/ (y Extension Se Review

Vol. 5, No. 6 JUNE 1934

THE SMITH-LEVER ACT OF 1914, WHICH CREATED THE NATIONAL EXTENSION SYSTEM OF RURAL EDUCATION. BEARS THE NAMES OF REPRESENTATIVE A. FRANK LEVER OF SOUTH CAROLINA (LEFT), AND SENATOR HOKE SMITH OF GEORGIA (RIGHT)

ISSUED MONTHLY BY THE EXTENSION SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C.

For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents. Washington, D.C. See Page 2 of Cover for Prices In This Issue On The Calendar

'he illogical statement has Contents Association of Agricultural Col- Tifrequently been made that lege Editors, St. Paul, Minn., agricultural science tends to stim- July 24-27. ulate production and consequent- Page 4-H Short Course, Storrs, ly less research is needed in view Research and Adjustment Conn., July 22-29. of large surpluses now existing of Farm and Home Week, Am- March Together - - - - 81 agricultural commodities. In his herst, Mass., July 24-27. Henry A. Wallace article, Secretary Wallace ex- Annual 4-H Short Course, plains clearly why there is no Raleigh, N.Cs, July 25-30. conflict between efficient agri- Extension Stands Test of Time - 82 Farmers’ Week, Storrs, Conn., cultural production the 30 to 3. and C. B. Smith July August objectives of the agricultural Tri-State Fair, Amarillo, Tex., adjustment program. September 15-21. of of Highlights 22 Years Home Eastern States Exposition, - - - ane s. mckimmon, State home Demonstration Work 83 Springfield, Mass., September 16-22. J demonstration leader of North Jane S. McKimmon National Grange Convention, Carolina, one of those who has Hartford, Conn., November 14-23. been active in extension work for After 20 Years ------84 20 years and more, gives a com- 'hat extension work has stood prehensive statement of some of t;the test of time is evident from the fine things farm women have Club Champions of 20 Years the confidence farmers have done as a result of demonstra- Ago ------86 shown in the advice of extension tions in their homes. agents over a period of 20 years. Dr. C. B. Smith, assistant direc- The Weather, the Farmers, and he training of project leaders tor of the Extension Service, dis- - - - T has brought much satisfaction the Nation’s Food - 87 cusses some of the outstanding to farm women of Nebraska. Chester C. Davis accomplishments of extension Mary Ellen Brown, State home workers in helping farmers and demonstration leader of Ne- to make their farm- What Has Been Accomplished - 89 homemakers braska, says that in this develop- ing operations efficient and in ment, women have found that improving their homes. they have initiated executive Agents and Teachers Cooperate - 90 ability and latent talents of which hester c. davis, Administra- neither they nor their families Rural Leadership Through the C tor, Agricultural Adjustment had dreamed and they have Act, in discussing the weather, Years ------91 gained satisfaction in increased the farmers, and the Nation’s self-confidence and poise. Mary Ellen Brown food, calls our attention to the fact that agricultural adjustment hat has been accomplished The Home Demonstration payments are based on past aver- Wby cooperative extension Agent - - 92 age production and, hence, the work during the 20 years that it amount of the payments is not Neale S. Knowles has been a national educational diminished by a crop failure. He force in the lives of farming indicates that the A. A. A. pro- people? Nine directors of exten- rom a supply of milk so gram is the greatest farm crop insur- sion, who have been carrying on the F small that only a few ance operation ever undertaken any- work these two decades, give us what farmers had enough to where in the world. they consider to be the greatest supply their own tables to achievements. an income of $22 1,000 from une 30 of this year marks the sale of cream is only one J the end of the first 20 of the changes that have taken place in years of cooperative exten- high type of leadership among Rockcastle County, Ky., since 1914. sion work on a national A rural women has been developed in County Agent Robert F. Spence basis. This issue of the Iowa as a result of home demonstration then rode “Kentucky Bird” along Extension Service Review is an work. Neale S. Knowles, State home the creeks and branches to see men anniversary number dedicated to the demonstration leader in Iowa, tells us who had never heard of crop unselfish, untiring efforts of extension what agents are doing to carry on rotation or legumes. Now thousands workers in the interest of improving their work more efficiently as a part of acres of grasses and legumes grow farming and farm life during this 20- of the adult-education program. there. year period.

THE EXTENSION SERVICE REVIEW is issued monthly by the Extension Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. The matter contained in the Review is published by direction of the Secretary of Agriculture as administrative information required for the proper transaction of the public business. The

Review seeks to supply to workers and cooperators of the Department of Agriculture engaged in extension activities, i nformation of especial help to them in the performance of their duties, and is issued to them free by law. Others may obtain copies of the Review from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 5 cents a copy, or by subscription at the rate of 50 cents a year, domestic, and 75 cents, foreign. Postage stamps will not be accepted in payment. C. W. Warburton, Director C. B. Smit

VOL. 5 Washington, D.C., June 1934 No. 6

Research and Adjustment March Together HENRY A. WALLACE Secretary of Agriculture

HERE is supposed to be a conflict Ordinary technical efficiency reduces ier they will find it to achieve the other. between agricultural science and only the cost of production. Low cost The reason is plain. Efficient production T the need to adjust agricultural production may mean loss to the farmer is more dependable, and therefore more production. Agricultural science enables if it is excessive production. Under easily controlled than inefficient produc- fanners to increase crop yields per acre, present conditions it is necessary also to tion. By emphasizing economic and and increase the output of meat and milk adjust the output to a changed world technical problems equally, and by indi- per unit of feed consumed. As the users market. cating their interdependence, the De- of agricultural improvements increase in partment advances upon a logical path, number, output increases until prices fall. in which its various activities are Avholly How can all this be reconciled with the consistent one with another. need to make supply and demand bal- Economic Machinery ance? Required This is an old puzzle, often solved. We might just as well command the Again and again, people bring it forward sun to stand still as to say that science as if the solution were unknown. With should take a holiday. Science has an air of drawing attention to an unper- turned scarcity into plenty. Merely be- ceived anomaly a newspaper writer re- cause it has served us well is no reason cently declared himself amazed that the why we should charge science with the technical branches of the United States responsibility for our failure to appor- Department of Agriculture should operate tion production to need and to distri- at full blast to perfect crop and livestock bute the fruits of plenty equitably. That production, while the Adjustment Admin- failure we must charge squarely to or- istration labored simultaneously to cut ganized society and to Government. We down the production of cotton, wheat, need economic machinery corresponding corn, hogs, tobacco, and other products. in its precision, in its power, and in its Here, he said, we have futility on a scale delicacy of adjustment, to our scientific worthy of a Greek tragedy. machinery. Science has done the first What would happen were farmers to job, and done it magnificently. It has abandon science, or even to use it with H. A. Wallace. shown us how to produce. Now it must greatly decreased efficiency? They would show us how to distribute what we pro- have to continue plowing, sowing, and Action taken under the Agricultural duce. It must go forward and not back. reaping. But they would poor use ma- Adjustment Act of 1933 enables farmers To production science we must add chinery, poor technique, and poor seed. to plan their production. It seeks to economic science, without for a moment They would allow pests and diseases to transform blind competition into broad- ceasing to advance the former. Because ravage their crops and would harvest visioned cooperation, and to correct the we have surpluses of certain things does inefficiently what remained. By so doing result of previous mistakes. In the not mean that we have too much wealth they would certainly reduce the output. meantime scientists continue their re- or too much power to produce wealth. But they would do so at a cost ruinous to search in various problems of farm pro- To suppose that we have, is to imply that themselves. They would increase their duction. These two kinds of depart- man would be better off without means unit costs of production out of all propor- mental activity must march together. to make nature do his will. tion to any conceivable gain in prices. To produce efficiently is to release time More Science Needed and energy for other uses, adding Efficiency Not Enough to the Agriculture needs not less science in enrichment of life. Not to produce as From its start the United States De- its production, but more science in its efficiently as possible would be silly. Not partment of Agriculture, the State ex- economic life. It is possible to have a to regulate the total volume of produc- periment stations, and State extension full science, embracing the distribution tion, to relate it to consumptive demand, services have promoted efficiency on the as well as the production of wealth. also would be silly. No factory is ex- farm. Efficiency in the old sense of the In the last year our farmers have taken pected to produce without regard for the word, however, is not enough. As farm- their first steps toward matching efficiency market conditions. No factory is ex- ers well know, profits cannot be ob- in production with efficiency in economic pected to fail, even when producing at tained just by improving plants and live- adjustment. As they proceed along this less than capacity, to take advantage stock, by fighting diseases and pests, or path, they will realize that the more they of new efficiencies. The same reasoning by reducing the wastes of marketing. have of the one type of efficiency, the eas- applies to agriculture. 64372 34 — Page 81 ;

Extension Stands Test of Time

C. B. SMITH Assistant Director, Extension Service

HE basic Federal law under which cost than ever before. Inefficiency cooperative extension work is or- which adds to the problem of overpro- T ganized was designed to result in duction and lessens the margin of profit a larger application of the results of re- has been reduced. search to the practical problems of the Probably the largest result of extension farm and home, to the end that agricul- i3 that it has taught hundreds of thou- ture and homemaking might be efficient sands of farm men and women how to and result in larger farm incomes and study their business, how to analyze greater satisfaction with farm life. their problems, and how to develop a We have tens of thousands of exam- local or farm program to meet the needs ples of individual farmers whose incomes of the farm or community, and how to have been increased substantially as a work together to accomplish the ends C. B. Smith. direct result of extension work, men sought. When farm men and women who as a result of extension stimulation take part with the technically trained boys and girls in this organization of have kept records of their farming op- extension agents in gathering facts, rural youth, known as “4-H club work.” erations, studied these records with ex- studying and analyzing these facts, and Its membership is increasing at the rate tension agents, and made changes in formulating a betterment program based of about 8 percent per year, and nearly their business to their profit as a result on those facts, you have builded some- 28 percent of this entire number remain of these records and studies. thing into their lives that is far reaching in club work 3 to 6 years. Thirty per- Extension has taught thousands of and of permanent value. That is what cent of this group, or about 270,000 boys farmers how to prevent and control the extension is doing now and has been do- and girls, are 15 years of age and above. diseases of their animals and crops to ing for 20 years. Some 5.7 percent of the group, or over their profit. Extension has taught 50,000, are 18 or above. Training Boys and Girls greater efficiency in feeding, breeding, The Smith-Lever Act, under which co- and culling for meat, milk, butter, and One of the results of 20 years of exten- operative extension work operates, states eggs so that today we are getting more sion has been to give training, vision, and the purpose of the act to be the improve- pounds of pork and beef for 100 pounds guidance in agriculture, homemaking, ment of agriculture and home economics of feed fed than ever before. We are get- and character building to more than 5 It says nothing about character building ting more butterfat per cow than ever million rural boys and girls 10 to 20 but, had the law put character building before and more eggs per hen, and are years of age. There is at present an en- first and said nothing about the im- producing these commodities at a lower rolled membership of over 900,000 rural provement of agriculture and home eco- nomics, I am not at all certain that we cuuld have gone about character building in any more effective way than by the growing of crops and the making of homes wherein workmanship is taught, the laws of science applied, honesty, in- tegrity, fair dealing, right lnirnan rela- tionships developed, vision given, and ambition stirred. Studies in the extension field by the Federal Government and State agricul- tural colleges cooperating — house-to- house canvasses, where over 18,000 rec- ords in 21 States have been obtained, have yielded facts of teaching that have made a distinct contribution to the whole field of education. Through these studies, made available through several printed technical bulle- tins and mimeographed papers, there has been given to the world some knowledge of the relative values in teaching of such matters as demonstrations, lectures, per-

A community market of 20 years ago in Palos Park, Cook County, 111. This market was sonal contact, news stories, bulletins, and girls produce in started by boys to market their and continued by their parents. Work exhibits, and like matters, and the rela- cooperative marketing began on a small scale and has grown until last year 1,690 coopera- tive cost of different tive marketing associations were organized with the help of extension agents and 8,602 these means and

previously organized associations were functioning. ( Continued on page 94) Page 82 Highlights of 22 Years of Home Demonstration Work

JANE S. McKIMMON Assistant Director, North Carolina Extension Service

hopeless, and the results AS I look over 22 years of home Gardens were grown and enough vege- has given to the r\ demonstration in North Carolina, tables canned to fill 11,570,950 cans with obtained in raising the standards of liv- things loom large as outstand- soup mixture and other things for the icg. “two Demonstration Method ing accomplishments. First, the strengtn family’s pantry and for school lunches and power of the organization of home for undernourished children. The longer home demonstration work demonstration clubs numbering 1,509 Sick people were taught what to eat goes on, the more clearly is the value of pellagra were made the demonstration method of teaching with a membership of 45,000 farm women to prevent ; homes sanitary and the shown resulting practices. and girls, and second, the leadership more comfortable and ; by which has been developed through this family’s clothing was renovated and A woman will never learn to make organization. cleaned. good bread by reading about it in a In rural communities all over the recipe. She does better if she sees it done, and best of all, if things are pro- State, women and girls have come to- vided that she may do it herself. gether in clubs, averaging 29 to the Extension work as a whole constitutes county, which constitute machinery one of the world’s great movements in through which the farm woman may adult education, and home demonstra- speak to her county, State, and Nation, tion work has given the woman on the and in return her Government speaks farm educational opportunities that have to her. developed a well-informed homemaker had an op- The Nation itself has twice and have brought more satisfaction into value of this portunity of proving the farm life. organization of farm people and its Work in the different projects proceeds trained leaders, during the World War by rotation of subjects. The trend of ro- in 1917-18 and again in the present eco- tation is usually from foods and nutrition nomic upheaval. to clothing, next to house furnishings, and on to home management. It is in- Caring for the Sick teresting to note that this procedure is The head of the State board of health in the order time and money are spent. said in the great influenza epidemic of Foods take about 50 percent of a home- 1918, when there was close cooperation maker’s time and in low-income groups between the board and the division of about 50 percent of the family’s living. “ home demonstration work : It was The others follow in the order given. through the organized home demonstra- From growing gardens, canning, and tion clubs that we were able to systemat- food preparation in the first few years, ically care for the sick in the county. take in Jane S. McKimmon. the program has broadened to With their trained leaders acting as what food does in the body, home man- practical nurses and operating their soup The visiting homemaker was a busy agement, clothing, home furnishing, kitchens for those in need, we were able person, going from house to house, help- planting the home grounds, child develop- to come through the situation with the ing the mother and daughter in home ment, and family relationship. least amount of loss.” betterment. Just what she did in rout- The object of orderly rotation is to In 1933 when the division of home ing out people suffering from pellagra, create an interest in a well-rounded demonstration work was called upon by getting them to the physician for a diag- homemaker’s program for every club the State in its economic emergency, the nosis, and afterward directing their eat- member, and the farm woman is en- office of extension work and the office of iDg for a cure has more than proved the couraged to go forward toward a home- relief came together in planning a con- worth of her knowledge of what foods do maker’s certificate which states that she structive program for the relief of farm in the body. has satisfactorily completed 5 projects, people in endeavoring to help them help The secretary of the North Carolina 4 of which are in homemaking and 1 in “ themselves. Board of Health said : Those leaders agriculture. It was a well-worked-out plan, involv- have done much to bring the pellagra Women are keenly interested in secur- ing both the farm and home agent.' The death rate down in North Carolina in ing these awards, and each year the office of relief agreed that it would pay their efforts to establish proper food group of honor club members grows

local farm women leaders who had been habits, for it is to proper diet more than larger on county achievement day when trained in home demonstration work to anything else that we look for the eradi- awards are presented with due ceremony. act as assistants to home agents, and the cation of pellagra.” Home demonstration work has come a home demonstration agent and the relief Gardening and canning, clothing, and long way since its simple beginning 20 officer met to work out plans. sanitation are very concrete projects, and years ago. Farm houses have become Outstanding results were a sharp in- in consequence accurate data may be ob- homes. What a woman has learned of crease in the number of people worked tained regarding them, but perhaps the harmony of arrangement, color, and bal- with, a total of 77,360 North Carolina best work of a community leader is the ance has helped her to create an atmos-

farm homes being reached, which repre- fine contact she has established with the phere of comfort and good cheer ; and her

sents 407,967 people. woman in the home, the inspiration she (Continued on page 81) Page 83 ;

After Twenty Years

The coauthor of the Smith-Lever Act, A. Frank Lever reaffirms his faith in the system which he helped to initiate.

URING the two decades of its paradise and expected it to continue. be found an adjusted balance of farm existence, the extension system The deflationary period came. Farm production with world consumption. D has demonstrated the soundness of price levels dropped from the artificially Whatever may be the plans agreed upon, the principles upon which it was built. high peaks of the war period to ab- it will be the county agent who will be Almost coincident with the signing of normally low planes. The county agent called upon to put them into operation the act came the outbreak of the World again was called upon to formulate and in this country. He has been the burden War in Europe, into which a few years promulgate policies, not only to cushion bearer in every crisis which has faced later our people were engulfed. Armies as largely as possible the disastrous American agriculture during the last

traveled on their bellies ; the cry for food, financial effect upon the farmer of this two decades. He has been the spear- feed, and clothing arose. The only abrupt drop in price levels but to meet head of the attack upon every difficult organized forces prepared to meet this the more difficult task of readjusting the agricultural situation. He has met his need, both for our people and our allies, agricultural thinking of the Nation, varied responsibilities with the kind of were the extension forces. The hugeness warped severely as it was by the night- leadership that defies defeat. of the undertaking did not deter them. mare of the war period. He succeeded And now, at the end of 20 year9, it The American Army was the best fed and in doing both. can be said with all emphasis and in clothed the world ever saw, and our sol- During the past decade, the acute prob- all truth that our extension forces, men diers may thank the Extension Service. lem of the Extension Service is the ever- and women, represent the best disci- Then, came peace with its baffling increasing surpluses of staple agricul- plined, most practical, most loyal, most problems. Great surpluses had been tural products. The world needs all we efficient and cohesive organization of piled up under the initiative of the have of food, feed, and clothing. World agricultural leadership the world has agents. Maximum price levels were statesmanship must find a method to ever seen. reached. Agricultural prosperity was enable people who need to pay for what It is the first time in the history of this everywhere. Extravagant ideas were they need reasonable prices to those who country that agriculture can be said to rampant. We were living in a fool’s have their needs to sell. There must have a genuine leadership.

Highlights of 22 Years of edge of what food did in the body and farmhouse “ tied to the ground ” with what was the relation between well- base plantings, green lawns in front, un- Home Demonst ration selected and well-prepared food and the sightly objects screened by shrubs, and Work family’s well-being. flowers and trees that make of the house The machinery of the home moves a home. ( Continued from page 83 ) more smoothly because the farm woman The home has been made a place where broadened vision of the relation of the has learned to budget her time and en- the child may feel secure and where the whole family to the farm enterprise has ergy as well as her cash income, and child is better cared for, as parents have developed a family spirit which reflects she has the leisure time for many of come together in an educational program in the family home life. the joyful things of life. seeking a knowledge of their part in the Production for the family food supply Good taste has been developed and the growth of personality and the develop- increased rapidly when a woman under- family is better dressed. Mother and ment of character. stood that not all the wealth of the farm daughter know something of selection, Developing, in more orderly fashion, was in cash from the crops, but that becoming lines, and colors, and how to the income earning which was begun much of it lay in the vegetables, milk, construct and renovate costumes in in the early days by farm girls, farm eggs, and other foods with which the which they may appear with credit. women have cooperated in marketing sound bodies of her children were built. The whole family has cooperated in the surplus butter, eggs, poultry, cream, She saw the health of her family im- planning and planting the home grounds, vegetables, and the like, produced on the prove when she acquired a better knowl- and all over the county one may see a farm, and they have even capitalized on their skill in cookery to the extent that MILLIONS Home Demonstrat/on Work incomes have been increased enough to it TWENTY-TWO YEANS GRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE provide home comforts, conveniences, CONSERVATION OF FOOD IN NORTH CAROLINA clothes, education for the children, and 10 / 9/2 - /933 some of the luxuries of life. 9 Communities have become friendly 8 neighborhoods with the coming of organ- 7 ized home demonstration clubs and the clubhouses that have been built or re- 6 modeled so that farm families have a S place to come together. Here neighbor 4 meets neighbor socially ; here they play 3 here they discuss their problems or find their opportunity and it is here that 2 ; much of what home demonstration work / means is given to them in the clear-cut O I information presented by the home 1912 19/5 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 192S 1926 1927 1926 1929 19301931 1932 1933 agent.

Page 8Jt ;

Then and Now

County Agent Robert F. Spence, of Rockcastle County, Ky., tells of the changes in his county since 191Jf.

castle farmers every year from tobacco, pedeza, 500 acres of sweetclover, and sheep, poultry, dairy products, and cattle. 3,000 acres of soybeans. In 1914 the dairy industry was un- In 1914 we had four 4-H club members known and only a few families had and no club while today we have 700 enough milk to supply their own tables. members in 28 clubs scattered over the In 1929 the cream in Rockcastle County county. These clubs typify the growing brought $221,000 in cash to owners of spirit in America. No longer do parents cream-producing cows. During the same object to their children joining the 4-H year, the income from chickens and eggs club as they once did. They feel that it of this county amounted to the hand- is an outlet and offers hope and possibili- some sum of $210,000. ties. The farmers themselves have In those days there was but little grass caught the spirit of the 4-H club mem- of reputable quality and quantity. To- bers. They think in terms of cooperation Robert F. Spence on the back of “ Kentucky Bird ” in 1914. day there are thousands of acres of red and community action. It is no trouble clover, alfalfa, Lespedeza, cowpeas, and to get a group of fanners to do things AM attempting to be brief in 200 soybeans. The production of soybeans, cooperatively. J words when 2,000 accurately chosen cowpeas, alfalfa, and Lespedeza was un- In no place in America has the prog- words cannot interpret the change and known. Today there are in the county ress been more pronounced and more progress in the extension service of 200 acres of alfalfa, 6,000 acres of Les- certain than in Rockcastle County. Rockcastle County, where I have spent 20 years as county agent. I have seen this county evolve from the oxcart stage of agriculture to the automobile stage with knee action and freewheeling. In 1914, I threaded the branches and ” creeks on the back of “ Kentucky Bird to reach some humble cottage at the head of the hollow, to see a man who had never heard of crop rotation or legumes. In those days there was not a hard surfaced road in the county. Now there are more than 150 miles of concrete, tarred top, and gravel roads in the county, where an average speed rate of 40 miles per hour is possible. We did not think in terms of cash in- come in 1914, but only in terms of ade- quate supply for the household table. Now there are thousands of dollars of

cash coming into the hands of Rock- County Agent Spence ready to start off in 1934.

As I See It Now ES, if I were to on improved roads as a mode of transpor- public-spirited citizens who devote time Y start again I would tation, equal and even greater changes and energy as cooperators, project lead- be a county agent. After have occurred in the organization of ers, and officers of the county extension 21 years as a county agricultural extension work. In the associations.” agent in Pennsylvania early days there were few specialists to David K. Sloan, author of the above, I can truthfully say that assist with meetings and demonstrations has an enviable record. He helped to this has been a happy today a complete corps of specialists co- organize one of the early cow-testing period of public service operating in the dissemination of the associations in Bradford County, Pa., to appreciative rural latest scientific information makes it which has operated continuously since

David K. Sloan. people. possible for the county agent to answer 1913. His work in organizing livestock “ Since March 20, 1913, the increasing demands with a properly breeders’ associations and promoting when I entered the Extension Service, planned diversified program. Improved cooperative scales of cattle has been at- county agent work has undergone a re- office facilities available now are also tracting a great deal of attention for markable change. This has resulted in of tremendous aid to the county agent many years. Since 1929, County Agent progress and accomplishment undreamed in accomplishing the service expected of Sloan has been located in Lycoming of then. Just as the horse and buggy has him. Modern extension work also re- County where he is doing work equally been succeeded by the modern automobile ceives a large contribution from those as good. Page 85 Club Champions of 20 Years Ago

WENTY years ago the Smith- Helen Fiergolla, as the bieadmaking until Hilmer married and moved to a Lever Act was passed, club work champion of Minnesota, made a trip to farm of his own near Frazee, where he T for boys and girls on the farm Washington in 1914. Because of the ex- has another herd of fine purebred Jersey had reached considerable proportions. cellence of her club record, she was given cattle. He has also been the successful Clubs had been organized in nearly every a course in the State Teachers College county 4-H leader of Becker County. State. Approximately 300,000 boys and at St. Cloud and after graduating ac- * * * girls were enrolled in club groups. cepted a position in the high school at Some of these early club members de- Brainerd, Minn. She has been an unusu- Kenneth Osferhout, club member of veloped unusual skill in their club proj- ally successful teacher. She has also Hillsdale County, Mich., was the cham- ects and became the State champion in served as guardian for a group of Camp pion poultry club member in his State making bread or growing corn or gar- Fire Girls and led a 4-H sewing club in 1915. He was the first boy to gradu- dening or canning. A group of these during her summer vacations at home in ate from the Michigan State College State champions came to Washington in Sauk Rapids. Her superintendent says, ou the 4-H scholarships provided by the 1914, as in other years, as a reward of “ Her work in these extra-curricjdar ac- State Board of Agriculture. After merit. They were awarded certificates tivities has been very good and very graduating from college, he entered the of approbation by Secretary of Agricul- much appreciated by us.” Extension Service and is now county ture Houston and were received by Mrs. agent in Antrim County, Mich. “ He Wilson, wife of the President, in the £ carries a good club program ”, says R. White House. ft A. Turner, club agent for the Central The following paragraphs tell what a States. * * * few of these champions of an earlier day have done in the years since then. Miss Mertie Hardin won the trip to Margaret and Maybelle Brown, of Washington in 1913 it was her third ; Mecklenburg County, were two of the year in club work. In 1914 she became first farm girls to join a home demon- assistant home demonstration agent in stration club in North Carolina. They her home county, Benton, Tenn. She has became interested in the fall of 1911, served actively in the county since that when the Huntersville club was organ- time in varying capacities. In 1925 she ized, and were loyal club members until married Bob Smith they boys, too ; have 3 they went to college. young yet to be 4-H club members, but Margaret was 13 years of age and they will be members. Mrs. Smith says Maybelle 11 when they became canning that farm life is more pleasant and hap- club girls. They were so successful with pier as a result of 4-H club experience. the growing of a garden, canning, and . * * * marketing that they both won a trip to Washington as a prize. Roy Halvorson, of Kerkhoven, Swift While there Margaret became ac- County, Minn., was the first State 4-H quainted with Walter Lee Junston from corn club champion. He produced 115 Alexander City, Ala., the champion from bushels of corn on his 1 acre in 1914 and Club champions of 20 years ago receive cer- came to Washington with the group of that State who raised 232 bushels of corn tificates of approbation from Secretary of on his acre. This acquaintance ripened Agriculture Houston on the grounds of the State champions that year. He is now into a romance, and when Margaret was United States Department of Agriculture. one of the leading young farmers in his 18 years old she married Walter and community of Kerkhoven, where he is went live. now living on a farm of his own. to Alabama to Miss Fiergolla says her inspiration for From the beginning, Margaret worked leadership among young people came hard on her club projects and deter- from her club experience, and her skill Merle Hyer, of Lewiston, Utah, is one mined to make her way through college. in given her a special advan- baking has of the community’s outstanding farmers For two successive summers she went tage in being of service to groups of today. He is still raising good potatoes to the State 4-H short course held at young people in the community. She that he ships east each year at premium Peace Institute, a girls’ junior college in also feels that the things learned in her prices. He is operating a 500-acre farm Raleigh, and determined she would de- early club work of benefit in have been successfully. In addition to the potatoes, vise some plan of working her way personal life. her his prize crop back in the early club days, through college. The institution agreed * * * lie markets hundreds of fat steers and to take 700 or 800 of her cans of vege- sheep each year. He is married and has tables each year on her tuition, and, be- Hilmer Carlson won the Minnesota 5 children. cause of her efficiency and dependability, State corn record in the corn project gave her the job of counting the laundry under great difficulties. His record was in and out. used in the United States Department of OR 2 years Milo Winchester, the Maybelle took the 4-year college course Agriculture club exhibit called “Acres of F vocational teacher, and William J. at Queen’s College, Charlotte, receiving Diamonds.” The purebred Jersey bull Clark, assistant county agent, have coop- an A.B. degree with first honors and calf which Hilmer received for the best erated in the training of boys horticul- later did graduate work at the North corn record was the first purebred of tural judging teams in Ulster County, Carolina College for Women. She lacks any kind on the Carlson home place. N.Y. During the past year five members only 2 hours on her master’s degree. With this beginning, he and his father of the teams from this county won 31 She plans to become a home demonstra- built up a fine herd of Jersey cattle. out of a possible 45 points at the State tion agent. Father and son worked in partnership Horticultural Society contests. Page 86 The Weather, the Farmers, and the Nation’s Food

CHESTER C. DAVIS Administrator, Agricultural Adjustment Act

O RECITAL of facts can picture ments in our economic life have been We had been producing 800,000,000 bush- the misery brought to the indi- viewing the drought situation with els and exporting around 200,000,000 N vidual farm families whose land alarm. They have taken an especially bushels. So when our crop fell to 700,- is parched and unproductive in a drought dolorous view since the attention of the 000,000 bushels, we simply cut down our season. In the Agricultural Adjust- public was drawn to drought conditions. exports to less than 100,000,000 bushels. ment Administration, we must take ac- The experts of the Bureau of Agri- We dipped into normal export supplies count of those human problems. So we cultural Economics have made a study to feed our own people. are mapping every possible means of and concluded that the drought has not But if the rest of the people of the help that we can give in cooperation endangered the food supply of the United Nation say to the farm people: “We with other Federal and State agencies. States. To illustrate, take their study plan to continue with tariff and other

The farmers in the drought area who of the wheat supply ! In a normal year, policies that will bar you permanently have taken part in the adjustment pro- the people of the United States eat, or out of the world market,” then the farm- gram for the basic crops have one pro- feed to animals, and save for seed for the ers will have to bring their production tection for their incomes and buying next year’s crop 625 million bushels of down to the domestic level. In the Ag- power that was never before available. wheat. ricultural Adjustment Administration The adjustment programs, designed on Wheat Prospects and the Department of Agriculture, we the average to bring production under are going to work to hold the farmers’ That is what we need for next year- control and cut down surpluses, also share of any foreign market that is open 625 million bushels. The drought has give much needed help to cooperating to this Nation. But if our farmers are damaged winter wheat prospects. The farmers when drought or other calami- forced back to the home market only, we crop was forecast at 460,000,000 bushels ties kill their crops. shall try to ameliorate their lot by the on May 1. But, say it declines still fur- While it is necessary to bring back the use of the domestic allotment plan, to ther and only 400,000,000 bushels are buying power of the export crops by re- avert price-breaking surpluses and assure harvested. In that event, we should stricting their production nationally, no farmers a fair income. The Nation man can make any money out of a crop have, with the carryover of some 260,000,- should be assured of a heavy reserve failure on his farm. The way to make 000 bushels, a total supply of 660,000,000 supply to protect its people against food the reduction is on a pro rata basis, bushels. And that does not allow for the shortage in such times as this drought farm by farm. That is the way we have spring wheat crop. Even though it should year. made it under the adjustment programs. be as short as the shortest spring wheat Provisions for the Future

And now, when crop failure hits produc- crop in recent years, it would be still That raises questions of how to set ers of these commodities, they have some about 120,000,000 bushels. So with a up machinery that will keep the reserves assured income from their benefit pay- very short spring wheat crop, and an on hand, but hold the reserves in such ments. These payments make it cer- extraordinarily short winter wheat crop, a way that they will not bear down too tain that a man’s buying power will not our present big carryover would give us heavily on the price of crops in normal be rubbed out, even if his crop fails ample supplies of wheat for the coming years. Maybe we have hit upon part of utterly. These payments are based on year. Do not take it that the economists the solution of the idea of lending on past average production. Hence the predict a very short spring wheat crop, corn stored on farms that is now amount of the payments is not dimin- and a winter wheat crop of only 400,000,- being operated by the A.A.A. and the ished by a crop failure. They give the 000 bushels. No one can accurately pre- Commodity Credit Corporation. Per- cooperating farmer an assurance of in- dict those harvests at present. They haps we shall have to use powers come no matter what happens. simply assumed the worst possible out- granted the Government under the The A.A.A. program, therefore, is the turn, to demonstrate that if worse comes Agricultural Adjustment Act to remove greatest farm crop income insurance to worst, the public is in no danger of crop surpluses for storage. Perhaps operation ever undertaken anywhere in going on short rations of domestic wheat. other devices and powers will be neces- the world. It is a step toward the goal The situation with respect to other sary. We are thinking of these matters of greater security from the harmful food products is the same as for wheat— now, and preparing to make provisions economic effects on individual farm busi- the country does not face a food shortage. for the future. However, it will be un- nesses of natural calamities. If any of our people fail to be well necessary to use any special action this nourished, it will be because our society year to avert a food shortage. Our re- Help for Drought Areas has not provided the means for them to serves now are ample. The problem is

But the people in the drought areas buy the food ; it will not be because our to keep them so in the future. need more help than the adjustment pay- farmers failed to produce the food. You can take it for granted that this ments to cooperating farmers can give. We have piled up great surpluses of will be done. The American people will We intend to provide help to the limit foodstuffs which we used to sell abroad. have adequate supplies of food produced of our powers under the Agricultural Formerly, if a crop shortage developed, by their own farmers. I hope that these Adjustment Act. Other units of the we could take the part of a crop which farmers will continue to have at least as Government will use their powers to would have been exported and turn it to good protection against the hazards of bring aid to the stricken regions. domestic uses. That happened, for in- weather and other natural forces as the Since the beginning of the A.A.A. pro- stance, with wheat in 1925. The crop present domestic allotment plan affords gram, people representing certain ele- was short—less than 700,000,000 bushels. them. Page 87 —

Farmers Trained to Think stand why the Extension Service and the agencies under its control would be con- HE question is often asked “ What sidered advisory rather than social, and What Has B< T is the most valuable contribution to why the opportunity to develop the so- society made by the Extension Service Nine State extension directors, each with o cial rescources was little considered. It since the passage of the Smith-Lever most significant accomplish was not generally realized 20 years ago Act?” My answer is: The contribution how competent was the American rural to society most important has been the lationships between classes of men and population to observe intelligently and training of farm people to think objec- their interests, the general adoption of to determine new facts for themselves, tively. The Extension Service has taught a program as complex as the Agricultural to devise practical procedure, and to ap- farm folks to know and to face the facts. Adjustment program would have been an ply this newly acquired learning This accomplishment will live so long as effec- impossible undertaking. tively. Certainly, the present generation endures. none comprehended In my judgment, rural America has a the possibilities of a localized social or- In the foregoing statement I would not greater spirt of cooperation, a better ganization, minimize the value of improved farm self-sufficient and wholly knowledge of social and economic rela- competent to develop information, practices, of bettered homes, of broad- meth- tionships, a keener appreciation of ods of procedure and instructional abil- ened lives. I would not detract from the science in Government, an increasing ity, and with remarkably hard-won victories of farm organizations competent lead- confidence in universal education, and a ership. which, built by the Extension Service, finer spiritual belief than has hereto- have spoken for agriculture with a new It is a notable tribute to extension fore existed, due very largely, to the and larger voice. I am not forgetting work that in these 20 years the efficiency efforts of the Extension Service. that the Extension Service has so amply of every line of endeavor of the Ameri- H. J. C. Umbergeb, paid its way that for every dollar ex- can farmer has been increased approxi- Extension Director of Kansas. pended it has returned in immediate mately 20 percent. * * * tangible benefits a hundred dollars in in- Remarkable as have been the influ- Intelligent Cooperation Fostered come. But above all these accomplish- ences of extension upon production prac- ments the training in factual analysis tices, this accomplishment is insignifi- UR principal accomplishment? It will prove of most value. cant in comparison to the social influ- O seems to me that we have pried In the early days of extension work ences for which it is directly responsible. open a new attitude in farm people. people came to get the answer to a prob- In every State, an effective and influen- Economic advantages may appear and lem. In these later years they come to tial extension organization exists. disappear with changes in conditions, but get the facts with which to solve their Through this organization, leadership is the development of a cooperative outlook own problems. This change has not provided and interested individuals serve seems here to stay. While other forces come about easily or quickly. The effectively under intelligently made plans have, no doubt, contributed to this, I be- opinionated speaker in thousands of com- to conduct projects in agricultural pro- lieve that the organization growing out munities at millions of meetings has been duction, and to promote the health and of the Smith-Lever Act is primarily re- confronted by the extension agent armed contentment of rural communities sponsible. When in a small State like can with the facts till, gradually, the farm through recreation and better living New Hampshire, we have the coop- folks have come to look for the facts first habits. Boys and girls are provided with eration of over 2,000 local volunteer lead- and then to form conclusions based upon a .wide latitude of opportunity to gain ers representing practically every com- the evidence. In hamlets all over practical experience and to make ex- munity, it is clear that a new attitude America it has become dangerous to tensive contacts through which their out- has been achieved. This is education voice statements without a background look on life and their attitudes are im- a drawing out of the mind. of fact. The harangue of the demagogue proved. In Kansas alone, there are some J. C. Kendall, has been laughed out of court. 60,000 people definitely affiliated with Extension Director of New Hampshire. either the agricultural, * * * If this thing has not been completely the home-eco- nomics, or 4-H club work, and the in- accomplished it is because education is dividuals have assumed definite Self-Development Encouraged never finished. The marvel is that an who Extension Service so ill-supported has ac- leadership responsibilities in one or an- HE most valuable things of life are other of these projects total more than complished so much. Adult education T seldom material possessions. Hap- for the masses of niral America has 15,000. piness is a state of being, a condition never yet been properly nor completely It has been through this organized sought after by everyone. To aid a staffed. leadership that the Extension Service single person to obtain happiness is an B. H. Ckocheron, has become a powerful factor in making undertaking worthy of the effort. “ I Extension Director of California. farmers of the Nation conscious of their come that they might have life and that * * * place in American life. Extension work they might have it more abundantly ” re- has had a prominent part in the develop- fers not to a gift of gold or silver or Organized Leadership ment of the higher standards of living lands, but to a gift of opportunity. N the debates in Congress which pre- that have been established in our agricul- The Extension Service, while seeming I ceded the enactment of the Smith- tural areas. With these higher stand- to deal chiefly with the economic prob- Lever Act, the expectation was repeat- ards of living and broader viewpoints lems involved in helping the producer edly expressed that through this act new has come the ability to see the compli- secure a greater income from his farm, facts could be made more readily avail- cated relationships which exist among and his wife to manage the home with able to farmers whereby a more rapid different classes and different institu- greater economy and less effort, has con- and efficient increase in production and tions of men. Had it not been for the tributed to rural society something agricultural products might be attained. extension organization with its leader- vastly more important than a knowledge Under the attitude of mind prevailing ship possessed of a wide experience and of improved practices and greater in- at that time, it is not difficult to under- an understanding of the complicated re- come.

Page 88 Dr. Knapp realized that owing to this an indication of the fact that the rural prejudice of the farmers it was neces- people with whom extension is working, xomplished sary to employ practical farmers as as well as those thoroughly familiar with county agents for which he was criticized its aims and purposes, believe that great f give tvhat they consider to be the service , in certain quarters. The time soon came progress has been and is being made. extension work since 1914. when it was necessary to employ as Manifestly, it is difficult to list accom- To induce men and women and boys county agents and specialists college- plishments in the order of importance, and girls to come together to think col- trained men in the sciences, particularly or to indicate the most valuable contri- lectively, plan collectively, and then act of an applied character. bution to society. Fundamentally, how- collectively to bring about desired con- The president of this institution refers ever, among the most important contribu- ditions, does something to the individ- to the extension workers as his field tions we would place the awakening of a ual. It gives opportunity, the greatest faculty that writes the lesson on the consciousness of the importance and ap- boon to mankind, for self-expression and ground rather than on blackboards and plicability of scientific facts to the busi- development. charts. ness of agriculture and the development

It is not the acquisition of more lands This brief statement in a measure of the capacities of the rural people them- or more cattle or more home equipment shows the progress, stability, and value selves in the solving of their own prob- that brings greater happiness. It is the of this work. lems and in the development of their own W. W. Long, “ finding of one’s self ”, the development thinking concerning those things which Extension Director of South Carolina. make for more satisfactory and more of leadership, improved skills, increased * knowledge, broadened understanding, * * * satisfying living in rural communities. and greater appreciation attained by the Planning Developed M. S. McDowell, individual taking part in community ac- Extension Director of Pennsylvania. HE greatest single achievement of tivities set afoot by the Extension Serv- # * * T extension work during its brief span ice that measures its value to rural of life has been the gradual development Better Attitude Toward Farming people. of a system of planning—planning for HE most valuable contribution the A. E. Bowman, the individual farm planning for a group Extension Service to so- ; T has made Extension Director of Wyoming. in which the individual farmer gets his ciety is the influence it has had in es- share planning for * * * just ; the community tablishing a better attitude in the minds good with the farm making its proper of farm people regarding their business Agriculture Reorganized contribution. This planning consciously and mode of living. It has given them and unconsciously over the past score of self-confidence and a greater appreciation word demonstration conveys no HE years has touched, somewhere, every of the dignity of their calling. It has new idea and has been applied in T phase of the rural problem or all of the helped to eliminate the so-called “ hay- many ways. However, it was empha- farm problems, if you prefer. seed ” character in our rural life and sized when Dr. Seaman A. Knapp or- Some of this planning has been for substituted in his place an alert, busi- ganized the demonstration workers many commodities which reached from the in- ness farmer with a growing appreciation years ago when the boll weevil first en- dividual farm to the national supply. of the interdependence of agriculture and tered Texas. Secretary of Agriculture Another part of this planning has been industry in our own country and in our Wilson put Dr. Knapp in charge of the in the social realm without a conscious- relations with world affairs. It has first campaign for boll weevil control. ness of so-called social reforms but which raised the standards of living of rural It was then that demonstration farms has enabled thousands to stand in the people, increased their desire for educa- came into existence; the first one was face of the economic breakdown. tion, and demonstrated advanced prac- located in Texas. Dr. Knapp was disap- But for the development of a system tices in farming and homemaking, so pointed when very few farmers visited of planning for rural life, consciously or that greater progress in those fields has the farm, and those who did visit it made unconsciously, which has involved not been made in the last 20 years than in the observation that they could carry out only the farm but the whole body politic, any previous 50-year period. It has been the principles as laid down by Dr. Knapp the effort today at National planning for the means of awakening farm youth to if they had the United States Treasury agriculture would break down before it the unusual privileges of our age and back of them. It was then that Dr. starts. shown them the way to greater leader- Knapp conceived the idea that if the If the curtain finally rings down on ex- ship and better preparation for life. It demonstration method were to succeed tension work, the future historian will has advanced the desire and need for it had to be located on the farmer’s farm record as its greatest achievement—hu- adult education in all walks of life. and to be conducted by the farmer or man progress in rural thought resulting T. B. Symons, under his observation. In this way the in social and economic emancipation of Extension Director of Maryland. farmer had to accept the results of his rural people. * * * demonstration. At that date, the farm- J. Phil Campbell, ers were more or less skeptical of scien- Outlook Broadened Extension Director of Georgia. tific men and scientific methods; no one HE program of extension work in

% ^ >f« knew this better than Dr. Knapp, and so T agriculture and home economics for Science the demonstrations were of a very sim- Brought to Farm 20 years has been based on the policy of ple character. First, cultural methods ESULTS speak for themselves. The personal participation on the part of and better seed a little later cover accomplishments farm people ; R of the Extension in the analysis of economic, crops; today every phase of agriculture Service are to be measured more in the social, and other problems, and in the is dealt with through these demonstra- attitude and relation of people generally carrying out of the solutions of them. tion forces. Southern agriculture has than in any observations or figures which Through these experiences they have been practically reorganized and saved might be presented. The confidence re- discovered and developed their own ca- by this contribution from this great man. posed in extension activities is certainly ( Continued on page 95)

Page 89 Agents and Teachers Cooperate

Working Together in Texas In fairs, campaigns, and contests the of 54 meetings, attended by 1,904 farm- teachers of Eastland County have coop- ers, for the purpose of explaining con- “\T0 agricultural program under su- erated most closely with the county tracts and answering questions in regard pervision of the county agent in agent, as J. M. Bird of Cisco and M. O. to the procedure to be followed, possi- Lamb County is complete unless the vo- Hood of Rising Star testify. In Houston ble benefits, use of retired acres, and a cational agriculture teachers have their County, J. C. Sowers, R. L. McElhany, multitude of other points that arose. part.” This sentiment, voiced by D. A. Glover Larue, J. C. Shoultz, and W. L. In addition, they gave individual assist- Adam, county agricultural agent, pre- Maxwell plan work together with the ance to other farmers. vails among Texas county agents. county agent. This cooperation has re- The Future Farmers, too, have been “ Properly construed, can the work of sulted in the building of concrete sani- eager to join in the A. A. A. program, re- the teacher of vocational agriculture tary toilets, placing of steam pressure ports Earl R. Cooley, State supervisor lead to any other goal than that of the ca nners in county, and a big improve- of agricultural education. Considerable county agent?” asks J. C. Patterson, ment in the county fair. classroom time has been devoted to dis- county agent of Eastland County. In ex- It has been in the emergency work of cussions of the various plans, and many plaining what that goal is, he quotes the agricultural adjustment programs of the boys have volunteered to join Dr. Seaman A. Knapp, “ To readjust that the best type of cooperation has de- with their dads in reducing crop acre- agriculture, to reconstruct the country veloped, as county agents everywhere ages and curtailing production. home, and to place rural life upon a have reported. The working comrade- The annual State-wide public speak- higher plane of profit, comfort, culture, ship already begun by teachers and ing contest of the Future Farmers of and power.” agents has been carried to its highest America, was devoted to topics of timely “ There is more to be done in Houston point through this invaluable assistance interest to the farmer, largely related to County than all of us can accomplish, rendered at times when help meant a agricultural adjustment. Boys from 36 even by combining our efforts ”, writes great deal. The Texas county agent does agricultural departments appeared be- C. E. Bowles, county agent. “ six Our not regard the vocational teacher as a fore granges, farmers’ unions, and civic vocational agriculture teachers and I competitor but as a companion in arms. .clubs throughout the State, speaking on form a kind of agricultural workers’ as- some phase of production control, Fed- sociation. We meet from time to time to eral farm credit for the farmer, or pos- Oregon Cooperation Aids Adjustment discuss mutual problems and for social sible effects of inflation on the farmer. contact. Our cooperation is pleasant and The Agricultural Adjustment Act, with Arrangements have recently been com- profitable.” its wheat, corn-hog, and other production- pleted whereby the department of visual In Lamb County the vocational teach- control programs which place responsi- instruction of the Oregon Extension Serv- ers and county agent meet quarterly, and bility for the education of the public as ice will make available to Smith-Hughes the general trend of work for the next to their various provisions and benefits instructors of the State, agricultural mo- three months is discussed. Teachers con- on agricultural leaders throughout the tion picture films and slides for use in duct their classroom work along these country, has brought about a closer and classroom instruction, at no cost other lines for that period. Vocational teach- more sympathetic cooperation than ever than for transportation. ers are always advisers to 4-H clubs as before between members of the Exten- The State extension editor also is co- well as to the future farmer organiza- sion Service and Smith-Hughes workers operating with other departments of the tions. Where vocational agriculture is in Oregon. Extension Service in supplying the taught club work is confined to the In the wheat adjustment campaign, Smith-Hughes staff members with in- grades, but high school boys not enrolled Smith-Hughes instructors in Oregon co- formation regarding the progress of ag- in vocational work may associate them- operated with the county agricultural ricultural adjustment. Each week a di- selves in club work with the boys in the agents in arranging for meetings, in ex- gest of the important happening's of the grades. Sometimes, as in the case of plaining contracts, and other points to previous 7-day period is prepared at Cor- J. W. Hulsey of Olton, vocational boys farmers both individually and through vallis, copies of which are forwarded to are also 4-H club members but always the evening farm schools, and in ob- all Smith-Hughes workers as well as to such boys keep their vocational projects taining mailing lists of wheat farmers. the county agents. This practice aids in and their club demonstrations separate. The same kind of assistance is being keeping both forces well informed on the Feeding projects and demonstrations given in the corn-hog control program. status of the movement as it applies are supervised jointly by the vocational During the past winter, 28 evening to Oregon. teacher and county agent. It was this schools for adult farmers have been con- kind of cooperation that resulted last ducted by Smith-Hughes instructors. HE livestock program in Pontotoc year in the largest baby beef show ever Of these, 16 have dealt entirely with dis- T County, Okla., has the support of held in one county in Texas when 43 cussions of farm reorganization and Fed- four teachers of vocational agricul- Lamb County boys exhibited 110 calves. .eral farm credit. Assisting with this ture, S. D. Lowe and O. B. Holt at Van- In terracing seasons, vocational teach- educational program have been the vari- oss, D. B. Grace at Stonewall, and Elmo ers emphasize this method of soil protec- ous county extension agents and Prof. Hendrickson at Allen, as well as that of tion and rainfall conservation with their E. L. Potter and H. D. Scudder, of the the county agricultural agent, J. B. Hill. boys and in their adult evening schools. State college staff, whose help was ob- Much of the success that has accompanied Vocational classes turn out 100 percent tained through the State extension this project has been due to the close strong to county agent field demonstra- service. cooperation of these men. Over 100 tions, and the county agent helps the In the wheat adjustment campaign head of baby beeves were shown at last vocational teachers in conducting his alone, figures compiled show that Smith- year’s county fair by the 4-H clubs and evening classes. Hughes teachers in Oregon held a total the vocational students. Page 90 ; !

Rural Leadership Through the Years MARY ELLEN BROWN State Home Demonstration Leader, Nebraska Extension Service

PLENDID changes than develop a professional attitude to- training that would help mother accom- S have taken place ward homemaking, it has been worth plish her housekeeping duties with more in the last 20 years all that has been spent upon it. How- ease and that would make life happier in home demonstra- ever, it has done much more than that for her. Then, too, the girls in our fam-

tion work. In 1914 it has been one of the important fac- ily needed to be studying homemaking

it was in its infancy. tors which have helped rural home- to improve their share of the farm home Now it is emerging makers to be proud of the fact that life but at that time as far as we knew, ; from its adolescent they lived on a farm. there was nothing to help either the period. Twenty years There has been an almost continuous girls or mother.

0 ' growth in numbers. different living Mary Ellen Brown. ago a few h m e At the present time How on a farm may makers had heard the interest is the greatest it ever has be today. Now, there are home demon- about its offerings and had attended been, and the outlook for future in- stration clubs for mothers and the 4-H lectures or farmers’ institutes where creases is a challenge to all. Another clubs for the girls. It would have meant State specialists gave demonstrations noticeable change which has come much to my mother to have had an op- to groups of women, many of whom through the years is that there are so portunity to belong to a project club or had been brought to the meeting by the many worth-while things to talk about to have had the joy of being a project men folks. Then few farmers’ wives there is -little time or interest in gossip leader and to have been privileged to drove their cars in fact, most of at the project club meetings. attend a mothers’ vacation camp. own ; How them came in horse-drawn vehicles. Only a few of the States had heard of county home demonstration agents. Most of the work was done by State home-economics specialists who gave demonstrations on such subjects as canning, cooking, and sewing.

Field Widened

During these 20 years the field of demonstration has greatly widened until now it has reached the principles of

clothing selection ; the fundamentals of

nutrition ; the standards needed for good

health ; the value and use of efficient equipment; the beautification of the home, both indoors and child train- out ; ing and family relationships civic ; re-

sponsibilities ; and recreation for the home and for the community. The train- ing in skills holds its place in home dem- onstration work, but creating a com- fortable satisfying atmosphere in the home is considered even more vital. One of the outstanding and most im- Gummed paper dress forms found favor among farm1 women back in the early twenties. From portant growths has been that of devel- the sewing classes of early days to the present broad program, extension work in clothing oping leadership on the part of the club has always been popular among farm women. members. Training given the project leaders prepares them in turn to take A mord recent development has been I wish we could have had these in my the demonstration to their own club the vacation camp for rural women. All girlhood members. In this development, women members of the family seem to be en- The past 20 years have meant much to have found that they have initiative, ex- thusiastic about giving mother this the rural women of America. We trust ecutive ability, and latent talents, of chance to play and sing, to listen to the future of agricultural extension will which neither they nor their families had speakers, and to talk over timely topics have added satisfactions and joys in dreamed. Through this new power of with the other campers as she has her store for them. leadership the women have gained satis- vacation away from all home worries faction in increased self-confidence and and responsibilities. T Cooperstown, N.Y.. during the poise and have made contributions both Have any of your childhood dreams A past winter the Smith-Hughes to their homes and to their communities. come true? If so, you realize the feel- teacher and the county agent, M. E. ing I have about the home-economics Thompson, have conducted a successful Attitude Toward Homemaking part of the agricultural extension work. tractor school. There were 38 men en- If in the past two decades home dem- As a girl, growing up on the farm, it rolled in the class, and 10 tractors and onstration work has done nothing more seemed to me somehow, there could be 7 gas engines were .overhauled. Page 91 New Regional Heads Appointed

. W. Hochbaum and C. L. Cham- and faculty members carried on a type bers, principal agriculturists, of extension work throughout the county. H have been appointed regional Mr. Chambers was livestock specialist in heads in the Office of Cooperative Exten- Oklahoma for 2 years. During this pe- sion Work, United States Department of riod he majored in 4-H club work, organ- Agriculture, to be in charge of extension izing the first pure-bred phase of pig and calf clubs. livestock work in the 12 Eastern and 12 Southern He was then mar- keting specialist in Alabama for 2 years, States, respectively. during which time he instructed farmers Mr. Hochbaum received his degree in in selling their hogs cooperatively. agriculture at Cornell University in 1905 He came to the Department on Decem- and for several years was engaged in ber 1, 1917, as assistant in club work. educational work. His experience in ex- C. L. Chambers. H. W. Hochbaum. He helped organize the first interstate tension work began with his appointment livestock judging contest in Chicago and as county agricultural agent in Ada 1932. He has been a frequent contribu- in outlining plans for club contests at County, Idaho, in July 1918. After 2 tor in the field of extension literature. the National Dairy Show. When he was years’ service he was appointed county Mr. Chambers is taking the place made transferred from club work to county agent leader and later assistant director vacant by the retirement of J. A. Evans, agent work he led in the planning of pro- in that State. Mr. Hochbaum joined the who has served for 30 years in extension grams for the Southern States based on staff of the Office of Extension Work on work and retired on December 31, 1933, economic conditions. He also developed December 1, 1918, working in the 11 because of reaching the age of 70. Mr. an improved system of keeping records on Western States. In 1923 he was moved Chambers obtained his degree in agricul- demonstrations and of office management to the eastern section, but also worked in ture at Alabama Polytechnic Institute in for county agents. many States outside this region because 1908. The regional heads will be in charge of his interest and experience in organ- After graduation Mr. Chambers organ- of the administration of all the Depart- ization, program analysis, and planning. ized one’ of the first State agricultural ment’s extension work carried on in those He has led in interesting extension agents high schools at Hope Villa, La. As prin- States in cooperation with the State agri- and specialists in analyzing actual farm cipal and instructor in agriculture he cultural colleges. Mr. Hochbaum’s re- situations and conditions, and in plan- led the patrons and students in the de- gion will include Maine, New Hampshire, ning programs which might aid farmers velopment of a demonstration farm in Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, to adjust their operations to meet such connection with the school. He then Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, situations. Mr. Hochbaum has also taught a teachers’ course in agriculture New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and aided in the analysis of extension’s at the Louisiana State University and West Virginia. teaching problems and the application of Louisiana Polytechnic Institute. While Mr. Chambers will be in charge of the what is ordinarily known as methods. head of the agricultural department of work in Virginia, North Carolina, South Mr. Hochbaum taught classes in ex- the latter institution he outlined a course Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, tension work in the summer graduate in agriculture. The college farm was Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisi- school at Cornell in 1930 and again in planned to serve as a demonstration farm ana, Oklahoma, and Texas.

The Home Demonstration Agent

NEALE S. KNOWLES State Home Demonstration Leader, Iowa Extension Service

URING the last 20 years, home as community leaders, whether the need that the real purpose of 4-H club work demonstration work has worked its be public health, recreation, sanitation, is to develop strong agricultural leaders D way up from the specific-service of civic respon- and high standards of future rural liv- education, or any phase type of help to a high type of leadership sibility. ing. adult education. fundamental development in home and As a leader and friend, the home- The demonstration agent is not demonstration agent work has been to- The home demonstration agent helps to bring about only a teacher but an inspiring leader ward a broader vision of purpose and a spirit of cooperation between individ- and friend. As a teacher the home dem- goals. Some of the definite achieve- uals and between organizations. She in- onstration agent helps women to keep ments have been definite organization, spires the women with courage and faith in touch with the latest information, not carefully planned and definite educa- in their own ability to achieve. She only concerning the home but concern- tional programs, strong local leadership, helps women to accept their responsi- ing the woman’s responsibility as a good cooperation with other organizations, bility toward the development of rural citizen. As a leader, the home demon- broader vision of home life, broader stration agent helps women to see the living. vision of good citizenship, greater appre- home from the educational, recreational, This responsibility is not only for the ciation of educational opportunities, and aesthetic viewpoint as well as the present but for the future. The home greater love for rural living, and full more obvious phases of homemaking. demonstration agent has the future in appreciation of the home demonstration The home demonstration agent helps mind when she helps women to serve as program as a part of the adult-education women to experience real joy in serving 4-H club leaders and helps them to feel program. Page 92 ;

93 June 193J/. Extension Service Review Page

the show is held at the county seat, Montana’s Happy Young Folks whereas in others community shows are planned. The committees have complete charge of the arrangements for the meeting they arrange the program, obtain the necessary equipment, and arrange for the various awards. The show is an all- day affair, including the basket dinner, the judging of the flowers, talks, demon- strations, and the arrangement of many types of garden plantings. In some places the show is held in connection with some other activity. Many varieties of flowers are exhib- ited, some of them of very high quality. New plants are given each year as a part of the list of prizes. In this way new varieties are introduced. The shows have attracted very wide attention within the county, and addi- tional counties enter the project each year. When the show is completed the flowers are sent to hospitals and to shut-ins. The project is directed as home beauti- fication as well as the growing of flowers for the show. Planting plans are care- fully followed to give the home a better appearance. Cut flowers are used as in- terior decorations in the home to im- prove home life.

VER a million dollars formerly spent O by farmers of St. Francis County, Ark., for meat and meat products is now kept at home since they began curing their own meat supply, according to J. M. Thomason, county agent. A creamery company in the county co- operated with the county agent in a pro- gram of chilling and curing pork for IX YOUNG 4-H club members of Teton County, Mont. The three McDermott farmers. Later an ice company agreed S sisters, Natalie, Helen Rae, and Winifred, are very well pleased with the Hol- to cooperate in the program, giving the stein heifers they are grooming for the fair, while the Shoquist boys, John, county two chilling and curing centers. Donald, and Grant, are just as proud of their baby beeves. Farmers at once realized the value of these new services and a number of them cure as high as 100 head of hogs in these plants at one time. Farm Women Have Flower Show In early February approximately 10,000 pounds of pork was cured or was N THOSE parts of the Nation where beautification of farm home surround- in the process of curing in these two I plenty of moisture and other climatic ings. Here is an opportunity for ex- plants, with thousands of pounds more to conditions favor bounteous flower gar- change of ideas on flower gardening, cul- be cured as fast as space became avail- dens, it may not be any great problem to tural practices, and the exchange of able. grow numerous varieties of bloom for the plants, bulbs, and seeds. Mr. Thomason states that about one- annual flower show. Regardless of possi- Unit programs are made up at the third of the annual meat loss in St. ble dry and unfavorable flower garden beginning of each year, and at that time Francis County was due to unfavorable seasons, Kansas home makers, through committees are appointed to handle the weather conditions. This situation, to a their home demonstration groups, find detail work of the show. At this meet- great extent, has been changed since tne staging of flower shows a coming ing the date for the show is set. By the establishment of cold storage plants, enterprise. setting the date for the show early the as farmers are not losing as much meat The shows offer an opportunity for col- farm women are enabled to plan their as they did before the plants became lective thinking on the part of those in activity so as to have the best of blooms available for curing. Farmers using attendance as to how they can beautify available for the show. Various plans these plants are finding a ready market their rural school grounds, public parks, have been tried out regarding the loca- for all the surplus hams and shoulders and of more immediate importance, the tion of the exhibit. In some counties they have for sale. \

Page Oj, Vol. 5 No. 6 Extension Service Review ,

almost complete replacement of the scrub Home-Grown Cotton Mattresses with improved livestock and poultry. The man who doesn’t use improved varie- ties and clean seed these days is unusual, OME-MADE cotton mattresses have care a good home-made cotton mattress and feels the need of apology. H become popular in many States will last from 20 to 30 years. Summed up, we would leave these im- where cotton is grown. In the Southern In one of the mattress-making demon- pressions on your mind. As a result States, during the last 2 years more than strations given by a home demonstration of 20 years of extension, we have in- 9,000 mattresses have been made by farm agent on a 6,000-acre plantation in creasing numbers of truth-seeking women and girls for use in their homes. Arkansas, the cotton was picked, ginned, farmers, men who base their decisions In Arkansas, home demonstration club and made into a mattress in one-half on gathered women began making mattresses when day. fact and analysis, who put their faith in the findings of agricul- the price of cotton fell to 5 cents a pound, In 1932, 375 mattresses were made in tural research and the practices of the which was much below the cost of pro- 16 counties, with an average cost of $4 best farmers, and who go about their duction. County home demonstration for the material. In 1933, 1,225 cotton farm tasks with confidence and enthu- agents have been very active in direct- mattresses were made in 37 Arkansas siasm because they are increasingly ing this work, having reached clubs in counties, with the average cost just be- better craftsmen and business men. 41 counties of the State with special low $4. Texas farm ranch women made demonstrations during the past two 2,400 mattresses. Recreation and Social Life years. Through this work, another interest- In one county in Arkansas more than Extension is ing increase in the utilization of cotton developing the recrea- 300 mattresses have been finished with tional and social life of rural people, es- has resulted in the making of sheets, an estimated saving of $3,000 to the farm tablishing higher standards of living, lightweight covers, and other articles of homes of that county. A farmer, some- and increasing the satisfactions of rural bed linen for better bedrooms in thou- what dissatisfied with the expense, went life. sands of farm homes. Making the bed- to town and priced mattresses of similar Because of agricultural colleges, voca- rooms in farm homes more comfortable quality. The nearest he came to match- tional schools, experiment stations, and and attractive has been an important ing the quality was marked at over $20, extension work, the farmers of America car- while his total bill for the home-made part of the home-improvement work today are as efficient in their business as mattresses was just $7. With ordinary ried on by home demonstration agents. is any other group of men in any other line of work anywhere. During the past year the extension forces have carried field National 4-H Club Radio Program out the respon- sibilities of the Agricultural Adjustment Annual Theme: 4-H Club Work Influences the Farm and Home Administration. It was a tribute to the organization that this work should be Eighth Phase—4-H Club Work Promotes Organized Recreation placed in their hands. A greater trib- is Saturday, August 4, 12:30 to 1:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time ute that the farmers of this country have shown their confidence in the 4-H clubs promote rural recreational activi- county extension agent. It was because ties in our county 4-H club boy from Rhode Island. the advice of these agents over a period Rural dramatics in our club 4-H club girl from North Carolina. of 20 years proved sound, because the ex- 4-H clubs and local leaders active in com- tension worker had the confidence of the munity recreation State club leader from North Carolina. farmer, that the achievement of success The meaning of leisure and its wise use A. B. Graham, U.S. Department in these adjustment programs has been of Agriculture. possible. It is an imposing tribute to the Music we should know—Eighth phase of the 20 years’ experience of extension work 1934 national 4-H music hour—Featuring and extension workers. compositions by Moszkowski, Pierne, Thomas, Liszt, Beethoven, Luders, and Brahms United States Marine Band.

S a memorial to Mrs. Coe, first A.home demonstration agent of Mont- Extension Stands Test of years or more in all parts of the country gomery County, Kans., a traveling as to the most significant changes that library was established at the sixth an- Time have taken place in rural America in 20 nual Coe Day, held in her memory. Farm (Continued from page 82) years, the reply was, higher standards bureau women paid $0.05 each toward a agencies and their relative value in get- cf living on the farm, better-balanced fund to pay express on books borrowed ting new farm and home practices meals, better-dressed rural people, greater from the State traveling libraries. In adopted. These studies, made coordinate pride in the business of farming, a more addition, those who cared to, donated a with but wholly independently of Thorn- prosperous looking countryside, more con- good book to the library. About 100 dyke’s studies, revealed to us, also, that tentment on the farm, a changed attitude books were donated in this manner. adults who have been contacted in ex- on the part of farming people toward Books from the Lila S. Coe Traveling tension work learn as readily at 50 or 55 science, a greater toleration of new library have been transported from club years of age as they do at 35 years of things, closer contact of rural people to club by the home demonstration agent age and under, at least in agriculture. with the agricultural college and experi- as she went to club meetings. A total When we asked members of our staff ment station, larger development of rural of 100 farm bureau women have used the who have worked in extension for 20 social contacts, and in the South the library free of charge this year. June 1931). Extension Service Review Page 95

people are on the rolls this year. Agent She Believes in Club Work Parker’s survey showed that all business is sharing an increase of from 25 to 50 OR 20 years Mrs. wasted. I have seen young men and percent, with clothing and hardware F Robert Linton, women grow up to become farm leaders, stores in the lead. A hardware store at who is affectionately professional men and women, and capa- which he inquired reported that recently known as “The ble housewives, and I know that 4-H 200 horse collars had been sold in 60

mother of club work club work has encouraged them along days ; in the same period a year ago only in Boulder County, these lines.” 25 were sold. Last year this same store Colo.”, has been ac- Many of her former club members employed 2 clerks and now employs 9. tive as a club leader. have completed their agricultural and

' - Linton esti home-economics work in college, while Mrs. Robert Linton. Mrs mates that she has others have gone into other vocations. HE value of community discussions supervised the training of about 225 boys Mr. and Mrs. Linton live on an 80- T has been demonstrated in Illinois and girls in 4-H club work. Not only acre farm 2 miles south of Longmont. by nearly 3,000 Agricultural Adjustment has she the ability to lead clubs in sew- They have raised a family of three, all Administration corn-hog and wheat ad- ing and meal preparation, but she has of whom have been 4-H members and justment meetings. Several counties are been equally capable in training club are now grown men and women in the now training discussion leaders and or- members in the production of sheep, business world. Mrs. Linton is an ac- ganizing discussion teams in various poultry, corn, and swine. tive worker in the grange, being secre- types of community units. Training “ I have certainly enjoyed my work tary of the St. Vrain local, lecturer in schools, attended by approximately 150 with farm boys and girls ”, Mrs. Linton Pomona, and chairman of the home- rural people from 32 different community says. “ The results we have obtained economics committtee of the Colorado units, have been conducted in Champaign, show that our efforts have not been State Grange. Ford, and Sangamon Counties for the purpose of developing discussion leaders. During the corn-hog campaign more than 90 percent of the farm operators in the New FilmfStrips State attended community meetings to discuss the adjustment problem. “ By training leaders who can conduct discus- WO new film strips as listed below Series 304. Cotton Outlook Charts, sions at rural- community meetings, Illi- Thave been completed by the Office of 1933-34. Illustrates selected charts with nois farmers will be better Cooperative Extension Work in coopera- brief titles prepared by the Outlook Com- prepared to develop future cooperative activities re- tion with the Bureau of Agricultural mittee of the Bureau of Agricultural lated to their industry,” Economics. They may be purchased at Economics. The explanatory notes states D. E. Lindstrom, associate in rural the price indicated from Dewey & Dewey, should be supplemented by consulting sociology at the College 7603 Twenty-sixth Avenue, Kenosha, the agricultural outlook reports issued by of Agriculture, University of Illinois. Wis., after first obtaining authorization the Bureau and by the States for the cur- from the United States Department of rent year. 48 frames. 36 cents. Agriculture. Blanks for this purpose Series 309. Poultry and Egg Outlook N one week the Civil Works crew in will be supplied upon request to the Office Charts, 1933-34. Supplements the 1933- I New Hampshire cut down 4,774 of Cooperative Extension Work. 34 outlook report on poultry and eggs. worthless apple trees in the campaign Series 312. Apple Outlook Charts, 49 frames. 45 cents. against apple pests. 1933-34. Illustrates selected charts with Localized Strips brief titles prepared by the Outlook Com- Completed Film mittee of the Bureau of Agricultural The following three localized film What Has Been Accom- Economics. The explanatory notes strips were completed by the Office of plished should be supplemented by consulting the Cooperative Extension Work in coopera- agricultural outlook reports issued by the tion with county extension agents, spe- (Continued from page 89) Bureau and by the States for the cur- cialists, and other extension workers. pacities for learning and leadership. rent year. 42 frames. 36 cents. The photographs used were all local pic- Studying, thinking and acting together Series 329. Citrus Fruit Outlook tures, either selected or taken by the has stimulated growth, nourished initia- Charts, 1933-34. Illustrates selected agents themselves. tive and inspired self-dependence. charts with brief titles prepared by the Series 1134. A Maryland Farm Feed9 Out of their achievements in farm, Outlook Committee, Bureau of Agricul- the Family. 33 frames. 36 cents. home, community, State, and national tural Economics. The explanatory notes Series 1135. What a Hog is Worth to programs have come much confidence, should be supplemented by consulting the the Jones Family. (Maryland.) 17 courage, and understanding. Outlook agricultural outlook reports issued by the frames. 36 cents. has been broadened, morale has been Bureau and by the States for the cur- Series 1136. Glimpses of Home Demon- kept up, ideals have been expressed, and rent year. 24 frames. 36 cents. stration Work in Wyoming. 57 frames. attitudes toward agriculture, the indus- The Series Number 207 assigned to 45 cents. try upon which they depend for a home “ ” Poultry in the Live-at-Home Program and a living, has become more whole- which was announced in the May issue HE outlook in Okfuskee County, some. This development of people them- should read Series “ Poultry in 313, the T Okla., is much brighter this year selves, through their own efforts, I be- Xive-at-Home Program.” than last, according to G. M. Parker, lieve is the Extension Service’s most Revised Series assistant county agent. In February valuable contribution to society. The following series have been re- 1933 there were 2,500 farm people on the R. J. Baldwin, wised : county relief rolls, whereas only 200 farm Extension Director of Michigan. Pictures of Earlier Days

First column : A Massachusetts community kitchen doing its share to win the war. J. A. Evans, one of the first agents to be appointed, ready for business. One of the first tomato clubs organized in 1913 by Mrs. Redfearn, who is still in Anson County, N.C.

Second column : A butter demonstration at Alabama’s first short course for women. A sheep demonstration in 1914. An Arizona farm boy does his best to utilize waste in feeding his “ Liberty Pig.” A typical rural road of 20 years ago. Page 96 ’Y'HE following list of 236 men and women who have been in extension work in the States since 2 0 Y E A R S’ 1914 shows that extension work can and does hold its personnel. It is a work in which the individual can grow and find satisfaction, a profession which

fills an important niche in the educational needs of SERVICE the Nation. . . From the standpoint of the Ex- tension Service, I cannot overestimate the value of this nucleus of tried and true agents, farm bred and Alabama Iowa Minnesota Con. North Carolina Con. educated in our agricultural colleges. Through R. G. Arnold R. K. Bliss W. E. Morris A. G. Hendren the years of practical experience these agents have H. H. Best C. L. Fitch Julia O. Newton P. Herring J. improved their abilities and relations with farm John Blake M. A. Hauser C. R. Hudson people in the light of constantly changing condi- T. M. Campbell Neale S. Knowles Mississippi Jane S. McKimmon tions. . . I want to congratulate them on their E. R. Carlson Murl McDonald G. H. Alford Zeno Moore records also those of others W. T. Coker K. W. Stouder Harris Barnes F. E. Patton service and hundreds S. M. Day P. C. Taff B. A. Brady Hattie F. Plummer who are making extension work their life work. L. N. Duncan S. H. Thompson H. A. Carpenter Rosalind A. Redfearn They have dedicated their efforts to improving the

A. G. Harrell Mary E. Doney J. R. Sams social and economic welfare of farm people. They J. W. Sartain Kansas A. J. Flowers H. K. Sanders are always ready to take the lead in any movement Diana B. Williams E. Haddon I. C. G. Elling May O. Schaub for the betterment of agriculture. These are men D. Wood L. A. Higgins Cornelia Simpson J. Amy Kelly and women of tremendous influence upon the rural M. M. Hubert Annie P. Smith Arizona life of the Nation. Kentucky W. C. Mims F. S. Walker Frances L. Brown G. C. Mingee T. R. Bryant • Charles R. Fillerup E. Ruff' T. P. Cooper J. North Dakota P. H. Ross E. Tanner H. K. Gayle J. T. X. Calnan A. E. Terry Director Extension Work. E. Kilpatrick of Arkansas J. W. Whitaker, C. A. Mahan J. Jr. Ohio C. Barnett J. W. R. Reynolds Connie Bonslagel Missouri G. B. Crane J. R. F. Spence Tennessee Con. Virginia Con. W. D. Ezell R. H. Emberson D. R. Dodd W. C. Wilson E. W. J. Jernigan J. McClintock Elizabeth M. Lauder- Lizzie A. Jenkins Montana W. H. Palmer bach W. Lancaster Louisiana J. Nichols California J. C. Taylor H. S. W. O. Martin W. C. Abbott T. H. Richardson H. J. Baade Oklahoma H. E. McSwain H. F. Cassell Nebraska B. H. Crocheron Ebb Thomae F. W. Michaux C. C. Chapman James Lawrence T. C. Mayhew I. D. Wood A. W. Pegram A. T. M. Marks G. Graham B. Pierce E. B. Shotwell Texas J. T. J. Jordan New Hampshire Connecticut J. H. Quisenberry W. M. McBride J. C. Kendall George Banzhaf A. J. Brundage W. C. Shackelford W. B. Mercier E. P. Robinson Oregon D. F. Eaton B. W. Ellis D. D. Sizer L. E. Perrin H. N. Wells R. Edmonds R. E. Jones L. R. Breithaupt J. Sylvia Slocum C. P. Seab Helen Cowgill J. H- Erickson J. C. Stiles F. A. New Jersey Elbert Gentry Delaware Swann Paul V. Maris B. A. Warriner H. Baker L. T. Hunter C. A. McCue J. G. A. Nelson R. E. F. Washington Ellwood Douglass B. Martin Maine Claribel Nye O. W. W. Wilkins Florida Clarence Day G. W. Orms New Mexico J. F. Wilson A. P. Spencer Arthur Deering Pennsylvania R. W. Persons W. L. Elser J. L. Thomas C. S. Adams Georgia Maryland Edna W. Trigg Washington F. S. Bucher New York H. H. Williamson Maggie E. Bethea E. F. E. Balmer N. Cory M. S. McDowell Phil Campbell Bristow Adams T. B. Wood J. S. B. Shaw D. K. Sloan A. E. Lovett J. H. Barron C. B. Culpepper T. B. Symons R. N. Miller M. F. Barrus G. V. Cunningham C. E. Temple Utah O. V. Patton Botsford G. B. Eunice H. E. South Carolina G. F. Wathen, Jr. C. R. Crosby J. C. Hogenson J. A. Johnson T. A. Bowen H. A. Hopper V. L. Martineau West Virginia P. H. Ward Massachusetts S. W. Epps R. H. Stewart Annie W. Wiley L. M. Hurd C. H. Hartley Allister MacDougall E. P. Josey B. B. Robb H. G. Wiley Lonny I. Landrum W. H. Kendrick F. C. Smith Montgomery Robinson L. S. Watson Vermont Jeanette Weil George F. E. Story W. W. Long L. R. Simons R. H. Lemmon J. E. Carrigan Idaho R. H. Wheeler Michigan A. A. McKeown E. L. Ingalls Wisconsin E. F. Rinehart W. Tiller E. H. Loveland R. Baldwin North Carolina J. J. Dora Dee Walker T. L. Bewick Illinois L. B. Altman K. L. Hatch Minnesota Virginia O. G. Barrett J. A. Arey E. L. Luther Tennessee Bruce Otis Kercher W. L. Cavert T. J. W. Broom J. G. J. F. Wojta M. L. Mosher S. B. Cleland J. W. Cameron Margaret A. Ambrose O. M. Cockes T. A. Erickson Oliver Carter C. P. Barrett H. B. Derr Wyoming Indiana W. P. Kirkwood Minnie L. Garrison R. E. Ellis F. S. Farrar T. A. Coleman K. A. Kirkpatrick R. D. Goodman F. R. Hines Hallie L. Hughes A. E. Bowman Z. M. Smith R. S. Mackintosh R. W. Graeber C. A. Keffer J. R. Hutcheson F. P. Lane THE HOME DEMONSTRATION RADIO HOUR

A new monthly radio program featuring topics of interest to farm women, extension workers, and others interested in home-economics subjects.

It goes on the air THE FIRST WEDNESDAY OF EVERY MONTH From 12:30 to 1:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time

These programs will be presented by

the Extension Service of the U. S. Depart-

ment of Agriculture, cooperating with the

State extension services, the National

Broadcasting Co., and the Radio Service

of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Music will be furnished by ^0/0 ^ the Homesteaders’

Orchestra of the Na- e > X c ra , A-ft . /

o /°s-0 0/77/OS Cv- ^ tional Broadcasting Co. roe

• • watch for • • ANNOUNCEMENTS OF BROADCASTS

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EXTENSION SERVICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C.

1). S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1930