Other categories include hang , /, , heliplane and . DARPA’s Parts of an Airplane Parts of an Airplane Parts of an Airplane Parts of an Airplane The fuselage is the main body of the , where the passengers, cargo and crew go. Fuselage The fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction:

-Truss Type -Monocoque -Semi-monocoque Fuselage – Truss Type Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque Empennage The empennage is the rear portion of the airplane It is integral to control and stability during Construction Wing Construction Spars . spanwise members . wood or metal . carry bending loads

Ribs . web or truss . give wing its cambered shape Wing Construction .Edges . Leading Edge . Trailing Edge . Strength & Shape

.Wires . Internal / External . Bracing for strength

.Covering . Metal or Fabric . Metal  strength

Wing Layouts High Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane Wing Layouts High Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane Wing Layouts High Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane Wing Layouts High Wing

Mid Wing

Low Wing

Bi-Plane Center of gravity (CG) Landing Gear Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel

Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel

Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in or fuselage (reducing )

Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract Landing Gear Landing Gear Landing Gear Landing Gear Landing Gear Retractable Landing Gear

PROS ◦ Reduced drag at cruise ◦ Higher cruising speed

CONS ◦ Added weight ◦ Added mechanical complexity ◦ Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based) ◦ Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious) Landing Gear Shock Absorption

Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in .

◦ Spring steel Landing Gear

◦ Air/Oil oleos

◦ Rubber cords (bungee) or discs

◦ Low pressure tires Landing Gear

Main Landing Gear - Spring Steel Cantilever - Landing Gear

Nose Landing Gear - Air / Oil Oleo - Landing Gear - Brakes Brakes

Provide a means of stopping the aircraft Assist with steering on the ground Wing Span Wingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip Chord Chord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing

A measure of the width of a wing Wing Area Wing Area

Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing Planform Planform

Shape of the wing as seen from above Aspect Ratio

Ratio of the span to chord of the wing A measure of how SLENDER the wing is A structure curved to produce Camber Camber

◦ A measure of the curvature of an airfoil ◦ Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces Incidence Angle

Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis Relative Airflow Relative Airflow

◦ Airflow over the wing ◦ Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air Angle of Attack

The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow

Multi Design Optimization (MDO) of aircrafts

Commercial Air Transport System Architecture Commercial Air Transport System

Aircraft Other System operational Elements

Environmenta Avionics Electrical Interiors Mechanical Propulsion Auxiliary Airframe l Ground segment segment segment segment segment segment segment Starting segment Equipment Air Auto Electrical Crew Flight Auxiliary Conditionin Flight Power Accom- Controls Fuel Power Fuselage Flight g modations System Deck Crew Cabin Passengers Hydraulic Pylon / Pressure Communica- Shipside Accom- Power Structure Stablizer tions Lighting modations Water, Ice & Rain Indicating & Waste Landing Power Protection Recording Lavs,Galley Gears Plant Wing s & Plumbing Oxygen Emergency Power Pneumatic Navigation Provisions Control

Signs & Lights Life Cycle Framework

Enterprise Based Life Cycle Relationships Enterprise Based Life-cycle

Business Full Opportunity Feasibility Project Scale Study Study Definition Development

Business Project Critical First Opportunity Requirements Project Delivery Review Review Review System Life-cycle Development Process Go-Ahead Certification

Preliminary Development Preliminary Detailed Production/Sustaining Disposal Concept Study Feasibility Study Design Design Operational Deployment

A/C A/C A/C A/C Concept Definition Preliminary Detailed Design Review Review Design Review Review Engineering Life-cycle Process Prototype First Production Simulation Product Upgrades Development Article Requirements Development Design Development References http://94aircadets.ca/images/Training/Optional%20Training/GroundSchool/Po werPoints/6.01%20Aircraft%20Design.ppt https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture _01.pdf http://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground- school?showall=&start=1 http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf