Experimental Analysis of Pneumatic Powered Air Engine

Research Article Volume 11 Issue No. 03

Experimental Analysis of Pneumatic Powered Air Engine Mr.N.Ravikumar1, KM.Avinash Subbaiah 2, Azharudeen C 3, S.Balamurugan 4 and P.Dinesh5 Assistant Professor1, Students 2, 3, 4, 5 Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Abstract: In present scenario CNC turning operation plays a vital role in metal based manufacturing industries. Therefore selection of optimum Compressed-air engine as a pneumatic actuator that converts one form of energy into another. The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly engine which operates with compressed air. This Engine uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of the engine. An Air Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel with air as there is no combustion. An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed Air Technology for its operation The Compressed Air Technology is quite simple. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. This energy can be utilized for useful purposes. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston. Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.

KEYWORDS : AIR, COMPRESSED, ENGINE, ENERGY, PROPULSION, PNEUMATIC

1.INTRODUCTION 1.2 IMPROVEMENT IN ICE ENGINE In 1834, the first vehicle actually a tricycle, powered 1.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT COMPRESS ED ENGINE by battery, was developed. But with the improvement in the In Automobile vehicles internal combustion engine is internal combustion engine (ICE), ICE vehicles (conventional widely use and for last few years the automobile vehicles are vehicles) have occupied an absolute share in the market; pure increases day by day in market so that also increase the electric vehicles (PEVs) have almost disappeared since demand of fossil fuels. For using this fossil fuel in automobile 1930’s . The global population will increase from 6 billion in also increases the problem of pollution in environment. The 2000 to 10 billion in 2050, and the global vehicles will main pollutant is produced by I.C.Engine is hydrocarbon increase from 700 million to 2.5 billion consequently. The (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). I.C Engine is also produce fossil fuel engines which were good enough for us before 30- less amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and lead. In last ten 40 years but now they are one of the sources of contributor of years the automobile vehicle population is increased and also global warming and pollution with fossil fuel crises. If all pollution is increased which create a major problems in vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines, the atmosphere like global warming, greenhouse effect etc. and gasoline and diesel oil will be depleted quickly, and the also fossil fuel is not a renewable source. For this energy emission will result in greenhouse effect. So, the energy crisis many researcher is developing a new source which is conservation and environmental protection are growing renewable as well as non-polluting. In last few years the concerns around the world. So the new age of vehicle such as many companies and researcher is work on zero pollutant hybrid vehicle is necessary. Environment protection and engine. This engine is a also I.C.Engine but this engine has energy crisis have urged the development of hybrid vehicle. it not required any type of fuel like Petrol, Diesel, LPG, and is hard to believe that compressed air can be used to drive CNG it is work on compressed air power. In this engine the vehicles. However that is true, and the “air car”, as it is main source is compressed air which is totally pollution free. popularly known, has caught the attention of researchers This type of engine is not producing any type of pollution like worldwide. It has zero emissions and is ide al for city driving CO, HC, and NOx this is totally eco-friendly engine. For last conditions. The laws of physics dictate that uncontained ten years many researchers has been work on compressed air Gases will fill any given space. The easiest way to see this in engine. In this review study on last ten years papers and found action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon out the conclusion on experimental study on the engine which holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to is run on compressed air as alternate of fuel. create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands outward The present situation of depletion in fossil fuel and high rise in with so much energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing price of gasoline has forcedresearchers to find other sources of a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. When the energy to replace fossil fuel.Some presented the idea of gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's electric motor, hybrid engine and newly developed the basic principle behind what makes the vehicle move. Compressed Air Engine (CAE). A Compressed Air Engine is a type of engine which uses compressed air technology to generate useful work output. The idea is to store compressed 1.3 COMPRESS ED AIR ENGINE air inside a tank. The compressed air inside the tank has large A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that amount of energy, and this energy can be used to move the creates useful work by expanding compressed air. A piston of an engine. The back and forth movement of piston compressed-air vehicle is powered by an air engine, using inside the engine cylinder results in generation of useful work compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing energy. fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with

IJESC, March 2021 27915 http://ijesc.org/ hot expanding gases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the common of these being air. Compressors are used throughout expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons.They have industry to provide shop or instrument air; to power air tools, existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in paint sprayers, and abrasive blast equipment; to phase shift size from hand held turbines up to several hundred refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration; to propel horsepower. For example, the first mechanically-powered gas through pipelines; etc. As with pumps, compressors are submarine, the 1863 Plongeur, used a compressed air engine. divided into centrifugal (or dynamic or kinetic) and positive- The laws of physics dictate that unconstrained gases will fill displacement types; but where pumps are predominately any given space.The easiest way to see this in action is to represented by centrifugal varieties, compressors are more inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air often of the positive- displacement type. They can range in tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in size from the fits-in-a-glovebox unit that inflates tires to the the balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much giant reciprocating or turbocompressor machines found in energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing a gas into a pipeline service. small space is a way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work.

Applications: The compressed air engine can be used in many vehicles. Some of its applications to be used as engine for vehicles are: a) Mopeds JemStansfield, an English inventor has been able to convert a regular scooter to a compressed air moped. This has been done by equipping the scooter with a compressed air engine and air Figure 2.1 compressor tank. Positive-displacement compressors can be further broken out b) Buses into reciprocating types, where the piston style predominates, MDI makes MultiCATs vehicle that can be used as buses or and rotary types such as the helical screw and rotary vane. trucks. RATPhas also already expressed an interest in the device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its compressed-air pollution-free bus. volume. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a c) Locomotives pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces Compressed air locomotives have been historically used as the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so mining locomotives and in various areas. the main action of a pump is to transport liquids. The key part d) Trams of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that Various compressed-air-powered trams were trailed, starting takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a in 1876 andhas been successfully implemented in some cases. high pressure. e) Watercraft and aircraft Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the Currently, no water or air vehicles exist that make use of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and air engine.Historically compressed air engines propelled normal ambient temperature. Clean condition of the suction air certain torpedoes. is one of the factors, which decides the life of a compressor. The model designed by me is a small scale working model of Warm and moist suction air will result increased precipitation the compressed air engine. When scaled to higher level it can of condense from the compressed air. be used for driving automobiles independently or co mbined (hybrid) with other engines like I.C. engines.Main advantages Compressor may be classified in two general types. of Compressed Air Engine (C.A.E.) are: 1. Positive displacement compressor 2. Turbo compressor  Zero emission  Use of renewable fuel. Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for  Zero fuel cost (the cost is involved only in the Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and compression of air). supply air for pneumatic control application. But the Compressed Air Engine (C.A.E.) has some disadvantages, which are: less power output. The types of positive compressor 1. Reciprocating type compressor  High pressure of compressed air may lead to bursting 2. Rotary type compressor of storage tank.

 Probability of air leakage. Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required

at low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure 2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS necessary for pneumatic control application unless built in 2.1 COMPRESSOR multistage designs and are seldom encountered in pneumatic service. Compressors are mechanical devices used to increase pressure in a variety of compressible fluids, or gases, the most

IJESC, March 2021 27916 http://ijesc.org/ 2.1.1 Reciprocating Compressors Some dual-acting cylinders in high-pressure applications will A reciprocating compressor is a positive- have a piston rod on both sides of the piston to provide equal displacement machine that uses a piston to compress a gas and surface area and balance loads. Tandem cylinder arrangements deliver it at high pressure. They are often some of the most help minimize dynamic loads by locating cylinders in pairs, critical and expensive systems at a production facility, and connected to a common crankshaft, so that the movements of deserve special attention. Gas transmission pipelines, the pistons oppose each other. Gas pressure is sealed and wear petrochemical plants, refineries and many other industries all of expensive components is minimized through the use of depend on this type of equipment. Due to many factors, disposable piston rings and rider bands respectively. These are including but not limited to the quality of the initial formed from comparatively soft metals relative to piston and specification/design, adequacy of maintenance practices and cylinder/liner metallurgy or materials such as operational factors, industrial facilities can expect widely polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). varying lifecycle costs and reliability from their own installations. Most equipment designs incorporate block-type, force-feed lubrication systems; however when there is zero process Various compressors are found in almost every industrial tolerance for oil carryover, nonlubricated designs are facility. Types of gases compressed include the following: employed.

 Air for compressed tool and instrument air systems Cylinders for larger applications (typical cutoff is 300 hp) are equipped with coolant passages for thermosyphon or  Hydrogen, oxygen, etc. for chemical processing circulating liquid coolant-type systems, whereas some smaller  Light hydrocarbon fractions in refining home and shop compressors are typically air-cooled. Large application cylinders are generally fitted with replaceable  Various gases for storage or transmission liners that are press-fitted into the bore, and may include an  Other applications antirotation pin. Process gas is drawn into the cylinder, squeezed, contained and then released by mechanical valves There are two primary classifications of industrial that typically operate automatically by differential pressures. compressors: intermittent flow (positive displacement), Depending on system design, cylinders may have one or including reciprocating and rotary types; and continuous flow, multiple suction and discharge valves. including centrifugal and axial flow types. Unloaders and clearance pockets are special valves that Reciprocating compressors are typically used where high control the percent of full load carried by the compressor at a compression ratios (ratio of discharge to suction pressures) are given rotational speed of its driver. Unloaders manipulate the required per stage without high flow rates, and the process suction valves’ action to allow the gas to recycle. Clearance fluid is relatively dry. pocket valves alter the cylinder head space (clearance volume). They may be fixed or variable volume. These devices are beyond the scope of this article.

The distance piece (sometimes called the doghouse) is a structural member connecting the compressor frame to the cylinder. Intermixing of fluids between the cylinder and the distance piece must be avoided. Packing rings contain gas pressure within the cylinder, and they keep oil from entering the cylinder by wiping oil from the piston rod along its travel. The distance piece is typically vented according to the most hazardous material in the system, which is often the gas compressed in the cylinder. The packing rings are designed to contain the gas within the cylinder, but with the high pressure Figure 2.2 Reciprocating Compressor it is possible that some of the compressed gas will leak past the packing rings. Wet gas compressors tend to be centrifugal types. High flow, low compression ratio applications are best served by axial The running gear, housed within the compressor frame (Figure flow compressors. Rotary types are primarily specified in 2), consists of the crosshead and connecting rod which compressed air applications, though other types of connect the piston rod to the crankshaft, converting its rotary compressors are also found in air service. motion into a reciprocating linear motion.

The primary components of a typical reciprocating compressor The crankshaft is fitted with counterweights to balance system can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. It should be noted that dynamic forces created by the movement of the heavy pistons. the author has never seen a "typical" compressor installation, It is supported within the frame of the compressor by plain and acknowledges the existence of many exceptions. bearings at several journals. A flywheel is also provided to store rotational inertia and provide mechanical advantage for The compression cylinders (Figure), also known as stages, of manual rotation of the assembly. Some compressors will which a particular design may have from one to six or more, lubricate their frame running gear with an integral, shaft- provide confinement for the process gas during compression.A driven oil pump, while others are provided with more piston is driven in a reciprocating action to compress the gas. extensive, skid-mounted lubrication systems. All properly Arrangements may be of single-or dual-acting design. (In the designed systems will provide not only for oil circulation to dual-acting design, compression occurs on both sides of the the critical tribo-surfaces of the equipment, but also for piston during both the advancing and retreating stroke.)

IJESC, March 2021 27917 http://ijesc.org/ lubricant temperature control, filtration and some measure of the discharge portion of the cycle. The piston comes to a instrumentation and redundancy. momentary stop at V2 before reversing direction.

Suction gases are generally passed through suction strainers Note that some minimal volume remains, known as the and separators to remove entrained particulates, moisture and clearance volume. It is the space remaining within the cylinder liquid phase process fluid that could cause severe damage to when the piston is at the most advanced position in its travel. the compressor valves and other critical components, and even Some minimum clearance volume is necessary to prevent threaten cylinder integrity with disastrous consequences. piston/head contact, and the manipulation of this volume is a major compressor performance parameter. The cycle is now at Gas may also be preheated to coax liquid process gas into the point 2. Expansion occurs next as the small volume of gas in vapor phase. Intercoolers provide an opportunity for heat the clearance pocket is expanded to slightly below suction removal from the process gas between compression stages. pressure, facilitated by the closing of the discharge valves and (See the following section: The Thermodynamic Cycle.) the retreat of the piston. This is point 3. These heat exchangers may be part of the compressor’s oil and/or cylinder cooling system(s), or they may be connected When P1 is reached, the intake valves open allowing fresh to the plant’s cooling water system. charge to enter the cylinder for the intake and last stage of the cycle. Once again, pressure is held constant as the volume is On the discharge side, pressure vessels serve as pulsation changed. This marks the return to point 1. Comprehending this dampeners, providing system capacitance to equalize the flow cycle is key to diagnosing compressor problems, and to and pressure pulsations corresponding to the piston’s understanding compressor efficiency, power requirements, compression strokes. Typically, reciprocating compressors are valve operation, etc. This knowledge can be gained by relatively low-speed devices, and are direct- or belt-driven by trending process information and monitoring the effect these an electric motor, either with or without a variable speed drive items have on the cycle. controller. Built for either stationary (or) portable service the Often the motor is manufactured to be integral to the reciprocating compressor is by far the most common type. compressor, and the motor shaft and compressor crankshaft Reciprocating compressors lap be had is sizes from the are one-piece, eliminating the need for a coupling. Gearbox- smallest capacities to deliver more than 500m3/min.In single type speed reducers are used in various installations. stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to 15bars.Discharge pressure in Sometimes, though less commonly, they are driven by steam the range of 250bars can be obtained with high pressure turbines or other sources of power such as natural gas or diesel reciprocating compressors that of three & four stages. Single engines. The overall design of the system and the type of stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable driver selected will influence lubrication of these peripheral systems. For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in The Thermodynamic Cycle capable of matching the performance of single stage machine An explanation of a few basic thermodynamic principles is at lower costs per driving powers in the range.The necessary to understand the science of reciprocating compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot compressors. Compression occurs within the cylinder as a Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and four-part cycle that occurs with each advance and retreat of volumes of particular quantity of gas. the piston (two strokes per cycle). The four parts of the cycle The usual written as are compression, discharge, expansion and intake. They are PV =C (or) P1V1 =P2V2 shown graphically with pressure vs. volume plotted in what is In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured known as a P-V diagram (Figure). At the conclusion of a prior which for free is about 13.7Psi and is of courage capable of cycle, the piston is fully retreated within the cylinder at V1, maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an the volume of which is filled with process gas at suction ordinary barometer. conditions (pressure, P1 and temperature, T1), and the suction and discharge valves are all closed. 2.2 SOLENOID VALVE The directional valve is one of the important parts of a pneumatic system. Commonly known as DCV; this valve is used to control the direction of air flow in the pneumatic system. The directional valve does this by changing the position of its internal movable parts.

Figure 2.3 Thermodynamics cycle

This is represented by point 1 (zero) in the P-V diagram. As the piston advances, the volume within the cylinder is reduced. This causes the pressure and temperature of the gas to rise until the pressure within the cylinder reaches the pressure of the discharge header. At this time, the discharge valves begin to open, noted on the diagram by point 2. With the discharge valves opening, pressure remains fixed at P2 for the remainder Figure 2.4 Solenoid Valve of the advancing stroke as volume continues to decrease for

IJESC, March 2021 27918 http://ijesc.org/ This valve was selected for speedy operation and to reduce the The working principle is as follows: manual effort and also for the modification of the machine into automatic machine by means of using a solenoid valve. A Position-1 solenoid is an electrical device that converts electrical energy When the spool is actuated towards outer direction into straight line motion and force. These are also used to port ‘P’ gets Connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while operate a mechanical operation which in turn operates the ‘A’gets connected to ‘R’. valve mechanism. Solenoid is one is which the plunger is pulled when the solenoid is energized. Position-2 When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port 2.2.1 Parts Of A Solenoid Valve ‘P’ and ‘A’ Gets connected to each other and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’remains closed. 1. Coil The solenoid coil is made of copper wire. The layers Solinoid Valve (Or) Cut Off Valve of wire are separated by insulating layer. The entire solenoid The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called coil is covered with a varnish that is not affected by solvents, cut off valve or solenoid valve. This solenoid cutoff valve is moisture, cutting oil or often fluids. Coils are rated in various controlled by the electronic control unit. In our project voltages such as 115 volts AC,230volts AC,460volts Ac,575 separate solenoid valve is used for flow direction of vice Volts AC.6Volts DC,12Volts DC, 24 Volts DC,115 Volts DC cylinder. It is used to flow the air from compressor to the &230Volts DC.they are designed for such Frequencies as single acting cylinder. 50Hz to 60Hz. 2.3 PNEUMATICS 2. Frame The word ‘pneumatic’ comes from Greek and means The solenoid frame serves several purposes. Since it breather wind. The word pneumatics is the study of air is made of laminated sheets, it is magnetized when the current movement and its phenomena is derived from the word passes through the coil. the magnetized coils attract the metal pneumatic. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means plunger to move. The frame has provisions for attaching the the application of air as a working medium in industry mounting. They are usually bolted or welded to the frame. especially the driving and controlling of machines and The frame has provisions for receivers, the plunger. The wear equipment. strips are mounted to the solenoid frame, and are made of Pneumatics has for some considerable time between materials such as metal or impregnated less Fiber cloth. used for carrying out the simplest mechanical tasks in more 2.1 Solenoid Plunger recent times has played a more important role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation. The solenoid plunger is the mover mechanism of the Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air solenoid. The plunger is made of steel laminations which are riveted together under high pressure, so that there will be no which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When the movement of the lamination with respect to one another. At pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however the top of the plunger a pin hole is placed for making a connection to some device. The solenoid plunger is moved by it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply. The key part of any facility for supply a magnetic force in one direction and is usually returned by of compressed air is by means using reciprocating compressor. spring action. Solenoid operated valves are usually provided with cover either the solenoid or the entire valve. This protects A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high pressure. the solenoid from dirt and other foreign matter, and protects the actuator. In many applications it is necessary to use explosion proof solenoids.

2.2.2 Working Of Solenoid Valve The solenoid valve has 5 openings. These ensure easy exhausting of 5/2Valve.the spool of the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position: the ports get connected and disconnected.

Figure 2.6 Pneumatics

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal ambient temperature. The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV = C (or) PıVı = P2V2

Figure 2.5 Working Of Solenoid Valve In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 13.7 Psi and is of courage capable of

IJESC, March 2021 27919 http://ijesc.org/ maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an 3.1.4 Hoses ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a days. Technical data 5 2 Max pressure : 10 x10 N/m 2.4 CONTROL UNIT Outer diameter : 6mm =6 x 10-3 m Here the compressed air form the compressor firstly Inner diameter : 3.5mm =3.5 x10-3m enters the Control unit. In the control unit the pressure of the air is controlled unit the pressure of the air is controlled and 3.1.5 Pneumatic unit sent to the solenoid valve to supply the air to pneumatic gun for the movement of the vehicle using the gear arrangement. Type of cylinder : Double acting cylinder Type of valve : flow control valve &solenoid valve Max air pressure : 8 x105 N/m2

3.2 DESIGN CALCULATION

Max pressure applied in the cylinder (p) : 8N/m2 Area of cylinder (A) : (3.14/4*(D2) :80.38cm2 : 80.38 X 10-:4m2 Force exerted in the piston (F) : Pressures applied X area Of cylinder.

Figure 2.7 control unit

3. DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

3.1 COMPONENTS The air engine is consists of the following components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine. 1. Compressor 2. Solenoid valve 3. Control unit

3.1.1Double acting pneumatic cylinder Figure 3.1 Air Compreseed Engine

Technical Data 4. WWORKING PRINCIPLE Stroke length: cylinder stroke length 100mm =0.1m -3 Piston rod : 10mm =10 X10 m In our project we have operate the vehicle without Quantity : 1 using the fuel. Inside of fuel we are using the compressed air Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Eastover supply, with the gear arrangement. Here the vehicle is consist End cones : Cast iron of the gear arrangement, pneumatic gun, and solenoid valve Piston : EN-8 and control unit. In this the vehicle wheel shaft is coupled with Media : Air spur gear and the pneumatic gun. The air from the compressor Temperature: 0-80°C it reaches the control unit and the pressure of air is controlled Pressure Range : 8N/m2 and it is passed through the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve supply the required amount of air to the pneumatic gun and the 3.1.2 Solenoid Flow control Valve gun shaft the fixed the gear it will be rotate and the rotating gear is coupled to the wheel shaft gear to move the vehicle. Technical data The froced air passes into the inlet port to rotate the pneumatic -2 Port Size : 0.635x10 m gun. Then the output shaft will coupled with the back wheell Media : Air drive using gear arrangements which is clearly shown as in the Quantity : 1 below diagram.

Today, internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, 3.1.3Connectors motorcycles, aircraft, construction machinery and many others,

most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The four strokes Technical data refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust Max working pressure : 10 x105 N/m2 strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working Temperature : 0-100°C cycle of the gasoline engine and diesel engine. The cycle begins Fluid media :Air at Top Dead Center (TDC), when the piston is farthest away Material :Brass from the axis of the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of

the piston from Top Dead Center (TDC) to Bottom Dead

Center (BDC).

IJESC, March 2021 27920 http://ijesc.org/ 5. CONCLUSION [7] J.P.Yadav and Bharat Raj Singh, Study and Fabrication of Compressed Air Engine, S-JPSET, 2(1), 2011, 1-8. This project is provides the review on compressed air engine its design experimental analysis as well as new [8] Y. Qihui and C. Maolin, Research on expansion ratio of technology and development over the last 10 years. In this air power engine system, IEEE, 2011, 987-990 paper some new technology is develop like new design of cam for four stroke engine, also provide new technology of [9] B. R. Singh, and O. Singh, Study of Compressed Air fabrication of compressed air vehicle. This review is show Storage System as Clean Potential Energy for 21st Century, some advantages and disadvantages of compressed air vehicle Global Journal of Researches in Mechanical and Mechanics and the experimental analysis like load calculation, power engineering, 12(1), 2012. production by engine and main factor is pollution is not produced by this engine. The main key factor is obtained [10] M.K.Mistry, P. P. Rathod and A.S.sorathiya, Study and which is shown in below: Development of Compressed Air Engine Single cylinder, International Journal of Advanced Engineering  The thermodynamics of heat exchange, mechanical Technology,3(1), 2012, 271-274. and aerodynamic losses, electrical efficiencies etc. all these effects may reduce the overall efficiency to [11] R. Kumar and Anand M.G, Simulation and construction 40% or less. of Single-stage reciprocating pneumatic transmission system  The speed of the engine is found to increase almost Engine, International Journal of Scientific and Research linearly with the increase in the pressures. Publications, 2(7), 2012.  High pressure of 9 bars the maximum speed attained was 6.5 kmh-1 travelling 1.7 km. [12] A. Lal and K. Nagar, Design and Dynamic Analysis of  The engine is modified from a 4-working stroke to a Single Stroke Compressed Air Engine, International Journal 2- working stroke engine (power and exhaust) by of Renewable Energy Researches, 3(2), 2013. modification of cam-gear system.  At 20°c, 22 liter tank loaded with air at 8 bar used [13] Anirudh Addala & Srinivasu Gangada, Fabrication and just 15.6 W of vitality. Testing of Compressed Air Car Viswanadha Institute of  The motorcycle installed with the compressed air Technology and Management, Global Journal of Researches engine can operate at maximum speed around 38.2 in Engineering, 13(1), 2013. km/hr. and distance up to 5 km.  This will produced enough power for speeds of about [14] C. Y. Huang, C. K. Hu, C. J. Yu, and C. K. Sung, 15-20 kilometres per hour. Experimental investigation on the Performance of a  Compressed air engine is not producing any harmful Compressed-Air Driven Piston Engine, Department of Power gases for environment as well as human body this is Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 6, 2013, 1731-1745. totally pollution free engine.

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IJESC, March 2021 27922 http://ijesc.org/