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Education ______Ornamentation: an Introduction ______To the Mordent/Battement
Education _______ _______ Ornamentation: An Introduction _______ to the Mordent/Battement By Michael Lynn, One of my favorite ornaments is the I’ll use the French term [email protected] mordent. It often has a lively musical character but can also be drawn out to battement ... and mordent his is the second article I have make a more expressive ornament. interchangeably. written that covers ornaments that Players are often confused about weT might expect to encounter in Baroque the different names for various orna- 17th-century music, which may be music for the recorder. If you haven’t read ments, as well as the different signs played on recorder. the previous article in this series on used to signify them. To add to the Some of the terms we see being ornamentation, it may be helpful complications, the basic term mordent applied to this ornament are: to you to read the Fall 2020 AR was used to mean something com- • mordent installment, which covers trills and pletely different in the 19th century— • mordant appoggiaturas. different from its meaning in the • battement In this issue, we will discuss the Baroque period. • pincé. mordent or battement. In this series of articles on learning I’ll use the French term to interpret ornament signs, I focus on battement (meaning to “hit” or “beat”) music from the years 1680-1750. If you and mordent interchangeably look much outside of these boundaries, throughout this article—remember the situation gets more complicated. that they mean exactly the same thing. These dates encompass all of the Below is an example showing the Baroque recorder literature, with common signs and basic execution the exception of the early Baroque of the mordent. -
Performance Commentary
PERFORMANCE COMMENTARY . It seems, however, far more likely that Chopin Notes on the musical text 3 The variants marked as ossia were given this label by Chopin or were intended a different grouping for this figure, e.g.: 7 added in his hand to pupils' copies; variants without this designation or . See the Source Commentary. are the result of discrepancies in the texts of authentic versions or an 3 inability to establish an unambiguous reading of the text. Minor authentic alternatives (single notes, ornaments, slurs, accents, Bar 84 A gentle change of pedal is indicated on the final crotchet pedal indications, etc.) that can be regarded as variants are enclosed in order to avoid the clash of g -f. in round brackets ( ), whilst editorial additions are written in square brackets [ ]. Pianists who are not interested in editorial questions, and want to base their performance on a single text, unhampered by variants, are recom- mended to use the music printed in the principal staves, including all the markings in brackets. 2a & 2b. Nocturne in E flat major, Op. 9 No. 2 Chopin's original fingering is indicated in large bold-type numerals, (versions with variants) 1 2 3 4 5, in contrast to the editors' fingering which is written in small italic numerals , 1 2 3 4 5 . Wherever authentic fingering is enclosed in The sources indicate that while both performing the Nocturne parentheses this means that it was not present in the primary sources, and working on it with pupils, Chopin was introducing more or but added by Chopin to his pupils' copies. -
Basic Dynamic Markings
Basic Dynamic Markings • ppp pianississimo "very, very soft" • pp pianissimo "very soft" • p piano "soft" • mp mezzo-piano "moderately soft" • mf mezzo-forte "moderately loud" • f forte "loud" • ff fortissimo "very loud" • fff fortississimo "very, very loud" • sfz sforzando “fierce accent” • < crescendo “becoming louder” • > diminuendo “becoming softer” Basic Anticipation Markings Staccato This indicates the musician should play the note shorter than notated, usually half the value, the rest of the metric value is then silent. Staccato marks may appear on notes of any value, shortening their performed duration without speeding the music itself. Spiccato Indicates a longer silence after the note (as described above), making the note very short. Usually applied to quarter notes or shorter. (In the past, this marking’s meaning was more ambiguous: it sometimes was used interchangeably with staccato, and sometimes indicated an accent and not staccato. These usages are now almost defunct, but still appear in some scores.) In string instruments this indicates a bowing technique in which the bow bounces lightly upon the string. Accent Play the note louder, or with a harder attack than surrounding unaccented notes. May appear on notes of any duration. Tenuto This symbol indicates play the note at its full value, or slightly longer. It can also indicate a slight dynamic emphasis or be combined with a staccato dot to indicate a slight detachment. Marcato Play the note somewhat louder or more forcefully than a note with a regular accent mark (open horizontal wedge). In organ notation, this means play a pedal note with the toe. Above the note, use the right foot; below the note, use the left foot. -
Interpreting Tempo and Rubato in Chopin's Music
Interpreting tempo and rubato in Chopin’s music: A matter of tradition or individual style? Li-San Ting A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales School of the Arts and Media Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences June 2013 ABSTRACT The main goal of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding of Chopin performance and interpretation, particularly in relation to tempo and rubato. This thesis is a comparative study between pianists who are associated with the Chopin tradition, primarily the Polish pianists of the early twentieth century, along with French pianists who are connected to Chopin via pedagogical lineage, and several modern pianists playing on period instruments. Through a detailed analysis of tempo and rubato in selected recordings, this thesis will explore the notions of tradition and individuality in Chopin playing, based on principles of pianism and pedagogy that emerge in Chopin’s writings, his composition, and his students’ accounts. Many pianists and teachers assume that a tradition in playing Chopin exists but the basis for this notion is often not made clear. Certain pianists are considered part of the Chopin tradition because of their indirect pedagogical connection to Chopin. I will investigate claims about tradition in Chopin playing in relation to tempo and rubato and highlight similarities and differences in the playing of pianists of the same or different nationality, pedagogical line or era. I will reveal how the literature on Chopin’s principles regarding tempo and rubato relates to any common or unique traits found in selected recordings. -
Blues Bass String Recommendations
Blues Bass String Recommendations Barr is sceptically flavoursome after orientating Orson bivouac his eyas ahead. Indo-Iranian Stearn rustle or damage some overstuffssnow-on-the-mountain immitigably or perceptively, clarifies any however conservatoriums. iatrogenic Berkeley screeches placidly or revenge. Skippy remains Eocene after Salomo As they deliver balanced string bass strings with coating on string Victor Wooten uses super light strings. All the strings listed above will make your bass sound great. This should appeal to a wide range of players, especially those playing modern styles. Blue Steel bass strings. However, the bass guitar has a different musical sound. Double bass Wikipedia. Can you tell us what in particular you find suspect? Some players perform with the sides of one, two, or three fingers, especially for walking basslines and slow tempo ballads, because this is purported to create a stronger and more solid tone. But certainly more difficult on some than others. They are made so that the acoustic instrument musicians feel just as appreciated as they need to be. What are the best bass strings? The good news though is that you only need to know the key points to appreciate which guitar strings will work best for you. Ernie Ball strings, in addition to hundreds of thousands of musicians the world over. For the first week or so on my XLs or boomers I find them to be harsher on my fingers till they are broken in. Having said that, if you want to experiment, then you could try halfwound strings. DR Strings is not just about being colorful. -
Perceptual Fusion of Noise and Complex Tone by Means of Amplitude Modulation
Perceptual Fusion of Noise and Complex Tone by Means of Amplitude Modulation Pär Johansson Master’s Thesis Department of Speech, Music and Hearing The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Abstract This report investigates pulse-synchronised amplitude modulation as a method for perceptual fusion of noise and tone. It is shown that when the noise is amplitude modulated by the waveform envelope of the tone, higher amplitude modulation depth yields stronger fusion. In addition, the evidence suggests that fusion remains constant for tone frequencies from 150 to at least 600 Hz. Sammanfattning Det är numera välkänt att olika former av brus är en väsentlig del av klangfärgen hos de flesta akustiska instrument, vilket ofta förbises vid konstruktionen av elektroniska och digitala musik- instrument. Forskning inom detta område har visat att bruset tillför en ökad realism till syntetiserade instrument, men också att det inte är tillräckligt att bara mixa en ton med vitt brus för att vi skall uppfatta de båda komponenterna som en sammansatt klang – en lyckad sammansmältning eller perceptuell fusion kräver att bruset och tonen är korrelerade. Ett sätt att åstadkomma detta är att amplitudmodulera bruset med tonens frekvens. Detta är ett fenomen som uppstår naturligt i bl a röst, blås- och stråkinstrument. Denna uppsats behandlar dels hur modulationsdjupet påverkar fusionen, dels hur fusionen varierar med tonens frekvens. En enkel modell av ett instrument med en bruskälla skapades, där tonens frekvens och ljudnivå, brusets ljudnivå och modulationsdjupet kunde variera. För att pröva hypoteserna 1) fusionen ökar med modulationsdjupet och 2) fusionen minskar med frekvensen, gjordes lyssnartest vid frekvenserna 150, 300 och 600 Hz. -
Pipa by Moshe Denburg.Pdf
Pipa • Pipa [ Picture of Pipa ] Description A pear shaped lute with 4 strings and 19 to 30 frets, it was introduced into China in the 4th century AD. The Pipa has become a prominent Chinese instrument used for instrumental music as well as accompaniment to a variety of song genres. It has a ringing ('bass-banjo' like) sound which articulates melodies and rhythms wonderfully and is capable of a wide variety of techniques and ornaments. Tuning The pipa is tuned, from highest (string #1) to lowest (string #4): a - e - d - A. In piano notation these notes correspond to: A37 - E 32 - D30 - A25 (where A37 is the A below middle C). Scordatura As with many stringed instruments, scordatura may be possible, but one needs to consult with the musician about it. Use of a capo is not part of the pipa tradition, though one may inquire as to its efficacy. Pipa Notation One can utilize western notation or Chinese. If western notation is utilized, many, if not all, Chinese musicians will annotate the music in Chinese notation, since this is their first choice. It may work well for the composer to notate in the western 5 line staff and add the Chinese numbers to it for them. This may be laborious, and it is not necessary for Chinese musicians, who are quite adept at both systems. In western notation one writes for the Pipa at pitch, utilizing the bass and treble clefs. In Chinese notation one utilizes the French Chevé number system (see entry: Chinese Notation). In traditional pipa notation there are many symbols that are utilized to call for specific techniques. -
3. Intercultural Tension in Music by Chaya Czernowin and Isabel Mundry: Variations on Identity and Musical Meaning
V. New Music and Beyond: Music-Historical and Cultural Entanglements 385 3. Intercultural Tension in Music by Chaya Czernowin and Isabel Mundry: Variations on Identity and Musical Meaning A phenomenon crucial for the perception of new music, and which is featured prominently in Helmut Lachenmann’s sound typology, is the transition between structure and texture: the more information is conveyed at once in a musical context, the more it is perceived in terms of “global” characteristics – that is, structure (conceived as an interaction of individual sound elements or “families”) morphs into texture (in which one global characteristic dominates) – and the reverse process is, of course, equally relevant. Although this principle was particularly well- known and much explored in “sound composition” during the 1960s, it plays a certain role in listening to almost any polyphonic or multi-layered music. Complex and dazzling musical strat- ification was derived by many composers in the twentieth century from the legacy of Romantic orchestral magic (→ VI.1). Such a “dialogue” between layers can give rise to a morphological viv- idness that communicates itself directly, even without the framework of tonal harmony. In the music that emerged from the fault lines of cultural globalization from the end of the nineteenth century, it was, as we have seen, a much-used procedure to conceptualize the differ- ences between cultural idioms in the form of such a layered structure: groups of instruments and/or musical timbres were often arranged “culturally” (and usually differing composition- al techniques applied to such groups mirrored this cultural segregation). In Tan Dun’s Ghost Opera (1994), the string quartet was culturally “identified” by the C# minor prelude from volume 1 of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier, the Chinese pipa by the Chinese folk song Xiao bai cai. -
Unicode Technical Note: Byzantine Musical Notation
1 Unicode Technical Note: Byzantine Musical Notation Version 1.0: January 2005 Nick Nicholas; [email protected] This note documents the practice of Byzantine Musical Notation in its various forms, as an aid for implementors using its Unicode encoding. The note contains a good deal of background information on Byzantine musical theory, some of which is not readily available in English; this helps to make sense of why the notation is the way it is.1 1. Preliminaries 1.1. Kinds of Notation. Byzantine music is a cover term for the liturgical music used in the Orthodox Church within the Byzantine Empire and the Churches regarded as continuing that tradition. This music is monophonic (with drone notes),2 exclusively vocal, and almost entirely sacred: very little secular music of this kind has been preserved, although we know that court ceremonial music in Byzantium was similar to the sacred. Byzantine music is accepted to have originated in the liturgical music of the Levant, and in particular Syriac and Jewish music. The extent of continuity between ancient Greek and Byzantine music is unclear, and an issue subject to emotive responses. The same holds for the extent of continuity between Byzantine music proper and the liturgical music in contemporary use—i.e. to what extent Ottoman influences have displaced the earlier Byzantine foundation of the music. There are two kinds of Byzantine musical notation. The earlier ecphonetic (recitative) style was used to notate the recitation of lessons (readings from the Bible). It probably was introduced in the late 4th century, is attested from the 8th, and was increasingly confused until the 15th century, when it passed out of use. -
1977 Catalog Martin Archery Inc
1977 CATALOG MARTIN ARCHERY INC. ROUTE 5. BOX 127, WALLA WALLA WASHINGTON 99362 U.S.A. AREA 509 529-2554 INDEX Accessory Case .......... ... ..... 70 Game Bag ........ .... ........ 74 Armguards ........ .... ....... 15 Glove Powder ...... .. ... ... ..... 36 Arromcter ................... .. 31 Gloves ........................ 14 Arrows .................... 7,8, 9 Ground Quivers ..... ... ... .... .. 16 Arrow Boxes .......... ... .. 71 Arrow Case ............ .. ... 70 Insect Repellent ... .... .... .. .. 57 Arrow Clips .................. 67 Arrow Holders ....... .. .... ... 49 Kisser Buttons .... ............ .. 41 Arrow Numbers .. .... ...... ... 58 Knives ...... ... .. .... .... ... 74 Arrow Rests ............ ...... 35 Kwik Knurl ................. .. 13 Arrow Straightener ......... .... 46 Lacquer .... .. ........ ...... 58, 76 Backpacks ............. ... ... .. 75 Lure .............. .. .. ... .... 50 Belt ............... ... ..... 18 Berger Button ........ ... ........ 35 Matts, Easel ......... ..... ... .. 63 Blun ts .............. ......... 13 Books ............... ..... 68 69 Nocks ......... .. .... .... ... 66 Bows ................... .... 19-30 Nocking Points ... ............. .. 48 Bow Cases ......... ...... 70, 71 Bow Covers ................. 53 Points: Field, Target, Blunts ......... 13 Bow Levels .................. .40 Pouch ............... ... .... 34 Bow Saddles .................. 34 Powder Pouch ............ ....... 34 Bowslings .......... .... .. ... 34 Bow Squares........ ...... .... 46 Buwstri ngs ................. -
2001-2002 Fretted Instrument Strings
The Player’s Choice™ Fretted Instrument Strings 2001-2002 Introduction With the tremendous variety of strings available, choosing the right set for your playing style and taste can be quite a confusing task, but it can also be a rewarding one. D’Addario’s 2001 catalog has been designed to provide you with all the technical information you need to make selecting your favorite strings as easy as possible. It also includes some string tips to help you get the most out of the strings you choose. We’re sure you’ll find it useful. 4 ”Live television is one of the most demanding gigs for any musician. Knowing that I can always count on D’Addario strings to perform makes all the difference in the world.” - Kevin Eubanks - guitarist, The Tonight Show ”I love the fat, crunchy sound I get from D’Addario strings. They never let me down, and they allow me to put all my energy into making music.” - Poncho Sampedro - guitarist, Neil Young & Crazy Horse ”It is best to play music from the heart. To do that, you need a string that has a true pitch and beautiful sound. These are among the many fine qualities I find in D’Addario strings.” - Ben Verdery - classical guitarist ”I have used D’Addario strings since 1989. After all these years of playing them exclusively, I can tell you that D’Addario Composite Strings are the most consistent strings I have ever used. They are more in tune than any other brands, they never break, and they last very long in the studio and on the road.” - Ottmar Liebert - flamenco guitarist 5 Table of Contents Electric Guitar Strings -
GALAXY PIANOS Quickstart Guide
GALAXY PIANOS Quickstart Guide 1 1. WELCOME .......................................................................... 2 2. INSTALLATION AND LIBRARY TAB ................................... 3 3. USER INTERFACE ............................................................. 4 4. GLOBAL PRESETS ............................................................ 6 5. VELOCITY EDITOR ............................................................ 7 6. PAD MACHINE ................................................................... 8 1. WELCOME Thank you for buying a virtual piano from the Galaxy Piano line. This quickstart guide will lead you through the installation process and will show you the basics of the Galaxy Piano user interface. For more information, use the info field in the Kontakt 4 library tab or go to www.galaxypianos.com . 1. Galaxy Piano Models Currently Galaxy Pianos presents four pianos, the first three being part of the GALAXY II Grand Piano Collection. All pianos are also available as a Download Edition: GALAXY STEINWAY A handpicked STEINWAY D concert grand, recorded at Galaxy Studios, both in stereo and 5.1 Surround VIENNA GRAND A huge and powerful BÖSENDORFER 290 1920 GERMAN BABY GRAND A 75 year old VINTAGE BLÜTHNER with a beautiful, intimate tone GALAXY VINTAGE D Bauer Studios‘ Vintage STEINWAY D from 1920, used in dozens of legendary Jazz Recordings 2. Features • Every piano contains more than 2000 samples in 24 Bit • Mapped in up to 13 modeled velocity zones for a wide and smooth dynamic range • Real sustain resonance and release