1 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Table of Contents

Schedule at a Glance………………………….…………..………..3

Welcome Letter from GRS Chairs………...……………..…..…….4

Welcome Letter from President Reveley…………….……...…….5

Graduate Advisory Board…………………………………………...6

Science Mentoring Opportunities and Local Sponsors...………..7

Awards…………………..……………….…………………………...9

Detailed Schedule……………….…………………..……...………11

History of the College & Williamsburg……….………...……...….13

Keynote Lecture and Book Signing………………….……...... 14 Dr. Mitchell Reiss - Bridging the Gap: From the Ivory Tower to the Corridors of Power

Abstracts (Alphabetical by Last Name)………………………...... 15

Organizers and Volunteers…………………………….…..………58

The College of William and Mary Campus Map………..…...... 59

University Center Map..………………………………….…...…....61

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Schedule at a Glance

Friday, March 28 2008 -- University Center

7:30 am - 8:30 am Registration 2nd Floor Lobby

8:30 am - 7:00 pm Poster Displays 2nd Floor Lobby

8:30 am - 9:30 am Concurrent Sessions Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room, and York Room

9:45 am - 10:45 am Concurrent Sessions Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room, and York Room

11:00 am - 11:50 am Keynote Lecture & Book Signing Commonwealth Auditorium

12:00 pm - 1:15 pm Lunch & Welcoming Remarks Chesapeake A

1:30 pm - 2:30 pm Concurrent Sessions Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room, and York Room

2:45 pm - 3:45 pm Concurrent Sessions & General Interest Lectures Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room, and York Room

4:00 pm - 5:00 pm Concurrent Sessions Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room, and York Room

5:15 pm - 7:00 pm Networking Reception Chesapeake A

Saturday, March 29 2008 -- University Center

7:45 am - 8:30 am Registration 2nd Floor Lobby

8:30 am - 12:00 pm Poster Displays 2nd Floor Lobby

8:30 am - 9:30 am Concurrent Sessions Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room and York Room

9:45 am - 10:45 am Concurrent Sessions & General Interest Lectures Tidewater A, Tidewater B, James Room and York Room

11:00 am - 12:00 pm Poster Presentations with Q&A 2nd Floor Lobby

12:00 pm - 1:30 pm Luncheon and Awards Ceremony Chesapeake B & C

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Dear Members of the William & Mary Community and Guests,

Welcome to Williamsburg, Virginia, and the Seventh Annual Graduate Research Symposium. The Symposium Planning Committee has worked hard to organize our biggest and best Sym- posium yet, and we look forward to sharing it with you.

We hope that you will attend several of the more than 80 engaging presentations and poster sessions that will both challenge and broaden your knowledge. A unique event, the Sympo- sium encourages interdisciplinary exchange, bringing together graduate students from the sci- ences and the humanities. This is an exciting opportunity to share experiences common to students in all graduate school communities.

The Symposium is delighted to share the meeting with colleagues from prominent regional in- stitutions. We welcome to our campus the thirty-three visiting presenters, which include repre- sentatives from the following schools: Arizona State University, Duke University, George Ma- son University, the George Washington University, Hampton University, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Marshall University, Old Dominion University, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Wil- mington, Virginia Commonwealth University, the University of Virginia, and West Virginia Uni- versity.

In addition to the various graduate presenters, this year’s Symposium features our own, Dr. Mitchell Reiss, William & Mary Provost for International Affairs, U.S. Ambassador, and former Director for Policy Planning at the U.S. Department of State, who will give the keynote address titled, “Bridging the Gap: From the Ivory Tower to the Corridors of Power”. Further information on each presentation is available in the following pages of the program. We thank all of the speakers for joining our event and helping to produce a truly extraordinary conference experi- ence.

As always, we want to make this event the best that it can possibly be. Thus, we appreciate your feedback on our planning and execution of this two-day gathering. At your leisure, please take a moment to fill out the survey provided. We look forward to meeting all of you during the Symposium and hope that you enjoy the festivities.

Jonathan Holley Sucheta Jawalkar Chair Vice-Chair

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THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT P.O. B OX 8795 WILLIAMSBURG , V IRGINIA 23187-8795 757/221-1693; Fax 757/221-1259

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The Arts & Sciences Graduate Studies Advisory Board at the College of William & Mary is a proud sponsor of the 2008 Graduate Research Symposium

The Graduate Studies Advisory Board is a group of educational, corporate, and com- munity leaders with a commitment to enhancing the quality of graduate education in Arts & Sciences at William and Mary. We commend the attendees of the Graduate Research Symposium for their dedication to excellence in research. The missions of the Graduate Studies Advisory Board are: • Development/fundraising to increase graduate A&S financial resources • Assisting in the building of a graduate A&S community • Enhancing professional development opportunities for graduate students • Advocating for graduate A&S within the W&M community A&S graduate programs are critical to the mission of the College of W&M and to the College’s status as a research university. Graduate programs strengthen the under- graduate program by providing research and mentoring opportunities, and are essen- tial in retaining approximately a third of W&M’s faculty members in Arts & Sciences.

By sponsoring the 2008 Graduate Research Symposium, funding the Distinguished Thesis/Dissertation Awards in A&S, and providing recruitment fellowships to out- standing entering graduate students, the Graduate Studies Advisory Board is playing a vital role in advancing W&M’s graduate programs in Arts & Sciences.

Members of the Graduate Studies Advisory Board, 2007-08 President: Patricia Barry ’63 BS Chemistry Vice-President: Larry McEnerney ’76 BA English & History Chair, Development Committee: Ronald Monark ’61 BA Economics Chair, Student Professional Development Committee: Diane Alleva Cáceres ’87 BA Economics, ’89 MA Government Chair, Nominations Committee: Robert Bolander ’62 BA Economics, ’64 MA History James Baroody ’68 MS Physics John Burton ’89 MA History, ’96 PhD History Nelson Daniel ’90 BS Geology & Economics David Daugherty ’69 BS Biology, ’71 MA Biology Ann Koch ’83 BA Religion Sherry Manning ’67 MS Mathematics Peter Martin ’71 MS Physics, ’72 PhD Physics George Miller ’67 BS Physics, ’69 MS Physics, ’72 PhD Physics Cynthia Morton ’77 BS Biology Bradley (Lee) Roberts ’70 MS Physics, ’74 PhD Physics Maciek Sasinowski ‘93 MS Physics, ‘95 PhD Physics Kumiko (Jean) Takeuchi ’76 MA Chemistry William J. Tropf ’68 BS Physics Mark Washko ’90 BA Government, ’94 MPP Public Policy Edwin Watson II ’68 BA History, ’70 MA History

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Recruiting/Mentoring Opportunity for Science Students

A W&M alumnus and member of the A&S Graduate Studies Advisory Board, Dr. Bill Tropf, is available at the Graduate Research Symposium’s reception, awards lunch- eon, and poster presentation session to speak with interested students (all degree lev- els) regarding employment and internship opportunities with the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Applied Physics Laboratory ( http://www.jhuapl.edu// ).

The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, re- search and development. APL recruits and hires the best and the brightest from top colleges to work on more than 400 programs that protect our homeland and advance the nation's vision in research and space science, at an annual funding level of about $680M. APL is looking primarily for science, engineering, mathematics, and computer science graduates with bachelors, masters, or doctoral degrees.

Local Sponsor

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Local Sponsor

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The College of William & Mary Award Recipients for Excellence in Scholarship

These awards acknowledge graduate students whose research presentation shows: • Original investigation and the integration of knowledge, and • Distinguished excellence in scholarship through potential contribution to the discipline and recognition by peers.

The corporate sponsored awards listed below were open to all students from The College of William & Mary and visiting institutions. To be considered for an award, presenters had to submit a 10-12 page paper describing their research. The papers were judged blindly by an independent panel of William & Mary faculty and Graduate Studies Advisory Board members. Among the many outstanding submis- sions, the following students were selected to receive an award, based on the merit of their research.

MARKET ACCESS INTERNATIONAL, Inc. (www.marketaccessintl.com ) is an international trade, in- vestment and enterprise growth consulting firm. The company was founded by A&S Graduate Studies Advisory Board member Diane Alleva Cáceres (W&M ‘87 BA Economics, ‘89 MA Government).

Market Access International, Inc. Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Humanities and Social Sciences ERIN KRUTKO The College of William & Mary, American Studies. Advisor: Dr. Charlie McGovern Public Memory and Racial Reconciliation in Little Rock

INCOGEN, Inc. (www.incogen.com ) provides software and professional services to scientists involved in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology research. The company was founded by A&S Graduate Studies Advisory Board emeritus member Maciek Sasinowski (W&M '93 MS Physics, W&M '95 Ph.D. Physics).

Incogen, Inc. Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Natural and Computational Sciences NINGFANG MI The College of William & Mary, Computer Science. Advisor: Dr. Evgenia Smirni Performance Impacts of Autocorrelated Flows in Multi-tiered Systems

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The College of William & Mary Award Recipients for Excellence in Scholarship

William & Mary Scholars

Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Humanities and Social Sciences WENDY KORWIN American Studies Advisor: Dr. Leisa Meyer Spectacles of Breeding: Kinship and the American Dog Show

Honorable Mentions NATALIE BRITO Psychology Advisor: Dr. Peter Vishton Influences of Motor System State on Ebbinghaus Illusion Magnitude

SHEREEN SINGER Psychology Advisor: Dr. Jennifer Stevens The Power of Imagery: Using Mental Imagery to Reduce Food Cravings

Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Natural and Computational Sciences JONATHAN HOLLEY Biology Advisor: Dr. Randolph M. Chambers Water Quality in Headwater Streams: A Test of Best Management Practices

Honorable Mentions MARY LEVILLAIN Psychology Advisor: Dr. Pamela S. Hunt Can Nicotine Ameliorate Memory Deficits Found in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

MEGHAN REVELLE Computer Science Advisor: Dr. David Coppit How To Find a Needle in a Digital Haystack

Visiting Scholars

Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Humanities and Social Sciences AMANDA STUCKEY American Studies, University of Virginia Advisor: Dr. Anna Brickhouse Blending Texts, Blending Bodies: The American Mulatto in William Wells Brown's Clotel

Honorable Mention JONGMOOK CHOE Statistics, George Washington University Advisor: Dr. Reza Modarres Income Inequality and Crime in the United States

Award for Excellence in Scholarship in the Natural and Computational Sciences RICHARD S. GROOVER Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University Advisor: Dr. R. Christan Jones Temporal and Spatial Aspects of the Colonization and Re-colonization in Lentic Habitats

Honorable Mention MARK SHEPHERD Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Advisor: Dr. Jeffrey Dupree Nodes of Ranvier Undergo Molecular Reorganization with Age 10 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium Friday, March 28 PROGRAM SCHEDULE a at Wilmington Wilmington at a d (History) (History) d tory) rolina at Wilmington Wilmington at rolina Mary ersity ersity m & Mary & m ir: Ms. Celine Carayon Carayon Ms. Celine ir: CLARK, Keith A. (History) A. (History) Keith CLARK,

ience) ience) l. & Immun.) Immun.) l. & (History) Fred 1. CARROLL, p. Science) Science) p.

ol. & Immun.) Immun.) & ol. (History) Andrew 2. STURTEVANT, ience) ience) Leemis Leemis McCarthy Mr. Dave Chair: Session cs) Matt (History) 1. JACOBS, versity Mary & William of College Center Center

orium orium omputer Science) Science) omputer r G. (Chemistry) (Chemistry) G. r iel (Clinical Lab Sciences) Sciences) Lab (Clinical iel Ferdinan Earl 3. GLOCK, try & Biochemistry) Biochemistry) & try rginia Commonwealth University University Commonwealth rginia & William of College rizona State University University State rizona Carolin North of University ohns Hopkins University University Hopkins ohns Virginia Commonwealth University University Commonwealth Virginia Univ Virginia West 3. REEVES, Megan (Pediatrics) (Pediatrics) Megan 3. REEVES, (His Fabio 3. CAPANO, George Washington University University Washington George Ca North of University Friday, March 28 28 March Friday, 1:30 PM - 2:30 PM PM - 2:30 PM 1:30 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM PM - 5:00 PM 4:00 2:45 PM - 3:45 PM PM - 3:45 PM 2:45 5:15 PM - 7:00 PM PM - 7:00 PM 5:15 8:30 AM - 9:30 AM AM 9:30 - AM 8:30 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM PM 1:15 - PM 12:00 9:45 AM - 10:45 AM AM 10:45 - AM 9:45 11:00 AM - 11:50 AM AM 11:50 - AM 11:00 Networking Reception - Chesapeake A A Chesapeake - Reception Networking . Sci. & Policy) Policy) & Sci. . Sc Jorge (Computer 1. VASCONCELOS, logy) logy) Science) (Computer Tian 2. XIA, University Hopkins Johns University Commonwealth Virginia Willia of College Mary & William of College Mary & William of College Lunch & Welcoming Remarks - Chesapeake A A - Chesapeake Remarks Welcoming & Lunch iology) iology) Statistics) & (Mathematics Dori 2. LULI, 2. logy) logy) (American Studies) Studies) (American (Microbi Senty Lauren 2. TURNER, American Studies) Studies) American (Com Mengjun XIE, WU,& Zhenyu 2. erican Studies) Studies) erican (Microbio L. Jennifer 1. PATTERSON, Nelson Daniel Daniel Nelson Shen Xipeng Dr. Chair: Session Keynote Lecture & Book Signing - Commonwealth Audit - Commonwealth Signing Book & Lecture Keynote dy (American Studies) Studies) dy (American Sc (Computer WANG, Haodang 1. Dr. George W. Gilchrist W. Gilchrist George Dr. Lawrence Dr. Chair: Session 7:45 AM - 8:30 AM REGISTRATION 2nd Floor University Floor 2nd REGISTRATION AM 8:30 - AM 7:45 : Dr. Stewart Ware Stewart Dr. : Takeuchi Jean Dr. Chair: Session : Li Qun Dr. Chair: Session ir: Groff R. Jeffrey Dr. Chair: Session Cha Session KSON, Allyson (Biology) (Biology) Allyson KSON, (Statisti Jongmook 1. CHOE,

University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington at Carolina North of University College of William & Mary & William of College (Biology) Brendan 2. HODKINSON, University Duke Affairs) Int. & (Public Jason 3. GLAZENER, Alexande 2. ZESTOS, University Old Dominion Mary & William of College College of William & Mary & William of College Mary & William of College

1. CHESNEY, Sarah (Anthropology) (Anthropology) Sarah 1. CHESNEY, (Chemis Hai 1. LI, 3. MORRIS, Caroline (History) (History) Caroline 3. MORRIS, (C Meghan 3. REVELLE, 3. KIGHT, Caitlin (Applied Science) Science) (Applied Caitlin 3. KIGHT, Mary & William of College Dan 3. TREXLER, Uni Commonwealth Virginia Tidewater A A Tidewater B Tidewater Room James York Room Tidewater A A Tidewater B Tidewater Room James York Room Tidewater A A Tidewater B Tidewater Room James York Room Tidewater A A Tidewater B Tidewater Room James York Room Tidewater A A Tidewater B Tidewater Room James York Room GENERAL INTEREST LECTURES LECTURES INTEREST GENERAL Session Chair: Dr. Jan Chaloupka Chaloupka Jan Dr. Chair: Session Jay (Physics) 1. PAQUETTE, Mr. Chair: Session (Env Richard 1. GROOVER, College of William & Mary & William of College (Physics) Peter 2. HARRIS, University Mason George (Bio Jonathan 2. HOLLEY, J College of William & Mary & William of College Mary & William of College 3. AMEDZAKE, Peter (Physics) (Physics) Peter 3. AMEDZAKE, (Bio Mikaela 3. HOWIE, 1. LEVILLAIN, Mary (Psychology) (Psychology) Mary 1. LEVILLAIN, (Am Erin 1. KRUTKO,

1. GODIN, Eric (Education) (Education) Eric 1. GODIN, Mary & William of College Sociology) (Applied Steven 2. DASHIELL, County Baltimore Maryland of University

Session Chair: Ms. Barbara Monteith Monteith Ms. Barbara Chair: Session Chair: Session Hampton University University Hampton Mary & William of College College of William & Mary & William of College Mary & William of College Session Chair: Dr. Jennifer A. Stevens Stevens A. Jennifer Dr. Chair: Session Cha Session Mary & William of College Virginia of University Vi 2. SINGER, Shereen (Psychology) (Psychology) Shereen 2. SINGER, Amanda 2. STUCKEY, Session Chair: Dr. Hans C. von Baeyer Baeyer von C. Hans Dr. Chair: Session Chair Session Session Chair: Dr. Jeanine Stefanucci Stefanucci Jeanine Dr. Chair: Session S. (Psychology) Jr., Richard 1. POND Mary & William of College Chair Session (Psychology) Erika 2. SIEGEL, Mary & William of College Wen 1. KORWIN, ( Julia 2. KAZIEWICZ, Mary & William of College Mary & William of College

George Mason University University Mason George Mary & William of College A 2. JORNS, Whitney (Sociology) Whitney (Sociology) 2. JORNS, (B Louise 2. LAMMONS, 1. GOODALL, Suzanne H. (Curriculum & Instr.) Instr.) & (Curriculum H. Suzanne 1. GOODALL, 1. JAC University Virginia West Mary & William of College 11 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium Saturday, March 29 PROGRAM SCHEDULE y alth University University alth & Mary & PAETH, Andrea (Psychology) (Psychology) Andrea PAETH, VEITS, Gina (Psychology) (Psychology) Gina VEITS, . WILSON, Laura C. (Psychology) (Psychology) C. Laura WILSON, .

Johns Hopkins University University Hopkins Johns

robio.) robio.) w ence) ence) (Physics) Yanli 30. XIAO, logy) logy) Sci.) Lab (Clinical R. Lara 26. UNDERHILL, Center Center Psychology) Psychology) Science) (Comp. Jorge 27. VASCONCELOS, Mason University University Mason Mary & William of College

8:30 AM - 9:30 AM AM 9:30 - AM 8:30 Saturday, March 29 29 March Saturday, 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM PM 1:30 - PM 12:00 9:45 AM - 10:45 AM AM 10:45 - AM 9:45 11:00 AM - 12:00 PM PM 12:00 - AM 11:00 ics) Mathematics) (Applied Olivia 17. KERWIN, 25. S hropology) hropology) (Physics) Jaison 2. NOVICK, versity Mary & William of College Commonwe Virginia ology) ology) Poster Presentations - 2nd Floor Lobby Lobby Floor - 2nd Presentations Poster Mary & William of College Mary & William of College University Hampton Mary & William of College Mary & William of College Mar & William of College University Commonwealth Virginia ics) 29 Ed./English) (Higher Frost McGLAUGHLIN, 21. hys., Anat., & Neurobio.) & Neurobio.) Anat., hys., E. (Bio Sara 18. KREISEL, opology) opology) (Physics) Jonathan 1. SKUZA, mistry) mistry) (Chemistry) Farah 23. RADWAN, (Psychology) (Psychology) (Biology) Gretchen McCONNELL, 20. 28. Lunch & Awards Ceremony - Chesapeake B & C & B C Chesapeake - Ceremony Awards & Lunch Barbara Monteith Monteith Barbara Lukasze Ale R. Dr. Chair: Session University Commonwealth Virginia . Larry McEnerney McEnerney . Larry Tidewater B B Tidewater Room James York Room Tidewater B B Tidewater Room James York Room ersity ersity Mary & William of College William of College h Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington at Carolina h Mary & William of College an (Graduate Liberal Studies) Studies) Liberal (Graduate an ( C. Elicia 19. LAIR, orgin (Mathematics) (Mathematics) orgin & Neu (Anat. Mark 24. SHEPHERD, 7:45 AM - 8:30 AM REGISTRATION 2nd Floor University Floor 2nd REGISTRATION AM 8:30 - AM 7:45 S, Sabrina (Theatre) (Theatre) S, Sabrina Sci (Computer MI, Ningfang 22. 1. GAINES, Mikal (American Studies) Studies) (American Mikal 1. GAINES, Mary & William of College (Art History) Emily 2. GERHOLD, University Commonwealth Virginia

Tidewater A A Tidewater Tidewater A A Tidewater GENERAL INTEREST LECTURES LECTURES INTEREST GENERAL 1. PATTERSON, Jennifer L. (Microbio. & Immun.) Immun.) & (Microbio. L. Jennifer 1. PATTERSON, University Commonwealth Virginia Science) (Computer Adam 2. HITCHCOCK, Mary & William of College Session Chair: Dr. Patricia Barry Barry Patricia Dr. Chair: Session Mr Chair: Session 1. HUBBARD, Joanna (Biology) (Biology) Joanna 1. HUBBARD, (Anthr Sean 1. DEVLIN, College of William & Mary & William of College (Biology) Kelly 2. MINTON, Mary & William of College (Ant Shannon 2. MAHONEY, Session Chair: Dr. Paul Heideman Heideman Paul Dr. Chair: Session Mary & William of College Ms. Chair: Session Mary & William of College 3. ROOK, Megan (Biology) Megan (Biology) 3. ROOK, (Anthrop Kathryn 3. SIKES, College of William & Mary & William of College Mary & William of College

1. BARR, Maggie (Biology) (Biology) Maggie 1. BARR, (Phys Stephan 9. COLEMAN, College of William & Mary & William of College Immun.) & (Microbio. Emily 3. BOICE, Bri 11. FLYNN, Mary & William of College 2. BLUE, Randall E. (Biology) (Biology) E. Randall 2. BLUE, (P Rana 10. EL-DANAF, College of William & Mary & William of College Uni Commonwealth Virginia 5. BOYD, J. LOMAX (Biology) (Biology) LOMAX J. 5. BOYD, (Phys Craig 13. HANLEY, 4. BOSCHEN, Karen (Psychology) (Psychology) Karen 4. BOSCHEN, Mary & William of College Gillian 12. FREEMAN, Mary & William of College Virginia Commonwealth University University Commonwealth Virginia Nort of University 8. BURNETT, Evie N. (Physical Therapy) Therapy) (Physical N. Evie 8. BURNETT, M 16. JONES, 7. BRITO, Natalie (Psychology) (Psychology) Natalie 7. BRITO, Mary & William of College Matt (Che 15. JONES, Mary & William of College Virginia Commonwealth University University Commonwealth Virginia Univ Virginia West College of William & Mary & William of College Therapy) (Physical J. Cortney 6. BRADFORD, 14. HYKE University Hampton George Virginia Commonwealth University University Commonwealth Virginia University Hampton 12 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The College of William and Mary

The College of William and Mary is the nation’s second oldest university and noted as the best small public university in the nation. Founded in 1693 by Royal Charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of Great Britain, the College is rooted in history and tradition. The Sir Christopher Wren Build- ing is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States, constructed between 1695 and 1699. Phi Beta Kappa, the nation’s oldest premier academic honor society, and the student honor code were founded at William and Mary. The College also maintains the historic post of Chancellor- currently held by former Supreme Court Associate Justice, the Honorable Sandra Day O’Connor. Al- though traditions are strong on the historic campus, William & Mary is a center for innovation and re- search. As our President, W. Taylor Reveley, has remarked, “The work done by our advanced schol- ars contributes not just to the expansion of academic understanding, but in very real and powerful ways to our lives as citizens of this Commonwealth, nation, and world.” The work of our scholars can be seen now at the 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium.

Historic Williamsburg Come see where America began — Virginia’s Historic Triangle: Williamsburg, Jamestown and York- town. Visit Jamestown, established in 1607, and site of the first permanent English settlement in the “New World.” 2007 marked the 400 th anniversary of our nation’s birthplace and an 18-month long slate of events that began in fall 2006 and continued through the spring of 2008 to commemorate this mile- stone in our nation’s history. For more information on attractions, events, accommodations, and things to do while in our area go to, http://www.visitwilliamsburg.com/index.aspx .

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2008 Graduate Research Symposium Special Event Barnes & Noble Book Lecture and Book Signing

Ambassador Mitchell B. Reiss W&M Vice Provost for International Affairs, U.S. Ambassador, and former Director for Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State

Bridging the Gap: From the Ivory Tower to the Corridors of Power

Friday, March 28, 2008 11:00am – 11:30am Commonwealth Auditorium Abstract:

The foundations of critical thinking and analysis, developed and honed through graduate studies, has become exceedingly essential in allowing present and future leaders to innovate and implement strate- gies to combat the domestic and foreign policy challenges that threaten our global society. In an increas- ingly complex world, genocide, climate change, mass starvation, poverty, and civil unrest are the hu- manitarian challenges that threaten the security of the United States and our global neighbors. These challenges can and must be confronted by leaders in the Ivory Tower, the business world, and in various levels of government, armed with the wisdom to apply their knowledge of their discipline.

Scholar, diplomat, and peace negotiator Dr. Mitchell Reiss will discuss how students can take their aca- demic and professional ambitions to make an impact on the global stage from a college classroom to a negotiating table halfway across the world. He will also share his own experiences of closely working with elected officials on the highest level of the United States government, charged with the responsibil- ity of running the world.

Biography:

Dr. Mitchell Reiss is currently Vice Provost for International Affairs at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, with appointments in the School of Law and the Government Department. From 2003-2005 he served as Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the U.S. State Department, where he provided Secretary Colin L. Powell with independent strategic advice. In December 2003, he was asked to serve concurrently as the President’s Special Envoy for the Northern Ireland Peace Process with the rank of Ambassador; in January 2005 Secretary Condoleezza Rice asked Reiss to continue in this position, which he did until February 2007. During this period, Northern Ireland registered historic progress towards ending “the Troubles” and realizing the full promise of the Good Friday Agreement.

Prior to coming to William & Mary in 1999, Reiss helped manage the start-up and operations of the Ko- rean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), a multinational organization designed to deliver $6 billion of energy (500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil/year and two 1,000 MW nuclear power sta- tions) to North Korea. He served as KEDO’s Chief Negotiator with the North Koreans and its first Gen- eral Counsel.

Reiss has a law degree from Columbia Law School, a D.Phil. from Oxford University, a Master’s degree from the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy, and a B.A. from Williams College. He has written two books on international security, contributed to fifteen others, and published over 80 articles and reviews. He has testified frequently before Congress, appeared on television and radio in the U.S. and overseas, and has delivered numerous talks before academic, military, and civilian audiences around the world. 14 Office of Graduate Studies and Research A-B 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Growth and Spectroscopic B Cell Proliferation in the Rainbow Trout Characterization of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped KPb2Cl5 and KPb2Br5 Crystals for Mid-Infrared Laser Applications

Presenter: Peter Amedzake, Presenter: Maggie Barr, Hampton University, Physics College of William & Mary, Biology

We report on the purification, crystal growth, and There is little information known about the immune spectroscopic properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped system of the rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss. KPb2Cl5 (KPC) and KPb2Br5 (KPB) for possible Research has shown that the trout lack bone mar- applications as mid-infrared (MIR) solid-state gain row and normal lymph nodes and rely on the kid- media. KPC and KPB crystals are non hygroscopic ney, spleen, and blood as the immune organs. This and can readily incorporate trivalent rare earth ions. project plans to look at the development of the trout The low phonon energies (<200cm-1) of KPC and immune system, focusing on B cell proliferation. KPB crystals provide the advantage of smaller non- The primary goals of this project are to determine radiative decay rates compared to common laser the immune tissue location of both activated and hosts using oxide and fluoride crystals. In this work, proliferating B cells, and to look at the levels of cer- synthesized KPC and KPB materials were purified tain transcription factors, mainly those involved with through a combination of zone-refinement and di- proliferation and differentiation, to aid in our deter- rectional freezing. Following purification, Pr3+ and mination of the locale of the various B cell subsets. Dy3+ doped KPC and KPB crystals were grown by Western Blot analyses will be performed on B cell the vertical Bridgman technique. Room-temperature samples from the trout immune tissues to look for mid-IR emission bands centered at ~ 4.6 µm (3H5à activation of B cells. ELISA assays will look at the 3H4) and ~ 4.3µm (6H11/2à 6H13/2) were ob- levels of antibody production in serum samples from served from Pr: KPC/KPB and Dy: KPC/KPB, re- the kidney, spleen, and blood. If high levels of anti- spectively. The absorption and mid-IR emission body production are seen, then the B cells in those properties of Pr3+ and Dy3+ doped KPC and KPB tissues must be either plasmablasts or plasma cells. crystals were evaluated in terms of transition line When determining if B cells are proliferating, flow strengths, radiative decay rates, and absorption and cytometry will be used with either BrdU or tracking emission cross-sections. A detailed discussion of dye as a means of measuring proliferation. Under- the potential of these novel materials for applica- standing the trout immune system will allow for de- tions as MIR laser materials will be presented at the velopment of vaccines for juvenile trout, which are conference. susceptible to many disease-causing pathogens. By looking at the developmental and synthetic path- ways of the trout immune system, we may be able to take this knowledge and apply it to the human immune system, focusing on cell proliferation and its involvement in the development or sustainability of different types of cancer.

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In Vivo Imaging of Mammary Tumors In Vitro Renaturation of an Active Using Murine Models Elastase by its Intramolecular Chaperone

Presenter: Randall Eric Blue, Presenter: Emily Boice, College of William & Mary, Biology Virginia Commonwealth University, Microbiology & Immunology

In vivo imaging has emerged as the next cutting Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes several proteases edge tool for research. This technology would ulti- associated with pathogenesis, but the most abundant mately equip labs for longitudinal studies as well as and active protease among them is elastase, a metal- analyze previously obscure biological processes in loendopeptidase of the thermolysin family (M4). Elas- a real time fashion. The gamma camera, developed tase is encoded by lasB and is secreted into the me- at the College of William and Mary for this new dium by the Xcp type-II secretion apparatus. Elastase wave of research, is a novel in vivo imaging system is first synthesized as a preproenzyme, with a signal that detects the gamma radiation emitted from a peptide, a central 18-kDa propeptide, and a 33-kDa mature domain. The propeptide functions as an in- radioiodide ligand (Na125I ). Our lab has selected a tramolecular chaperone and is required for the secre- murine model expressing the mouse mammary tu- tion and activity of elastase. In vivo studies show that mor virus (MMTV) which contributes to spontane- the propeptide as a separate protein will still permit ous mammary tumor development. The gamma efficient secretion of an active protease. To understand camera detects the radiation emitted from Na125I the mechanisms involved in the propeptide-mediated as it is metabolized by MMTV tumors to which this folding of elastase, in vitro studies were performed on metabolic pathway is subject to a transmembrane the ability of purified recombinant propeptide to fold a protein called the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). denatured form of wild-type elastase. Propeptide was Gamma camera images have demonstrated unique produced from a pET vector in E. coli BL21(DE3) and incorporative patterns of injected radioiodide within included a cleavable N-terminal H6 tag. The propep- MMTV tumors. Our research has tried to validate tide was purified from cell lysates by affinity Ni- the efficacy of the gamma camera by localizing the chromatography. Elastase was over-produced by a NIS in tumors to assess whether the incorporative lasB mutant of strain PAO1 (i.e., PDO240), with lasB patterns reflect where the NIS protein is expressed. expressed from a plasmid under an IPTG-inducible tac Using antibodies against the NIS protein, the data promoter. Elastase was purified from the supernatant indicate positive results that the locality of the NIS by 60% ammonium sulfate and ion exchange chroma- strongly reflects the pattern the gamma camera tography. Purified propeptide and elastase were then generates of the MMTV tumor. This research is denatured individually in a guanidine-HCl / glycine buffer, and then renatured together by dialysis treat- geared toward an applicable way to image and de- ment. The samples were treated with trypsin to release tect mammary tumors in a safe and expeditious the propeptide from elastase, and elastolytic activity manner. The ultimate goal of our research is to pro- was analyzed by elastin congo red and azocasein as- vide a reliable way to predict where a tumor will says. To better understand the protein-protein interac- manifest and the morphology of the tumor based on tions between the propeptide and mature domain, we metabolic patterning. are testing mutant propeptides on the ability to prop- erly fold elastase, which included an N-terminal 12 amino acid tag. The results show that both wild-type propeptide and C-terminal tagged propeptide were capable of refolding a denatured elastase into an ac- tive enzyme. This suggests that a C-terminal extension did not prevent the propeptide from refolding its mature enzyme. Other experiments are in progress, using site- directed mutagenesis of the propeptide, to determine the role of conserved residues in the propeptides of other thermolysin-like neutral proteases and their role in folding and secretion.

16 Office of Graduate Studies and Research B 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Effects of Systemic Administration of the Functional and Evolutionary Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Characterization of the Cis-Regulatory SB-334867, on Attentional Performance in Elements Directing Glycine Transporter 2 Rats Expression

Presenter: Karen E. Boschen, Presenter: J. Lomax Boyd, College of William & Mary, Psychology College of William & Mary, Biology

Orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) The determination of neurotransmitter phenotypes are neuropeptides originating in the lateral hypo- is a principle component in the specification of a thalamus, and have been implicated in the regula- neuron's physiological identity. Currently, the tran- tion of feeding behavior, emotional arousal, and scriptional regulation of glycine transporter 2 sleeping and waking behaviors. The absence of (glyt2 ), a major component in the inhibitory neuro- orexin neurons within the cerebrospinal fluid is a transmitter system, remains uncharacterized. We characteristic of the neurological disorder narco- propose to identify the regulatory region of glyt2 that lepsy. Previous research has indicated that orexin is necessary and sufficient for the correct spatial neurons projecting from the hypothalamus excite and temporal expression pattern observed during basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, resulting in embryonic development. We have identified three increased awakefulness. The basal forebrain cho- conserved non-coding (CNC) regions upstream and linergic system has been implicated in the regula- intergenic of glyt2 that demonstrate considerable tion of attention. Collectively, these results suggest sequence homology among distantly related verte- that orexins might play a role in attentional process- brate taxa. We propose to evaluate whether these ing. In the current study, subjects were trained on CNC regions are mediating the conserved expres- an attention task that required discrimination be- sion pattern of glyt2 observed in many vertebrate tween visual signals (500 ms, 100 ms, and 25 ms in systems by generating transgenic Xenopus laevis length) and non-signals. The rats were each given embryos with each putative regulatory element driv- three injections: a vehicle solution and two levels of ing an EGFP reporter. The identification of the prin- orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867, 1.0 mg/kg ciple regulatory elements of glyt2 would establish and 5.0 mg/kg, counterbalanced across subjects. the primary transcriptional target of a major compo- The results revealed an interaction for signal dura- nent in the inhibitory neurotransmitter system. The tion and dose. Visual detection at the 500 ms signal conservation of three non-coding regions across the duration was impaired at the highest dose; in addi- zebrafish to mouse evolutionary time scale sug- tion, performance at the 25 ms signal duration im- gests that purifying selection could be occurring proved at the 1.0 mg/kg dose. The data suggest with genes implicated in specifying neural pheno- that orexins do play a role in regulating attention, types. We propose to evaluate whether these ele- though the link might be more complicated than ments have undergone selection (i.e. negative, neu- previously thought. tral, or positive) by employing several tests of neu- trality. Methods have been developed that enable the detection of selection in non-coding regions by determining the neutral rate of substitution sus- tained in synonymous substitutions in the coding region. We will apply these methods to three puta- tive regulatory elements and determine whether these elements have undergone positive selection during vertebrate evolution.

17 Office of Graduate Studies and Research B 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Toward Real-Time, Image Guided Neuro- Influences of Motor System State on Surgery Using Distributed and Grid Ebbinghaus Illusion Magnitude Computing

Presenter: J. Cortney Bradford, Presenter: Natalie Brito, Virginia Commonwealth University, College of William & Mary, Psychology Physical Therapy

The mechanical design of elliptical trainers often cre- A growing number of studies have examined how a ates a foot position that is less than optimal when com- person’s action or intended action can influence the pared to normal gait. visual system. These studies have relied on pictorial Purpose: To investigate performance differences in illusions or matching tasks to understand the com- subjects using a standard elliptical trainer and a modi- plex processes of perception. The Ebbinghaus illu- fied version that provided controlled gait-like ankle sion is commonly used to understand the processes articulation. Methods: Eight healthy adult subjects (4 underlying the perceptual system. This effect is male, 4 female; mean age 28.6 ± 5.2) participated in found when two circles of identical size are placed this study. Subjects were asked to ambulate on the against a background of small and large circles elliptical trainer with and without the ankle modifica- tions at two metronome paced speeds (1Hz and where adults will consistently perceive the target 1.5Hz). Video based motion analysis techniques were circle surrounded by the smaller circles as 10% lar- used to collect sagittal plane kinematic data at a rate of ger than the one surrounded by larger circles. Re- 30Hz. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured us- searchers have found that the illusion affects some ing ventilatory expired gas analysis. Digitized video response tasks more than others and recent work data were low-pass filtered using a 4th order zero has discovered that preparing to reach for an object phase lag Butterworth filter with a cutoff frequency of causes a significant reduction in the magnitude of 6Hz. Total mechanical energy was determined via a the Ebbinghaus illusion on size judgments. This summed segmental analysis that included translational study presents evidence that engaging in a simple and rotational kinetic energy and potential energy. motor interference task of squeezing a foam ball Results: The articulation of the footplate in the sagittal interferes with this shift in visual processing. Partici- plane on the modified elliptical trainer correlated with pants began by verbally judging the relative sizes of normal ambulation (r2=0.83, p<0.001) while the ellipti- two disks where they stated which of the two disks cal trainer without modification had a weaker correla- appeared to be larger. Then the participants re- tion (r2=0.62, p<0.001). Lower joint angle correlations peated the process but half of the participants indi- were found at the hip and knee (r2=0.72 and r2=0.66 cated their choice by grasping the disk that looked respectively, p<0.001) for the modified elliptical trainer larger; others were instructed to squeeze a foam compared to normal gait. These did not differ signifi- ball before indicating their choice by grasping the cantly from the non-modified elliptical trainer. No sta- tistically significant differences were found between the larger disk. We find that the squeezing task causes mechanical energy required by the modified and the a significant increase in the effect of the illusion on non-modified elliptical trainer (1Hz, p=0.163, 1.5Hz, grasping. This experiment refines our understand- p=0.304). VO2 was higher with the modified elliptical ing of the influence the motor system has upon per- trainer (1Hz speed: modified 16.79 +/- 3.18 ml/kg*min, ception. We interpret the results as consistent with non-modified 12.87 +/- 1.81 ml/kg*min, p=0.001, 1.5Hz the theory that preparing to grasp a target results in speed: modified 19.87 +/- 2.97 ml/kg*min, non- a shift in the mode of visual processing that affects modified 16.38 +/- 2.98 ml/kg*min, p<0.001) Conclu- all behaviors, not just the grasping itself. sions: The modified elliptical trainer provided an am- bulation pattern more like normal gait at the ankle but was no different from the non-modified elliptical trainer at the hip and the knee. These changes did not effect the mechanical energy required for ambulation, but did require increased metabolic energy.

18 Office of Graduate Studies and Research B-C 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Is There A Relationship Between Pelvic Totalitarian Ideologies in the Twentieth Motion, Torque, and Metabolic Energy in Century: Nazism and Communism in Running? Comparative Perspective

Presenter: Evie N.Burnet, Presenter: Fabio Capano, Virginia Commonwealth University, West Virginia University, History Physical Therapy

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between Labelled as a fictitious Cold War concept, totalitari- frontal plane pelvic angle, gluteus medius muscle anism has lost its former status as a modern ideol- (GM) torque, and changes in metabolic energy de- ogy. My work rejects this assumption and analyzes mands while running. METHODS: Five healthy, totalitarianism as a complex ideology whose pres- female subjects (mean age 22.8 ± 2.2) were ob- ence shaped specific governmental systems in tained from a sample of convenience. Subjects twentieth century Europe. Totalitarianism strove to were recreational runners who ran ³ 5 miles per forge a new classless society based on foundations week (mean 28.0 miles ± 15.2). Subjects were of Darwinist and Marxist interpretation of history. In asked to run on a treadmill for 30 minutes at a self- my work I have discussed the origins of totalitarian- selected speed (6.52 mph ± 0.2). Torque – GM iso- ism, specifically stressing the breach between the metric strength was determined prior to the run with Marxist and Communist thought. Both Nazism and the subject side lying using a hand-held dynamome- Communism claimed to embody the myth of infalli- ter (Lafayette Instruments), and converted to bility and bear the historical truth of human pro- torque. Kinematics – Three-dimensional data on gress. I define a “totalitarian minimum” by treating pelvic position was sampled at a rate of 60 Hz using totalitarianism as a six points system, which works an electromagnetic kinematic tracking system toward the annihilation of human personality in or- (MotionMonitor™, Innovative Sports Training) with der to attain its utopian goal. Totalitarian regimes sensors (Polhemus Fastrak) secured over the pos- were historical phenomena that took place between terior superior iliac spines. Metabolic Energy – Oxy- 1938 and 1945 in Nazi Germany and 1929 and gen consumption (VO 2) was obtained through venti- 1953 in the Soviet Union. During these years, both latory expired gas analysis (SensorMedics, Inc., regimes were characterized by the absence of alter- Yorba Linda, CA) during rest, exercise and five min- native sources of power to the ruling elite and were utes into recovery. The change in VO 2 between 25- driven by a leader endowed of an undisputed and 30 minutes (average value) was determined (delta unrestricted power, epitomizing the idea of “cult of VO 2) as was the time constant of VO 2 recovery ki- personality”. Authoritarian and dictatorial regimes netics. MatLab v 7.1 was used for kinematics analy- deeply differed from the totalitarian regimes under ses. A Pearson’s Correlation was calculated using consideration. It is imperative to draw attention to SPSS v 14.0; statistical significance was defined as the similar political and social systems that resem- p<0.05. RESULTS: The rate of change in maximum ble Nazism and Stalinist communism, but do not pelvic drop was significantly correlated with GM fulfil the requirement of a true totalitarian system: 2 torque (R =0.942) and VO 2 recovery kinetics Fascist Italy as well as Leninist and post-Stalinist (R 2=0.939). A positive trend between torque and communism. A striking feature of totalitarianism is recovery kinetics existed (R 2=0.785). However, that it took place in the age of mass democracy and delta VO 2 was not correlated with pelvic motion, modern technology. Even if the realization of a true torque, or kinetics. CONCLUSION: It appears that totalitarian society remained utopian, evidence by subjects with an increased GM torque could tolerate Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski idea of a larger degree of pelvic drop. VO 2 recovery kinet- “island of separateness”, this study remarks that ics were not influenced by delta VO2, rather by bio- totalitarian ideology remains far more than a mere mechanical factors. These findings suggest that myth of the Cold War. increased pelvic motion during running results in metabolic inefficiency, and could therefore ad- versely affect running performance.

19 Office of Graduate Studies and Research C 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Racial Politics of Place: Jim Crow The Economy of Plants: Greenhouses in and New Deal Housing on the Virginia the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Peninsula

Presenter: Fred Carroll, Presenter: Sarah Chesney, College of William & Mary, History College of William & Mary, Anthropology

Two New Deal housing developments built on the Historical archaeologists have argued that the Virginia Peninsula in the late 1930s challenged Jim elaborately landscaped gardens of the eighteenth- Crow strictures on race, space, and class by provid- century Chesapeake were conscious attempts by ing working-class black families from Newport the elite governing class to reassert their control News, a bustling industrial city, an opportunity to over a society that was slipping away from them own homes in neighboring rural counties. The pros- during the years immediately preceding the Ameri- pect of black homeownership disturbed local race can Revolution. The gardens and landscapes they relations. Controversies engulfed both projects, re- created reified their ability to manipulate nature and vealing the near impossibility of reconciling tentative architecture on a vast scale, and thus legitimized federal experiments in racial uplift, expanding black their political, social, and economic power. The en- demands for empowerment, and a hardening white tire landscape of trees, natural topography, and resistance to the amelioration of black life. The dis- architecture formed part of a consciously-created putes illustrated the social fractures sapping Jim master plan aimed at sending specific messages to Crow segregation before the launch of the Civil all who came across it that elite control was stable Rights Movement. Swantown was a 41-unit housing and entrenched in the Chesapeake (Leone 1984; development built in 1935 in Warwick County Ross 1998). On some eighteenth-century Chesa- mostly for black shipyard workers and their families. peake estates, these formal gardens were made The Federal Housing Administration assisted the even more dramatic statements of power by the families with obtaining mortgages. Newport News addition of a greenhouse. Such buildings not only Shipbuilding and Dry Dock, the region’s leading emphasized their owner’s control over the natural employer, supplied the homebuyers and sold unde- landscape, but also their owner’s ability to further veloped land to the builder. Aberdeen Gardens was subvert nature by raising exotic plants not native to a 158-unit subsistence homestead built “by Ne- the Chesapeake region. However, these buildings groes, for Negroes” in 1936 in Elizabeth City were not simply imposing additions to formal estate County. Several federal agencies, most notably the gardens, but in fact, they stood as physical remind- Resettlement Administration, planned and paid for ers of the prevailing economic system as the basis construction. Hampton Institute, a nearby black col- of power of elite Chesapeake planters. Green- lege, assisted with planning and secured interracial houses in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake were support from local community leaders. Attempts more than just overt status symbols of elite control; were made to convert both projects to white occu- they also functioned as specific reminders of an pancy. Swantown succumbed, but Aberdeen Gar- economic world dependent on overseas imports dens prevailed. I propose to examine how the con- that, like the elite planters who depended on it, was struction of Swantown and Aberdeen Gardens chal- fast becoming a relic of the past. lenged the Virginian way of managing race relations in three areas: occupancy status, expense, and location. I then propose to explain the role of federal agencies, local sponsors, and black tenants in de- termining the success and failure of each develop- ment.

20 Office of Graduate Studies and Research C 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Income Inequality and Crime in the To the Brink and Back: United States United States Strategy in the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis of 1954-1955

Presenter: Jongmook Choe, Presenter: Keith A. Clark II, George Washington University, Statistics UNC Wilmington, History

Does income inequality affect the crime rate? There The role of the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis of 1954-1955 are numerous studies on the relationship between in shaping the Eisenhower administration’s Cold income inequality and crime. Many of these studies War policies rewards close analysis. The fact that found that relative income inequality, usually meas- the president and his advisers contemplated the ured by Gini ratio or Top/Bottom income ratio, use of nuclear weapons during the crisis highlights strongly impacts crime. However, some works sug- the level of tension that arose between the United gest otherwise. In light of these contradicting re- States and the Peoples Republic of China. The con- sults, I investigate the relationship between income flict, ostensibly over the fate of several small islands inequality and crime with data from 50 states and off of the Chinese mainland, escalated into a test of the District of Columbia for the period 1995 - 2004. Washington’s resolve to defend its allies and Bei- Using relative income inequality measurement and jing’s determination to continue its policy of revolu- absolute poverty rate, I provide analyses of all tion and liberation. The clash was exacerbated by seven crime categories, classified under the Uni- misunderstandings, specifically the United States’ form Crime Report (UCR) from the Federal Bureau perception of communism as a global monolith and of Investigation (FBI). I used a multiple regression the PRC’s inability to discern competing voices in method, which is available on most statistical com- American political rhetoric. Additionally, the belli- puter packages. The major findings are as follows. cose rhetoric of the Taiwanese government and its Relative income inequality measured by Gini ratio allies in the U.S. Congress heightened fears that a has a strong impact on burglary and robbery. How- showdown between Communism and Capitalism ever, the relationship between income inequality was going to unfold in East Asia, over a pair of is- and robbery seems to be a little fragile. I failed to lands that all parties agreed were fairly insignificant. find a meaningful link between income inequality Documents from the White House, State Depart- and the other six crime categories. In addition, in- ment, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the U.S. intelligence come inequality does not seem to have a strong community reveal that President Dwight D. Eisen- relationship with overall violent crime or overall hower’s response to the crisis was complicated. He property crime. Absolute poverty does not have an had to act in a manner that would be acceptable effect on crime. domestically, particularly on Capitol Hill, and inter- nationally, in the halls of the United Nations and in councils of America’s allies. Eisenhower succeeded in preserving the status quo and keeping the United States out of a general war, but in the process he sacrificed Taiwan’s position on many of the offshore islands.

21 Office of Graduate Studies and Research C-D 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

MINOS Observation of Neutrino Oscilla- Warcrack: Examinination of Social Isola- tions tion Contructs in Players of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs)

Presenter: Stephen Coleman, Presenter: Steven Dashiell, College of William & Mary, Physics University of MD Baltimore County, Applied Sociology

Neutrinos are subatomic particles that travel at The phenomena of Massively Multi-Player Role speeds close to the speed of light and exist in three Playing Games (MMORPGs) continue to sweep the types, called flavors. Recent experiments have con- country, with an amazing demographic spending firmed that neutrinos change flavor, or oscillate, in inordinate amounts of time online to participate in flight. The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search an online fantasy world. Many of these games pro- (MINOS), an experiment based at Fermi National ducers theorize their players spend no less than 20 Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) near Chicago, is hours average online. If such is the case, how so- designed to study neutrino oscillations. MINOS con- cially connected are they? The presenter is en- sists of two detectors: the Near Detector, to charac- gaged in online survey research to gauge the social terize a muon neutrino beam generated by the Main isolation of the individuals who play one particular Injector accelerator at Fermilab, and the Far Detec- game (World of Warcraft). The tool is designed us- tor in Soudan, Minnesota. We measure the energy ing a collaboration of social science measurement spectrum of muon neutrinos in both detectors, so tools examining Internet involvement and social any neutrino oscillation that occurs between the two involvement. The presenter is using a myriad of will show itself as an energy-dependent deficit of methods to recruit 150-200 persons to participate in muon neutrinos in the Far Detector. Our predicted the survey. The guiding thesis postulates that indi- Far Detector neutrino energy spectrum is extrapo- viduals who spend more than 20 hours online will lated from simulations of neutrino interactions in have fewer consistent social contacts (excluding the both the Near and Far Detectors, as well as the game) and will be more than likely to define the in- observed Near Detector spectrum. By fitting the teractions during the game as social contact. Col- data we obtain two parameters: the mass splitting lection of this data could lead to more substantive between the two most massive neutrinos and the studies regarding the value of social interactions of mixing angle between them. MMORPG participants and the comparative nature of online interrelationships and their traditional counterparts.

22 Office of Graduate Studies and Research D-E 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Contending Strategies of Education at Morphological Development of Dorsal Emancipation Lateral Geniculate Neurons in the Mouse

Presenter: Rana El-danaf, Presenter: Sean Devlin, Virginia Commonwealth University, School College of William & Mary, Anthropology of Medicine, Physiology, Anatomy & Neurobiology

In historical analyses of the transformation of slave Much of our present understanding about the to free societies, the institution of education as ex- mechanisms underlying the development of sensory pressed through public and religious schooling has connections is based on work done in the mammal- been interpreted as an instrument used by the white ian retinogeniculate pathway. To date, studies have elite to maintain their control over African descen- focused largely on the development and remodeling dent labor. Archaeological research conducted of retinal projections, and little attention has been within a historically informed context offers a new given to their principal targets, the relay cells of the interpretation, whereby self-help education is seen dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Here we asked as an actively chosen strategy deployed by former two questions. First, how does the morphological slaves to advance their own and their families' inter- maturation of relay cells contribute to the develop- ests in the new free labor market. This paper exam- mental remodeling of the retinogeniculate pathway? ines archaeological evidence derived from the re- Second, how are retinal inputs from the two eyes fuse of a tenement household occupied during the distributed on the dendrites of developing relay decades surrounding Emancipation on the island of cells? To address these issues, we used a combi- Barbados. This study seeks to demonstrate the way nation of labeling techniques to separately and in- Afro-Barbadians attempted to maximize their control dependently visualize developing relay cells and over their own lives within a system that was struc- their retinal projections. All labeled material was tured against them. examined using epifluorescence and confocal mi- croscopy. Based on the dendritic morphology and soma size, we were able to distinguish subclasses of relay cells and interneurons as early as postnatal day 10. A 3-dimensional confocal reconstruction and morphometric analysis of labeled cells revealed that soma size and dendritic length increased with postnatal age (P10-34), but did so proportionally. We also analyzed the spatial location and distribu- tion of retinal inputs onto the dendrites of relay cells by combining the anterograde labeling of retinal axons with the reconstruction of biocytin labeled LGN neurons. The amount of surface area retinal contacts occupied on dendritic trees decreased with age. Prior to eye opening (P11-P14), inputs tended to be binocular, were located more distally, and oc- cupied far more dendritic territory. By the third post- natal week, inputs were monocular, located more proximally, and occupied far less surface area. Thus, many of these morphological changes paral- lel the anatomical segregation of retinal projections into eye specific territories as well as functional changes in synaptic connectivity that occurs during early postnatal development.

23 Office of Graduate Studies and Research F 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Visualizations of Social Change: Humor Styles and Retirement: The Impact Advertising and Shaping of the New of Coping Humor on Retirement Stress Negro

Presenter: Brian Flynn, Presenter : Gillian Freeman, UNC Wilmington, Graduate Liberal Studies College of William & Mary, Psychology

In this project, I will examine how visual rhetoric Although many are able to make the transition into influenced the shaping of the “New Negro” during retirement with little or no problem, for a few, the the first 30 years of the twentieth century. During transition is a period of disruption (Marshall, Clark, this period, the rise of the NAACP, coupled with the & Ballantyne, 2001). Coping responses are among growing influence of the black press, created the the many predictors of retirement adaptation opportunity to form a national, concerted movement (Pinquart & Schindler, 2007; Wang, 2007), and hu- for the civil rights of African Americans. Images mor has been identified as one such coping re- from the pages of black publications played a para- sponse (Kuiper et al., 2004; Martin, 2004; Martin, mount role in helping African Americans reshape Phulik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, & Weir, 2003). In our their identity. While many types of images were current investigation, we are measuring the extent prominently used to shape identity, advertisements to which coping humor and other humor styles are were the most widely produced and distributed im- employed by older adults to handle the everyday ages of African Americans during this time. While hassles and adjustments during retirement. Two- advertisements often reinforced racial stereotypes hundred male and female retirees will complete and fueled negative conceptions of blacks by measures of humor that assess an individual’s hu- whites, leaders in the black community took the mor style and sense of humor, as well as several myths of black inferiority head on by using adver- indices of retirement stressors, life stressors, and tisements to promote the “New Negro” and combat daily hassles. This study is primarily interested in racism. By examining two nationally circulated black measuring the four distinct humor styles identified in publications, the Chicago Defender and the the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ): Self- NAACP’s Crisis magazine, I plan to show that the enhancing (coping humor), Affiliative, Aggressive, advertisements in these publications helped shape and Self-defeating (Martin, et al., 2003). The HSQ the New Negro and change the way blacks were offers the opportunity to see whether differing styles portrayed in advertising. Secondary research on the of humor function the same for older adults as they New Negro and black identity will be used to pro- do for younger people, given that one might expect vide necessary background information and create increased stressors with continued aging and the a context for discussion of the advertisements in the emergence of retirement and its accompanying sig- Defender and Crisis. Relevant historical information nificant life changes. Multiple regression analyses, on blacks in advertising will provide additional an- using humor variables as predictors of stress vari- gles to discuss advertisements from these publica- ables, will be conducted to assess the relation tions. Understanding early representations of Afri- among humor styles, stressors, and hassles. We can Americans in the mass media will help re- predict that high Self-enhancing humor and use of searchers better understand the issue of racial iden- humor as a coping mechanism will be associated tity in the media, as this issue continues to be a with lower stress ratings of both retirement stress- magnifying glass for discussions of the larger role of ors and life stressors. It is also anticipated that high African Americans in society. Self-enhancing humor and use of humor as a cop- ing mechanism will be associated with less severe hassle ratings, but not the number of daily hassles encountered.

24 Office of Graduate Studies and Research G 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Devil and Mr. Baldwin: On the Native Beauties: The 'Enbosoming' of Sublimity of the Black Gothic Imagination Pocahontas

Presenter: Mikal Gaines, Presenter: Emily Gerhold, College of William & Mary, Virginia Commonwealth University, American Studies Art History

James Baldwin’s The Devil Finds Work (1976) is an This paper will examine visual images made during illusive chronicle of his life at the movies. Whereas the first half of the 19th century that illustrate mo- most memoirs would attest to the cinema’s power to ments from the story of the Powhatan Indian prin- transport the audience to another world, or even its cess Pocahontas and her relationship with the Eng- capacity to speak truth to this one, Baldwin’s ac- lish soldiers at Jamestown, Virginia. It will demon- count of spectatorship is instead plagued by dis- strate the extent to which these images participated cord. The intrusive disturbances to his psyche are in the transformation of Pocahontas the historical the result of a burgeoning awareness that many of figure into Pocahontas the romantic heroine, whose the myths of nationhood (e.g. harmony, progress, story played a crucial role in the crystallization of perpetual regeneration) are at odds with black ver- the discourse on ideal femininity in 19th century nacular understanding. Baldwin’s growing critical America. While there has been much scholarly in- consciousness prompts him to question both the quiry into Pocahontas’s depiction in 19th century common narrative impulses of popular film and the texts, images of her have, to a great extent, been core values of national identity. He essentially asks: overlooked. This paper seeks to remedy this la- How are the ethics that guide popular storytelling cuna, providing support for an expanded interpreta- indicative of the same rhetoric that enables the na- tion of Pocahontas as a touchstone of the emerging tion to be called forth in service of particular sys- ‘cult of feeling.’ The Pocahontas of early 19th cen- tems of order? Who benefits? Who suffers? For tury America was everything a young woman seek- Baldwin, the cinema becomes a demon that crafts ing to embody the feminine ideal should aspire to lies with truth. Thus, while TDFW is, at once, a story be: she was graceful, helpful, devoted, sentimental, of his engagement with the cinema and other cul- appropriately modest, and, of course, exceptionally tural forces, it is also a story of his subjectivity in the beautiful. Arbitrarily setting aside actual history, making. What these two parallel strains — Baldwin which reveals that Pocahontas would have been a the reluctant moviegoer and Baldwin the man — child of 11 or 12 when the most illustrated episodes ultimately reveal is the constitution of a distinct of her narrative actually occurred, the ideally femi- black gothic imagination. Informing this worldview is nine Pocahontas of the 19th century was endowed an imminent sense of horror, the potential pleasure with the physical attributes most associated with of corporeal intimacy, a willingness toward ambiva- feminine beauty and sentimentality, including a lent identification with those outside his own race, beautiful face, a noteworthy figure, and most signifi- class, or gender, and a fraught tradition of black cantly, lush breasts. In a very real sense, then, the spiritual practice. I argue that Baldwin’s black gothic Pocahontas of 19th century America was imagination offers a challenge to national origin ‘enbosomed,’ a term which I invoke self-consciously myths that conceptualize American democratic ide- in order to describe the process by which the attrib- als and race, as well as other subjugation, as di- utes of ideal femininity were literally and figuratively chotomous. Instead, the black gothic imagination is overlaid upon the historical persona of Pocahontas, one that understands American “freedom” as in- transforming her from a child into an adult romantic nately dependent on specific relations of coercion figure whose sexuality was simultaneously neutral- and consent, subversion and recuperation, liberty ized under the rubric of ideal femininity and and bondage. ‘sensibility’ and exploited through her construction as the Native ‘Other.’

25 Office of Graduate Studies and Research G 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Evaluating Beach Erosion Management The Invention of the Electric Street-car Practices and Examining Policy Solutions and the Escape from Old Richmond

Presenter: Jason Glazener, Presenter: Earl Ferdinand Glock, UNC Wilmington, College of William & Mary, History Public and International Affairs

Over the last few decades there has been a drastic This paper examines the profound transformations increase in the coastal population of North Carolina. of the city of Richmond, Virginia after it pioneered This has put increased pressure on our shoreline the use of the electric street-car in America. Al- and substantially elevated the challenges facing our though Richmond had previously been a laggard in policy makers. Oceanfront development in the face applying the then common “horse-car” to its impos- of shoreline migration has led to the daunting chal- ing hills, this somnolence made it an enticing pros- lenge of beach "erosion". The management strategy pect for investors desiring to demonstrate their of choice used with many beaches in Southeastern revolutionary electric traction system, and it now North Carolina regarding erosion has been beach makes the city a uniquely relevant and important nourishment. Beach nourishment is controversial. case study in the effect of new transportation tech- The subject involves issues ranging from property nology on urban form. My research demonstrates rights and public use, to the environment and eco- that this new technology changed Richmond from a nomics. This research asks the question: How sus- compact city in 1880, where almost all citizens lived tainable are North Carolina's beach erosion man- within two miles from the center and where races agement strategies? During research, as potential and classes lived in relative propinquity, to a mod- problems with current practices were discovered, ern metropolis in 1920, where suburbs and diverse the question of how to address these problems was settlements extended far beyond the city limits. The also raised. My research method primarily consisted most important change, however, was not in the of gathering information through a literature review, extent but in the composition and social life of the examining economic and survey data, and inter- city. Sections of the city became distinct and identi- viewing pertinent officials. As beach nourishment is fiable, with the white middle class escaping to the incorporated into many coastal communities' long suburbs, African-Americans left in an increasingly range management plans, there are strong indica- segregated inner city ring, and merchants concen- tors that it will not be sustainable as a long range trated in a vertically-imposing downtown where all solution. Collaboration is needed by a variety of the street-cars converged. I investigated these stakeholders to work towards the formulation and changes using several methods. Diaries and jour- implementation of sound policy solutions. These nals of the era demonstrated a remarkable aware- policy solutions should include a search for more ness of the changing social life occasioned by the cost-effective beach nourishment operations and street-car. Newspapers discussed the new car also take the form of preemptive measures to main- lines, and the real estate advertisements in those tain healthy recreational beaches should nourish- newspapers could be connected with those lines to ment no longer be a feasible option in the coming discover their impact on building. Sanborn Fire In- decades. Strategies for issue framing and attaining surance Maps could also be connected with city sound policy in light of the findings are also ad- directories and census records to examine particu- dressed. There are significant economic impacts lar neighborhoods in detail. The overall importance connected to the health of the recreational beaches of this investigation is to demonstrate that the mod- of North Carolina. When completed, I believe my ern sprawl and segregation we associate with the study will help serve as a guide to attaining im- automobile-dependent city actually emerged in a proved beach erosion management practices. recognizable form by 1920, much earlier than is commonly assumed.

26 Office of Graduate Studies and Research G 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Senior, Tenured Faculty: Deadwood or Perceptions of Leadership and School Productive? Climate Through Eyes of Principals and Teachers of Appalachian No Child Left Behind Blue Ribbon Schools, (NCLBBRS)

Presenter: Eric Godin, Presenter: Suzanne H. Goodall, College of William & Mary, Education West Virginia University, Curriculum & Instruction

Since 1970, the American professoriate has under- The major question was: Is there a relationship be- gone considerable expansion. At the same time, the tween principals' leadership frame(s) and school overall percentage of faculty receiving tenure has climate in public elementary or middle school level decreased as the general public and legislators NCLBBRS located in the Appalachian Region have called for increased accountability among col- States? The population included principals and leges and universities. A common concern is teachers from all 245 NCLBBRS between 2003 - whether senior, tenured faculty are as productive as 2006 in Appalachia who were invited to participate. their younger colleagues. Critics of the tenure sys- The sample consisted of principals and teachers tem portray images of decaying professors in dusty from 35 schools. Each state had at least one offices that have lost their motivation to either teach NCLBBRS represented. Three questionnaires, the or research. Although some scholars argue that Bolman and Deal Leadership Orientations (Self), deadwood professors represent at most 2% of the (B&DS), for principals, the Bolman and Deal Lead- professoriate, many faculty also acknowledge the ership Orientations (Other) questionnaire, (B&DO), professoriate’s inability to accurately communicate for teachers, and the Charles F. Kettering Ltd. what faculty do to those outside academia. Using School Climate Profile, (CFK), for principals and data from the 2004 National Survey of Postsecond- teachers were used. The CFK instrument items ary Faculty (NSOPF), the following presentation will were rated twice to obtain "What Is" and "What illustrate the work patterns of full-time faculty, and Should Be" scores. Pearson product-moment coeffi- evaluate the differences between non-tenured, ten- cient of correlation was used to determine the corre- ure-track, and tenured faculty. More specifically, this lation between frame mean scores, (B&DS and presentation will show that senior, tenured faculty B&DO), and the two sets of climate mean scores, (faculty who have had tenure for over 20 years), are (CFK). Presentation of data also included frequency just as productive as other faculty cohorts. In order distributions with graphical illustrations of the two to illustrate these differences, we first must under- climate scores. In addition, both principals and stand faculty productivity. How is faculty productivity teachers completed demographic surveys, PDS and defined? What constitutes high productivity? What TDS, respectively to determine whether demo- is the relationship between the three pillars of fac- graphic variables affected results. Graphical illustra- ulty work: instruction, research, and service? The tions for both the PDS and the TDS consisted of failure of the professoriate to effectively defend the plots of demographic components against fre- tenure system, and their profession in general, is a quency. The major question is anticipated to have a critical concern in an age when higher education is positive response. Demographic variables are also increasingly being viewed in terms of cost-benefit anticipated to affect results. There may be a ten- analysis. Academics may live in the Ivory Tower, dency for a type of leadership frame(s) used to af- but if they don’t properly defend the tenure system, fect a positive or a negative school climate. The tenure may not exist for much longer. This presen- perceptions of the principals and teachers may vary tation serves to defend senior, tenured faculty and on the type of frame(s) a principal uses and the show that they are productive members of the pro- school climate that exists. fessoriate.

27 Office of Graduate Studies and Research G-H 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Temporal and Spatial Aspects of the Spectroscopic Studies on the 1.5 um Colonization and Re-colonization in Emission Properties of Ceramic Er: YAG, Lentic Habitats Er: Er: KPb2Cl5, and Er: KPb2Br5

Presenter: Richard S. Groover, Presenter: Craig Hanley, George Mason University, Hampton University, Physics Environmental Science & Public Policy

Our understanding of aquatic ecosystems, espe- There exist a significant current interest in the de- cially for important systems like functioning wet- velopment of a new generation of long-wavelength lands, expands as we know more about the popula- eye-safe bulk solid-state lasers with resonance di- tions of species that inhabit those ecosystems. Pub- ode laser pumping. Applications of laser sources lic policies and the implementation of them will con- that operate in the eye-safe wavelength regime tinue to address the dynamics occurring in aquatic near 1.5-1.6 um include remote sensing, ranging ecosystems. The ecological role that dragonflies and material processing, long distance telemetry, play in aquatic systems will have relevance to public and optical communications. Eye-safe laser wave- policy and the reestablishment of wetlands. My lengths can be achieved by using trivalent Er3+, a presentation will discuss my current research which rare-earth ion that has an emission transition at addresses the local dispersal of dragonflies from ~1.5 um. Trivalent erbium Er3+ (4f11) has been one lentic patch to another. Specifically, I wish to considered an important activator ion in many infra- answer several questions: red solid-state lasers. For eye-safe laser operation • Which species will colonize first at new or re- Er: YAG continues to be the main material under constructed impoundments? consideration. In this investigation, other materials • Is there a preference of direction taken when were evaluated as potential gain media for the 1.5 colonizing species migrate? um spectral region including ceramic Er: YAG, Er: • Will the first colonizer species (Pioneer Spe- KPb2Cl5, and Er: KPb2Br5. Results of a compara- cies) maintain dominance? tive spectroscopic study of these materials will be Thus far, I have surveyed dragonfly species in presented at the conference including infrared ab- Hanover County, Virginia, generally, and I am cur- sorption and emission studies, lifetime measure- rently surveying several new and several recon- ments, and calculations of 1.5 um transition cross structed habitats with data on first colonizer spe- sections. cies. Studies of these impoundments will continue to determine dominance over time or population shifts that might occur. Further research will involve capturing larvae of some species, raising them to adult stage, tagging them, releasing them from their origin pond, then recapturing them at a suspected new pond as they disperse. I will also test my hy- pothesis, regarding what I determine the Pioneer Species to be, by constructing new impoundments, capturing the dragonfly species who arrive, and comparing these results to predictions based on the earlier studies.

28 Office of Graduate Studies and Research H 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Delayed Electron Extraction The Rising Threat of Energy as a Vulnerability for Computer Security

Presenter: Peter R. Harris, Presenter: Adam Hitchcock, College of William & Mary, Physics College of William & Mary, Computer Science

We are developing a unique source for time of flight As computing moves forward we find ourselves lim- mass spectrometry, using a room temperature ionic ited more often by our batteries running low than by liquid (RTIL). Our laser induced process provides a the power of our computers. This new concern has quality, high resolution time of flight mass spectra, driven many companies to develop energy efficient however we also report an unusual delay in the hardware at the expense of security. These new launch time of electrons and ions. The expected vulnerabilities, dubbed Energy Attacks, can allow transit time for electrons in our system is ~20ns (at - attackers to remotely drain the battery of your lap- 2kV), we report multiple electron arrival peaks all top or cell phone or they can drive up Google's op- with arrival times exceeding 100ns. Only at ex- erating costs by millions a day. In my talk I will give tremely high laser powers can we produce prompt an intro to modern security concerns such as Denial (20ns) electrons. To explain this discrepancy in of Service attacks and bot nets and how they relate travel times, we propose that a delayed extraction to this emerging area of Energy Security. of ions through our RTIL is occurring. This delayed extraction culminates in ions being freed through the surface layer of our RTIL, yielding our unique, stable electron peak structure.

29 Office of Graduate Studies and Research H 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

A Molecular Survey of Lichen-Associated Water Quality in Headwater Streams: A Bacteria Test of Best Management Practices

Presenter: Brendan P. Hodkinson, Presenter: Jonathan Holley, Duke University, Biology College of William & Mary, Biology

According to common knowledge, a lichen is Urban stormwater runoff carries many types of pol- formed solely by a fungus (mycobiont) in symbiosis lutants that affect both the diversity and abundance with an alga and/or cyanobacterium (photobiont). of aquatic organisms. Stormwater best manage- However, many lichens are able to grow on ex- ment practices (BMPs) were developed to tempo- tremely nutrient-poor substrates, raising the ques- rarily retain and treat urban runoff before entering tion of how they are able to maintain themselves nearby streams. Stormwater retention ponds are without a substantial source of nitrogen and other the most common type of BMP, with nearly 500 crucial nutrients. Though non-photobiont bacteria ponds throughout James City County, VA. Storm- have never been accepted as an essential part of water management, however, has outpaced the the lichen symbiosis, the metabolic processes that science: the level of water quality improvement as- they perform may play a vital role in providing the sociated with retention ponds is for the most part mycobiont and photobiont with necessary nutrients unknown in this region. Our studies determining and facilitating interactions between them. As part water and pollutant budgets for retention ponds dur- of this study, both culture- and PCR-based surveys ing storms have documented 1) underperformance were conducted on lichens. Culture-based studies with respect to water retention, and 2) variable pol- were conducted in the absence of molecular nitro- lutant removal efficiencies, leading to observed dif- gen in order to isolate nitrogen-fixing bacteria for ferences in macroinvertebrate communities down- identification and characterization. PCR-based stud- stream. Retention pond performance can be im- ies were conducted in a manner that more accu- proved with specific attention to both structural and rately shows the microbial diversity associated with functional design criteria. each lichen, using a fast method known as RHAPSA-D (Ribosomal Heterogeneous Amplicon Pool Sequence Analysis using DOP-PCR bias). These analyses have revealed a number of interest- ing and potentially important bacterial lineages as- sociated with lichens. These include a number of bacteria that are closely related to documented bac- terial symbionts. These findings lend support to sev- eral hypotheses concerning the role of certain non- photosynthetic bacteria in the development, mainte- nance, and evolution of the lichen symbiosis.

30 Office of Graduate Studies and Research H 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Infiltration of Aquatic Mercury into a Male Mate Choice and the Function of Terrestrial Ecosystem Female Coloration in Eastern Bluebirds, Sialia sialis

Presenter: Mikaela G. Howie, Presenter: Joanna Hubbard, College of William & Mary, Biology College of William & Mary, Biology

An ongoing study of mercury contamination has The evolution of bright animal coloration is often identified elevated levels in terrestrial insectivorous explained by sexual selection on males, and more birds foraging adjacent to the mercury- specifically by female mate choice or male-male contaminated South River in western Virginia. This competition. Female choice and male competition suggests that mercury can leave the contaminated for access to mates has been demonstrated in aquatic source and enter the terrestrial food web, many organisms; however, sexual selection mecha- impacting wildlife not directly associated with the nisms should not be limited to these classical river itself. Traditionally, aquatic mercury has been mechanisms. Many species of birds demonstrate thought to threaten only fish-eating wildlife species. biparental care and among-individual variation in However, there are two possible routes for expo- the quality of both sexes. In such species, it is likely sure of terrestrial wildlife to aquatic mercury pollu- that both sexes will be choosy and competitive as tion. Aquatic invertebrates are exposed to aquatic they are both significantly investing in their off- mercury because they spend part of their lives in spring. Additionally, it is likely that sexual selection the water column and river sediments, where they is acting on both male and female coloration. East- accumulate mercury. Once these invertebrates ern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, are a monogamous pas- emerge, they may be preyed upon by terrestrial serine that demonstrates biparental care. Females, predators such as spiders, insects, and larger verte- as well as males, possess colorful plumage brates that accumulate higher loads of mercury via patches, a blue rump patch and a chestnut breast the process of biomagnification. Therefore, terres- patch. I examined the function of female coloration trial insectivorous songbirds are at high risk of mer- in eastern bluebirds. First I compared female col- cury exposure from eating predatory terrestrial in- oration to individual quality and reproductive quality. vertebrates. A second route of exposure is transfer While females with brighter rumps are not in better of mercury-laden sediments to the terrestrial eco- condition than females with duller rumps, brighter system during historical flood events. My first objec- females lay eggs earlier in the season, lay larger tive is to determine the maximum distance from the eggs, and produce chicks in better condition. I am contaminated South River that terrestrial insectivo- also testing whether males prefer more colorful fe- rous birds are still at high exposure risk. This past males through a series of mate preference trials. I summer I addressed this objective by collecting expect that males will prefer the more colorful fe- blood samples from adult and nestling birds forag- males and therefore females of higher reproductive ing at known distances from the river. Blood mer- quality. The results of this study indicate that female cury levels drop off with distance from the river. coloration provides information about individual fe- However, the slope of the decrease varies with spe- males and their reproductive quality, which sug- cies, which may be related to the varying foraging gests that female coloration may be a sexually se- strategies and territory sizes of the different spe- lected trait. This would be further supported by the cies. To follow up this finding, I will be using stable results of the male preference trials if males do pre- isotope analysis to determine the contribution of fer more colorful females. If males prefer brighter aquatic carbon and nitrogen to riparian spiders, females, female coloration is likely a sexually se- which constitute more than 25% of my study spe- lected trait driven my male mate choice. cies’ diet. Using this information, I will be able to better predict exposure risks of species feeding near other contaminated rivers.

31 Office of Graduate Studies and Research H-J 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Green Room: A Guide to Sustainable Golf Courses as Replacement Habitats: Theatre Effect on Fledgling Survival?

Presenter: Sabrina Hykes, Presenter: Allyson Jackson, West Virginia University, Division of Theater College of William & Mary, Biology

This study sets out to analyze the sustainability of The overwhelming shift from natural to urban land theatrical scene shops in the hope of discovering use occurring across the country reduces the steps feasible for these often small and under- amount of habitat available for wildlife. Golf courses funded entities to reduce their environmental foot- ostensibly offer replacement habitat for wildlife, es- print. The scene shop at West Virginia University pecially birds, that are displaced during the urbani- was used as a model and the scope has been lim- zation of natural environments. A golf course pro- ited to the paint shop and the materials specific to vides both positive (increased open space, plant scenic art in this initial survey. The most commonly productivity and water availability) and negative used paints, adhesives, sealers, solvents and stains (high levels of pesticides, disturbance and fragmen- were catalogued, the specific environmental issues tation) environmental aspects. To understand how with each set identified, and alternatives suggested these factors interact to affect birds, previous re- based on impact, cost, performance and availability. search has focused on diversity counts and nesting The researcher had anticipated that many of the success while widely ignoring the juvenile life stage. substances currently used would prove harmful to Fledglings—birds that have just left the nest—may the external ecology, such as the watershed, as be more heavily affected by the golf course environ- chemicals were washed down the drain or dumped ment as they are already handicapped by their poor in landfills. The ongoing research suggests that flying and foraging ability. Increased fledgling mor- those most strongly impacted by these substances tality will impact the overall reproductive success of are those using them or working in the places the parents and so will indicate that golf courses where they are stored. Many products used in thea- provide a suboptimal replacement habitat for birds. tre give off large numbers of chemicals even when Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) fledglings will be they are dry or while sitting on a shelf. Alternatives tracked using radio telemetry on golf course and exist to most of the commonly used substances reference sites to determine whether the golf course such as latex paint, but as they get more user- environment affects fledgling survival, dispersal, or friendly they tend to become less available and age of independence. Bluebird fledgling mortality more costly. In most cases some compromise ex- rates will then be applied to other threatened or diffi- ists, but theatres have to know what is available in cult to study bird species. order to choose an alternative based on their spe- cific shop, budget and the training of their person- nel. The long range goal of this project is to produce a guide that helps to educate professional and ama- teur practitioners alike and overall reduce the nega- tive environmental impact of the theatrical industry.

32 Office of Graduate Studies and Research J 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Unforeseen Consequences: The Eisen- Xanthate Deprotection Using the hower Administration and Fidel Castro’s Vilsmeier Reagent Revolutionary Nationalism in Cuba, 1959- 1961.

Presenter: Matt Jacobs, Presenter: Matt Jones, UNC Wilmington, History College of William & Mary, Chemistry

Fidel Castro’s relationship with the United States The purpose of this study is to determine the viabil- has been a long and tortuous one. He has outlasted ity of xanthate deprotection/transformation by use of nine presidential administrations, and today at the the Vilsmeier reagent. Xanthates, ROC(S)SR, are age of eighty-one he is still a driving force in Cuba ethers of xanthic acid, and serve in a variety of and a revered figure in much of Latin America. How chemical processes including elimination reactions, could Cuba and the United States, two countries so radical polymerization reactions, and purification close geographically and with so many historical and processing of minerals. Recent work in xan- ties, remain so far apart ideologically? To an impor- thate chemistry has indicated that the xanthate tant degree, the answers may be found in the poli- functionality may be a potentially useful tool in se- cies established by the Eisenhower administration lectively protecting alcohol groups. Previous work soon after Castro’s seizure of power. U.S. policy by the Abelt lab at William and Mary has shown that towards Cuba and Latin America during the late xanthates, when reacted with a Vilsmeier reagent, 1950s must be examined in the context of the may be removed to produce the halogenated de- American-orchestrated coup against Guatemalan rivative of the original alcohol. The major question in President Jacobo Arbenz in 1954. The successful this study is how readily the group is removed in the overthrow of Arbenz set an important precedent for presence of other potentially interfering functional the Eisenhower administration’s policies towards groups. Results of the project have proved to be the revolutionary government in Havana. The years very interesting. After synthesizing a variety of from 1959 to 1961 were critically important in shap- model xanthate compounds, the group discovered ing U.S.-Cuban relations for the next four decades. that treating glycolic acid xanthate with a Vilsmeier Using documents from Eisenhower's White House, Reagent gave a unique and reactive byproduct that the U.S. State Department, and the American intelli- has not been reported in literature. Furthermore, the gence community, this paper examines Fidel Cas- byproduct, if isolated, could potentially offer a new tro’s April 1959 trip to the United States and meet- single step method for xanthate synthesis. The ing with Vice President Nixon, Cuban and Soviet study includes both the findings from the initial work diplomatic overtures to one another, and the Eisen- as well as multiple attempts to synthesize and iso- hower administration’s nascent plans to topple Cas- late the reactive byproduct. tro’s government in a Guatemala-style coup. In do- ing so, it places Cuba within the larger context of the United States' attempts to come to grips with the complex phenomenon of revolutionary national- ism on the Cold War's periphery. I believe it is vital to attempt to understand the early relationship that developed between the United States and Castro’s Cuba, and by doing so, make it possible to under- stand the overall relationship. With the changes that are soon bound to occur on the island of Cuba. it is necessary to review the relationship that developed between the governments in Washington D.C. and Havana at the onset of the Cuban Revolution.

33 Office of Graduate Studies and Research J 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Effect of Elongation in Divertor Tokamaks Learning to Work: The Student Organization as a Workplace

Presenter: Morgin Jones, Presenter: Whitney Jorns, Hampton University, Mathematics George Mason University, Sociology

Method of maps developed by Punjabi and Boozer The purpose of this study is to revisit Rosabeth [A. Punjabi, A. Verma, and A. Boozer, Phys.Rev. Kanter’s (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation Lett. 69, 3322 (1992)] is used to calculate the ef- and her theory of the workplace through a modern fects of elongation on stochastic layer and magnetic qualitative study. The study focuses on a co-ed stu- footprint in divertor tokamaks. The parameters in dent organization at a large public university. The the map are chosen such that the poloidal magnetic study examines how these students are given op- flux χSEP inside the ideal separatrix, the amplitude portunities for leadership and how peer acceptance δ of magnetic perturbation, and the height H of the is critical to their overall success within the organi- ideal separatrix surface are held fixed. The safety zation. The study examines the questions; In what factor q for the flux surfaces that are nonchaotic as way is the student organization similar to Kanter’s a function of normalized distance d from the O-point researched workplace? How are senators restricted to the X-point is also held approximately constant. from leadership opportunities? What role do peer Under these conditions, the width W of the ideal interaction and social conformity play in the greater separatrix surface in the midplane through the O- hierarchy? Data were collected in face-to-face inter- point is varied. The relative width w of stochastic views from September 2006 to May 2007, resulting layer near the X-point and the area A of magnetic in ten semi-structured interviews, four focus groups, footprint are then calculated. We find that the nor- and twenty-two senate meeting observations. At the malized width w of stochastic layer scales as W-7, time of data collection all participants were full-time and the area A of magnetic footprint on collector undergraduate students between the ages of eight- plate scales as W-10. een and twenty-three who were active student senators at the university. While access to the sen- ate is not limited to any students, opportunities for advancement are only given to those senators who are socially accepted and fast-tracked into such positions. Pressure for social conformity and limited access to leadership roles results in a closed group often referred to as ‘cliques’ creating an unwelcom- ing environment for members who are less socially desirable. Opportunities are given to some sena- tors, but not to others. While some senators are given access to knowledge and mentors, others are discouraged or ignored completely. Kanter claimed that the closed circles at Indsco made it difficult for ‘outsiders’ to break in, and the only way to reduce this limitation is to reduce pressure for social confor- mity (68.) This great effort of reducing peer pres- sure will demand a change in the greater culture of the senate and the university as a whole.

34 Office of Graduate Studies and Research K 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

From Fragments: Recovering Personal Stochastic Broadening Near the Narratives in Toni Morrison’s Tar Baby Separatrix of the Simple Map

Presenter: Julia Kaziewicz, Presenter: Olivia Kerwin, College of William & Mary, American Studies Hampton University, Applied Mathematics

In her important book of literary theory, Playing in The simple map is the simplest map that has the the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, topology of a divertor tokamak. The simple map has Toni Morrison writes “[S]cholarship that looks into three canonical representations: (i) the natural coor- the mind, imagination, and behavior of slaves is dinates - toroidal magnetic flux and poloidal angle valuable. But equally valuable is a serious intellec- (ψ,θ), (ii) the physical coordinates - the physical tual effort to see what racial ideology does to the variables (R,Z) or (X,Y), and (iii) the action-angle mind, imagination and behavior of masters.” 1 Unlike coordinates - (J, Θ) or magnetic coordinates ( Ψ, Θ). Morrison’s previous novels, Tar Baby examines the All three are canonical coordinates for field lines. destructive nature of hierarchical and racial Western The simple map in the (X,Y) representation has thought on its black and white characters. 2 Morri- been studied extensively [1, 2]. Here we analytically son’s rewriting of the tar baby myth – a narrative calculate the action-angle coordinates and safety created both by, and in opposition to, a master nar- factor q for the simple map. We construct the equi- rative – examines the multiplicity of stories long hid- librium generating function for the simple map in den within the totality of a single dominant narrative. action-angle coordinates. We derive the simple map In this paper I suggest that a postmodern reading of in action-angle representation, and calculate the Morrison’s Tar Baby reveals the novel as comment- stochastic broadening of the ideal separatrix due to ing on what happens to a society no longer confined topological noise in action-angle representation. by a single euro/ameri-centric narrative. Considera- This work is supported by the following grants US tion of the novel’s ensemble cast sheds light on Department of Energy - OFES DE-FG02- Morrison’s ideas about the personal and political 01ER54624 and DE-FG02-04ER54793 and Na- effects of the fracturing of white Western hegemony tional Science Foundation - HRD-0630372 and and also suggests that, although the binding forces 0411394. [1] A. Punjabi, H. Ali, T. Evans, and A. of the hegemony may be asymmetrical, they are Boozer, Phys Lett A, 364 140-145 (2007). [2] A. never one-sided. Application of the basic tenets of Punjabi, A. Verma, and A. Boozer, Phys.Rev. Lett. postmodernism and feminism allows for a move 69, 3322 (1992). away from traditional readings of Morrison’s work to larger conceptions of difference and power struggle. In addition, a postmodern examination of Tar Baby confronts the reader with the problem of defining a postmodern subjectivity as new, especially in rela- tion to the novel’s black characters.

1 (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1992) 12. 2 The Bluest Eye (1970), Sula (1973), Song of Solo- mon (1977)

35 Office of Graduate Studies and Research K 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Variations in Bluebird Communication Spectacles of Breeding: Kinship and the Across a Disturbance Gradient American Dog Show

Presenter: Caitlin Kight, Presenter: Wendy Korwin, College of William & Mary, Applied Science College of William & Mary, American Studies

For many avian species, vocalization is an integral For the past six years, NBC has broadcast the Pu- part of breeding activities such as mate attraction rina-sponsored National Dog Show on Thanksgiving and territory defense. Any events which reduce the Day. The National Dog Show approaches us as a efficacy of vocalizations, and communication as a benign affair, ideal for family consumption. At the whole, can therefore decrease individuals’ fitness. same time, however, the traditional “conformation” This is especially true of anthropogenic disturbance, dog show comes to its viewers freighted with a his- which has been shown to effect changes in a vari- tory of spectacular entertainment. Livestock shows, ety of bird song parameters (e.g. frequency, ampli- antebellum slave auctions, and the twentieth- tude, rate). Although these studies have illustrated century “fitter families” movement all speak to an the ways in which many species attempt to over- American preoccupation with racial lineage – a pre- come anthropogenic noise, there is currently a lack occupation that, I will argue, has translated itself of research addressing the fitness implications for into the dog show ring from the late nineteenth cen- these birds. To investigate potential communication- tury onward. On Thanksgiving Day, today’s Ameri- mediated impacts of human disturbance on avian can family (perhaps even the dog) can direct its fitness, I have utilized a 400-box eastern bluebird attention to a world in which breeding and lineage (Sialia sialis) trail positioned across a disturbance are “perfected.” This paper examines the rhetoric of gradient in southeastern Virginia to measure differ- family that circulates in the televised dog show. I ences in sound propagation, ambient noise, male look for the reassuring and potentially problematic song characteristics, and fitness across a variety of ways that commentators present the dogs on dis- habitats along the disturbance gradient. I will be play as family members and consumer products, presenting the preliminary results of this research real animals and engineered subjects. This contra- (collected during the breeding season of 2007). This dictory language simultaneously speaks to the de- study is the first that explores not just whether spe- sires of the modern American family and connects cies are responding to disturbance, but why, how its members to a tradition of buying, training, and much, and to what end. These are the quantifica- breeding that remains largely hidden. tions that are necessary for understanding how spe- cies and ecosystems will persist in the face of hu- man disturbance, as well as for drafting the man- agement and conservation plans required to protect the animals most likely to suffer negative conse- quences of living in disturbed environments.

36 Office of Graduate Studies and Research K 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Coastal Clean-Up in Little Cayman in Public Memory and Racial Reconciliation 2007 in Little Rock

Presenter: Sara E. Kreisel, Presenter: Erin Krutko, College of William & Mary, Biology College of William & Mary, American Studies

This study examined the annual accumulation rate Little Rock, Arkansas struggles under the burden of of anthropogenic marine debris in the coastlines of its history. In 1957, the city became the center of Little Cayman. An initial clean-up was carried out in national approbation when Governor Faubus used the summer of 2006 and was repeated in July 2007 the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Afri- to measure the rate of debris accumulation. Two can American students from integrating the city’s undeveloped beach sites with no regular cleaning or flagship school. In a few searing weeks, Little Rock maintenance were selected for this study; both were lost its reputation as a racially “progressive” city. 200 meters long and 10 meters wide (2000 m 2), one Over the last five decades, a vocal portion of the is on the south (windward) side and the other is on city’s population has argued that the images blazed the north (leeward) side of the island. Trash was across American television screens in the 1950s collected from each site and separated in five cate- were not of their own making. Rather, they were the gories: plastic, glass, shoes, Styrofoam, and ropes product of the political machinations of Governor and nets. All bags were weighted and the volume Faubus’s race-bating re-election team, or the result was estimated. A total of 117.8 kilos or 1986.4 liters of the outside agitation from groups such as the of trash was found, with plastics comprising nearly NAACP and the segregationist Citizens’ Councils of 60%, ropes and nets about 20%, and shoes 12%. America. In this version of the events of 1957, “Little By both weight and volume, there was nearly four Rock did not bring on disaster. Disaster was delib- times more garbage recovered from the windward erately thrust upon a majority of progressive and side of Little Cayman than from the leeward side. law-abiding citizens by extremists and outsiders This difference was probably due to the stronger seeking to serve their own ends.” In recent years, winds and currents on the south side bringing more this narrative has been publicly challenged and con- material to shore. Since the initial 2006 study, in tested, as community leaders, civil rights veterans, which no previous clean-ups were known to have eye-witnesses, and historians have called upon taken place in the selected sites, 56% as much Little Rock to take responsibility for the school de- weight and 73% of the volume of anthropogenic segregation crisis at Central High. These observers debris had re-gathered on the studied areas. Across argue that the only path toward true racial recon- the 32 km that makes up the coastlines of Little ciliation and progress begins with sincere acknowl- Cayman, we estimated 9.5 tons or 160 thousand edgment of and atonement for the city’s segregated liters of garbage accumulated over a one-year pe- past. Examining archival records, oral histories, riod. This type of coastal pollution is a serious issue commemorative ceremonies, published memoirs, and trash removal projects such as this one can and media accounts, this paper will illuminate the contribute to decrease its effects on local communi- struggle to define the local community of Little ties. Rock’s responsibility for the crisis at Central High, and explore the ramifications this debate has for the problems which continue to plague the city’s educa- tional system in the present.

37 Office of Graduate Studies and Research L 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Friend or Foe: The Effect of an How do Fish Select More Nutritious Food Interviewer's Conduct on Political Particles? Perceptions

Presenter: Elicia C. Lair, Presenter: M. Louise Lammons, College of William & Mary, Psychology College of William & Mary, Biology

The increasing prevalence of politically-based news By a poorly understood process, suspension- programs has created a need to study the effects of feeding fish consume food particles too small to be such content on the political perceptions of the pub- sensed and engulfed individually, capturing the sus- lic. The main goal of this study was to determine if pended particles as water flows past their feeding political interviewers bias an audience with their structures. Do suspension-feeding fish select for verbal conduct during an interview. A secondary more high quality food particles through external aim of this project was to explore potential effects methods by altering behaviors, through internal between the interviewer’s behavior and both the mechanisms ( e.g., morphological, fluid dynamic) or politician’s sex and the interviewer’s sex. Partici- through a combination of the two? This complex pants listened to a radio interview of a politician with question is tied to a basic understanding of the be- questions that were either friendly, neutral, or hos- havior, morphology, and ecology of suspension- tile in nature. Although the tone of the questions feeding and detritivorous fish. Aquatic detritivores differed between the conditions, the politician’s re- feed on small dead and decaying organic matter sponses were standardized. The interviews were that has settled to the bottom, and may use suspen- also arranged so that there was a male and female sion-feeding as the mechanism for particle capture. interviewer for both the female politician and the The model organism for this study is the gizzard male politician conditions. The first hypothesis of shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Clupeidae), a sus- this study is that an effect will be found between the pension feeder and facultative detritivore. To deter- different interview conditions, with participants re- mine the selective abilities of this fish, I will use a porting a politician in the hostile condition less fa- series of laboratory experiments comparing the nu- vorably than a participant in either the neutral or trient content of food particles suspended in the friendly conditions. A second hypothesis is that the aquarium to the nutrients that the fish actually in- friendly condition’s politician might be perceived as gest when feeding on these particles. The main most likeable, but perhaps less competent than the objective of this study is to determine whether parti- neutral condition. The main hypothesis is that both cle selectivity is achieved through internal and/or the friendly and hostile conditions will be different external mechanisms. The significance of this re- from the neutral condition, but potentially in different search rests in the fact that so little is understood ways. An additional question that this study will at- about the selective mechanisms of suspension- tempt to answer will be whether the gender of either feeding fish, which can be found in large numbers in the interviewer or the politician interacts with a par- lakes and reservoirs where they feed on small prey ticipant’s perception of the politician. low on the food chain and then serve as prey for larger fish. Elucidating some of the potential mecha- nisms for particle selectivity by gizzard shad may identify pathways of nutrient cycling within aquatic ecosystems and improve the understanding of how suspension feeders and detritivorous fish function at both the organismal and ecosystem levels.

38 Office of Graduate Studies and Research L 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Can Nicotine Ameliorate Memory Deficits Investigating the Folding of a Death Found in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? Domain Protein and Hydrophobic Core Formation

Presenter: Mary Levillain, Presenter: Hai Li, College of William & Mary, Psychology Old Dominion University, Chemistry and Biochemistry

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is associated with a The Death Domain Superfamily has four families: number of cognitive deficits. Specifically, both ani- Death Domain (DD), Death Effector Domain (DED), mals and humans with FAS have been shown to Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD), and Pyrin have impaired performance in memory tasks that Domain (PYD). They function in either intracellular are dependent upon the hippocampus. In contrast, signaling of apoptosis (DD, DED, and CARD), or nicotine has been shown to improve performance inflammation (PYD). The Death domain is an á- on some of these tasks. Interestingly, humans with helical bundle protein with a Greek-key topology. FAS have a significantly higher rate of smoking than Bioinformatic tools such as PSI-BLAST and MUS- the general populations. Thus, some researchers CLE were utilized to construct a sequence and speculate that smoking could be a form of self- structure alignment of the superfamily. Entropy and medication used to ameliorate cognitive deficits hydrophobicity studies identified nine highly and induced by FAS. The purpose of the present study seven moderately conserved hydrophobic amino is to investigate nicotine’s ability to compensate for acids, which we propose to be important in the for- these deficits. Adolescent rats with FAS were given mation of the hydrophobic core during refolding, as intermittent administration of nicotine during early well as six hydrophilic amino acids, which we pro- adolescence (postnatal days 28, 30, 32, and 34). pose to be essential in the interaction with the other Six days later, on postnatal day 40, these animals death domains. Human Fas-associated death do- were trained in a hippocampal memory task. Test- main protein (Fadd-DD) was selected as our model ing occurred in a novel context on postnatal days system to investigate the role of the conserved resi- 41, 42, and 43. If nicotine is able to at least partially dues in folding and stability. Equilibrium unfolding reverse the learning deficits induced by FAS, ani- and refolding monitored by intrinsic fluorescence mals that received nicotine will show a stronger indicates that the process is cooperative, two-state, memory than animals in the control group. and reversible. A steady-state, far-UV circular di- chroism study shows that the ellipticity of this pro- tein has the typical double minima at 208 nm and 221 nm. Stopped-flow fluorescence and stopped- flow circular dichroism have been conducted to study the refolding kinetics. Detailed results will be presented at the meeting.

39 Office of Graduate Studies and Research L-M 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

An Epidemic Model of HSV-1 with Community Building in Charles’ Corner, Vaccination Virginia, 1862-1919

Presenter: Dori Luli, Presenter: Shannon S. Mahoney, Arizona State University, College of William & Mary, Anthropology Mathematics and Statistics

The most common type of herpes is Herpes Sim- The half-century between the Civil War and World plex Virus type 1 (HSV-1), and it is commonly War I was a critical period of cultural, social and known to cause oral herpes—cold sores and fever economic transition for African Americans in the blisters. Recent studies show that an HSV-1 vac- southern United States. Archaeological testing at cine was successful in the lab for animals such as Charles’ Corner, a post-bellum residential commu- guinea pigs and mice. It is estimated that the vac- nity on the Lower Virginia Peninsula, provides a cine will be available for human use in the next few compelling account of African American landholders years. Encouraged by those studies, we have for- during this period. By embracing anthropological mulated a simple SVID model studying the disease concepts of community-building and using multiple transmission dynamics with treatment and vaccina- lines of evidence including oral histories with de- tion. In this project we find the vaccination-treatment scendants, documents, and artifacts, we have be- reproductive number, the equilibrium solutions, and gun to examine gradual change in post- their stability. We conduct sensitivity and uncer- Emancipation communities. Reexamination of this tainty analysis for the reproductive number. We esti- time period should also lead us to ask what implica- mate the parameters based on previous works and tions this analysis may have for modern American perform numerical simulations. Finally, we compare society. different types of treatment and vaccination strate- gies to find an optimal combination of them and their relative cost in reducing the prevalence of HSV -1 infection in the population.

40 Office of Graduate Studies and Research M 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

JAK/STAT Regulation of Germ Cell Sex Oral Feedback on Writing Determination

Presenter: Gretchen McConnell, Presenter: Frost McLaughlin, College of William & Mary, Biology George Mason University, Higher Education and English

Germ cells are the only cells in the body that de- Instructors of freshman composition often spend velop into sperm or eggs. Correct germ cell sex long hours commenting on student essays, trying to determination is essential for healthy gonads and communicate what works well and what doesn’t in fertility. In Drosophila, this process is regulated by each essay so that students can improve their writ- both germ cell autonomously and by signals from ing skills. Far too often this labor appears to be of somatic cells in the somatic gonad. Within the little consequence in terms of student learning be- germline, genes such as ovarian tumor (otu), sans cause students either do not read the comments or fille (snf), and ovo promote female development, do not understand them. An alternative to giving and loss of function of these genes results in forma- written feedback on student writing is giving oral tion of ovarian tumors. Additionally, initiation of male feedback in one-on-one conferences with the stu- germ line development is controlled by activation of dent. Although in the past writing conferences have the JAK/STAT signaling pathway from the male been considered too time consuming to be used as somatic gonad. However, the extent to which the the predominant method of instruction, this form of JAK/STAT pathway controls germ cell sex has not individual instruction is now a more viable option yet been determined. Ectopic expression of the with the widespread availability of electronic instruc- JAK/STAT activating ligand upd in adult Drosophila tional formats like Blackboard and WebCT as sup- melanogaster females leads to unrestrained prolif- plementary tools. Based on a pilot study of confer- eration of germ cells causing ovarian tumors. As ence feedback, this qualitative study examines stu- this phenotype is similar to tumors formed due to dent-teacher dialogue in writing conferences used loss of function of ovo, otu, and snf, this suggests to provide feedback on writing in freshman compo- that the JAK/STAT pathway is sufficient to induce a sition courses. To determine the effectiveness of masculinized phenotype of genetically female (XX) oral feedback in writing instruction, the following germ cells. To directly test whether these tumors three aspects of writing conferences will be meas- are in fact masculinized, we are examining whether ured: survey answers from participating students, they express male-specific germ cell markers in- writing conference dialogue from videotapes, and cluding the LacZ enhancer trap M5-4 and escargot- evaluation of pre- and post-conference writing. GFP. We are also testing whether these tumors initiate spermatogenesis by examination for sper- matogenic markers. To continue examination of genetic interactions between JAK/STAT and genes that may promote female germ cell sex determina- tion, we have designed and tested a gain of function screen with the JAK/STAT pathway being our first test. These studies may help determine the extent to which JAK/STAT signaling regulates germline sexual identity. This would be an important step in establishing groundwork for testing the impact of both cell autonomous and somatic factors on the process of germ cell sex determination.

41 Office of Graduate Studies and Research M

7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Performance Impacts of Autocorrelated Effect of Previous Mating Experience on Flows in Multi-tiered Systems Subsequent Mate Preference in Female Zebra Finches ( Taeniopygia guttata )

Presenter: Ningfang Mi, Presenter: Kelly C. Minton, College of William & Mary, College of William & Mary, Biology Computer Science

This paper presents an analysis of the performance The success of a mate choice can determine effects of burstiness in multi-tiered systems. We whether an individual has high or low fitness; there- introduce a compact characterization of burstiness fore, it is important that individuals use information based on autocorrelation that can be used in capac- available to them to make the best choice possible. ity planning, performance prediction, and admission I am investigating mate preference plasticity of fe- control. We show that if autocorrelation exists either male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) in re- in the arrival or the service process of any of the sponse to mating experience. This will be accom- tiers in a multi-tiered system, then autocorrelation plished by assessing leg band color preferences of propagates to all tiers of the system. We also ob- virgin females in a mate preference chamber, allow- serve the surprising result that in spite of the fact ing them to breed with either a male with a leg band that the bottleneck resource in the system is far color that they prefer or do not prefer, and then re- from saturation and that the measured throughput assessing preference. Previous work has shown and utilizations of other resources are also modest, that, while a plastic leg band is, of course, not a user response times are very high. When autocorre- heritable trait, zebra finches prefer certain leg band lation is not considered, this underutilization of re- colors over others and these color preferences influ- sources falsely indicates that the system can sus- ence mate choice decisions. For this study, the fe- tain higher capacities. We examine the behavior of males will be choosing between red leg bands, a small queuing system that helps us understand which are often preferred over other colors, and this counter-intuitive behavior and quantify the per- green leg bands, which are often not preferred. Fe- formance degradation that originates from autocor- male zebra finches exhibit plastic preferences in related flows. We present a case study in an experi- other contexts; it is reasonable to expect to see it mental multi-tiered Internet server and devise a here. I expect to see that females who have a suc- model to capture the observed behavior. Our cessful mating experience will subsequently show a evaluation indicates that the model is in excellent preference for their previous mate's leg band color, agreement with experimental results and captures whether or not that color was initially preferred, and the propagation of autocorrelation in the multi-tiered that females who have an unsuccessful mating ex- system and resulting performance trends. Finally, perience will subsequently prefer the leg band color we analyze an admission control algorithm that opposite their previous mate's. Evidence of prefer- takes autocorrelation into account and shows bene- ence plasticity would suggest that mate prefer- fit in reducing the long tail of the response time dis- ences, and therefore the strength and direction of tribution. sexual selection, vary between life stages, and this would help to explain why variation in sexually- selected traits remains in wild populations.

42 Office of Graduate Studies and Research M-N 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Smoking the Competition: Lewis Ginter, The Chaotic Escape of Particles From a Cigarettes, and Advertising in Late Nine- Vase-Shaped Cavity: in Theory and teenth-Century America Practice

Presenter: Caroline Morris, Presenter: Jaison Novick, College of William & Mary, History College of William & Mary, Physics

At the time of Lewis Ginter’s death in 1897, contem- We study the escape of particles from a two dimen- poraries speculated he was the richest man south sional, specularly-reflecting open cavity having the of the Potomac. A native of New York City, Ginter shape of a vase. The narrowest point of the neck of had emigrated to Richmond, Virginia, in his youth the vase defines a dividing surface between parti- and worked his way from a shop clerk to the man- cles that escape without return, and those turned aging partner of Richmond’s largest cigarette- back into the cavity. We find stable orbits trapped manufacturing firm. Along the way, he fought in a forever, trajectories hugging the bowl-shaped part war that literally destroyed his home and business, of the vase or so-called whispering gallery trajecto- made and lost a couple of fortunes, and became a ries, but most importantly, we see trajectories hometown hero in a city renowned for its distrust of whose path displays a sensitive dependence on “outsiders.” Ginter made his final and greatest for- launch angle. For our analysis, we consider a point tune through a combination of keen fashion sense source emitting a burst of particles in all directions and advertising. On his journeys between Rich- and record the time to reach a line segment forming mond and Boston as a traveling salesman in the the mouth of the vase. We find that this escape 1870s, Ginter encountered new-fangled European time, as a function of the launch angle, displays a products called “cigarettes,” and realized that complex fractal structure. First, we briefly outline a Southern tobacco manufacturers could make them topological theory that predicts a subset of the frac- cheaply and in large quantities using local tobacco. tals seen in numerical simulations. We perform a But Ginter had to make the cigarettes palatable to numerical simulation of classical trajectories and Americans before he could manufacture and sell compare the simulated fractal to that predicted by them in large quantities. To do so, he pioneered an the theory. Through a collaborative effort we have aggressive form of advertising; all his cigarette experimentally verified the early fractal structure in packages included a color lithograph that was one the escape time. Our collaborator constructed the of a thematic set. Card sets had themes such as vase out of Teflon and used an ultrasound transmit- “Indian Chiefs” or “Boxers,” and consumers were ter as the point source. To study the escape times, encouraged to collect and display them, which they a microphone was placed at a point along the did in large numbers. This presentation places the vase’s mouth. The signal was then recorded for cigarette cards within contemporary discourses of about 17 ms at equally spaced time intervals and reunion, masculinity, and immigration. Why were then repeated for different detector positions each 1 customers – mainly northeastern men – drawn to cm apart. For comparison to classical mechanics, the cigarette cards? What about the images of half- we computed a large family of trajectories and naked male athletes and swarthy privateers ap- counted the number of trajectories falling within bins pealed to them? How was Ginter using national centered at each detector position and recording symbols and heroes to sell a Southern product? time. The number of trajectories falling within a bin The life and career of Lewis Ginter serve as a win- then approximates the signal strength recorded at dow into the complicated reconstruction of Southern the bin center. We find excellent agreement with the business after the Civil War, debates over ideal experimental results. manhood, and the contested growth of a new lei- sure culture in the late nineteenth century.

43 Office of Graduate Studies and Research P 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Effect of Birth Location on Biofilm Formation and its Role in Non-Sequential Double Ionization Yield Infectious Disease

Presenter: Jay Paquette, Presenter: Jennifer L. Patterson, College of William & Mary, Physics Virginia Commonwealth University, Microbiology and Immunology

Atoms in an intense laser field can become doubly It is well recognized that planktonic growth of bacte- ionized through a direct process known as rescat- ria in vitro does not accurately represent the pheno- tering, where a single electron is liberated through typic state in nature or in infectious diseases, where tunnel ionization and is driven back to the ion core most bacteria grow as biofilms. Biofilms are com- by the laser field, leading to impact ionization and munities of microorganisms that are surrounded by release of a second electron. In this quasi-classical an extracellular polymeric matrix composed of poly- description, the trajectory of the first electron will saccharides, proteins and/or nucleic acids, which have a strong influence on the probability of release promote intercellular adhesion and attachment to a of a second electron, as evidenced by the reduction surface. The biofilm mode of growth imparts on its in yield with elliptical laser polarization. Even with constituent bacteria resistance to antimicrobial linear polarization, the first electron can avoid a re- agents, drying, pH changes, ultraviolet light, acid encounter with the ion due to the vxB term or the exposure, phagocytosis and sheer stress. This in- longitudinal electric field component (Ez) in the la- creased resistance is due to many factors including: ser focus. Since the Ez term is given from the re- restricted penetration of antibiotics/disinfectants, quirement of zero divergence of the electric field, its production of antimicrobial destroying enzymes, magnitude will vary as a function of position within altered growth rate of some cells, and overexpres- the laser focus. Using completely classical 3-D sion of stress response genes. The medical com- simulations, we demonstrate how longitudinal elec- munity has progressively recognized biofilms as tric field variations affect electron trajectories, how important aspects of disease, especially in patients the ion yields from various regions within the focus with indwelling medical devices. The biofilm pheno- are affected, and the likelihood of observing this type is associated with chronic, indolent, and re- effect experimentally. lapsing infections. Examples of widely studied and well-recognized biofilms include those found in catheter infections, pulmonary infections, urogenital infections and endocarditis. An important step in the pathogenesis of these infections is biofilm forma- tion; therefore, identification and characterization of the gene or genes responsible for biofilm formation could lead to novel treatment modalities.

44 Office of Graduate Studies and Research P-R 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Effect of Social Exclusion on Future Comparative Study of Dopamine, Affiliation 2-amino -1,3- propane diol and Prussian Blue in a Search for Stable Functionalized Nanoparticles

Presenter: Richard S. Pond, Jr., Presenter: Farah Radwan, College of William & Mary, Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University, Chemistry

Research has been inconsistent as to how social The stability and functionalization of magnetic exclusion affects affiliative behaviors. As well, little nanoparticles is an extremely critical issue due to their research has examined the possible sources of so- many applications. In the last decade, these particles cial reconnection for excluded individuals, though have shown an encouraging potential to be used in the theory seems to suggest that a person will form areas of medicine and biomedicine specifically. For groups with others that are similar to him/herself. instance, iron nanoparticles experience an increase in The present investigation was conducted to explore their magnetic moment on the nanoscale, as a result, the affiliative tendencies of socially excluded indi- they can be used as MRI contrast agents.(1) In addi- tion, their superior magnetics provide higher specific viduals. Specifically, the present study examined absorption rate and greater heat conductivity, based whether socially excluded individuals prefer to affili- on that, these particles can be used in cancer re- ate with other excluded individuals. Study partici- search, such as in the treatment of hyperthermia.(2) pants received information from the experimenter The use of nanoparticles in medicine requires stable that they have either been included or excluded functionalized nanoparticles since many of these appli- from a laboratory group. They were informed that cations require the injection of these particles in the the decision was based upon the preference of the human body. Recently, dopamine was used as a ro- group members. Participants were then asked to bust anchor to functionalize the surface of iron oxide interact with another individual from a different lab (Fe-Ox) nanoparticles due to the stability of its planar group. This individual was a confederate of the ex- five member metalocycle structure.(3) However, dopa- perimenter who acted as an accepted other, an ex- mine itself is reactive towards iron, creating cytotoxins cluded other, or a complete stranger. All participant- and leading to the degradation of Fe-Ox nanoparticles. confederate interactions were recorded with the use (3) This leads to the search of more stable functionali- of a hidden camera. The ensuing interactions will be zation ligands. 2-amino-1,3-propane diol (APD) was analyzed for differences in conversational content found to be a good robust coating on the surface of Fe and duration. It is expected that excluded partici- -Ox nanoparticles which is unreactive but can be fur- pants will affiliate with both strangers and other ex- ther functionalized. The kinetics studies show that the cluded individuals equally. Though it is anticipated Fe-Ox nanoparticles coated with APD are stable over 24 hours, which is more stable than dopamine coated that affiliation with strangers will be merely for re- (Fe-Ox) nanoparticles. Another robust coating that has plenishing the belonging need, while affiliation with the potential of being yet more stable is ferro (ferri other excluded individuals will be for reasons of cynide) that has the advantage of having a strong field cognitive clarity and emotional similarity. It is not ligand between iron (II) and the cyanide which ensures expected that excluded individuals will affiliate with its stability. This work will provide a comparative study accepted individuals. On the other hand, included of these three coatings, their characterization using individuals will likely affiliate most with accepted TEM, XRD, IR, XPS, MALDI, VSM and UV-VIS to have others and least with excluded others. Such results good insights of which will provide better stable func- would imply that when socially excluded individuals tionalized Fe-Ox nanoparticles. References seek affiliation with other excluded individuals, it is (1) Shultz, M. D.; Calvin, S.; Fatouros, P. P.; Morri- because they are seeking information about the son, S. A.; Carpenter, E. E. Journal of Magnetism exclusion experience and not merely for replenish- and Magnetic Materials 2007, 311, 464-468. ing social connection. (2) (2) Zeng, Q.; Baker, I.; Loudis, J. A.; Liao, Y.; Hoopes, P. J.; Weaver, J. B. Applied Physics Let- ters 2007, 90. (3) (3) Shultz, M. D.; Reveles, J. U.; Khanna, S. N.; Carpenter, E. E. Journal of the American Chemi- cal Society 2007, 129, 2482-2487.

45 Office of Graduate Studies and Research R 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Potential Role of Guinea Pig How To Find a Needle in a Digital Cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) MHC Class I Haystack Homologs in Innate Immune Evasion

Presenter: Megan Reeves, Presenter: Meghan Revelle, Virginia Commonwealth University, College of William & Mary, Pediatrics Computer Science

Development of a vaccine to prevent birth defects The software development life cycle at a typical caused by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a company goes something like this. A group of pro- national priority. HCMV blocks surface expression grammers design a piece of software to meet their of MHC I, which would activate natural killer (NK) client's requirements, implement their design, test cells to release IFN-g; however, viral “NK-evasins” the software to make sure it works correctly, and serve to block this activation. As NK activation has send the finished product to their client. After a been linked to development of robust adaptive re- while, the client will inevitably find a problem with sponses, removal of NK-evasin genes from live at- the software or request changes to how the soft- tenuated vaccines might potentiate long-term adap- ware works. It is often the case that the original tive immunity. GPCMV is a valuable model to study software programmers are not the ones to make congenital transmission. Like HCMV, GPCMV these changes, meaning the programmers asked to down-regulates MHC I and encodes three MHC I do the job have no idea where to start because they homologs that may function as NK-evasins. We are unfamiliar with the software and its implementa- constructed a recombinant GPCMV (3DX) lacking tion. all three MHC I homologs. 3DX grew with wild-type kinetics in vitro but was highly attenuated in vivo. Our research has developed a new approach that Following vaccination, 3DX DNA was undetectable can be used by programmers who are unfamiliar in the blood of female seronegative guinea pigs with a piece of software and need to understand (n=8), whereas 1x10 5 genome copies/mL were de- how parts of it are implemented. Our approach tected in 4/7 animals vaccinated with the same makes use of code coverage, formal concept analy- dose of parental wild-type vaccine (WT) (n=7). De- sis, and static and dynamic analysis to locate the spite this attenuation , GPCMV-specific antibody code that implements features that a programmer responses evaluated by quantitative ELISA, avidity, wishes to know about, essentially helping them find and immunoblot were comparable between 3DX- a needle in a digital haystack. Preliminary results and WT-infected animals. Interestingly, ELISA titers have found that our approach can find accurate and were significantly higher in 3DX vs. WT groups near complete implementations of features auto- (3.74±0.3 vs 3.1±0.4, p=0.01). These animals were matically, without the programmer having to strug- mated and challenged during the third trimester with gle and search for that code manually. a GPCMV dose sufficient to cause 70% pup mortal- ity in seronegative animals. Immunity to 3DX re- duced mortality to 22%, vs. 23% for WT-immunized animals. Average live pup weight was comparable (95.3 g for 3DX vs. 98.2 g for WT). We conclude that deletion of potential immune evasion genes did not impair humoral responses or vaccine efficacy. Studies are in progress to determine if 3DX en- hances NK activation and if so what downstream effects this has on adaptive immunity. The results suggest that the safety of an HCMV live-attenuated vaccine could be enhanced by deletion of NK- evasin genes without loss of efficacy.

46 Office of Graduate Studies and Research R-S 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Comparison of Phenotypic Nodes of Ranvier Undergo Molecular Re- Characteristics of Diamondback organization with Age Terrapins ( Malaclemys terrapin ) Inhabiting Sites With and Sites Without Crabpots Presenter: Mark Shepherd, Presenter: Megan Rook, Virginia Commonwealth University, College of William & Mary, Biology Anatomy and Neurobiology

The diamondback terrapins of Virginia are suffering Myelinated axons facilitate action potentials at spe- high rates of mortality from a major threat to terra- cialized regions along the axon called nodes of pins throughout their range: drowning as bycatch. Ranvier. The node of Ranvier is a myelin-bare re- Specifically, the waters in which terrapins spend gion between two adjacent myelin segments that most of their lives are littered with crabpots from the maintains a high concentration of sodium channels blue crab industry. Terrapins are easily caught in required for proper nervous system communication. these traps in which they subsequently drown. Due On each side of the node is a paranode, or region to the sexual size dimorphism exhibited by this spe- of close contact between the myelin and axolemma cies, crabpot mortality affects males and females that provides a separation of sodium channels in differently. Females eventually grow so large that the node and potassium channels in the juxtaparan- they can no longer fit through the gape in the crab- ode. This separation is important for the mainte- pot whereas males never attain this “safe” size. Ter- nance of quality action potentials along the axon. rapins were captured, measured, weighed, and Several nodal and paranodal structural changes tagged at two locations, one with and one without have been observed in myelinated axons of aged crabpots, throughout the summer of 2007. At the mice resulting in the disruption of impulse conduc- crabbed study site, the Goodwin Islands, females tion. These changes include the loss of the myelin appear to be larger and show less phenotypic varia- sheath, formation of redundant myelin and myelin tion than females at a site where crabbing is illegal, balloons. Using electron microscopic analysis, we the Yorktown Naval Weapons Station. No such ap- show that aged mice exhibit disrupted specialized parent size differential was found for males between paranodal junctions as evidence by the loss of sites. Therefore, the blue crab industry may be se- transverse bands. We hypothesize that this struc- lecting for fast-growing, large females while sub- tural defect results from a molecular reorganization stantially decreasing the male population. Replicat- of the protein Neurofascin 155, a myelin protein ing this study with two additional sites, one crabbed known to participate in transverse band formation. and one crabpot-free will help to determine if fe- Analyzing double-immunolabeled longitudinal sec- males show differences in size structure due to se- tions of the ventral column, cervical spinal cord in lective pressure imposed by mortality in crabpots. It aged C57/BL6 mice, our data reveals a decrease in will also help to determine the extent to which crab- Neurofascin 155 paranodal localization with age. pot mortality is affecting the age structure of the We also observe in 17 and 22 month old mice neu- male portion of the population. rofascin 155 accumulating in the juxtaparanode and internode. These results suggest that age results in a molecular reorganization of the paranodal region, potentially compromising myelin stability and axonal function.

47 Office of Graduate Studies and Research S 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Emotional Heights: The Influence of Peripheral Vision: Considering the Affect on Behavior and Perception Capitalist Core from the Vantage of Early Colonial City Point, Virginia

Presenter: Erika Siegel, Presenter: Kathryn Sikes, College of William & Mary, Psychology College of William & Mary, Anthropology

The aim of this research was to investigate emo- Studies of colonial capitalism often rely upon a nar- tional influences on the perception of spatial layout. rative that emphasizes the active role of European More specifically, how fear and anxiety influence colonizers at the expense of non-European partici- the perception of heights and distances in naturalis- pants. This study proposes that an archaeological tic settings, where participants would experience examination of capitalist trade that focuses upon more fear and anxiety than could be evoked in the meaning and historical precedent, rather than upon laboratory. Previous research has shown that peo- profit, decenters the agency of colonizers and clari- ple overestimate height more from the top than the fies the influence of the indigenous “periphery’s” bottom, especially when they are afraid of heights contributions to a world economy. The paper seeks (Stefanucci & Proffitt, 2007). Participants in this to address the ways in which global systems of study were enrolled in an outdoor adventure course. capitalism framed the experiences of documented At various points in the semester, participants flew individuals associated with excavated 17th-century across a zip line and rappelled off of a four-story contexts at City Point, considering the ways in parking garage. Before each outdoor element, par- which laborers within Virginia’s tobacco-based ticipants filled out online surveys about their current economy interacted with the landscapes and mate- emotions, their predicted emotions, and their emo- rial culture associated with tobacco production. It tions about heights. On site, before the element, employs an economic emphasis to illuminate the participants completed a height matching task broad scale at which objects and ideas were ex- where they positioned an experimenter to be the changed, while highlighting the ways in which mate- same distance from them as they were from the rial culture engaged communities, households, and height they were viewing. Participants also com- individuals within the more intimate setting of the pleted the Subjective Units of Distress Scale to as- upper James River. sess their on-site excitement and fear. Finally, the time that it took participants to climb up the element was measured and, once on top, how long it took them to jump off of the element. After participants attempted the outdoor element, they completed online surveys about their current emotions, their memory for their emotions, and their current emo- tions about heights. These converging measures were used to assess participants' emotions, percep- tion of social support, and overestimation of height. We replicated overestimation of height findings, found a relationship between behavioral measures and distress scores, and found correlations be- tween multiple types of anxiety, which, surprisingly, also included social anxiety. This study, when com- bined with earlier laboratory research, bolsters our understanding of the relationship between emotion and the perception of heights.

48 Office of Graduate Studies and Research S 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

The Power of Imagery: Using Mental Fabrication and Real Time Imagery to Reduce Food Cravings Characterization of FePt Nanomagnets

Presenter: Shereen Singer, Presenter: Jonathan Skuza, College of William & Mary, Psychology College of William & Mary, Physics

Most people have experienced a food craving—a The magnetic properties of some ordered phases in sudden, intense desire to eat a particular food. the FePt binary alloy system (i.e., L10 and L12) are Food cravings are not usually pathological, but can of interest in magneto-optical and magneto- become problematic for overweight individuals and recording applications (e.g. ultrahigh storage den- people who have an eating disorder. Cravings have sity media). The chemical ordering of the alloy af- been linked to early drop out from weight loss pro- fects the crystallographic structure and hence the grams as well as binging, purging, and guilt. Re- magnetic anisotropy, making the L10 phase a suit- search has shown that mental imagery is a key able candidate for next generation recording media. component of cravings. As such, imagery tech- An important fabrication aspect for media applica- niques may be useful in reducing unwanted crav- tions is to achieve nanomagnets with the L10 or- ings. This study examines the effectiveness of im- dered phase. Ion beam irradiations applied to FePt agery in reducing cravings and food consumption of magnetic thin films have recently attracted strong chocolate, the most commonly craved food in West- interest to modify the magnetic properties in useful ern cultures. Participants were female undergradu- ways for this application. We present our approach ate students who were pre-screened for possible for achieving FePt nanomagnets, along with com- eating disorders, allowing us to examine two bined magnetic and real time structural characteri- groups—a normal sample and a sample of people zation studies. The samples were obtained by im- with eating disorders. Participants were randomly planting Fe+ ions into Pt thin films at the Toledo assigned to one of three conditions: imagining eat- Heavy Ion Accelerator, where the size and penetra- ing cake, imagining walking in the woods, or waiting tion depth of the resulting Fe nanoclusters in the Pt in silence. Participants in the two imagery condi- matrix were tailored by modifying the ion beam en- tions listened to a recording that guided them ergy and implantation dose. X-ray diffraction (XRD) through a scenario where they imagined eating a was used to track the structural evolution of these piece of cake or walking through the woods. After nanocomposite samples upon annealing. Our ex- the recording, participants were given chocolate periments revealed that the onset of the L12 phase cake and allowed to eat as much as they wanted, occurs at ~400º C with further re-ordering and for- with the amount of cake eaten serving as the de- mation of the L10 phase at ~500º C. Analysis of the pendent variable. Initial analyses show that for the real time isothermal annealing XRD data, obtained normal sample, the amount of cake eaten did not at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne Na- differ based on condition. For the sample with eat- tional Laboratory, shows that the activation energy ing disorders, however, there is a trend such that for the L10 phase in these samples is ~1.0 eV. participants who imagined eating cake ate the least Magnetic measurements after the annealing treat- cake and those who waited ate the most cake. ments show a strong out-of-plane component of the These results suggest that mental imagery may be magnetic anisotropy consistent with the formation of effective at reducing cravings and food consumption the L10 phase. for people with eating disorders; thus imagery may be an effective technique to reduce the binging and guilt that often accompany a craving.

49 Office of Graduate Studies and Research S 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Long-term Effects of Adolescent Nicotine Blending Texts, Blending Bodies: The Exposure on Learning in Rats American Mulatto in William Wells Brown's Clotel

Presenter: Andrea Spaeth, Presenter: Amanda Stuckey, College of William & Mary, Psychology University of Virginia, English and American Studies

Due to the extremely high prevalence of adolescent During the 1800s, Americans disturbed by the injus- tobacco use, it is important to study how nicotine tice of slavery frequently turned to literature to ex- affects cognitive development and performance press their growing concern. Often such literature within this population. Animal models can be used fell into the genre of the sentimental; authors such to study the specific effects of nicotine exposure on as Harriet Beecher Stowe used images of African learning under carefully controlled conditions. Previ- Americans' bodily suffering to appeal to their read- ous research has focused mainly on the immediate ers' own bodily states. However, during the 1850s, effects of nicotine exposure rather than possible William Wells Brown - often considered the first Afri- long term effects. However, the possibility exists can-American novelist - introduced a new style and that adolescent nicotine exposure can impair as- process of writing onto the scene of anti-slavery pects of cognition in adulthood. In the current study, writing with his novel entitled Clotel; or, the Presi- rats were exposed to nicotine during adolescence dent's Daughter. Living in England during the time (28-42 days old) and learning was assessed during of the novel's writing, Brown examined the condition adulthood (65 days old). Nicotine was administered of the American mulatto while simultaneously ex- via an osmotic pump which provided a steady state ploring the tenuous notion of citizenship in America. of nicotine throughout the adolescent administration In my paper I explore Brown's investigation of period. The impact of adolescent nicotine on later American ideas of racial, gendered, and political learning as adults was assessed in a context condi- divisions and how, in the inventive hands of a free tioning task. During training, rats were placed in a African-American author, these categories are chamber and received mild electric footshock (or shaken and ultimately dismantled. Issues such as not). When the animals were placed back in the mulatto citizenship, cross-dressing, and the differ- same chamber during the test session, amount of ence between the meaning of freedom in America licking at a sipper tube was measured and was ex- and the meaning of freedom in England surface in pected to be suppressed in animals previously ex- Brown's novel to expose the instability of America's posed to mild footshock compared to animals not imposed divisions. Brown also calls into question exposed to the footshock. Preliminary data analy- the notion of American history itself; in Clotel, he ses suggest that adolescent nicotine exposure can weaves factual accounts with fictive characters and have long-term consequences on context learning, situations and with fictive "natural documentation" with ongoing analyses and future experiments such as newspaper stories to enact an identity of aimed at understanding the exact nature of these his own: that of an African-American writer trying to effects. These data suggest that adolescent nicotine legitimize his own voice in the world of anti-slavery exposure can have long-term effects on learning, writing. In researching Brown's work, I study ancil- specifically about context, suggesting that the neu- lary historical accounts alongside Brown's own ver- ral circuitry responsible for this type of learning is sion of such accounts and find significance in affected on a long-term basis by the present nico- Brown's revisions. Ultimately, I suggest that Brown tine administration regimen. uses the text itself to unveil his readers' notions of fact and fiction, of history and of storytelling, to call into question yet another category in American ide- ology: that of the truly “American” citizen.

50 Office of Graduate Studies and Research S-T 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Onontio's Children: Inter-Indian Relation- Validation Study of R-Mix Too Shell Vials ships in French Détroit for the Detection of Influenza A and B in Patients Presenting with Influenza-like Illness

Presenter: Andrew Sturtevant, Presenter: Daniel Trexler, College of William & Mary, History Virginia Commonwealth University, Clinical Laboratory Sciences

In 1738, the long-simmering hostility between the Background: Validation of a sensitive and rapid Huron and Ottawa natives settled at the French method for the detection of influenza and sub-typing post of Détroit finally erupted into overt hostility. of influenza A is paramount from both a clinical and Claiming that the Hurons had aided the Ottawas’ public health standpoint. Accurate administration of enemies, the Ottawas promised retaliation, forcing anti-influenza drug therapy directly affects patient the Hurons to flee the area temporarily. This crisis care while the sub-typing of influenza A provides testifies to the fractures and diversity within the vital information to public health authorities for dis- polyglot assemblage of groups allied to the French. ease surveillance and vaccine development. The Focusing on this incident, this paper explores the present study proposes to investigate a novel co- complicated relationship between the Hurons and culture shell vial R-Mix Too (Diagnostic Hybrids, the Ottawas. Ultimately, the crisis demonstrates the OH) that has elucidated the ability to propagate vitality and durability of natives' "national" or "tribal" growth from shell vial when supernate is inoculated identities, and suggests that in addition to focusing into a traditional tube culture cell line such as on relationships between Europeans and natives, Rhesus Monkey Kidney (RMK) cells. Objective: To scholars need to understand how native groups optimize and validate the influenza A and B shell interacted with one another culturally and politically. vial cell culture (SVCC) method using R-Mix Too Détroit provides an especially appropriate labora- shell vials when compared to cell culture (CC) and tory to study such questions. The fort eventually real-time RT-PCR. Study Design: Consists of four hosted a few thousand natives settled in separate specific aims: (1) compare the qualitative results of villages. Here, in the claustrophobic intimacy of the R-Mix Too, to CC, and real time RT-PCR using puri- post, natives encountered foreign and sometimes fied viral isolate stocks and clinical specimens; (2) unfriendly groups every day. In Détroit, more than evaluate and compare analytical sensitivity of R-Mix anywhere else in the region, natives interacted with Too with conventional gold standard culture (CC) others. To access these interactions, this paper and real time RT-PCR method; (3) determine ana- draws on notarial minutes, official correspondence, lytical specificity of R-Mix Too using a variety of viral and ecclesiastical records, as well as material cul- and bacterial respiratory pathogens and flora; (4) ture and cartography. evaluate the ability of R-Mix Too to propagate influ- enza virus in CC after 48 hours growth. Anticipated Results: It is hypothesized that R-Mix Too shell vials will be more sensitive and specific than CC but less sensitive and specific than real time RT-PCR. The ability of R-Mix Too to facilitate CC propagation would enable a laboratory to streamline their proto- cols for the detection of influenza. A specimen col- lected for seasonal influenza would only need to be inoculated to a single shell vial. If the screen is posi- tive, then the supernate could be inoculated to CC for confirmation cell culture testing.

51 Office of Graduate Studies and Research T-U 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

A Comprehensive Analysis of Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid on the Streptococcus Sanguinis Cell Wall- ADVIA 2120 Anchored Proteins in Experimental Infective Endocarditis

Presenter: Lauren Senty Turner, Presenter: Lara R. Underhill, Virginia Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth University, Microbiology and Immunology Clinical Laboratory Sciences

In bacterial infective endocarditis (IE), bacteria that Laboratory analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is transiently enters the bloodstream adheres to and vital when diagnosing subarachnoid hemorrhage, then grows on previously damaged heart valves. It cancer, infection, or metabolic abnormalities. The is thought that cell wall-anchored (Cwa) proteins, role of the hematology laboratory in CSF analysis is which are attached to the bacterial cell surface by to provide an enumeration of red blood cells, white sortase enzymes, are required for this adherence. blood cells, and a white blood cell differential. The To address this hypothesis, a comprehensive analy- standard protocol, a manual method, is tedious, sis of Streptococcus sanguinis Cwa proteins and time-consuming, and requires extensive and costly sortases in experimental IE was performed. Thirty- training hours. An automated method to perform one putative Cwa proteins were predicted from the cellular analysis of CSF would decrease these is- completed S. sanguinis SK36 genome sequence by sues and establish more reproducible results, in- bioinformatic analysis, and three sortase homologs crease laboratory productivity, and lower costs. The were identified and named SrtA, SrtB or SrtC. A ADVIA 2120, recently released by Bayer Health- technique termed signature-tagged mutagenesis care, Diagnostics Division, is a bench-top analyzer (STM) was used to knock out the genes for each of designed for medium-to-large volume laboratories. the thirty-one Cwa proteins, and the mutant strains A CSF assay is approved by the FDA for the ADVIA were tested for their ability to cause disease in the 2120 and uses direct cytometry to perform the he- rabbit model of IE. No single Cwa protein was re- matological analysis. Current literature indicates quired for establishing disease—a result that may that this automated CSF method is not used in the be attributed to multiple Cwa proteins performing laboratory. The goal of this project is to validate a similar functions during the onset of infection. It is procedure to enumerate red blood cells and white likely that SrtA is the enzyme required for anchoring blood cells and perform a white blood cell differen- the majority of the thirty-one S. sanguinis Cwa pro- tial on CSF using the automated hematology ana- tein substrates, whereas SrtB and SrtC may have lyzer ADVIA 2120. To evaluate the automated narrower substrate specificity. In consideration of method, 100 consecutive samples with sufficient these distinct sortase roles, S. sanguinis mutants volume of CSF will be manually counted, processed were created with a knock-out mutation in the srtA, by the ADVIA 2120, and the data sets compared. srtB, or srtC gene. The propensity of the sortase The accuracy, within-run precision, between-run mutants to cause disease was then tested in the precision, linearity, analytical specificity, and analyti- rabbit model. It was determined that neither SrtC cal sensitivity will be used to evaluate the auto- nor SrtB was necessary for establishing disease, as mated method. The accuracy will be determined both mutant strains retained pathogenesis. In con- using method comparison statistics including the trast, the SrtA mutant showed reduced pathogenic- linear regression line, slope, Y-intercept, correlation ity in the animal model, indicating that SrtA is nec- coefficient, and a T-test. The hypothesis is that with essary for typical disease progression. Therefore, it the correct identification of white blood cells by the is likely that more than one Cwa protein dependent ADVIA 2120 and the high sensitivity of the instru- upon SrtA for cell surface localization is required for ment, the results will have a high correlation with establishing IE, and such proteins may have similar the standard manual method. This will support im- functions in this process. plementation of the automated method into the clini- cal laboratory.

52 Office of Graduate Studies and Research V 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

TAPSS 2.0: A Web-Based Survey to Peer Group and Friendship Influences on Monitor Problem-Solving Abilities Children’s Management of Anger and Related to Computer Programming Sadness

Presenter: Jorge Vasconcelos, Presenter: Gina Veits, Johns Hopkins University, College of William & Mary, Psychology Computer Science

TAPSS 2.0 is a test for algorithmic problem-solving Research has shown that close friendships and skills implemented as a web-based application, peer groups are significant vehicles for promoting which aims to screen and monitor abilities funda- emotional competence. Within a friendship, children mental to computer programming like reading com- can explore and appraise emotion experiences and prehension, problem abstraction, arithmetic and support each other by learning new techniques to logic skills, stepwise planning, and process analy- cope with strong emotional events (Gottman & Met- sis. The instrument comprises three innovative ele- tetal, 1986; Youniss & Smollar, 1985). This can con- ments: (i) a questionnaire addressing 17 skills spe- trast with peer group processes, which have been cifically related to algorithmic problem-solving, (ii) a posited to more rigidly apply rules for maintaining surveying process allowing to skip questions and peer norms. The goal of this study was to examine requesting the applicant to self-rate answer confi- emotional development within two social contexts dence, and (iii) a scoring model tracking skills and understand how children express emotion in throughout different questions and weighting an- the unique social contexts of a friend versus the swer correctness according to the respective confi- peer group. An investigation of the ways in which dence level. In addition, the testing of thinking skills children manage anger and sadness in two different like abstraction, attention to details, and critical contexts (friend, peer group) may illuminate mecha- thinking, involved designing new kinds of questions. nisms underlying emotional development in social This work has been driven by the educational need relationships; an area that the extant literature has of understanding what prevents many college stu- not investigated. The study examined two age dents from learning to elaborate programs, and was groups (grades 1-2 and grades 3-4) because they grounded in a constructivist theoretical framework. represent differing competencies with regard to A hermeneutic approach was followed to under- emotion management skills. Data was collected on stand and integrate common programming errors, 134 children (72 male, 62 female) who ranged in programming-specific thinking styles, and problem- age from 6 to 11 years and were predominately solving ability domains. The software tool, along Caucasian and of middle class. There were equal with the methodological framework associated, are numbers of older and younger children and gender aimed to provide programming instructors with infor- distribution within age group. Children completed mation and resources to differentiate instruction the Children Emotional Management Scales according to diverse levels of problem-solving abili- (CEMS): Sadness and Anger, (Zeman, Shipman, & ties, as well as help students to reflect on their prob- Penza-Clyve, 2002), to evaluate methods that chil- lem solving strengths, while gaining a deeper un- dren use when responding to sadness - and anger- derstanding of the knowledge, abilities, and cogni- experiences within the context of their peer group tive processes needed to become skillful in creating and with a best friend. Results are discussed from algorithms and elaborate computer programs. within a peer socialization of emotion framework. This research adds to the literature by its unique focus on directly comparing emotion regulation ef- forts in friendship versus peer group social contexts and comparing younger and older elementary school age children’s emotion regulation responses within these settings.

53 Office of Graduate Studies and Research W 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Snoogle: a Search Engine for the An Assessment of the Accuracy of Physical World Inmates’ Reports of their School-Aged Children’s Behaviors and Feelings

Presenter: Haodong Wang, Presenter: Laura C. Wilson, College of William & Mary, College of William & Mary, Psychology Computer Science

Hardware advances will allow us to embed small An estimated one million American children with devices into everyday objects such as toasters and incarcerated parents are at risk for social, emo- coffee mugs, thus naturally forming a wireless ob- tional, and behavioral difficulties. Researchers inter- ject network that connects the object with each ested in studying the effects of parental incarcera- other. This talk presents Snoogle, a search engine tion on children face a number of unique chal- for such a network. Snoogle uses information re- lenges, such as assessing the accuracy of inmate- trieval techniques to index information and process parent's reports of their child's behavior. There is a user queries, and compression schemes such as tendency to over-rely on inmate parents’ reports of Bloom filters to reduce communication overhead. child outcomes, yet no known research has exam- Snoogle also considers security and privacy protec- ined their accuracy. The goal of the present study is tions for sensitive data. We have implemented the to assess the correspondence between inmate- system prototype on off-the-shelf sensor motes, and parents’ and caregivers’ reports of children’s behav- conducted extensive experiments to evaluate the iors. A meta-analysis based on 119 studies sug- system performance. gests correlations ranging from .22 - .60 among multiple informants of child behavioral and emo- tional problems (Achenbach, McConaughy, & How- ell, 1987). This range depends partly on the context in which an informant observes the child, with higher correlations found when informants share similar informant and situational variables.

Participants and Instruments. Twenty-nine inmates from a low-security county jail in a southern city, who are the parents of 36 chil- dren (ages 6-17; 50% female) participated in the current study along with the children’s caregivers (n=29). Information was collected during an open- ended interview at the jail with the inmates and over the phone with the caregivers. Inmates and caregiv- ers answered standardized questionnaires about the children’s externalizing behaviors, academic competence, and emotion regulation.

Planned Analyses. To examine the correspondence between inmates’ and caregivers’ reports of children’s externalizing behaviors, academic competence, and emotion regulation, we will compute Pearson Product Mo- ment Correlations. We hypothesize that the cross- informant agreement between incarcerated parents and caregivers will be low to moderate (e.g., .15 - .45), suggesting discrepancies in their reports due to situational differences in their exposure to the child’s behavior.

54 Office of Graduate Studies and Research W-X 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Swift: Fast Dynamic Packet Filter An Integrated System for Planning, Navigation, and Robotic Assistance for Skull Base Surgery

Presenter: Zhenyu Wu and Mengjun Xie, Presenter: Tian Xia, College of William & Mary, Johns Hopkins University, Computer Science Computer Science

We present Swift, a packet filter for high perform- We have created an image-guided robot system to ance packet capture on commercial off-the-shelf assist with skull base drilling by integrating a robot, hardware. The key features of Swift include (1) ex- a commercial navigation system, and an open tremely low filter update latency with a strong secu- source visualization platform. The objective of this rity model for dynamic packet filtering, and (2) Gbps procedure is to create a cavity in the skull base to high speed packet processing. Based on Complex allow access for neurosurgical interventions. The Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Instruction Set motivation for introducing an image-guided robot is Architecture (ISA), Swift achieves the former by to improve safety by preventing the surgeon from employing Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) as accidentally damaging critical structures during the its pseudo-machine computational model, and the drilling procedure. Our approach is to attach the latter by utilizing SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple cutting tool to the robot end-effector and operate the Data) and hierarchical execution optimization. We robot in a cooperative control mode, where robot implement Swift in the Linux 2.6 kernel for both i386 motion is determined from the forces and torques and x86_64 architectures, providing a BPF-like Ap- applied by the surgeon. We employ “virtual fixtures” plication Programming Interface for compatibility as to constrain the motion of the cutting tool so that it well as an object oriented API to simplify filter cod- remains in the safe zone that was defined by the ing. We extensively evaluate the dynamic and static surgeon, on a preoperative CT scan. This paper filtering performance of Swift on multiple machines presents the system design and the results of phan- with different hardware setups. We compare Swift tom and cadaveric experiments. Both experiments with both BPF (the BSD packet filter)---the de facto have demonstrated the feasibility of the system, standard for packet filtering in modern operating with average overcut error at about 1 mm and maxi- systems, and hand-coded optimized C filters that mum errors at 2.5 mm. are used as the ceiling on performance. For dy- namic filtering tasks, Swift is at least three orders of magnitude faster than BPF in terms of filter update latency. For static filtering tasks, Swift also outper- forms BPF up to three times in terms of packet processing speed.

55 Office of Graduate Studies and Research X-Z 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Direct Comparison of Full-Wave and Effects of Metal-Based Montmorillonite Ray-Tracing Methods for a Simple Model Clay Additives on the Fire Retardance of Multi-Dimensional Mode Conversion and Smoke Suppression of Poly(vinyl chloride)

Presenter: Yanli Xiao, Presenter: Alexander G. Zestos, College of William & Mary, Physics College of William & Mary, Chemistry

Mode conversion can occur in a nonuniform plasma Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the second most com- when two waves of different character are locally monly used plastic produced by the chemical indus- resonant. Jaun et al. have recently developed a try. Unfortunately, PVC can undergo thermal degra- numerical ray-tracing algorithm for realistic tokamak dation relatively easily, a process which generates models that accounts for the ray splitting that occurs volatile organic compounds that are smoke produc- at conversions [1,2]. Here we present a comparison ers in fires. This thesis attempts to understand the of ray-based and full-wave methods by considering smoke suppression and fire retardance of poly(vinyl a simple model consisting of a pair of coupled wave chloride) containing various metal compounds. equations in two spatial dimensions. The two spa- Many metal-containing additives were blended with tially-dependent wave speeds, $c_1(x,y)$ and $c_2 PVC and molded into plaques incorporating the (x,y)$ are distinct for almost all $(x,y)$, and are resulting formulations. These plaques were burned equal only along a line where conversion occurs. in a cone calorimeter together with control PVC We launch a WKB-type wave packet in channel plaques that contained no metal compounds. By $1$. There is initially no excitation in channel $2$. using a computer program, variables such as the Absorbing boundary conditions are used in the full- time to ignition, specific extinction area, total heat wave simulations to avoid reflections which would released, total smoke released, etc., were meas- complicate the interpretation of the results. From ured and assessed in order to determine the effec- the full-wave output, we compute the initial energy tiveness of the metal additives in smoke suppres- density as a function of position and consider its sion and fire retardance. evolution along a family of rays, including the ray splitting associated with conversion. These full- wave results are then compared to the ray-based predictions. [1] A.Jaun, E.R.Tracy and A.N.Kaufman, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion {bf 49}, 43-67 (2007). [2] E. R.Tracy, A.N.Kaufman and A.Jaun, to appear in Phys. Plasmas. Supported by the NSF-DOE Program in Basic Plasma Physics and the DOE OFES.

56 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

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57 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

2008 Graduate Research Symposium Program Chairs Room Proctors Jonathan Holley, Biology Pamela Arbisi, Mathematics Sucheta Jawalkar, Physics Ryan Burdge, Biology Haijian Chen, Applied Science Graduate Student Committee Christy Fairman, Biology Andrew Jones, Public Policy Zach Hilpert, American Studies Sara E. Kreisel, Biology Myra Houser, History John D. Miller, American Studies Wendy Korwin, American Studies Marcin Sliwowski, Computer Science Mary Levillain, Psychology John M. Vitaliz, Public Policy Heidi MacLean, Biology Christian Wilbers, American Studies Feng Mao, Computer Science Karl Mendoza, Biology Office of Graduate Studies and Research Alex P. Miller, Public Policy S. Laurie Sanderson, Dean Derrin Pierret, Computer Science Manuela Berti-Kuffel Lindsey Postaski, Biology Betty Ann Jones Erika Siegel, Psychology Chasity Roberts Raaj Talauliker, Biology Wanda Carter Barbara Monteith Volunteers Jenna Simpson, American Studies Distinguished Faculty Speakers Dr. P. Geoffrey Feiss, Provost Judging Panel Dr. Dennis M. Manos, Vice Provost for Research & Humanities and Social Sciences Graduate Professional Studies Dr. John Burton, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Dr. S. Laurie Sanderson, OGSR Dr. Phillip H. Daileader, History Dr. Eric R. Jensen, Public Policy Keynote Speaker Ms. Ann Koch, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Dr. Mitchell Reiss, W&M Vice Provost for International Natural and Computational Sciences Affairs, U.S. Ambassador, and former Director Dr. Michael J. Kelley, Applied Science of Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State Dr. Weizhen Mao, Computer Science Dr. Cynthia Morton, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Session Chairs Dr. William J. Tropf, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Dr. Patricia Barry, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Dr. Hans C. von Baeyer, Physics Cover Design Ms. Celine Carayon, History Joseph K. Gilley, Publications Office Dr. Jan Chaloupka, Physics Mr. Nelson Daniel, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Photographers Dr. George Gilchrist, Biology Dan Plehal Dr. Jeffrey R. Groff, Applied Science Casey Scully Dr. Paul Heideman, Biology Dr. Qun Li, Computer Science Sponsors Dr. R. Ale Luckaszew, Applied Science-Physics Barnes & Noble Mr. Dave McCarthy, History Bonefish Grill Mr. Larry McEnerney, Grad. Studies Advisory Board College of William & Mary Bookstore Dr. Charlie McGovern, American Studies-History The Fife and Drum Inn Ms. Barbara Monteith, Graduate Center Graduate Studies Advisory Board Dr. Xipeng Shen, Computer Science Incogen, Inc. Dr. Jeanine Stefanucci, Psychology Market Access International, Inc. Dr. Jennifer A. Stevens, Psychology Dr. Jean Takeuchi, Grad. Studies Advisory Board Special Thanks To: Dr. Stewart Ware, Biology William & Mary Information Technology William & Mary Catering Services University Center Operations & Technical Services The Office of Student Activities Scheduling Office

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59 The College of William and Mary Campus

Key for Visitors

1. Adair Hall (E-4) 49. Marshall-Wythe School of Law (L-4) 2. Alumni Center (F-9) 50. McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center (M-2) 3. Andrews Hall (F-4) 51. McGlothlin-Street Hall (H-6) 4. Baldwin Memorial Garden (J-8) 52. Millington Hall (F-5) 5. Barrett Hall (H-6) 53. Monroe Hall (H-8) 6. Bell Building (H-5) 54. Morton Hall (F-3) 7. Blow Memorial Hall (H-8) 55. Muscarelle Museum of Art (F-4) 8. Bookstore (K-9) 56. National Center for State Courts (L-5) 9. Botetourt Residence Complex (C-4) 57. Natural Wildflower Refuge (F-6) 10. Brafferton (J-7) 58. Old Dominion Hall (G-8) 11. Bridges House (I-6) 59. Old Lodges (F-6) 12. Brown Hall (J-9) 60. Vacant (J-6) 13. Bryan Complex (G-8) 61. Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall (G-4) 14. Building and Grounds Office (J-6) 62. Physical Plants Crafts Shop (J-5) 15. Busch Field (B-6) 63. Plumeri Park Ironbound Road 16. Busch Tennis Courts (B-7) 64. Vacant (J-6) 17. Campus Center (J-7) 65. President’s House (I-8) 18. Center for Archaeological Research (G-8) 66. Prince George House (I-9) 19. Chandler Hall (H-6) 67. Randolph Student Residence Complex (D-5) 20. Coffee House -Daily Grind (F-7) 68. Recreational Sports Center (B-7) 21. College Apartments (J-9) 69. Reves Center for International Studies (J-7) 22. College Yard (J-8) 70. Rogers Hall (G-5) 23. Commuter Student House (H-5) 71. Rowe House (I-5) 24. Corner House (H-5) 72. Sarah Ives Gore Child Care Center (I-6) 25. Crim Dell (G-6) 73. Savage House (F-10) 26. Davis House (J-8) 74. Small Physical Laboratory (F-4) 27. Dillard Complex Ironbound Road 75. Sorority Court (I-9) 28. Dupont Hall (D-4) 76. Stetson House (I-6) 29. Ewell Hall (I-7) 77. Student Health Center (E-7) 30. Fraternity Complex (D-7) 78. Sunken Garden (H-7) 31. Galt Complex –Alexander Ironbound Road 79. Swem Library (F-5) 32. Galt Complex –Gabriel Ironbound Road 80. Taliaferro Hall (J-7) 33. Galt Complex –Minson Ironbound Road 81. Taylor Building (H-9) 34. Galt Complex –Patrick Ironbound Road 82. The Garage - Police/Parking (E-3) 35. Graduate House (I-6) 83. Thiemes House (Personnel Office) (H-9) 36. Heating Plant (J-6) 84. Tucker Hall (I-8) 37. Hoke House (I-6) 85. Tyler Hall (H-7) 38. Holmes House (I-6) 86. University Center (F-7) 39. Hornsby House (I-5) 87. Washington Hall (H-7) 40. Hunt Hall (J-7) 88. Western Union Building (I-8) 41. James Blair Hall (H-7) 89. William and Mary Commons (Cafeteria) (C-6) 42. Jefferson Hall (I-6) 90. William & Mary Hall/Kaplan Arena (C-7) 43. Jones Hall (F-4) 91. Wren Building (I-7) 44. Keck Environmental Field Lab (C-4) 92. Yates Hall (D-7) 45. Lake Matoaka Art Studio (D-2) 93. Zable Stadium (F-8) 46. Lambert House (I-5) 47. Landrum Hall (G-6) 94. Hospitality House (F-9) 48. Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Graduate Student Housing (M-3)

60 7th Annual Graduate Research Symposium

Meeting Space at the University Center

61 Office of Graduate Studies and Research 62 63