 0 OPTICAL M INERALOGY AND PETROGRAPHY a to minerals is given . Speci l attention is given the criteria f or the determ inati on of the minera l in thin sec tion and diagn ostics f or the differentiati on of the mineral from similar minerals . — a a Hi s to ry o f Pe tr o gr aphy . Gre t adv nces in the knowl edge of mineralogy marked the latter half of the eight a a at eenth century . Incident lly there followed sever l 1 787 tempts to classify rocks , which resulted in in the publication of two cla ssifications by Karl Haidinger ’ G. (Vienna ) and A . Werner ( Dresden ) Werner s classi o ficati on was stratigraphic rather than petr graphic , but he described rocks in terms of mineralogical compo sition f a be and physical characteristics , and he dif erenti ted o tween essential and access ry minerals . " r o In 1 80 1 , Abb R .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thin Section Petrography for Ceramic Glaze Microstructures
    minerals Commentary Breaking Preconceptions: Thin Section Petrography For Ceramic Glaze Microstructures Roberta Di Febo 1,2,3,*, Lluís Casas 4 , Jordi Rius 5, Riccardo Tagliapietra 6 and Joan Carles Melgarejo 7 1 Dept. de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i Edad Mitjana, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici B, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain 2 Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics (UEA), Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain 3 U Science Tech, MECAMAT group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, C. De la Laura 13, 08500 Catalonia, Spain 4 Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] 5 Institute de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] 6 Renishaw S.p.A Via dei Prati 5, 10044 Pianezza (TO), Italia; [email protected] 7 Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +34-977-249-133 Received: 16 December 2018; Accepted: 12 February 2019; Published: 15 February 2019 Abstract: During the last thirty years, microstructural and technological studies on ceramic glazes have been essentially carried out through the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). On the contrary, optical microscopy (OM) has been considered of limited use in solving the very complex and fine-scale microstructures associated with ceramic glazes.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Composition, Petrography, and Mineral Chemistry of Odp Site 1224 Eocene Ferrobasalts (Leg 200; North Pacific Ocean)1
    Kasahara, J., Stephen, R.A., Acton, G.D., and Frey, F.A. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Volume 200 3. COMPOSITION, PETROGRAPHY, AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF ODP SITE 1224 EOCENE FERROBASALTS (LEG 200; NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN)1 Michele Lustrino2,3 ABSTRACT The ~46-m.y.-old igneous basement cored during Leg 200 in the North Pacific represents one of the few cross sections of Pacific oceanic crust with a total penetration into basalt of >100 m. The rocks, em- placed during the Eocene at a fast-spreading rate (~14 cm/yr; full rate) 1Lustrino, M., 2006. Composition, are strongly differentiated tholeiitic basalts (ferrobasalts) with 7–4.5 petrography, and mineral chemistry of wt% MgO, relatively high TiO (2–3.5 wt%), and total iron as Fe O ODP Site 1224 Eocene ferrobasalts (Leg 2 2 3 200; North Pacific Ocean). In (9.1–16.8 wt%). The differentiated character of these lavas is related to Kasahara, J., Stephen, R.A., Acton, unusually large amounts of crystallization differentiation of plagioclase, G.D., and Frey, F.A. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, clinopyroxene, and olivine. Sci. Results, 200, 1–36 [Online]. The lithostratigraphy of the basement (cored to ~170 meters below Available from World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/ seafloor) is divided into three units. The deepest unit (lithologic Unit publications/200_SR/VOLUME/ 3), is a succession of lava flows of no more that a few meters thickness CHAPTERS/008.PDF>. [Cited YYYY- each. The intermediate unit (lithologic Unit 2) is represented by inter- MM-DD] mixed thin flows and pillows, whereas the shallowest unit (lithologic 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Unit 1), comprises two massive flows.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography Edward F
    Chapter 4 Petrography Edward F. Stoddard A petrographic study was taken in order to help determine the sources of lithic artifacts found at archaeological sites on Fort Bragg. In the first phase of the study, known and suspected archaeological quarry sites in the central Piedmont of North Carolina were visited. From each quarry, hand specimens were collected and petrographic thin sections were examined in an attempt to establish a basis for distinguishing among the quarries. If material from each quarry was sufficiently distinctive, then quarry sources could potentially be matched with Fort Bragg lithic artifacts. Seventy-one samples from 12 quarry zones were examined (Table 4.1). Thirty- one of these samples are from five quarry zones in the Uwharrie Mountains region; 20 of these were collected and described previously by Daniel and Butler (1996). Forty specimens were collected from seven additional quarry zones in Chatham, Durham, Person, Orange, and Cumberland Counties. All quarries are within the Carolina Terrane, except the Cumberland County quarry, which occurs in younger sedimentary material derived primarily from Carolina Terrane outcrops. Rocks include both metavolcanic and metasedimentary types. Compositionally, most metavolcanic rocks are dacitic and include flows, tuffs, breccias, and porphyries. Metasedimentary rocks are metamudstone and fine metasandstone. The Uwharrie quarries are divided into five zones: Eastern, Western, Southern, Asheboro, and Southeastern. The divisions are based primarily on macroscopic petrography and follow the results of Daniel and Butler (1996); the Uwharries Southeastern zone was added in this study. Each of the Uwharrie quarry zones represents three to six individual quarries in relatively close proximity. Rock specimens are all various felsic metavolcanic rocks, but zones may be distinguished based upon mineralogy and texture.
    [Show full text]
  • Ore Petrography Using Optical Image Analysis: Application to Zaruma-Portovelo Deposit (Ecuador)
    geosciences Article Ore Petrography Using Optical Image Analysis: Application to Zaruma-Portovelo Deposit (Ecuador) Edgar Berrezueta 1,*, Berta Ordóñez-Casado 1, Wilson Bonilla 2, Richard Banda 3, Ricardo Castroviejo 4, Paul Carrión 5 and Stalin Puglla 6 1 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, C/Matemático Pedrayes, 25, Oviedo 33005, Spain; [email protected] 2 Consultor-Auditor Minero Freelance, Piñas 070401, Ecuador; [email protected] 3 Universidad de Guayaquil, Av. Raúl Gómez Lince s/n y Av. Juan Tanca Marengo, Guayaquil 090612, Ecuador; [email protected] 4 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. España, C/Ríos Rosas, 21, Madrid 28003, Spain; [email protected] 5 Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Campus Prosperina Espol, Guayaquil 090903, Ecuador; [email protected] 6 Compañía Minera PL S.A., Zaruma 070301,Ecuador; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-609-381-623 Academic Editor: Antonio Acosta-Vigil Received: 19 April 2016; Accepted: 12 June 2016; Published: 21 June 2016 Abstract: Optical image analysis (OIA) supporting microscopic observation can be applied to improve ore mineral characterization of ore deposits, providing accurate and representative numerical support to petrographic studies, on the polished section scale. In this paper, we present an experimental application of an automated mineral quantification process on polished sections from Zaruma-Portovelo intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit (Ecuador) using multispectral and color images. Minerals under study were gold, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, hematite, chalcocite, pentlandite, covellite, tetrahedrite and native bismuth. The aim of the study was to quantify the ore minerals visible in polished section through OIA and, mainly, to show a detailed description of the methodology implemented.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography, Mineralogy, and Chemistry of Calcite-Silica Deposits at Exile Hill, Nevada, Compared with Local Spring Deposits
    II--- LA-13096-MS - 9WM At .4staty of RAf - 2- AsAW Petrography,Mineralogy, and Chemistry of I _I Calcite-SilicaDeposits at Exile Hill, Nevada, |~~~~~ - - 1i I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Compared with Local Spring Deposits Los Alamos I NATIONAL LABORATORY I __ __ I____ _ - -1- - _- I Los Alamos National laboratoryis operated by the University of Califonia for the United States Departmentof Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. This work was supported by the Yucca Mountain Site CharacterizationOfice as part of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program. This project is managed by the US Departmentof Energy, Yucca Mountain Site Characteriza- tion Project. An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer This reportwas p redasanaccount ofuwk sponsoredby an agency ofthe United States Government. Neither The Regents of the University of California, the United States Government nor any agency thereo, noranyoftheiremployees,makesany warranty,expressormplited, orassumesany legal liability or responsibityfor the accuracy, completeness, or usefness of any irmation,apparatus, product, orprocessdisdosed,orrepresentsthatitsusetouldnotingepriveatlyownedrighs.Referenceherein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trndemark,manufacturer, or otherwise,doesnotnessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsemt,recmmendation,orfjvoringby7The Regents ofthe UniveityofCalifornia,the United States Government, oranyagencythereof. Thevies and opinions of authorsexpressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of The Regents of the University of California,the United States Government, or any agency thereof 4i LA-13096-MS UC-802 Issued: December 1995 Petrography,Mineralogy, and Chemistry of Calcite-SilicaDeposits at Exile Hill, Nevada, Comparedwith Local Spring Deposits D. T. Vaniman, S. J. Chipera, and D. L. Bish Lcs Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of the Almanden Garnet, and Implication for Kelyphite Texture in the Miocene Alkaline Basaltic Rocks North East Jordan
    International Journal of Geosciences, 2014, 5, 222-237 Published Online February 2014 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.52024 Petrography and Mineral Chemistry of the Almanden Garnet, and Implication for Kelyphite Texture in the Miocene Alkaline Basaltic Rocks North East Jordan Ibrahim Ahmad Ali Bany Yaseen Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Al-Albayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan Email: [email protected] Received December 5, 2013; revised January 4, 2014; accepted February 3, 2014 Copyright © 2014 Ibrahim Ahmad Ali Bany Yaseen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribu- tion License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Ibrahim Ahmad Ali Bany Yaseen. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian. ABSTRACT The Miocene alkali basaltic rocks cover the northeastern part of Jordan, within Harrat Al-Shaam plateau. The volcanic concentrated along the Dead Sea boundary and spread around the north east of Jordan area, and was considered as interplat volcanic field in Jordan. The volcanic basalt is associated with xenoliths fragmental rocks or xenocryst minerals. Nine samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for XRD, XRF and SEM. These samples presented the xenoliths rocks and minerals existing in the study area. This study is focused on the garnet and pyroxene xenoliths minerals in Tulayl Al-Hasna area within Ufayhim Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography of Shales: a Survey of Techniques
    1 Petrography of Shales: A Survey of Techniques by Jürgen Schieber1 and Winfried Zimmerle2 1Department of Geology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA; 2Prinzengarten 6, D- 29223 Celle, Germany Introduction With clays typically being the most abundant constituent of shales, their study and identification has long figured prominently in the petrographic study of shales. Useful texts are those by Correns (1938), Müller, 1967, Grim (1968), Millot (1970), Weaver (1989), Serra (1990), Jasmund and Lagaly (1991), and Blatt (1992). They cover aspects such as classical clay mineralogy, applied clay mineralogy, clay geology, clay deposition, clay in engineering geology, geochemistry, clay diagenesis and logging responses. When dealing with clay minerals one has to keep in mind that they are typically metastable (Lippmann, 1979), a circumstance that makes precise determination often difficult (e.g. mixed-layer clays, glauconite group). Besides the composition-centered, general classification schemes mentioned in the introduction to this book (e.g. Ingram, 1953; Dunbar and Rodgers, 1957; Folk, 1965; Picard, 1971; Lewan, 1979; Blatt, Middleton, and Murray; 1980; Lundegard and Samuels, 1980; Potter et al, 1980), several authors have presented classification schemes that were designed to meet specific needs of a region, basin, or stratigraphic unit. Conze (1984) defined six types of fine-grained sediments in the Upper Carboniferous of the Ruhr basin, based on grain size, sedimentary structures, and organic carbon content. Nuhfer et al. (1979) presented a classification Devonian shales of the eastern US that relies heavily on features observed in X-radiographs. Mineralogical-geochemical classifications of some genetic kaolinite types, resulting from bedrock weathering and recycling of clays from older sediments, were presented by Lasch and Thiergärtner (1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography and Environmental Analysis of Some Pennsylvanian Limestones from Central Texas
    ftfflse Memorial Library Petrography and Environmental Analysis of Some Pennsylvanian Limestones from Central Texas GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 315-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Economic Geology The University of Texas Petrography and Environmental Analysis of Some Pennsylvanian Limestones from Central Texas By ROBERT T. TERRIERE PENNSYLVANIAN AND LOWER PERMIAN ROCKS OF PARTS OF WEST AND CENTRAL TEXAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 31S-E Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Economic Geology The University of Texas UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEW ART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. - 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract-____--_______ ______ 79 Constituents of the limestone Continued Introduction ________________ 80 Authigenic constituents Continued Purpose of the study. ____ 80 Other minerals _____________________________ 94 Geologic setting. ________ 80 Description of limestone units of the Graham formation.. 94 Methods of study. _______ 85 Limestone unit A of the Bluff Creek shale member__ 94 Constituents of the limestone.. 87 Limestone unit B of the Bluff Creek shale member. _ 96 Calcite ooze___ ______ ____ Limestone unit C of the Bluff Creek shale member__ 97 Sparry calcite ___________ Limestone unit D of the Bluff Creek shale member._ 98 Fossils. _ ---____--_______ Limestone unit CD of the Bluff Creek shale member__ 99 Algae ______________ Limestone unit A of the Gunsight limestone member.. 100 Smaller Foraminifera. 90 Limestone unit fiof the Gunsight limestone member._ 102 Fusulinids __________ 90 Limestone unit C of the Gunsight limestone member.
    [Show full text]
  • Image Analysis in Quantitative Particle Studies of Archaeological Ceramic Thin Sections Chandra L
    Image Analysis in Quantitative Particle Studies of Archaeological Ceramic Thin Sections Chandra L. Reedy, Jenifer Anderson, Terry J. Reedy, and Yimeng Liu This paper presents the results of experimental can provide important data for quantitative studies. research into optimal protocols for the use of image Here we focus on the analysis of aplastic inclusions. analysis as a tool for obtaining quantitative data on We first experimented with a variety of software ceramic thin sections. While qualitative examination options. We then developed protocols that proved of thin sections under the microscope will always fast and reliable in providing consistent results for remain crucial for mineral identification, for many obtaining area percentage of components, as well textural characterizations, and for comparing as simultaneously giving data on size and shape mineralogy to geological data, digital image analysis characteristics. Through initial analysis of laboratory- ABSTRACT Thin-section petrography is a crucial tool for the study of archaeological ceramics, and in recent years, image analysis has emerged as a powerful quantitative enhancement of that tool. Exploratory applications of image analysis to archaeological ceramic thin sections, and related work by sedimentary geologists, have indicated its usefulness to the field. In this paper, we first present the results of experimental work testing the consistency and reproducibility of image analysis. We identify procedures for fast and reliable analysis of thin sections using laboratory-prepared ceramic specimens of simple clay-sand systems. We then show how those procedures can be slightly modified to accommodate more complex archaeological specimens. We conclude with a discussion of the role of image analysis within the overall context of thin-section petrography of ceramic materials, as one among a repertoire of techniques, adding quantitative data and increasing the usefulness of ceramic thin sections for addressing archaeological research questions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Petrographic Analysis of Predynastic Samples from Tell El-Farkha Aimed to Acquire Information on How the Various Pastes Were
    The Nile Delta as a centre of cultural interactions between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC Studies in African Archaeology 13 PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF POttERY FROM teLL eL-FArkhA mAry f. OwNby University of Arizona, United States INTRODUCTION The petrographic analysis of Predynastic samples from Tell el-Farkha aimed to acquire information on how the various pastes were prepared for the vessels and other aspects of their production. While this applied to all of the fabrics, particularly for the Nile clay vessels, it was important to understand how different tempering materials were being used. For the Marl clay fabrics it was essential to establish their variability to see if many different sources were being used to make pottery that would have been brought to the site, as Marl clay is not locally available. However, Marl clay pottery cannot be precisely provenance as it is present on the edge of the Delta and down both sides of the Nile, and includes a number of different limestone formations as the source (NörDsTrOm & bOurriAu 1993: 160). Finally, analysis of non-Egyptian fabrics could provide information on the interconnections Tell el-Farkha had with areas of the Levant, both direct and likely indirect. This would supplement the work of cZArNOwicZ (2011; 2012) on the vessel forms. The interconnections between these regions were long and most certainly began during this period based on the presence of Levantine artifacts and architecture in the Delta, and Egyptian artifacts and architecture in the southern Levant. Ceramic evidence is vital for further clarifying this early contact and more precisely locating where foreign vessels were produced that were found in the Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrography of Igneous Rocks from Amlia Island, Aleutian Island Arc, Alaska
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PETROGRAPHY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS FROM AMLIA ISLAND, ALEUTIAN ISLAND ARC, ALASKA by Walter B. Friesen OPEN FILE REPORT 82-302 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.G.S. PETROGRAPHY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS FROM AMLIA ISLAND, ALEUTIAN ISLAND ARC, ALASKA INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of detailed microscopic examination of of igneous rock thin sections from Amlia Island of the Aleutian chain (Fig. I), and interpretations of those data. The rocks were collected in July, 1979, as part of a larger study of island arc, forearc, and trench sedimentation and tectonics of the Amlia Corridor of the Aleutian Island Arc (Hein and McLean, 1980; McLean and others, 1981; Scholl and others, 1981; VaLlier and others, 1981). These studies are designed to deduce the geologic evolution of the Aleutian Ridge by examination of the geophysical and lithologic records in a 200-km-wide corridor traversing the Aleutian Island Arc perpendicular to its axis from the Pacific Basin to the Bering Sea. Arnlia Island (173OW) is included in this corridor. Prior to the reconnaissance geology of McLean and others (1980), no geologic study of Amlia Island had been undertaken. The main thrust of the investigations in 1979 centered on sample-collection and recording of field observations and relations. Among the many samples collected that summer was a suite of forty-nine igneous rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Rock Classification in Petrographic Thin Section Images Based
    1 spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy ROCK CLASSIFICATION IN (TEM) [2]. Among these, the most important and widely used methodology is the manual analysis conducted by geologists on the image of the petrographic thin section, which is obtained by PETROGRAPHIC THIN using the polarizing microscope. Due to the distinct optical properties of minerals, the thin section image can provide SECTION IMAGES BASED abundant petrographic information. With the rapid development in technologies associated with computer image processing in ON ONCATENATED the past decades, a few attempts have been made to achieve an C automatic elucidation of the rock and mineral information from the thin section image by using computer algorithms [4]. This CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL approach demonstrates an enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and objectivity when compared to the traditional manual analysis. NETWORKS These analyses can be divided into three categories: (1) pore information extraction, (2) mineral identification, and (3) rock Cheng Su1*, Sheng-jia Xu1, Kong-yang Zhu2, and classification. Xiao-can Zhang1 A. Pore information extraction Pore is the void space between minerals in a rock, which is 1 Institute for Geography & Spatial Information, School of extremely critical for petroleum and gas exploration. It is Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. common practice to extract pore information such as the geometric shape, size, type and co-ordination number. These 2Institute of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang parameters identify and measure the pore spot in cast thin-section images, which are thin-sections impregnated with University, Hangzhou, China. colored epoxy. Based on their unique color, pores can be Abstract— Rock classification plays an important role in rock identified by threshold methods in the RGB or HSV color spaces mechanics, petrology, mining engineering, magmatic processes, [5, 6].
    [Show full text]