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The Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism: a Comparative Study

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The Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism: a Comparative Study 9090bách THE BUDDHA-NATURE IN THERAVĀDA BUDDHISM AND MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Bhikkhunī: Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen (Thich Nu Hoa Duc) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Ayutthaya, Thailand CE 2016 THE BUDDHA-NATURE IN THERAVĀDA BUDDHISM AND MAHĀYĀNA BUDDHISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Bhikkhunī: Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen (Thich Nu Hoa Duc) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahāchulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Ayutthaya, Thailand CE 2016 (Copyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) The Graduate School of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University has approved this dissertation entitled, “The Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism: A Comparative Study” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Buddhist Studies. ………….……………………….…. (Phramaha Somboon Vuḍḍhikaro, Dr.) Dean of Graduate School Dissertation Examination Committee: …………….…………… Chairperson (Phra Rajvaramethi, Dr.) ……………….……………...… Member (Phra Rajapariyatkavi, Prof.Dr.) ………………………………......... Member (Phramaha Somboon Vuḍḍhikaro, Dr.) …………….……………………… Member (Asst.Prof.Lt.Dr. Banjob Bannaruji) ………….………………… Member (Dr. Veerachart Nimanong) Dissertation Supervisory Committee: : Phra Rajapariyatkavi, Prof. Dr. Chairperson : Phramaha Somboon Vuḍḍhikaro, Dr. Member : Asst.Prof.Lt.Dr. Banjob Bannaruji Member Researcher: ………….……........…….............. (Bhikkhunī: Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen) ii Dissertation Title: The Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism: A Comparative Study Researcher: Bhikkhunī Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Buddhist Studies) Dissertation Supervisory Committee: : Phra Rajapariyatkavi, Prof. Dr. Pāli IX, M.A. (Buddhist Studies), Ph.D. (Pāli & Buddhist Studies). : Phramaha Somboon Vuḍḍhikaro, Dr. Pāli VII, B.A. (English), M.A. (Buddhism), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies). : Asst.Prof.Lt.Dr. Banjob Bannaruji, Pāli IX, B.A. (Education), M.A. (Pāli & Sanskrit), Ph.D. (Buddhist Philosophy). Date of Graduation: March 17, 2017 Abstract This research is a qualitative study based on the Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature and focused on Theravāda and Mahāyāna Sūtras with three main objectives: 1) to study the Concept of Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism, 2) to study the Concept of Buddha-Nature in Mahāyāna Buddhism, and 3) to compare the Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism and Mahāyāna Buddhism. The study that addressed the first objective established the concept of Buddha-nature in Theravāda Buddhism. Although the concept of Buddha-nature appears in some other terms in short paragraphs of Theravāda Sūtras as “luminous mind”, “emptiness” and “purity”, those concepts emphasize the liberation of mind as the Buddha experienced. iii The study which addressed the second objective found that the concept of Buddha-nature with the terms such as “luminous mind”, “emptiness”, “purity” in Theravāda Buddhism are accepted and deployed widely in different forms by Mahāyāna Buddhism. All Mahāyāna Sūtras or the content of the whole Sūtras are surrounded by the concept of Buddha- nature. The Zen sect, Pure Land School aims at developing this concept through practice and experience to realize it. It is a core concept; it is the ultimate enlightenment and is the ultimate goal of practice in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The third objective revealed the similarities about pure mind, absolute tranquil essence, the ultimate reality (paramattha-sacca) of the concept of Buddha nature in Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism and differences about realizing Buddha nature, the gradual enlightenment and sudden enlightenment, all beings have Buddha nature and propagating Buddha Nature of the two traditions. Generally the essential Buddhism of both Theravāda and Mahāyāna is to practice to achieve a pure state of mind, to live with Buddha-nature so all defilements are absent, suffering ceases and the practitioner still lives in life but realizes all things for what they really are in the present reality. iv Acknowledgement This Dissertation is submitted to the Graduate School at Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy’s Degree in Buddhist Studies. It would not have been completed without kind assistance from many people. I would like to express my profound appreciation to the Most Venerable Prof. Dr. Phra Brahmapundit, Rector of MCU, to the Venerable Assoc.Prof.Dr. Phramaha Hansa Dhammahaso, Director of IBSC and all lecturers at MCU who taught and supported me during the courses of my study. I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to the Most Venerable Dr. Phra Rajvaramethi, Vice Rector for Administration of MCU, Chairperson of Dissertation Examination Committee; Most Venerable Prof. Dr. Phra Rajapariyatkavi, Chairperson of Dissertation Supervisory Committee; Most Venerable Dr. Phramaha Somboon Vuḍḍhikaro, Dean of the Graduate School; Asst.Prof. Lt. Dr. Banjob Bannaruji and Asst.Prof.Dr. Naddhira Sridee, Vice-Dean of Faculty of Buddhism for their kindness. They carefully read my drafts and gave advice on the contents and writing to correct mistakes in my dissertation. My sincere thanks go to Phramaha Nopparat, Ms. Mukrawe Chimphanao, Staff of IBSC, for giving me time to discuss certain matters related to this study. I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to my Masters, the Most Venerable Thích Trí Quảng, the Venerable Thích Pháp Huệ and the v Venerable Thích Pháp Đức. They always supported, cared for and encouraged me and helped me to develop my mind and cultivate the true Dharma. My deep gratitude also goes to Ms. Nguyễn Thị Thanh Thủy and Mr. Nguyễn Phước Thiện who were always painstaking with their whole heart to give me a lot of valuable time and effort to improve my English. They contributed greatly to the completion of this study. My deep gratitude goes to authors and translators of necessary Sūtras and books that facilitated my research process. Lastly, I would like to express my profound thanks to my parents and family for their material and spiritual support and help to overcome many difficulties to continue my studies. Bhikkhunī Nguyen Thi Kim Tuyen July 15, 2016 vi List of Abbreviations Primary Sources A Aṅguttara Nikāya (PTS edition page number). D Dīgha Nikāya M Majjhima Nikāya S Saṃyutta Nikāya Other Abbreviations BPS Buddhist Publication Society CA: California CBETA Taishō Tripiṭaka, Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection. Version June 2016. Dhp. Dhammapada ed (s). Edited (s) by etc. others Ibid. Ibiden/in the same book MCU Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Ms Miss NY New York op.cit. opere citato/ as referred p (p) page (s) Ph.D Doctor of Philosophy PTS Pāli Text Society tr. Translated USA United States of America vol(s) volume(s) vii Table of Contents Approval Page i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iv List of Abbreviations vi Table of Contents vii List of Figures x Chapter I Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Significance of the Problems ..................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Research ................................................... 8 1.3 Statements of the Problems .................................................. 9 1.4 Conceptual Framework and Research Process ..................... 9 1.5 Definitions of the Terms Used in the Research .................. 10 1.6 Review of Related Literature and Research ....................... 11 1.7 Research Methodology ...................................................... 16 1.8 Advantages Expected to Obtain from the Research ............ 17 Chapter II The Concept of Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism 18 2.1 The Concept of the Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism........................................................................... 18 2.1.1 The Awakened Mind ............................................. 18 2.1.2 The Luminous Mind (Pabhassara Citta) ................ 21 2.1.3 Viññāṇa (Consciousness) ...................................... 22 2.1.4 Emptiness or Void (suññatā) ................................. 26 2.2. The Ideal of Practice of Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Tradition ............................................................................ 28 2.3 The Practice Philosophy in Theravāda Tradition ................ 36 2.4 Development of Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Buddhism .. 46 2.4.1 Buddha-Nature in Theravāda Sūtras ................... 46 viii 2.4.1.1 Dīgha-Nikāya 47 2.4.1.2 Majjhima-Nikāya 49 2.4.1.3 Saṃyutta Nikāya 54 2.4.1.4 Aṅguttara-Nikāya 56 2.4.2 The Luminous Mind and The Arahat’s Ever Shining Citta ....................................................... 60 2.4.3 Emptiness in Theravāda Tradition....................... 63 2.4.4 Purification of Mind (citta -visuddhi) .................. 69 2.4.5 Nibbāna in Theravāda Tradition.......................... 76 2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................... 81 Chapter III The Concept of Buddha-Nature in Mahāyāna Buddhism 83 3.1 The Concept of Buddha-Nature in Mahāyāna Buddhism ... 83 3.1.1 The Essence of Buddha ....................................... 83 3.1.2 Buddha Nature (Tathāgata-garbha) ..................... 84 3.1.3 Dhammakāya ...................................................... 85 3.1.4 Other Concepts ................................................... 85 3.2 Buddha-Nature in Mahāyāna
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