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Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes

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Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes Discovery of Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Technetium, and Ruthenium Isotopes A. Nystrom, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Currently, thirty-four yttrium, thirty-five zirconium, thirty-four niobium, thirty-four technetium, and thirty-eight ruthe- nium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables November 13, 2010 Contents 1. Introduction . 5 2. Discovery of 76−109Y ................................................................................... 6 2.1. 76Y ............................................................................................. 6 2.2. 77Y ............................................................................................. 8 2.3. 78Y ............................................................................................. 8 2.4. 79Y ............................................................................................. 8 2.5. 80;81Y ........................................................................................... 8 2.6. 82Y ............................................................................................. 9 2.7. 83;84Y ........................................................................................... 9 2.8. 85Y ............................................................................................. 9 2.9. 86Y ............................................................................................. 9 2.10. 87Y ............................................................................................. 10 2.11. 88Y ............................................................................................. 10 2.12. 89Y ............................................................................................. 10 2.13. 90Y ............................................................................................. 10 2.14. 91Y ............................................................................................. 11 2.15. 92Y ............................................................................................. 11 2.16. 93;94Y ........................................................................................... 11 2.17. 95Y ............................................................................................. 11 2.18. 96Y ............................................................................................. 12 2.19. 97Y ............................................................................................. 12 2.20. 98Y ............................................................................................. 12 2.21. 99Y ............................................................................................. 12 2.22. 100Y............................................................................................. 12 2.23. 101Y............................................................................................. 13 2.24. 102Y............................................................................................. 13 2.25. 103−105Y......................................................................................... 13 2.26. 106;107Y.......................................................................................... 13 2.27. 108;109Y.......................................................................................... 13 3. Discovery of 78−112Zr................................................................................... 14 3.1. 78Zr............................................................................................. 14 3.2. 79Zr............................................................................................. 14 3.3. 80Zr............................................................................................. 14 3.4. 81Zr............................................................................................. 16 3.5. 82Zr............................................................................................. 16 3.6. 83Zr............................................................................................. 16 3.7. 84Zr............................................................................................. 16 3.8. 85Zr............................................................................................. 16 3.9. 86Zr............................................................................................. 17 3.10. 87Zr............................................................................................. 17 2 3.11. 88Zr............................................................................................. 17 3.12. 89Zr............................................................................................. 17 3.13. 90Zr............................................................................................. 17 3.14. 91Zr............................................................................................. 18 3.15. 92Zr............................................................................................. 18 3.16. 93Zr............................................................................................. 18 3.17. 94Zr............................................................................................. 18 3.18. 95Zr............................................................................................. 18 3.19. 96Zr............................................................................................. 19 3.20. 97Zr............................................................................................. 19 3.21. 98Zr............................................................................................. 19 3.22. 99Zr............................................................................................. 19 3.23. 100Zr............................................................................................ 20 3.24. 101Zr............................................................................................ 20 3.25. 102Zr............................................................................................ 20 3.26. 103Zr............................................................................................ 20 3.27. 104Zr............................................................................................ 20 3.28. 105Zr............................................................................................ 21 3.29. 106;107Zr ......................................................................................... 21 3.30. 108−110Zr ........................................................................................ 21 3.31. 111;112Zr ......................................................................................... 21 4. Discovery of 82−115Nb .................................................................................. 21 4.1. 82Nb ............................................................................................ 22 4.2. 83Nb ............................................................................................ 22 4.3. 84Nb ............................................................................................ 22 4.4. 85Nb ............................................................................................ 24 4.5. 86Nb ............................................................................................ 24 4.6. 87Nb ............................................................................................ 24 4.7. 88Nb ............................................................................................ 24 4.8. 89Nb ............................................................................................ 25 4.9. 90;91Nb .......................................................................................... 25 4.10. 92Nb ............................................................................................ 25 4.11. 93Nb ............................................................................................ 25 4.12. 94Nb ............................................................................................ 25 4.13. 95Nb ............................................................................................ 26 4.14. 96Nb ............................................................................................ 26 4.15. 97Nb ............................................................................................ 26 4.16. 98Nb ............................................................................................ 26 4.17. 99Nb ............................................................................................ 26 4.18. 100Nb ........................................................................................... 27 4.19. 101Nb ........................................................................................... 27 3 4.20. 102Nb ........................................................................................... 27 4.21. 103;104Nb......................................................................................... 27 4.22. 105Nb ..........................................................................................
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