N18 Ennis Bypass AR27, Carrowdotia
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Limerick Southern Ring Road, Phase II E2080, Coonagh West Site 1, Co. Limerick Final Archaeological Excavation Report for Limerick County Council Fiona Reilly Job J04/20 (NGR 152775 156610) Limerick Southern Ring Road, Phase II E2080, Coonagh West Site 1, Co. Limerick Final Archaeological Excavation Report for Limerick County Council Fiona Reilly TVAS Ireland Ltd Job J04/20 14th July 2010 Summary Scheme name: Limerick Southern Ring Road, Phase II Ministerial Directions reference number: A005/000 Site name: E2080, Coonagh West Site 1, Co. Limerick Scheme sub-no: A005/2010 Record number: E2080 Townland: Coonagh West Parish: Killeely Barony: North Liberties County: Limerick NGR: 152775 156610 OS 6” Sheet No: Co. Limerick Sheet 005 Chainage: n/a (dispersal area) Client: Limerick County Council, Mid West National Road Design Office, Lissanalta House, Dooradoyle Road, Dooradoyle, Co. Limerick Landowner: Limerick County Council, County Hall, Dooradoyle, Limerick Naturally occurring geology: Grey alluvial clay, at deeper levels it has a blue hue TVAS Ireland Job No: J04/20 Licence Eligible Director: Fiona Reilly Report author: Fiona Reilly Site activity: Excavation Site area: 2080m2 Date of fieldwork: 11th - 26th April 2005 Date of report: 14th July 2010 Summary of results: Several phases of brick-making kilns from the late 18th to late 19th century, were found and a large pit that was filled with broken brick and may have been a backfilled ‘brick-hole’ from which clay was quarried for the manufacture of bricks. Monuments identified: Unknown number of brick kilns. Location and reference of archive: The primary records (written, drawn and photographic) are currently held at TVAS Ireland Ltd, Ahish, Ballinruan, Crusheen, Co. Clare. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Limerick Southern Ring Road, Phase II E2080, Coonagh West Site 1, Co. Limerick Final Archaeological Excavation Report by Fiona Reilly Introduction This report documents the final results of an archaeological excavation of an unknown number of brick kilns (E2080) on the route of the Limerick Southern Ring Road Phase II, Coonagh West, Co. Limerick (NGR 152775 156610) (Fig. 1). The excavation forms part of the Limerick Southern Ring Road, Phase II, Northern Archaeological Contract. A preliminary report of the site was previously submitted (Hull and Reilly 2005). The National Monuments Act 1930 (as amended) provides the legislative framework within which archaeological excavation can take place and the following government publications set out many of the procedures relating to planning/development and archaeology: Framework and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (DAHGI 1999a) Policy and Guidelines on Archaeological Excavation (DAHGI 1999b) Code of Practice between the National Roads Authority and the Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands (NRA/MAHGI 2000) The archaeological work was carried out following Ministerial Direction given under the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 2004. Project background The Limerick Southern Ring Road Phase II (LSRR II) will extend west from the end of the Limerick Southern Ring Road Phase I at Rossbrien, to the existing N18 near Cratloe Castle. Once completed, LSRR II will form the final part of a southern bypass network around Limerick City, linking all converging routes. LSRR II will incorporate a fourth crossing of the River Shannon and will involve the construction of approximately 10 km of new dual carriageway and 2 km of associated link roads and side roads. The planned PPP (Public Private Partnership) project will involve an immersed tube tunnel, approximately 900 m in length, linking the townland of Coonagh West, on the northern bank, with the townland of Bunlicky on the southern bank of the Shannon. Material extracted from the river during tunnel construction will be deposited across 27ha of ground in Coonagh West. The road scheme is in accordance with European, national and regional roads objectives and forms part of the development strategy for National Primary Roads as outlined in the National Development Plan (2007-2013). LSRR II is a joint project of Limerick County Council, Clare County Council and Limerick City Council in partnership with the National Roads Authority (NRA). NRA Project Archaeologist Celie O Rahilly requested a series of archaeological investigations along the route of the new road. This archaeological work included assessment of sites previously recognised and prospection for sites without surface expression by means of mechanical test trenching. A number of archaeological sites were confirmed or recognised during this testing. As preservation in 1 situ was not a reasonable option, the resolution strategy for these sites was preservation by record, i.e. full archaeological excavation. For the purposes of the archaeological component of the road scheme the project was divided into two contract lots: Southern and Northern Archaeological Services Contracts with the River Shannon separating the two elements. The archaeological fieldwork and post-excavation work were funded by Limerick County Council through the National Roads Authority under the National Development Plan. Location, topography and geology The site was located in the townland of Coonagh West, parish of Killeely, barony of North Liberties, Co. Limerick and was centred on NGR 152775 156610 (Figs 1 and 2). The site was situated west of the end of a lane (locally known as the marsh road) leading south from the entrance to the Shannon Rugby Club car park. The general topography of the area is flat pasture with reeds, intersected by deep ditches draining into the River Shannon. A thin layer of topsoil overlies fine dark blue/grey alluvial clay that deepens toward the River Shannon. The ground on the north bank of the river that will be used by the road and the dispersal area for material extracted during tunnel construction has been formed by the receding Shannon and by relatively modern reclamation (Deery 2003, Healy and Hickey 2002, Hull 2005a). The modern ground surface, in most of the northern portion of the road route, lies between 0.50 m below and 2 m above Ordnance Datum (OD). Slightly higher ground (up to 4 m above OD) was encountered adjacent to the village of Coonagh, at the Clonmacken roundabout and at Cratloe Castle. In these locations a pinkish sandy clay with gravel (glacial till) was observed. Site E2080 lay in the southern area of a field of rough pasture and immediately to the north of a water channel. This channel was probably associated with an ‘Old Embankment’ marked here on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey (OS) map of 1841 (Fig. 3). This embankment was part of the reclamation and drainage works protecting the area. On this map the embankment continued along the southern extremity of a brick yard lying less than 50 m north-west of E2080. Though the channel was not clearly depicted on the map it is likely that it continued along the line of the embankment to the quay to the northwest. At the time of the excavation, such a channel stopped a short distance to the south of the location of the quay and an in-filled section continued to the quay. Long linear pits, where clay had been extracted for brick production, were visible to the north and north-west of the site. The topsoil (50) overlying the archaeological deposits was 0.15-0.20 m deep. The underlying natural deposit was a grey alluvial clay that had a blue hue at deeper levels. At the time of the excavation the land was under rough pasture. The site lay at approximately 1 m above Ordnance Datum (OD). Archaeological and historical background As part of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for this road project, a Cultural Heritage and Archaeology Report (Deery 2003) was commissioned. This assessment of archaeology and built/cultural heritage was based on a desktop study of published and unpublished documentary and cartographic sources, supported by a field inspection and aerial inspection of the proposed route and an underwater archaeological assessment of Ballinacurra Creek, the River Shannon, Meelick Creek, and Cratloe Creek. 2 As well as noting previously recognised monuments ranging in date from the prehistoric to modern periods, the EIS indicated the potential for further archaeological deposits to be found along the road route. The following is a summary, by period, taken in part, from the EIS: Prehistoric Archaeological research, and the distribution of sites on the Shannon Estuary, suggests that the estuary was the focus of settlement and of traffic/trading during the prehistoric period. Intertidal and dry land surveys indicate that quite significant Bronze Age populations were active along the river shoreline and its hinterland, with settlements extending far inland. The earliest evidence for prehistoric activity in the study area is found adjacent to Coonagh East where a Neolithic submerged forest was exposed in peats on the upper foreshore at Meelick Rocks (approx. 200 m west of the proposed route). A possible Neolithic stone axe was also found (NMI 95E0228:3) with a variety of animal bones on the lower part of this foreshore in peats that were dated to the Mesolithic. The Bronze Age (c. 2500–700 BC) saw new developments in agriculture including the introduction of tillage. This period also saw new developments in ritual activity. A variety of burial monuments date to this period including wedge tombs, cairns, tumuli and barrows. Evidence for Late Bronze Age (1100–700BC) activity is also found in the study area to the north of the Shannon in Clonmacken, where a fragmented Bronze Age sword was found during the construction of the Ennis Road. An isolated cremation burial dated to Late Bronze Age was excavated at Clonmacken during this road project (E2109, Ruttle and Taylor 2010). Fulachtaí fia (or burnt stone mounds) were also recognised as probable monuments likely to be found on the low-lying wetlands adjacent to the River Shannon.