United Nations Development Programme Design of Safe Shelters in Maldives

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Disaster Risk Management Unit

DESIGN OF SAFE SHELTERS

IN MALDIVES

November 2005

UNDP Table of Contents

Acknowledgements Executive Summary

Section 1 Page no.

1.0. Introduction...... 12 1.1.Objectives of the Report...... 13

Section Two 2.0. Introduction...... 14 2.1. Construction of Buildings ...... 14 2.1.1. Foundation of the Low Rise Buildings 2.1.2. Superstructure of the Low Rise Buildings 2.1.3. Roof of the Low Rise Buildings 2.1.4. Foundation of the High Rise Buildings 2.1.5. Superstructure of the High Rise Building 2.1.6. Roof 2.2. Interaction with different actors...... 15

Section 3 3.0. Introduction...... 16 3.1. Study of environmental impact...... 16 3.2. Conduction of Environmental Screening...... 16

Section 4 4.0. Introduction...... 18 4.1. Islands ...... 18 4.1.1. Felidhoo 4.1.2. Keyidhoo 4.1.3. Rakeedhoo 4.1.4. Muli 4.1.5.Kolhufushi 4.1.6. Dhiggaru 4.1.7. Madifushi 4.1.8. Thimharufushi 4.1.9. Meedhoofushi 4.1.10. Dhandoo 4.1.11. Nilandhoo 4.1.12. Villingili 4.1.13. Filladhoo 4.1.14. Komandhoo

Section 5 5.0. Introduction...... 25 5.1. Felidhoo ...... 25 5.2. Rakeedhoo ...... 26 5.3. Keyidhoo...... 26 5.4. Muli...... 27 5.5. Kolhufushi ...... 28 5.6. Dhiggaru...... 28 5.7. Madifushi...... 29 5.8. Thimharufushi...... 29 5.9. Meedhoofushi ...... 29 5.10.Dhandoo...... 29 5.11.Nilandhoo ...... 30 5.12.Villingili...... 30 5.13.Filladhoo ...... 30 5.14.Komandhoo...... 30

Section 6 6.0. Introduction...... 32 6.1. Achievement of Durability...... 32 6.1.1. Foundation 6.1.2. Superstructure 6.1.3. Roof 6.2. Achievement of Convenience...... 33 6.3. Achievement of Beauty...... 33 6.4.Some fixed design parameters ...... 34 6.5. Reflection of Maldivian nationality and identity...... 34 6.6. Basic Planning approach...... 35 6.7.Some similarities in the Design...... 35 6.8. Overall appearance of the Design...... 35 6.9.Tentative cost of the buildings...... 35 6.10. Design of the safe shelter in Felidhoo ...... 37 6.10.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.10.2. First Floor Plan 6.10.3. Second Floor Plan 6.11. Design of the safe shelter in Madifushi...... 41 6.11.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.11.2. First Floor Plan 6.11.3. Second Floor Plan 6.12. Design of the safe shelter in Kolhufushi...... 44 6.12.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.12.2. First Floor Plan 6.12.3. Second Floor Plan

3 6.13. Design of the safe shelter in Meedhoofushi ...... 48 6.13.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.13.2. First Floor Plan 6.13.3. Second Floor Plan 6.14. Design of the safe shelter in Muli ...... 51 6.14.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.14.2. First Floor Plan 6.14.3. Second Floor Plan 6.15. Design of the safe shelter in Thimarafushi...... 54 6.15.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.15.2. First Floor Plan 6.15.3. Second Floor Plan 6.16. Design of the safe shelter in Villingili ...... 57 6.16.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.16.2. First Floor Plan 6.16.3. Second Floor Plan 6.17. Design of the safe shelter in Nilandhoo ...... 60 6.17.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.17.2. First Floor Plan 6.17.3. Second Floor Plan 6.18. Design of the safe shelter in Dhandhoo...... 63 6.18.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.18.2. First Floor Plan 6.18.3. Second Floor Plan 6.19. Design of the safe shelter in Filladhoo ...... 66 6.19.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.19.2. First Floor Plan 6.19.3. Second Floor Plan 6.19.4.Tentative cost 6.20. Design of the safe shelter in Komandhoo ...... 69 6.20.1 Ground Floor Plan 6.20.2. First Floor Plan 6.20.3. Second Floor Plan

6.21. Summary of Cost of construction...... 72

Section 7 7.0. Introduction...... 73 7.1. Time for construction of the shelters ...... 73 7.2.Time Schedule ...... 73

Section 8 8.0. Introduction ...... 74 8.1. Elements of quality control mechanism ...... 74 8.2. Creation of a Project Implementation Unit ...... 75 8.3. Appointment of the Project Staff...... 75

4 8.4. Responsibilities of the Team members ...... 75 8.4.1. Responsibility of the Project Supervisor 8.4.2. Responsibility of the Project Engineer 8.4.3. Responsibility of the Project Accountant Officer 8.4.4. Responsibility of the Project Administration Officer

Section 9 9.0. Introduction...... 78 9.1. Tender Drawings and Working Drawings...... 78 9.2. Tender Document and Bill of Quantities...... 78

REFERENCES ...... 79

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I like to thank the UNDP for entrusting me with such an important job to be carried out in Maldives. Thanks are to Mr. Man Bahadur Thapa the Project Manager of the Disaster Risk Management Team for giving me this opportunity to design the safe shelters in eleven islands in Maldives.

This work would not be possible had Mr. Rabi Narayan Godo, Mr. Bhupendra Gauchan and Mr. Luthur Rehman not accompanied with me in the trip to the various islands by boat amidst generally a rough sea. So, I like to thank them for the completion of this job.

The other friends in the Team Rita Missal and Fathmath Thasneem are the two persons whom I should thank for providing me assistance for this job throughout my stay in Maldives. Mrs. Thasneem in particular arranged the visits to the island very meticulously and I am highly indebted to her.

Lastly but not the least, I like to thank all the Atoll Chiefs, Island Chiefs and the other Island authorities for extending me cooperation during my visit.

6 Executive Summary

UNDP has started a noble task of construction of the Safe Shelter in Maldives because it contributes towards the reduction of loss of life and injury if there is any Tsunami in the future in this country. Due to the lack of such a facility, there was considerable loss of life and property in the last Tsunami. For this UNDP, Maldives should be thanked profusely. In this connection, UNDP, Maldives had given an assignment to the author of this report. There were eight objectives of this assignment. They were to

· Discuss/interact with key Government ministries/departments and I/NGOs, review the existing designs for private and community buildings and government policy on such design and construction · Facilitate the process of Environmental Impact Assessment through the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. · Visit each selected island in consultation with the local community, Government agencies and other development actors to identify appropriate site for construction and design of safe shelters · Ensure local beneficiaries concerns are incorporated in the design and construction · Design island specific safe shelters to each selected island with the tentative cost · Prepare for each island a schedule/time table for safer constructions and · Suggest/advise the quality control mechanisms of the construction of shelters · Obtain approvals for the designs from the Government counterparts in the Ministry of Planning and National Development and Ministry of Construction and Public information

The following eight recommendations have been made with the corresponding eight objectives.

Recommendation 1

On the basis of the interaction with the concerned actors and the review of the existing buildings it has been recommended for · The use of concrete for foundation · The use of hollow blocks for walls · The use of Aluminum frames for doors and windows · The use of timber for door shutters and glass for windows shutters

Recommendation 2

It has been recommended to carry out the environmental screening because the project is minor in size and it does not require Limited Environmental Assessment and Environmental Assessment as these are carried out for moderate and major projects.

Recommendation 3

The visit to the Island has helped to familiarize with the site and the sites have been found to be appropriate given the limitation of the land available in the islands.

Recommendation 4

During the visit to the islands, the discussion was carried out with the concerned island authorities and the design prepared to suit their needs.

Recommendation 5

The building has been designed in such a way that it is functional, durable and beautiful. The generic elevation and plan of the building is given hereunder.

KITCHEN 16'11''X 11'5'' GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

VOLLEY BALL GENTS COURT RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

UP PLACE FOR SIT OUT SPACE ENTRY WATCHING SHOWS

The tentative cost estimate of the buildings have been made and they correspond with the allocated budget of $ 150000 for each island as follows:

Summary of Cost of construction (Tentative estimate in US $)

Sn Islands Plinth and Upper Floor @ Stair @20 Civil Others Grand Ground Floor @ 20 25% Total 30 (18 +12) Area Amount Area Amount Area Amount 1 Felidhoo 2250 67500 1770 35400 256 5120 108020 27005 135025 2 Madifushi 2250 67500 1700 34000 256 5120 106620 26655 133275 3 Kolhufushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 4 Meedhoofushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 5 Komandoo 2250 67500 1770 35400 256 5120 108020 27005 135025 6 Filladhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 7 Muli 2250 67500 1570 31450 256 5120 104070 26017 130087 8 Thimarafushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 9 Villingili 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 10 Nandhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 11 Dhandhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025

Recommendation 6

A time schedule has been prepared according to which the tendering and construction has been proposed to be carried out in two phases. The first phase tendering will begin in the third week of November and the others will follow as shown below.

Sn Events N D J F M A M J J A 1 Completion of working drawings of - Felidhoo 2 Appointment of Project Engineer - 3 Appointment of Project Supervisors - 2 Invitation of Tenders for Felidhoo - 3 Award of Contract for Felidhoo - 4 Invitation of Tenders for other islands - 5 Beginning of construction in Felidhoo - 6 Completion of Construction in - Felidhoo 7 Award of contract for other islands - 8 Beginning of construction in other - - islands 9 Award certificate of initial - completion

Recommendation 7

It has been recommended to set up a Project Implementation Sub-unit and immediately appoint one Project Engineer and three Project Supervisors for supervising buildings in the extremes north, middle and south.

Recommendation 8

To seek the approval of the concerned Ministry, a presentation was made and the concerned authority invited. But due to the month of Holy Ramadan falling in between the participation was not as desired. Still there were few suggestions and these have been incorporated in the report. The suggestions made in the presentation are mentioned in para 2.2.

Way forward

There are three things that have to be initiated as soon as possible. They are

· Preparation of Tender Documents and Tender Drawings for the invitation of the Tender · Preparation of Working Drawings for the beginning of construction works · Setting up of a Project Implementation Sub Unit and the appointment of a Project Engineer

11 Section One: Introduction

1.0. Introduction

Maldives was considered to be relatively more fortunate in terms of natural disasters till the recent times because of their minimal occurrence in the past. But the last Tsunami has exposed the fallacy of this hypothesis. Many islands were swept by the tsunami tidal waves resulting into not only the loss of property and infrastructure but also the death and injury to several people. For example in the island of Madifushi, 12' high waves hit it from the east coast at 9.25 in that unfortunate morning of 26th December 2005. Some 118 houses were affected and one person left for heavenly abode in the event. In the whole of the country, total damages were estimated to be US$ 470 million. This is about 62 per cent of the GDP of the Maldives. The number of deaths in the whole of the country were 83 and 25 are still missing.

Consequently, UN made a flash appeal towards its recovery and several countries and institutions such as Germany, UNOCHA, AUSTRALIA and South Korea responded it. The objective were the formulation of disaster risk management policy, strengthening institutional mechanism for sustainable disaster risk management and the capacity building as well as awareness raising at all levels in the field of disaster management. In addition, the Project would also establish an Early Warning System as well as National Emergency Centers; prepare a Disaster Risk Profile of the country; support to develop the tourism sector disaster management plan together with the national and disaster management plan and construct safe shelters in the most vulnerable islands.

A recent study has shown that Maldives faces tsunami hazard largely from the east. It also faces relatively low hazard from the north. It means that the islands along the eastern fringe of eastern atolls are exposed to a greater hazard. So far as the wind is concerned, the northern atolls are at greater hazard. This hazard diminishes gradually as one proceeds towards the south. With regards to earthquake, the hazard is low in Maldives excepting Seenu, Gnaviyani and Gaafu atolls. The sea level rise imposes uniform hazard throughout the country. In totality, here is a low probability and high consequential tsunami hazard in the near future and high probability and high consequential sea level rise hazard in the distant future. . Tsunami threatens to hit the country in future. There is a prediction made that the west coast of India is likely to be hit by Tsunami in view of its sixty years cycle and its occurrence in the year 1945. If the Tsunami originating from the Indonesian coast can cause damage in Maldives the Tsunami hitting the western coast of India may also cause considerable devastation. In such circumstances, the safe shelters are necessary in the islands of Maldives due to their average elevation of not more than 1.5 meter from the sea level. It is because the safe shelters can dramatically reduce the number of deaths. For example, in 1991, in the cyclone in Bangladesh, some 140000 people were dead. But after the construction of cyclone shelters when there was almost similar cyclone in the year 1998, the number of deaths came down to 2000.

Tsunami may occur once in several decades and hence the shelter has to be designed in such a way that it caters to the other needs of the islands in addition to acting as the safe place in case of natural disasters. So the safe shelter should be designed as a multipurpose entity. This Report focuses on the design of the safe shelters in the islands considered to be relatively more vulnerable to disasters in general and Tsunami in particular.

1.1.Objectives of the Report

The objectives of this report have been to

· Discuss/interact with key Government ministries/departments and I/NGOs, review the existing designs for private and community buildings and government policy on such design and construction · Facilitate the process of Environmental Impact Assessment through the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. · Visit each selected island in consultation with the local community, Government agencies and other development actors to identify appropriate site for construction and design of safe shelters · Design island specific safe shelters to each selected island with the tentative cost · Ensure local beneficiaries concerns are incorporated in the design and construction · Obtain approvals for the designs from the Government counterparts in the Ministry of Planning and National Development and Ministry of Construction and Public information · Prepare for each island a schedule/time table for safer constructions and · Suggest/advise the quality control mechanisms of the construction of shelters

The different components of the objectives have been covered in different sections. The sections begin with small introduction and end with an effort towards the fulfillment of the task mentioned in the objective.

Section Two: Interaction with the actors about building design and construction

2.0. Introduction

Maldives appears to be lived by human beings since the fourth century BC. Since then people have been building residences using local materials such as coral stones for the walls and coconut trees for the structural members including posts, beams, joists and the rafters. The use of coral stones have however been banned at the present by the Government due to its adverse impact on marine life. Maldives had 43353 buildings out of which 6555 were in the capital Male and the remaining 36798 in the atolls by the year 2000. 36895 of them were occupied while 6458 were vacant by the same year. In the year 2003, 619 buildings are said to have been given permit out of which 175 seem to be constructed. Out of them 56.5 per cent were the dwellings.

According to the housing census of Maldives 2000, the largest numbers of buildings are located in Male and the lowest number in Berinmadhoo Island in Haa Alifu atoll. The buildings are constructed using brick for walls and corrugated galvanized iron sheets for the roof. According to the census, more than 90 per cent of the buildings use these two materials. An equal percentage of buildings are of one floor.

2.1. Construction of Buildings

In Male in particular two types of buildings are seen. The first one is the low rise generally consisting of the modest residences. The other type is the high-rise that comprises of the apartments, commercial and institutional buildings. In the other islands are seen the low-rise buildings both for residential and non-residential use.

The islands are however dominated by single floor buildings. In some islands like Felidhoo there is not a double storied building. In Thimarufushi, there are eight buildings that are double storied.

The buildings basically consist of the foundation, superstructure and the roofs. Same materials or with little variation are used in all these three sections as described in the following.

2.1.1. Foundation of the Low Rise Buildings

Low-rise buildings employ strip slab and beam foundation. They are load-bearing structures. In the past, corals were used in the walls but now the concrete hollow blocks have been practiced. The partitions are 6" thick and they are extensively used in frame structured buildings while the load bearing walls are 10" in width. They are invariably made of hollow blocks these days.

2.1.2. Superstructure of the Low Rise Buildings

Low-rise buildings use hollow concrete blocks for the walls. Timber and aluminum sections are used for the doors and windows frames as well as styles. Glass is used for the windows and the flush doors have been adopted for the door shutters.

2.1.3. Roof of the Low Rise Buildings

The low- rise buildings employ timber or metal truss on which the Galvanized Iron sheets are used for roofing. False ceilings are provided to evade the heat of the sun.

2.1.4. Foundation of the High Rise Buildings

The high-rise buildings use beam and slab raft foundations extensively. This can be seen in Male in particular. In the islands also whenever high-rise buildings have to be constructed, such a foundation is used. The foundation is quite costly due to the abundant use of concrete and steel.

2.1.5. Superstructure of the High Rise Building

The superstructure of the high-rise buildings employs hollow blocks of 6-inch thickness for the exterior as well as interior walls. The windows are either of timber or aluminum sections. Flush doors are used in the interior. The hard wood shutter is seen in wide practice for the exterior.

2.1.6. Roof

In the high-rise buildings, concrete roofs are provided in general. But there are few instances where part of the roof has been given a sloping roof. The sloping roofs employ Corrugated Galvanized Iron sheets supported on either a timber or a steel truss.

2.2. Interaction with different actors

An interaction with the concerned actors was arranged on 8th November. The representatives of different departments attended it. After the presentation of the design, the participants made the following suggestions.

· The cost of the buildings should be brought down as far as possible to coincide with the available budget · The sustainability of the centers should be given much consideration · The buildings should be designed in such a way that they do not dominate the island surroundings

15 Section 3: Facilitation of the process of Environmental Impact

3.0. Introduction

Almost all the countries in the world are facing environmental problems of one kind or the other. Maldives cannot remain isolated from this global reality. It has also been facing considerable environmental problems. Out of the 1192 islands, 86 are facing severe beach erosion. 36 of them happen to be the islands that are sheltering the resorts. The resorts are very vital because of the economic help they provide to the country through tourism whose contribution to GDP is 30 per cent.

Maldives has been making effort towards the conservation of the environment. Accordingly, 25 areas have been protected for the marine. Marine animals prohibited for fishing collection are 9. Similarly, marine products prohibited for export are 15. 70 specific birds have been put in the protection list. The atolls under shark fishery moratoria are 7. The use of corals has been banned by law for their use in the making of walls in the buildings.

In such a circumstance, the construction of the safe shelters in no way should affect the environment. Instead of degrading the environment, the construction should be carried out in such a way that it leads to the enhancement of the environment. This section deals with the considerations that should be made towards the retention of good environment in the place of their construction.

3.1. Study of environmental impact

The study of environmental impact is carried out in three stages. In the first stage, environmental screening (ES) is carried out with respect to the Projects, which are likely to make minimal impact. If the impact is going to be moderate then the Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) is made. If the impact is going to be considerable then Environmental Assessment (EA) is carried out.

The construction of the safe shelter is less likely to make a serious environmental impact. Firstly, it is not going to result into mass displacement. In the case of Felidhoo, two houses were cleared to make a room for the safe shelter but those two house owners have already been compensated. They have also been given the plot to build house in the island. In other islands, the vacant sites have been proposed. In the case of Komandhoo, the existing debilitated island office has been proposed to be dismantled and build the safe shelter. So, only the environmental screening needs to be carried out in connection with the construction of the safe shelters in Maldives.

3.2. Conduction of Environmental Screening

There are three steps towards the implementation of environmental screening. They are firstly the filling out of a Routing slip, secondly filling out of the environmental screening form by the proponent and finding out whether the Project needs the Environmental

16 screening or Limited Environmental Assessment or the Environmental Assessment. The Project Implementation Unit should carry out this exercise prior to the beginning of construction. The following aspects need to be paid attention in this respect.

· Blocking of drainage works · Deterioration of water quality leading to health risks · Loss of productive agriculture land · Loss of natural habitat and damage to ecologically sensitive areas/ heritage sites · Solid waste management · Sewerage and sanitation facilities · Handling/ disposal of construction debris · Quality of water drinking water supply · Impact on cultural heritage/ vulnerable groups · Social conflict · Air pollution due to domestic fuel · Design considerations

The construction of the safe shelter does not produce adverse impact on almost all of the aforementioned aspects and hence there is no need of further environmental assessment. One of the potential areas is that about the handling of the construction debris and this aspect should be given proper attention right from the beginning. The need to cover the construction site right from the beginning of construction and its continuation till its end followed by the proper disposal of construction debris are two of the aspects that should be given proper attention in the conditions of contract. The Project Engineer and the Project Supervisors before the commencement of the construction works should carry out this job very effectively.

17 Section 4: Visit each selected island and identify appropriate site for construction

4.0. Introduction

Safe shelters are not constructed wherever the sites are available. The site should be judiciously selected after making many considerations before their construction. It should be preferably in locations that are at the highest altitude. Moreover, the site should be located at the center and it should be accessible from the residential area. In addition to it the presence of vegetation cover will be very helpful because it slows down the pace of Tsunami waves due to friction.

But due to the rather small size of these islands, not all these criteria could be met. For example, the altitude of the site does not vary very much. Moreover, the islands are generally barren and lack the vegetation. The islands are so small and the sea so overwhelming that it is difficult to find a site away from the sea.

In order to find an appropriate site, a visit was made to fourteen islands round the country. This section describes about the sites that have been selected for the safe shelter after interaction with the Island Authorities.

4.1. Islands

4.1.1. Felidhoo

The island of Felidhoo falls on Vaavu atoll towards the south of Male. It has a registered population of 525 out of which 289 are male and 237 female.

A visit was made to this island on Monday, the 3rd of October 2005. The Chief of the Island and the acting Deputy Chief of the Vavuu Atoll Mr. Abdul Ghanee and his deputy showed a singular site that was selected for the safe shelter. In this island, there is a high

18 degree of awareness regarding the need of a safe shelter due to it being hit by the last Tsunami waves. In fact, there were two families with their buildings in the site but they were given an alternate site after providing them suitable compensation to make room for the construction of the safe shelter. This reflects the commitment of the island towards the construction of a safe shelter.

The plot measures 108 ft by 100ft. It has an entry through the north. The population is 526. The site has some coconut trees. It also has a bread fruit tree. This site has been recommended for selection because it appears to be suitable in many respects.

4.1.2. Keyidhoo

This island also is located towards the south of Male. It falls on Vaavu atoll. It has a registered population of 671. 348 of them are males and the remaining 323 are female.

A visit was made to this island on Monday, the 3rd of October 2005. The Chief of the Island showed four sites for the construction of safe shelter. The first site was located near the harbor area but it did not appear very fitting to the need because of its close proximity to the sea. The second site was also near the seashore but there were many coconut trees. Hence, it was not appropriate from the environmental consideration. The third site was located by the side of a mosque. This site could not be used because it would be too small allowing for space for the road which was likely to be extended in near future. The chief showed the fourth site near the public school. It measures 110 ft by 56 ft. This is the most suitable site but it belongs to an individual. Though the owner committed to donate in front of the community meeting, it was later learnt that the donor had made such commitment but not stood to it in the past. The site has an entry through northeast.

4.1.3.Rakeedhoo

This island also is located towards the south of Male. It also falls on Vaavu atoll. It has a registered population of 360. The male are 178 and the female 182.

A visit was made to this island on Monday, the 3rd of October 2005. The Chief of the Island showed three potential sites for the purpose. The first site was in the eastern side of the island with a size of 80ft by 70 ft. But this site was too near the sea. The second site was in the reclaimed harbor with a size of 66ft by 100 ft. The third site was in a School premise and it measured 130 ft by 80 ft. It has an entry through the east. The Island Chief agreed to take permission from the Ministry of Education. This site was found to be appropriate for the construction of the safe shelter.

4.1.4. Muli

The island of Muli falls towards the south of Male. It lies on Meemu atoll. It has a registered population of 764. It is also the headquarter of this atoll.

A visit was made to this site on 5th October 2005. The Deputy Chief of the atoll showed two potential sites. The first one was located in the premises of a local school. As the permission had to be taken from the Ministry of Education, the Chief opined to see the other site. The second site was located adjacent to an old cemetery. The plot measures 75 ft by 95 ft. It has an entry through the south. This site was found to be suitable for the construction of the safe shelter.

4.1.5.Kolhufushi

This island also falls on the south of Male. Located on Meemu atoll, it has a population of 1232.

21 The visit to this island was made on 6th October 2005. The Chief of the island showed a solitary site. The site measures 110ft by 126ft. It is adjoining the mosque. The site has an entry through the northeast. This site was found to be suitable for the purpose.

4.1.6. Dhiggaru

Dhiggaru is another island under the Meemu atoll. It has a population of 1119. It also falls on the south of Male.

On the day of 6th October 2005 a visit was made to this site. The Island Chief showed only one site, which measures 127ft by 100 ft. It is located opposite to the Health Center. It has an entry through the south. Though the site is near the seashore, people had assembled on this place in the last tsunami. So, this site carries psychological acceptance. As there is no other site available this site can be used for the purpose.

4.1.7. Madifushi

This island of Madifushi falls on the Tha atoll. It is also located towards the south of Male. The population of this island is 1025.

The visit to this site was made on 17th October 2005. The acting Island Chief Mr. Hussain Ahmed showed a solitary site near the harbor. The site measures 100 ft by 75 ft. It has an entry through the West. As there is no other site, this site can be used for the purpose of constructing the safe shelter.

22 4.1.8. Thimharufushi

Thimarufushi also falls on the Thaa atoll. Located towards the south of Male, it has a population of 2400.

The visit to the island was made on 16th October 2005. The Island Chief Ahmed Hussain and Mr. Ali Hussain showed two sites. The first one was near the Health Center and it measured 98 ft by 73 ft. It had entry through the northeast. But the Chief wanted to use a larger site, which was located near the harbor adjoining the park. It was 100ft by 160 ft. It has an entry through the west. This site is found to be suitable for the purpose.

4.1.9. Meedhoofushi

This island of Meedhofushi falls on Dhaallu atoll. This island is located towards the south of Male. It has a population of 1132.

A visit was made to this island on 17th October 2005. The Island Chief Mr. Siddique Ali showed two sites. One was near the mosque and it was 66 ft by 38 ft. He also showed another site measuring 69 ft by 57ft. This site has an entry through the west. There was no other land available this site was considered to be appropriate.

4.1.10. Dhandoo

Dhandoo falls on Gaffu atoll. It is in the far south direction of Maldives. It has a registered population of 1693 persons. The actual population was however said to be 1731. Out of this 851 are men and 880 women.

The visit to this Island was made on 20th October 2005. The Chief of the Island Mr. Abdul Aziz showed two sites. One was towards north west of the Health Center. But it was dropped because of its proximity to the Health Center. Later the site towards the south east of the mosque was seen. It has an entry from the northeast. The plot is 100 ft by 100 ft. This site was considered appropriate for the construction.

4.1.11. Nilandhoo

This island falls on Gaffu like Dhandoo. It is located towards the south of Male. This island has a registered population of 938 people.

The visit to this island was made on 20th October 2005. The Chief of the Island Mr. Imad Mohammed showed a solitary site, which was 100 ft by 100ft towards the north side. The site has an entry from the south. This site was found to be appropriate.

4.1.12. Villingili

Villingili is the capital of Gaaffu Atoll. It is again located towards remote south of Male. This island has a population of 2907.

The visit to this island was made on 19th October 2005. The Chief of the atoll Mr. Mohammed Ali and that of the island Ibrahim Hashim showed three spots for the construction of the safe shelter. The first site was near the sea and the land was muddy. The second site was near the proposed mosque towards the north of the island. It measured 120 ft by 120 ft. It had an entry through the east and fell on the main road. The third site was towards the south of the island near the Wataniya tower. The site could be approached through the north from Baraaseelu Magu. The second site was found appropriate for the construction of the safe shelter.

4.1.13. Filladhoo

This island falls on Ha Atoll. It is located towards the north of Male. This island has a population of 936.

The visit to this island took place on 10th November 2005. Mr. Ahmad Fuad the Island Chief showed the site. Before going to the site, he called the meeting of the Island Development Committee. They showed the site, which falls on the eastern part of the island. This island had surfeit of land compared to the others. They provided a 425 ft by 223 ft site. The road is going to be extended to this place very soon. The entry is through the south. This is very suitable for the construction of the shelter.

4.1.14. Komandhoo

This island again falls towards the north of Male. It belongs to Shaviyan atoll. It has a population of 1700.

The visit to this island was carried out on 10th November 2005. The S. Asst. Atoll Chief Mr. Moosa Fathuhee Adam and the Asstt Island Chief Mr. Hussain Adam with his friends showed the spot for the safe shelter. Later the Atoll Chief Mr. Mohammed Mahir also expressed concurrence with the decision of Mr. Moosa and Hussain. This island was highly affected by the Tsunami. It has acute shortage of land. So, they decided to demolish the existing Island Office and make the Shelter there. As such the Island Office was affected during the last Tsunami and it had suffered cracks in the walls. The site is 102 ft by 67ft but there is a provision for its extension in the south to make it 102 ft by 100ft.

24 Section 5: Ensure local beneficiaries concerns are incorporated in the design and construction

5.0. Introduction

Tsunami does not occur every now and then. A recent study has predicted a 217 years return period for Tsunami in Maldives. Similarly it is said that Tsunami has sixty years cycle in the eastern coast of India. It had occurred in the year 1945. So it has been predicted that it may occur any time after 2005. The safe shelter can thus not be dedicated to Tsunami alone which generally occurs after a long span of time. The safe shelter has to be designed in such a way that it can be used for other purposes.

For this purpose, a discussion was held with the island authorities regarding the multiple uses that they like to make of the safe shelter. This section deals with the multi purpose use that the island authorities had suggested during the visit to the site.

5.1. Felidhoo

An interaction was held with the Island Chief Mr. Abdul Ghanee and his subordinates. . There was an anonymous opinion that the safe shelter should act as

· Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

25 In Felidhoo, there is an island office but not as desired. Hence, the need sounded quite logical. The Chief also talked about the need of space for youth Center. He mentioned the Youth Center located in Male. He wanted something like Male. All these requirements appeared quite justified.

5.2. Rakedhoo

There was a discussion held in the Island office with the Island Chief and his subordinates including the members of the Island Development Committee. They said that there is a need of space for · Teachers accommodation · Island Women Development Committee office · Additional class rooms · Social gathering

The need of teachers’ accommodation and the additional classrooms are quite rational as the site falls inside school premise. The other requirements of the office for the Island Women Development Committee and space for social gathering also sounded quite proper.

5.3. Keyidhoo

In the interaction in Keyidhoo, there was community participation. The Island Chief Mr. informed the community through public information system. Consequently, there was the presence of about twenty people both ladies and gentlemen. After a long deliberation, it was agreed to use the safe shelter as · Pre school · Guest room · Recreation area · Conference hall · Indoor games

As the site is adjoining a primary school, the idea of having a pre school in the safe shelter was very rational. The need of a conference hall was also logical because such a facility was not available in the island. Indoor games cannot be incorporated, as the available land is rather small. Apart from the plan of using the safe shelter as recreation area and indoor games, the other requirements sounded quite justifiable.

5.4. Muli

The interaction was carried out with the Island authorities. They wanted to use the safe shelter as

· Youth center · Waiting hall · Restaurant · Seminar venue

27 The need of a waiting hall and hence a restaurant is quite genuine because Muli is an atoll capital and people visit this island in connection with official as well as domestic works. The need of the seminar hall is also widely felt. The majority of the islands have expressed the use as a Youth Center.

5.5. Kolhufushi

During the visit to the site, an interaction was carried out with the Island Chief and his subordinates. This island has relatively a higher population. It is also fairly big in area. So, they wanted to have the following facilities.

· Community center · Playing · Parties · Youth center · Restaurant/café · Library · Conference

The request for the community center has been there in the case of almost all the islands. The request for the library and conference is a new one, because the idea of having a library is the first one.

5.6. Dhiggaru

The Island Chief and his subordinates had a long discussion and they decided to have the following facilities in the building. They are

28 · Seminar/Workshop · Youth Center

Dhiggaru has a population of 1127 and the number of youths is growing fast. So, it is a worthwhile proposition to seek to use the Safe Shelter as the youth center. The request for seminar rooms also is quite rational in view of its absence in the island.

5.7. Madifushi

Like in the other islands, a discussion was launched in the island of Madifushi with the island authorities. They wanted to use it as

· Pre School The island has a primary and a secondary school but they lack a pre school. The demand was thus quite logical.

5.8.Thimarufushi

An interaction was conducted with the Island Chief Ahmed Ali, his subordinate Mr. Ali Hussain and the other members of the community. The population of this island is quite high (2400) and hence the Chief wanted to segregate a large plot for the purpose. After a considerable deliberation, it was decided to have a

· Community center · Music center · Meeting place · Pre School · Community education · Cyber café

5.9. Meedhoofushi

Similar interaction was initiated in the island of Medhoofushi. The island chief Mr. Siddique Ali had discussion with his subordinates, the Schoolteachers and the members of the community. They all agreed to use the safe shelter as · A community center · A conference center

5.10. Dhandoo

The Island Chief Ahmed Aziz and Mr. Sharif, the secretary of the Villingili atoll office conducted an interaction with the members of community. They agreed to have · Hall for seminar · Venue for Music and Cinema · Hall for meeting

29 The site is near the site of a future mosque. So, to have a provision for Seminar hall, Meeting hall, music and cinema appear quite in harmony. Moreover, such a facility does not exist in the island at the present.

5.11. Nilandhoo

A discussion was conducted with the Island Chief Imad Mohammed and his subordinates. They decided to use the safe shelter as

· Meeting place · A place for carrying out the social activities · A place for holding the training · A venue for seminar and workshops · Cyber café · And for playing indoor games such as Table Tennis

All these needs appeared rational; as such a facility is not available in the island.

5.12. Villingili

There was a very lively interaction with the Atoll Chief Mr. Mohammed Ali and Island Chief Mr. Ibrahim Hashim. They wanted within the safe shelter the spaces for

· Screening audio visuals · Seminar rooms · Conference Hall for public meeting

This is the atoll capital. Such a facility is justified in such places.

5.13. Filladhoo

There was a very participatory interaction with Mr. Ahmed Fuad and the members of the Island Development Committee. They wanted the Safe shelter to perform as

· Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

This demand is justified in view of the requirement of such a facility in this island.

5.14. Komandhoo

The meeting was held with the Asst. Atoll Chief Mr. Moosa Adame and the Asst. Island Chief Mr. Hussain Adam. There was also the member of the Women Development Committee. They wanted the safe shelter to act as

30 · Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

The island office is in bad condition due to Tsunami. Moreover, there was no land in the island. So, the decision to construct the safe shelter in the site occupied by the Island Office and the demand to adapt the safe shelter to the Island Office is rational.

31 Section 6: Design island specific safe shelters to each selected island with the tentative cost

6.0. Introduction

Architecture design is the derivation of a physical form, which is durable, convenient and beautiful. A building consists of foundation, superstructure and the roof. In order to have a durable building all these three elements should be long lasting because an object is the totality of its elements. A building is convenient if the requirements are met in it. If the needs mentioned by the island Chiefs are fulfilled, it will be convenient. A building will be beautiful if the perception of the local people as to what they think corresponds to a good building is reflected in the design. A right proportion of the different parts that make up the whole also contribute beauty to the building. Though the safe shelters have a certain characteristic they vary from the islands to islands because of their different orientations. So, the designs have to be prepared separately for the different islands.

The cost of construction of the shelters varies from islands to islands. Compared to Male, the capital city, the construction cost is high in the islands due to more cost incurred in transportation. This section highlights, the designs made for each islands as well as the tentative cost of the safe shelters.

6.1. Achievement of Durability

The durability in buildings can be secured by the use of proper structure and materials in all its three elements as mentioned hereunder.

6.1.1. Foundation

The foundation generally employed for the cyclone shelters are the piles because they go sufficiently below the ground and hence are not affected by scouring. But the use of pile foundation is conspicuous by its absence in Maldives. A limited use of piles foundation was seen in Felidhoo Island for the construction of the jetty. In Maldives, for moderate to large size buildings, slab raft of beam and slab raft foundations have been used. Such a foundation is suitable in this case because there is a provision for water harvesting in the Tsunami shelters being built in Maldives. The other alternate is the use of isolated or combined footings, which is economically more suitable. This type of foundation also has been used in the present case.

6.1.2. Superstructure

Reinforced cement concrete framed structure has been used for the safe shelters. Concrete hollow blocks have been adopted for the walls and partitions primarily because they are resistant to Tsunami waves and secondarily this is in practice in Maldives. Alumunium frames with glass shutters have been used for the windows and the same frames and the timber shutters for the doors. The superstructure has been designed to consist of hollow blocks. In Maldives, hollow blocks are used in abundance at the present

32 especially after the ban imposed by the Government on coral stones, which formed the walling materials in the past. But to reflect the spirit of the place, part of the walls will be finished with stones cladding in cement plaster to resemble the coral stones in appearance.

6.1. 3. Roof . Concrete has been used for the construction of roofs. Part of the roof has been used in plain form for shelter during the Tsunami and part of it has been given slope in order to reflect the traditional architecture of Maldives. The sloping part will be rendered with grey plaster to reflect the texture of the coconut leaves. In Maldives, in the past, houses were constructed having sloping roofs to rapidly drain the rainwater, which is quite high. Moreover, the coconut trees were used for structural members such as the rafters and coconut leaves for the roofing materials, as the other materials were not available in the islands.

6.2. Achievement of Convenience

Convenience comes into being if the function that is expected out of a building is fully provided in it. For example, in the island of Felidhoo, the Island Chief Mr. Abdul Ghanee after consultation with his subordinates and the community members had said that there is a need of a community center, youth center and an island office and he wants it to be accommodated in the newly built safe shelter. So, such requirements have to be incorporated in the design. Moreover, there has to be adequate light and ventilation inside the building. An illumination of 40 lux has been recommended for the tsunami shelters. Similarly, The height should be adequate. In Maldives, a height of 11to 12 feet has been generally employed for the public buildings. Similarly there should be adequate space provided inside the building. FEMA has recommended an area of 5 sq ft per person. The interior of the building should be warm in summer and cool in winter. But in Maldives, there is not a very notable summer or winter to speak of. The climate fluctuates between 26 and 31 degree centigrade. So, the hollow blocks have been used so as to achieve the required degree of insulation in the building interior.

6.3. Achievement of Beauty

Beauty can have several meanings. Sometimes a physically robust entity is also called beautiful. For example, a very well built person is called beautiful person. It is for this reason that the building has been given a robust foundation such as slab and beam raft as well as isolated footings, framed structure and very strong concrete blocks. When a commodity meets the requirement that it is created for, it is considered beautiful. For example when a ship sails they call it a beauty. Beauty also emerges from the cultural practice. What is beautiful in one culture may not be beautiful in the other.

Majority of the Maldivian building premises begin with a gate, which has offsetted jamb walls in both the sides. This is one element, which is found very extensively in Maldives whether be it in Male or the islands. There is an open area with a cradle to swing the

33 guests and to serve juice. This is necessary in the coastal humid climate of Maldives. Then there is a living room and bedrooms. After this there is a courtyard adjoining which is the kitchen, store and the comfort rooms.

This environment has been created in the design by having a set back of the buildings in the site so that there will be space akin to open space in the buildings. There is a courtyard opening to the sky so that it reflects the spirit of the local residential milieu. The toilets and the kitchen have been located in the backside to correspond with the local planning practice.

6.4. Some fixed design parameters

The lay out of the settlements in the Islands of Maldives is orthogonal. So, the planning has bee done in a manner in consonance with this prevailing mode. Angular movements have not been used because especially during the tsunami, which is marked by panic, the movement pattern should be familiar, something which has been used in the past extensively.

The plinth has been put at 1.5 meters and the safe shelter has been designed as consisting of an open ground floor, first floor and terrace. Because it is guided by the surge level of the Tsunami. In the last Tsunami, Maldives faced tidal waves varying from 4 ft to 14 ft were in different islands. For the tidal wave of 4 ft, only a raised platform of 5 ft is adequate but between the tidal wave of 5 ft to 10 ft, there has to be a first floor where people can take shelter. For tidal waves exceeding 14 ft there has to be a terrace at the second floor, which can be used for taking shelter. The stair should be 2.5 meter in width and there have to be two stairs in the building. One stair has been put from outside. Moreover, the population in the island is not much and hence the stair of 6 ft width has been used in the shelter. The space for water harvesting has been created in the center of the building whenever possible.

There will be the need of a kitchen and comfort rooms for ladies and gentlemen. In the cyclone shelters, one toilet is provided for forty persons. But Tsunami is not going to last long. Hence, fewer numbers of comfort rooms have been planned.

A room for emergency operation center has been provided in the building mostly attached with the office.

6.5. Reflection of Maldivian nationality and identity

The identity of traditional architecture of Maldives amounts to the use of choral stones in the walls and the use of coconut leaves in the roofs. So, this identity has been reflected in the design by the cladding of rubble stones and the creation of coconut texture in the roofs. The planning of the building has been made in consonance with the residential planning in the country.

34 The nationality has been reflected by the use of three colors white, red and green that has been used in the Maldivian flag. The white color indicates the faith in Islam, the green stands for peace and tranquility and the red for the blood of the martyrs.

6.6. Basic Planning approach

Steps have been provided in two levels in order to reach to the raised plinth of the building. The working rooms have been planned in the north and the east to evade the heat emanating from the west and the south. The stairs and the toilets have been located generally in the west and the south.

6.7. Some similarities in the Design

During the interaction with the Island Chiefs, except for few cases, it was invariably found that they wanted a community and a youth center in the safe shelter. So, enough space has been provided in the front of the building the left of which has been used for screening, documentaries, sports events etc. The right part of the front open space has been used for seat out.

6.8. Overall appearance of the Design

The safe shelter should project a receptive image. It should be welcoming and attracting. The symbol of the entry gate has thus been used in the front of the building. It is because people in the time of panic find the symbols more communicating than the other things.

The use of sloping roofs in one hand and that of the flat roofs to facilitate for shelter has incorporated the traditional as well as the modern features. It is modern and traditional both. Those seeking for modernity will be satisfied by the flat roofs and the others seeking for traditional flavor will be enchanted by the traditional roof used in the building.

6.9. Tentative cost of the buildings

The UNDP will construct only skeletal structure for the safe shelter. It will have a semi- covered space in the ground floor without any walls. In the first floor it will have walls, doors and windows but not finishing. It will have electricity, water supply and sanitation as well as sewerage facility. The island office will invest for converting the safe shelter suitable for their use.

In connection with the determination of the tentative cost, the cost of building construction in the islands was taken but these costs are five to ten years old. For example, the cost of a School building in Meedhu was 30 $ per square foot but it was constructed in the year 2000. Similarly the cost of a recently completed Hospital building in was 25$ per square foot but it was a single storey structure and not comparable with this project. The construction of a four floored School building was carried out in

35 Komandhoo and it also cost 30 $ per square foot. It was 100 ft by 40 ft and it cost 5.5 million Rufiya. This was more reliable because it was constructed last year.

The cost of different items in Male is as follows at the present according to Gedor architecture:

Excavation in Foundation 140 to 300 per cu m Concreting Foundation beams and strip footings 6200 to 7600 per cu m Columns 9500 to 11000 per cu m Floor beams 6500 to 8300 per cu m Floor slabs 4400 to 5600 per cu m 100 mm thick block wall 250 to 350 per sq m Alumunium Windows 2500 to 3000 per sq m

These costs are for luxurious flats and hence taking the lower cost and calculating for a 30ft by 30 ft building, the costs come to be $ 18 till the raised plinth of 5 ft, $ 12 for the open ground floor and 20 $ for the upper unfinished but enclosed first floor with doors and windows. Including the electricity, water supply and sanitation it costs $ 63 per sq ft plinth area.

36 6.10. Design of the safe shelter in Felidhoo

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Felidhoo is 108 ft by 102 ft. It has an entry through the north. The requirements are

· Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

FRONT ELEVATION

The population of Felidhoo is 525. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 400 people. Taking 5 sq ft per person, there is a need of 2000 sq ft for shelter. Out of this half the people will take shelter in the terrace. So, the first floor is designed for only 200 people or 1000sq ft.

6.10.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center. Outside seating for screening documentaries and movies has been created towards the east of the site. The stage has been provided inside the building. This will be elevated 5 ft from the ground. Sporting facilities such as Volley Ball has been located towards the west of the site.

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Stage for public meetings and showing documentaries 108 sq ft o Gymnasium 450 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 160

37 o Cafeteria 450 o Stairs 250 o Courtyard 144

KITCHEN 16'11''X 11'5'' GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

VOLLEY BALL GENTS COURT RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

UP PLACE FOR SIT OUT SPACE ENTRY WATCHING SHOWS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

6.10.2. First Floor Plan

TERRACE MEETING ROOM 16'11''X 16'8''

GENTS TOILET

OFFICE COURTYARD 17'11''X 12' LADIES TOILET

ISLAND CHIEF WAITING ROOM 16'5''X 11'8'' UP

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

The first floor plan has been designed for the island office. There is a second stair from the terrace. The first floor consists of the following rooms o Reception and Waiting 144 o Island Chief 200 o Meeting hall 250 o Office cum EOC 250 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Terrace 450 o Stairs 250

6.10.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace has been provided for shelter to the young people. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

6.11. Design of the safe shelter in Madifushi

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Madifushi is 100 ft by 75 ft. It has an entry through the south. The requirements are

· Pre School

The population of Madifushi is 1025. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 750 people. Taking 5 sq ft per person, there is a need of 3750 sq ft for the shelter. Half the people will take shelter in the terrace. There is a need of 1875 sq ft in the first floor. All the buildings including two schools in this island are of one storey.

FRONT ELEVATION

6.11.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center. A restaurant, kitchen, comfort rooms and two classrooms have been provided in the ground floor. There is water-harvesting provision also on the ground floor.

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Kitchen 200 sq ft o Restaurant 200 o Two class rooms 700

41 UP

KITCHEN 16'6''X 11'9''

RESTAURANT CLASSROOM 29'8''X 16'5'' 23'5''X 16'9''

GENTS TOILET COURTYARD 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

CLASSROOM 23'5''X 16'9''

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

42 6.11.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the Pre School. It consists of classrooms and office space cum EOC. There is an additional stair from the terrace. The first floor consists of the following spaces. o Class room 370 o Terrace 600 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Office cum EOC Room 250 o Stairs 250

TERRACE OFFICE 16'11''X 16'8''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD

LADIES TOILET CLASS ROOM 30'2''X 16'9''

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 6.11.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace has been provided for shelter to the young people. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

43 6.12. Design of the safe shelter in Kolhufushi

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Kolhufushi is 110 ft by 126 ft. It has an entry through the northeast. The requirements are

· Community center · Playing · Parties · Youth center · Restaurant/café · Library · Conference

The population of Kolhufushi is 1232. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 900 people. Half of the people will take shelter in the terrace. Taking 5 sq ft per person, there is a need of 2250 sq ft for shelter.

FRONT ELEVATION

The entry to the building is from its center. Outside seating for screening documentaries and movies has been created towards the east of the site. The stage has been provided inside the building. This will be elevated 5 ft from the ground. Sporting facilities such as Table Tennis and Gymnasium have been provided. Besides, it also has a restaurant and a kitchen.

6.12.1. Ground Floor Plan

KITCHEN 16'11''X11'5'' GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

GENTS TOILET RESTAURANT COURTYARD 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3'' KITCHEN LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'11''X 11'5'' 16'7''X 12'9'' UP GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

UP ENTRY

GENTS SITE PLAN RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 45 The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Stage for public meetings and showing documentaries 192 sq o Café 400 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 160 o Stairs 250 o Gymnasium 450 o Courtyard 144

6.12.2. First Floor Plan

LIBRARY 47'3''X 16'9''

GENTS TOILET COURTYARD

LADIES TOILET SEMINAR 30'3''X 16'9"

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

46 The first floor plan has been designed for the seminar room and the library. The first floor consists of the following rooms. o Library 800 o Seminar room 450 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Stairs 250 o Courtyard 145

6.12.3. Second Floor Plan

The stairs and the shelter for the young and energetic persons have been provided in this floor. o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

47 6.13. Design of the safe shelter in Meedhoofushi

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Meedhoofushi is 69 ft by 57 ft. It has an entry through the northeast. The requirements are

· A conference Center

The population of Meedhoofushi is 1132. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 850 people. There are about eight two storied buildings including a School building, which can accommodate about three hundred people. Out of 550 people, the building can accommodate 400 people in the first floor. The terrace can provide shelter to the rest of the people.

FRONT ELEVATION

6.13.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center with staircase in its right side. The stairs and the comfort rooms have been located to the west face of the building. There is a courtyard at the center. The restaurant and the kitchen are kept in the east to evade the hot sun. The accommodation for the seminar participants is located in the west. The ground floor will be elevated 5 ft from the ground.

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Guest Bed Rooms 800 o Office 200 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 200 o Cafeteria 400

48 o Stairs 250 o Courtyard 145

GUEST ROOM 16'9''X 8'2''

KITCHEN

16'11''X 11'5'' GUEST ROOM 16'9''X 12'6'' GUEST ROOM 11'7''X 7'6''

GENTS RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

OFFICE ROOM 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

6.13.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the conference center. There is an additional stair from the office room. The first floor consists of the following rooms o Two conference Room 960 o Office cum EOC 200 o Comfort Rooms 200

49 o Stairs 250 o Open Space 145

CONFERENCE ROOM OFFICE 30'X 16'6'' 16'6"X 16'9''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD

CONFERENCE LADIES ROOMR TOILET

30'3''X 16'9"

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

6.13.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace has been planned for the shelter in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

6.14. Design of the safe shelter in Muli

FRONT ELEVATION

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Muli is 75 ft by 95 ft. It has an entry through the south. The requirements are

· Youth center · Waiting hall · Restaurant · Seminar venue

The population of Muli is 764. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 570 people. Taking 5 sq ft per person, there is a need of 2850 sq ft for shelter. Half of it that is 1425 sq ft has to be provided in the first floor.

6.14.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center with staircases in the left side. The stair and the comfort rooms have been kept at the west to evade the hot sun. The restaurant and the kitchen are kept in the north. The waiting space has been provided in the east for a cool

51 environment. There is a stage for holding the inaugural functions and also for shows. The ground floor has been elevated 5 ft from the ground.

KITCHEN 16'6''X 11'9'' RESTAURANT 35'X 17'4''

GENTS TOILET COURTYARD 12'3''X 12'3'' WAITING ROOM 21'1''X 17'3'' LADIES TOILET

STAGE 26'6''X 9'2'' UP

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Waiting 330 o Stage 150 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 200 o Cafeteria 550

52 o Stairs 250

6.14.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the conference center. The first floor consists of the following rooms o Conference Room ` 480 o Office cum EOC 200 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Stairs 250 o Terrace 480

TERRACE OFFICE 16'11''X 16'8''

GENTS TOILET COURTYARD

LADIES TOILET SEMINAR ROOM 30'2''X 16'9''

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 6.14.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace for sheltering the young persons has been planned in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2050

6.15. Design of the safe shelter in Thimarafushi

FRONT ELEVATION

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Thimarafushi is 100 ft by 160 ft. It has an entry through the west. The requirements are

· Community center · Music center · Meeting place · Pre School · Community education · Cyber café

The Pre School operates in the daytime. In the evening and the morning it can act for the community education purpose. The population of Thimarafushi is 2400. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 1800 people. But there are eight two storeyed buildings in this area which out of which two are good in condition. They can accommodate eight hundred persons. So the space has to be created for 1000 people. Out of this half will take shelter in the terrace. So there is a need of 2000 sq ft of space.

6.15.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center from the west. The stairs and the comfort rooms have been kept at the south to evade the hot sun. The restaurant and the kitchen are kept in the north. The music room is located towards the east. There is a courtyard at the center. The ground floor has been elevated 5 ft from the ground. A stage has been provided to conduct shows and meetings.

KITCHEN 16'11''X 11'5'' MUSIC ROOM 29'8''X 16'5'' UP KITCHEN 16'11''X 11'5'' MUSIC ROOM 29'8''X 16'5''

VOLLEY BALL GENTS COURT RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP GENTS

TOILET UP PLACEFOR SIT OUT SPACE RESTAURANT COURTYARD ENTRY WATCHING 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3'' SHOWS

LADIES TOILET SITE PLAN

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Stage 200 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 200 o Cafeteria 350 o Stairs 250 o Music Room 475

55 6.15.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the conference center. An additional stair has also been provided. The first floor consists of the following rooms o Class Rooms Big 450 o Class Room small 330 o Stairs 250 o Comfort rooms 200 o Office cum Emergency Operation Center 200 o Semi open space 250

TERRACE CLASS ROOM 30'4''X 16'6''

GENTS TOILET

CLASS ROOM COURTYARD 17'11''X 12' LADIES TOILET

OFFICE 16'5''X 11'8'' WAITING UP ROOM

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

6.15.3. Second Floor Plan The terrace for sheltering the young persons has been planned in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

56 6.16. Design of the safe shelter in Villingili

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Villangili is 120 ft by 120 ft. It has an entry through the west. The requirements are

· Screening audio visuals · Seminar rooms · Conference Hall for public meeting

FRONT ELEVATION

The population of Villingili is 2907. Since a shelter for such a high population will be rather large and outside the budget also it has been suggested to construct two shelters each accommodating 1200 people. In fact, the site for the second shelter to be constructed in future also has been contemplated. It lies in the opposite extreme end of this site. There are two storyed buildings like Schools, which can accommodate 400 people. We have to create space for 800 people. Half of them will take shelter on the terrace.

6.16.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center from the west. The stairs and the comfort rooms have been kept towards south to evade the hot sun. The restaurant and the kitchen are kept in the east. The conference room is in the north. The ground floor has been elevated 5 ft from the ground. The ground floor consists of the following spaces:

KITCHEN RESTAURANT 16'9''X 12'6'' 16'9''X 16'6''

KITCHEN RESTAURANT CONFERENCE 16'9''X 12'6'' 16'9''X 16'6'' CONFERENCE ROOM ROOM 34'9''X 17' GENTS COURTYARD TOILET 34'9''X 17' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES VOLLEY BALL TOILET GENTS COURT

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' TOILET UP COURTYARD 12'3''X 12'3''

UP ENTRY

LADIES PLACE FOR SIT OUT SPACE WATCHING TOILET SHOWS

SITE PLAN STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN o Comfort rooms 200 o Conference room 600 o Kitchen 200 o Cafeteria 250 o Stairs 250 o Stage 200

6.16.2. First Floor Plan The first floor plan has been designed for the conference and seminars. The office cum Emergency operation center also been provided in this floor. There is an additional stair outside from the office.

58 o Comfort rooms 200 o Stairs 250 o Conference Room, 2 nos 940 o Office 300

CONFERENCE ROOM OFFICE 30'X 16'6'' 16'6"X 16'9''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD

CONFERENCE LADIES ROOMR TOILET 30'3''X 16'9"

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

6.16.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace for the shelter has been planned in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

6.17. Design of the safe shelter in Nilandhoo

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Nilandhoo is 100 ft by 100 ft. It has an entry through the south. The requirements are

FRONT ELEVATION

The population of Nilandhoo is 938. The shelter has been designed for 75 per cent of this population that comes to 700 persons. Half of the people will take shelter in the terrace. Taking 5 sq ft per persons, the area required is 1750 sq ft.

5.17.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center from the south. The stairs and the comfort rooms have been kept towards the west to evade the hot sun. The restaurant and the kitchen are kept in the north. There is a stage for meetings and screening visuals. The ground floor has been elevated 5 ft from the ground. The ground floor consists of the following spaces

UP KITCHEN RESTAURANT TABLE TENNIS KITCHEN RESTAURANT TABLETENNIS 16'6''X 11'9'' 17'9"X 17'4'' 16'9"X 16'9" 16'6''X 11'9'' 17'9"X 17'4'' 16'9"X 16'9"

GENTS TOILET COURTYARD VOLLEY BALL 12'3''X12'3'' CYBER CAFE COURT 21'1''X 17'3'' LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'6''X 9'2'' UP

GENTS PLACE FOR SIT OUT SPACE WATCHING TOILET SHOWS COURTYARD UP 12'3''X 12'3'' ENTRY CYBER CAFE 21'1''X 17'3'' LADIES TOILET SITE PLAN

STAGE 16'6''X 9'2'' UP

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 190 o Cafeteria 480 o Stairs 250 o Stage 160 o Cyber Café 350

61 6.17.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the conference and seminars. The office and the Emergency operation center and the store have also been provided in this floor. There is an additional stair from the office. o Comfort rooms 200 o Stairs 250 o Office 260 o Seminar Rooms 1000

OFFICE SEMINAR ROOM 16'11''X 16'8'' 30'X 16'9''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD

LADIES TOILET SEMINAR ROOM 30'2''X 16'9''

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

6.17.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace for sheltering the young people has been planned in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o EOC and store 2000

62 6.18. Design of the safe shelter in Dhandhoo

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Dhandoo is 100 ft by 100 ft. It has an entry through the southeast. The requirements are

· Hall for seminar · Venue for Music and Cinema · Hall for meeting

FRONT ELEVATION The population of Nilandhoo is 1693. The shelter has been designed for 75 per cent of this population that comes to 1275 persons. There is a two-storied School that accommodates 300 people. So, there is a need of shelter for 975 people. Half of them can stay in the terrace. Taking 5 sq ft per persons, the area required is 2400 sq ft..

6.18.1. Ground Floor Plan

The entry to the building is from its center from the east. The stairs and the comfort rooms have been kept in the south. The stage for screening visuals and the hall for meeting are in the north. The ground floor has been elevated 5 ft from the ground. The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 200 o Cafeteria 250 o Stairs 250 o Stage 130 o Hall for meeting 640

KITCHEN RESTAURANT 16'6''X 11'9'' 17'9"X 17'4''

VOLLEY BALL

GENTS COURT TOILET COURTYARD MEETING HALL 12'3''X 12'3'' 38'5''X 16'9''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'6''X 9'2'' UP

PLACE FOR

SIT OUT SPACE WATCHING SHOWS

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

64 6.18.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the conference and seminar. The office cum Emergency operation center and the store has also been provided in this floor. There is a stair downwards from the office. o Comfort rooms 200 o Stairs 250 o Office and EOC 250 o Seminar rooms 1000

OFFICE SEMINAR ROOM 16'11''X 16'8'' 30'X 16'11''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD

LADIES TOILET SEMINAR ROOM 30'2''X 16'9''

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 6.18.3. Second Floor Plan

The shelter area for the young persons has been has been planned on the terrace in the second floor. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

65 6.19. Design of the safe shelter in Filladhoo

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Filladhoo is 225ft by 425 ft. It has an entry through the north. The requirements are

· Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

FRONT ELEVATION

The population of Filladhoo is 936. It has been designed for 75 per cent of the total population or 700 people. Half of the people will take shelter in the terrace. Taking 5 sq ft per person, there is a need of 1750 sq ft for shelter.

6.19.1. Ground Floor Plan

The ground floor consists of the following spaces: o Stage for public meetings and showing documentaries 108 sq ft o Gymnasium 450 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 160 o Cafeteria 450 o Stairs 250

66 o Courtyard 144

VOLLEY BALL PROPOSED COURT BUILDING

UP PLACE FOR SIT OUT SPACE KITCHEN WATCHING SHOWS ENTRY 16'11''X 11'5'' GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

GENTS TOILET RESTAURANT COURTYARD SITE PLAN 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9''

ENTRY

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

6.19.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the island office. There is an additional stair outwards from the semi open terrace. The first floor consists of the following rooms

TERRACE MEETING ROOM 16'11''X 16'8''

GENTS TOILET

OFFICE COURTYARD 17'11''X 12'

LADIES TOILET

DN ISLAND CHIEF WAITING ROOM 16'5''X 11'8'' UP

FIRST FLOOR PLAN o Reception and Waiting 144 o Island Chief 200 o Meeting hall 250 o Office cum EOC 250 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Terrace 450 o Stairs 250

6.19.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace has been provided for shelter to the young people. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

6.20. Design of the safe shelter in Komandhoo

The site for the construction of safe shelter in Komandhoo is 102 ft by 100 ft. It has an entry through the north. The requirements are

· Island office · Place for social gathering · A youth center

The population of Komandhoo is 1700. 75 per cent of the total population is 1275. There is a four-storied School that can accommodate 375 persons. Two Mosques can take another 370 persons. So, it has to be designed for 530 persons. Half can stay in the terrace. There is a need of 1325 sq ft for shelter. So, the first floor is designed for only 265 people or 1325sq ft.

FRONT ELEVATION

6.20.1. Ground Floor Plan

The ground floor consists of the following spaces:

o Stage for public meetings and showing documentaries 108 sq ft o Gymnasium 450 o Comfort rooms 200 o Kitchen 160 o Cafeteria 450 o Stairs 250 o Courtyard 144

KITCHEN 16'11''X 11'5'' GYMNASIUM UP 29'8''X 16'5''

KITCHEN 16'11''X11'5'' GYMNASIUM 29'8''X 16'5''

VOLLEY BALL GENTS COURT RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X12'3''

LADIES TOILET

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' GENTS UP RESTAURANT COURTYARD TOILET 22'9''X 17'5'' 12'3''X 12'3'' UP

PLACE FOR ENTRY SIT OUT SPACE WATCHING SHOWS

LADIES TOILET SITE PLAN

STAGE 16'7''X 12'9'' UP

UP GROUND FLOOR PLAN ENTRY 70

6.20.2. First Floor Plan

The first floor plan has been designed for the island office. The first floor consists of the following rooms

TERRACE MEETING ROOM 16'11''X 16'8''

GENTS TOILET

COURTYARD OFFICE 17'11''X 12' LADIES TOILET

ISLAND CHIEF WAITING ROOM 16'5''X 11'8'' UP

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

71 o Reception and Waiting 144 o Island Chief 200 o Meeting hall 250 o Office cum EOC 250 o Comfort Rooms 200 o Terrace 450 o Stairs 250

6.20.3. Second Floor Plan

The terrace has been provided for shelter to the young people. The second floor consists of the following rooms o Stairs 250 o Terrace 2000

6.21. Summary of Cost of construction (Tentative estimate)

Sn. Islands Plinth and Upper Floor @ Stair @20 Civil Others Grand Ground Floor @ 20 25% Total 30 (18 +12) Area Amount Area Amount Area Amount 1 Felidhoo 2250 67500 1770 35400 256 5120 108020 27005 135025 2 Madifushi 2250 67500 1700 34000 256 5120 106620 26655 133275 3 Kolhufushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 4 Meedhoofushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 5 Komandoo 2250 67500 1770 35400 256 5120 108020 27005 135025 6 Filladhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 7 Muli 2250 67500 1570 31450 256 5120 104070 26017 130087 8 Thimarafushi 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 9 Villingili 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 10 Nilandhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025 11 Dhandhoo 2250 67500 2250 45000 256 5120 117620 29405 147025

Section 7: Prepare for each island a schedule/time table for safer constructions

7.0. Introduction

Constructions need to be completed in time. If there is a delay in construction it will increase the cost of the Project due to inflation and there will also be increase in the price of materials. It is for this reason primarily that a work schedule is prepared in advance before making any headway towards construction. The Schedule also directs the construction works and helps towards taking a corrective action if there is delay. This section highlights on the time schedule for the construction of the safe shelters.

7.1. Time for construction of the shelters

This construction of the safe shelter involves the four major castings, one at the ground level, and another at plinth level, the third one at the first floor level and the fourth one at the terrace level. The casting at the ground level is not so structural as are the others. Hence, a minimum of twenty-one days will have to be left after the casting for attainment of the strength by the concrete. Hence, two months are required for the casting. The other works are dominated by walling and the fixing of doors and windows. Hence, such a building should minimally take four months for its completion.

7.2.Time Schedule

Some of the key events of the Time Schedule are the preparation of the architectural drawings, the appointment of the Project Engineer and the Project Supervisors. Based on these the Time Schedule for the construction of the safe shelters have been proposed as hereunder:

Section 8: Quality control mechanisms of the construction of shelters

8.0.Introduction

Quality control mechanism seeks to ensure desired quality in construction works. It requires an initial critical study of architectural as well as engineering design. It is then followed by the critical study of the materials, the equipments, workmanship, processes and the periodic inspection. It can be achieved by conducting inspection whereby the factors contributing to the defects are known primarily. Secondarily, such defects have to be removed and ensured that they do not occur again.

The attainment of quality in construction is highly desirable. Firstly, the adoption of a good quality control mechanism results in fewer mistakes during the construction ensuring thereby that the work is being carried out correctly. It leads to the reduction of the need of corrective work. Such a reduction results in minimal waste of resources. It will culminate not only in the lowering of the costs but also higher productivity thereby increasing the working morale.

8.1. Elements of quality control mechanism

The quality control mechanism begins with the study of the design and the drawings. After the beginning of the construction, the materials begin arriving at the site and attention should be focused on acceptance of good materials and the rejection of the bad ones. The works like excavation, concreting, walling, and tiling occur one after another and they should be done properly. Inspection has to be carried out regularly and while carrying out the inspection relevant aspects should be looked out. For example while carrying out the concreting, it should be seen that the mix has been prepared confirming to the specification. The materials have to be tested. Whether or not they correspond to the specifications should be the sole objective of the quality controllers. The equipment should be assessed of their suitability in advance. All these should be supported by paper work and documentation.

Above all there should be a quality control plan. It consists of teamwork at the first instance. It s should be clear as well as concise. And it should be updated all the time. A plan is a dynamic document and hence that dynamism should be provided through inserting timely changes. It should comprise of

· Clear line of authority · Quality control staff · Adequately sized staff · Staffs with relevant experience · Spelling of clearly defined duties and responsibilities as well as authority · Identification of deficiency and immediate correcting mechanism · Decentralization of authority

74 · Taking of prompt decisions in the site and its approval from the top hierarchy · Drawings and specifications studied beforehand and changes inserted if necessary · Testing laboratories identified in the beginning · Tests to be carried out as stated in the documents · Reporting and meetings conducted very promptly and frequently as required.

8.2. Creation of a Project Implementation Unit

In order to accomplish the construction of the safe shelters in time, there should be a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) the Disaster Management Team of UNDP. It should be headed by a Project Engineer. The Project Engineer should be supported by a part time Project architect. There should be Project Supervisors, Draftsperson and an administrative secretary. The Project Engineer should be based in Male and should direct the project supervisers stationed in the atolls. There should be one supervisor to look after Komandhoo and Filadhoo, one to look after Villingili, Dhandhoo and Nilandhoo, another to look after Felidhoo, Muli, Medhoo and Kolhufushi. The Project Engineer and these three supervisors should first work for Fellidhoo as the construction works is going to start in the first phase in this island. The organogram will be as mentioned hereunder.

Project Manager

Project administrator Project Engineer Project Architect Project Accountant

Project Supervisor Project Supervisor Project Supervisor Felidhoo, Kumandhoo Muli, Medhoo Villingili, Dhandoo Kolhufushi Nilandhoo

8.3. Appointment of the Project Staff

The Project Engineer should be appointed soon in order to begin the construction work in Felidhoo immediately. The Project Supervisors should be appointed after two weeks of the appointment of the Project Engineer. They will work in Felidhoo and they will disperse to the other three sites till the completion of work in Felidhu or the beginning of construction work in the other three nodes whichever is earlier.

8.4.Responsibilities of the Team members

As any other works, construction is possible only through team work. The different members have to work in an integrated manner in order to accomplish the work in time. The responsibilities of the Team Members will be as follows:

8.4.1. Responsibility of the Project Supervisor

· Take part in the training that will highlight on the construction of safe shelter

75 · Be present in the site unless called to Male by the Project Engineer with approval from the Project Manager · Check the bill of quantities · Hold a site record book and note the happenings of the day including weather etc · Fill the measurement book and get it signed by the representative of the contractor · Give instant change order after receiving telephonic approval from the Project Engineer and dispatch the change letter · Forward the change order letter to the Project Engineer for approval from the Project Manager · Prepare the Running Bill and send to the Project Engineer for checking and payment · Calculate item-wise quantity and monitor the change in quantities · Initiate the agreement of new rates if the quantities exceed beyond provided in the Document · Initiate the testing of the materials and send to the concerned laboratory as agreed earlier · Check the material upon arrival in the site and bring to the notice of the Project Engineer if the materials do not confirm to the specification · Check the store of the contractor to ensure that the materials have been stacked properly · Help the Project Engineer with respect to the execution of provisions made in the Contract Document

8.4.2. Responsibility of the Project Engineer

· Carry out the environmental screening of the Project area · Prepare the Tender Documents and the other documents such as site report, measurement books etc · Publish the Tender Notice · Help to evaluate the bids and the award the bids to the Project Manager · Provide decisions whenever needed by the Site Supevisor · Receive suggestions from the Project Architect · Help to make a budget for the payment of the bills and the site visits · Hold a meeting with the Project Manager and the Accountant Officer if there are changes in the drawings during construction · Hold a meeting with the Project Manager and the Accounting Officer if there are changes in the quantities to secure the approval · Execute the Provisions of the Contract Document

8.4.3. Responsibility of the Project Accountant Officer

· Prepare the stage wise payment of the running bills in collaboration with the project engineer

76 · Prepare the budget following the payment likely to be made in each financial quarters · Make necessary adjustment in the payment to be made to the contractor in view of changes in the bill of quantities · Initiate meeting with the Project Manager and the Project Engineer regularly · Execute the provisions of the Contract Document or other relevant documents

8.4.4. Responsibility of the Project Administration Officer

· Keep the files and records so that they will be available for ready reference. · Ensure that all the events are reported between the site and the main office and they are backed by proper evidence. · Initiate action so that all the decisions given in the site are recorded and approved by the Project Manager · Keep a up to date minute of the meetings in all stages of the construction works · Execute the provisions mentioned in the Contract Document or other relevant documents

77 Section 9: Cost of estimation and Tender Documents of Felidhoo

9.0. Introduction

UNDP is constructing eleven safe shelters in Maldives for the protection of people from possible future Tsunami or any other disasters. These are going to be in Felidhoo, Muli, Kolhufushi, Madifushi, Thimharufushi, Meedhoofushi, Dhandoo, Nilandhoo, Filladhoo, Komandhoo and Villingili. Out of these eleven, the construction work in Felidhoo has been planned to be undertaken at the first phase. This section focuses on the tender drawings and the estimate of the safe shelter in Felidhoo.

9.1. Tender Drawings and Working Drawings

The tender drawings consist of the following:

· Site Plan · Ground Floor Plan · First Floor Plan · Terrace Plan · Section · North Elevation (Front)

The Working Drawings have to be made available to the contractor at the time of signing the contract document. These will be made by the consultant if desired by UNDP and made available at the signing time. It is because the preparation of working drawings is not under the scope of this task as can be made clear from the objectives mentioned on page 2 of this report.

9.2. Tender Document and Bills of Quantities

This portion is not within the scope of the report. But still honoring the request of the Disaster Risk Management it has been prepared and attached with the Report.

REFERENCES

RMSI, 2005, Developing Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives, UNDP, Maldives Maldives- Key Indicators 2004 Maniku, Hassan Ahmed, 1990, Changes in the Topography of Maldives, Forum of writers on Environment