Studying Africa

Home , Economy of Africa, List of central banks, Nigel Worden

Studying Africa

A guide to the sources

Edited by Marianne Andersson and Åsa Lund Moberg

Literature surveys by Tore Linné Eriksen

Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2011 Reference materials Bibliographies Internet sources Literature surveys Social sciences History Politics Africa

ISBN 978-91-7106-686-2 © Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2011 Layout: Byrå4, Uppsala 2011 Contents

Foreword 5 Older newspapers and periodicals About the authors 6 on microfilm, in digital or printed form 39 Marianne Andersson References 40 Literature searching 7 Other web resources 43 Bibliographic overviews 7 Current bibliographies 7 Katarina Hjortsäter Searching for literature on the Statistics 44 Internet 8 Finding statistics 44 Searching for journal articles 11 Some sources of statistics 47 References 12 References 61 Subject related databases 13 Internet resources 61 Internet resources 14 Search terms in AfricaLit 62

Marianne Andersson António Lourenço Searching for facts 16 Official publications 63 Introduction 16 Principal types of official Country specific information 16 publications 65 Subject related information 18 Official publications on the References 21 Internet 65 Internet resources 23 National statistics agencies 67 Åsa Lund Moberg National banks 67 Africa Information on the References 68 Internet resources 68 Internet 24 Constitutions 69 Search engines 24 Parliaments 69 Link collections 26 National statistics agencies 69 Evaluation of sources 27 National banks 69 References 32 Internet resources 32 Tore Linné Eriksen Birgitte Jansen The History of Africa 70 Periodicals 33 Introduction 70 Introduction 33 General surveys 70 News services 34 Historiography 71 Development and aid issues 35 Themes 72 Political and economic War and conflicts 72 development 35 Religion 73 Human rights 36 Historical dictionaries of Africa 73 Academic journals 36 Historical periods 73 African history in a global International affairs and African perspective 77 conflicts 111 Regions and individual Aid and development cooperation countries 79 Economic achievements and Southern Africa 85 problems 115 References 89 Poverty and inequality 116 Land, resources and climate 117 AIDS, health and politics 118 Tore Linné Eriksen Northern Africa 118 Politics, economics and Western Africa 120 society 106 Central Africa: Congo and Preamble 106 Rwanda/Burundi 121 Introductions 106 Eastern Africa 122 General overviews 106 Southern Africa 125 Democracy, governance and political References 128 parties 109 Foreword

Studying Africa is a guide to studying Africa primarily within the area of social sciences. Six years have now passed since the last edition of Studying Africa was published. In a changing world, this is quite a long time in terms of provision of information. The literature published about modern Africa has grown considerably in scope and quality in recent years. This new edition is therefore thoroughly revised and covers information sources from 2004 to the first six months of 2010. For older references, please see the previous edition of Studying Africa (edited by Kristina Rylander 2005). Compared to the last edition, the subject introductions have been reduced. Now, only the chapters The History of Africa and Politics, Economics and Society have been updated. The selection for these chapters really are a selection. Litera- ture about Africa is being published at an ever increasing rate. Highly specialized academic titles are therefore not included. When it comes to the chapters about general sources of information, all have been revised apart from the map section. These chapters provide practical guidance on literature and fact searches, with the aid of bibliographies, databases, handbooks, Internet, periodicals, statistics and official documents. The selection of material has a broad academic aim and both printed and Internet-based sources are dealt with. For further sources on the Internet, please see the Nordic Africa Institute library’s link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet. The English edition will only be available online. Chapters can bedown- loaded for free in full text format from DiVA, the Academic Archive Online. Studying Africa is primarily aimed at university students and researchers, but other groups, such as teachers and pupils at upper secondary schools and folk high schools, librarians, journalists and aid workers, may also find it useful. The ambition is to provide a clear and practical guide to literature that is reasonably easy to access. Studying Africa is a translation from the Swedish Att studera Afrika, which was published in 2010 in a, thoroughly revised, fourth edition. Comments on the content and design of the publication would be gratefully received ahead of future updates.

Uppsala, March 2011 Åsa Lund-Moberg and Marianne Andersson [email protected] About the Nordic Africa Institute library About the Nordic Africa Institute About the authors Marianne Andersson, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute Tore Linné Eriksen, Historian, Professor at Oslo University College Katarina Hjortsäter, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute Birgitte Jansen, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute António Lourenço, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute Åsa Lund Moberg, Chief Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute Literature searching

Kristina Rylander Entirely revised by Marianne Andersson

The purpose of this review is to point out some of the fundamental bibliographies and bibliographical databases for Africa studies. In-depth orientation is given, for example, in Kagan Reference Guide to Africa (2005), Zell The African Studies Companion (2006) and Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Stud- ies on the Columbia University Library’s website. The quarterly journal African Book Publishing Record produces an annual list of recently published bibliographies. The previous edition of this publication, Studying Africa (2005), includes references to older material.

“Bibliography – a list of literature within a certain subject area or concerning numerous subject areas … with the task of facilitating access to larger quantities of information to be found on a subject, country, language, etc.” (From, Nationalencyklopedin)

A (bibliographic) database is a compilation of information that is organized into fields and can be searched logically, with dependable results. Databases may be library catalogs, indexes, or bibliographies, … The common element is organization and reliable searchability. (Gretchen Walsh, African Studies Library at Boston University)

Bibliographic overviews Bibliographic overviews can be found in the handbook series Historical Diction- aries of Africa. This provides a very good introduction to the literature concerning the respective countries. Recently published editions in the series are Cameroon by Rebecca Mbuh (2010), Democratic Republic of the Congo by Emizet F. Kisan- gani and F. Scott Bobb (2010) and Nigeria by Toyin Falola and Ann Genova (2009). There is an abundance of bibliographies covering the various subject fields. Good current examples of these are given in the previously mentioned Kagan Reference Guide to Africa (2005) and Zell The African Studies Companion (2006, with continuous updates to be found in the African Book Publishing Record. Detailed bibliographies can also be found in many of the monographs dealing with specific countries or subjects.

Current bibliographies Current bibliographies are those that are issued at regular intervals, e.g. quarterly and sometimes as annual volumes. These collections usually include references 8 Marianne Andersson to books and journal articles, and are generally arranged according to countries and subjects. By using this type of bibliography, it is easy to keep up to date with recently published literature. Africa Bibliography is published once a year in cooperation with the journal Africa. The bibliography is arranged geographically and lists books, documents, journal articles and articles in collected works. It also includes some bibliographic articles relating to special topics. The bibliography will be available on the Internet starting in 2011. International African Bibliography includes sections dealing with countries or subjects and lists books, journal articles, and documents. A detailed cumulative index, subdivided into categories such as African languages and ethnic groups, is included. A Current Bibliography on African Affairs contains region and subject sections dealing with mainly journal articles. The journal African Affairs (3 issues/year) contains a register of recently released African literature. It also provides a list of articles on Africa published in non-Africanist journals. dok-line AFRIKA is an Internet- based current bibliography produced since 2000 by GIGA Information Centre in Hamburg. Each issue is devoted to a special theme with annotated references in German and English to books, journal articles and free Internet resources.

Literature published in Africa Literature published in Africa is listed in African Books in Print, with a follow-up in the form of the current African Book Publishing Record. National bibliographies are current bibliographies listing all literature published in a particular country. At present 36 of Africa’s 53 countries have national bibliographies or similar. Some are available online: Bibliographie du Bénin, National Bibliography of Ethiopia and Namibia National Bibliography. Soon to be available are Bibliog- raphie de líAlgérie and Swaziland National Bibliography. South African National Bibliography (SANB) is a subsidiary database in South Africa’s national library catalogue The National Library of South Africa. SANB is also one of the databases in Africa-Wide Information (presented below).

Searching for literature on the Internet Numerous types of databases dealing with literature can be found on the Inter- net. Bibliographic databases or reference databases consist of references to books, reports, articles and conference contributions, etc. Information is given under each reference about the item’s author, title, publisher and more. Sometimes an abstract is also included. Full text databases are sources that provide complete or partial access online to the publication itself, besides giving bibliographic information. Hybrid databases are a combined form, where full text links are supplied for some documents while only bibliographical details are provided for others. On the Nordic Africa Institute library’s website, there are links that point to the most important databases and library catalogues. Literature searching 9

Africa-specific databases Only a few literature databases that concentrate on Africa exist. The largest of these by far is produced by NISC (National Inquiry Services Centre) in South Africa. It is called Africa-Wide Information and is a typical hybrid database. Here the user is able to search simultaneously in 50 databases sourced from more than 20 special libraries in Africa, Europe and the USA. Amongst its contributors are the Africa Institute in Pretoria, the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, the African Studies Centre in Leiden and the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala. This collective database concentrates on the social sciences and humanities. At present it covers close to 4 million records, some with full text links, to books, news articles, journal articles, grey literature and conference contributions, etc. A list of the databases included is available on NISC’s website. Africa- Wide Information is a commercial database for which a subscription is required. In the Nordic countries it is accessible for users at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala University, and the University of Oslo Aluka Digital Library is an international, collaborative initiative and consists of two databases, African Cultural Heritage Sites and Landscapes and Struggles for Freedom in Southern Africa. Aluka contains scientific resources from and about Africa, ranging from archival documents, images, books, periodicals, reports, personal papers, correspondence, UN documents, oral histories and speeches, and more. Access to full text documents requires a subscription. Database of African Theses and Dissertations (DATAD) is a programme initiated by Associa- tion of African Universities and contains citations and abstracts for theses and dissertations completed in African universities. DATAD includes works from all subject areas in ten leading universities. The database requires a subscription. Aluka and DATAD are accessible at the Nordic Africa Institute. AfricaBib, comprised of two databases, Africana Periodical Literature Biblio- graphic Database and African Womenís Database, and a detailed bibliography, Women Travelers, Explorers and Missionaries to Africa 1763–2004, is freely available on the Internet. AfricaBib was developed by Davis Bullwinkle, University of Arkansas, and is now produced by the African Studies Centre in Leiden. International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region is a full text database produced by the Réseau Grands Lacs Africains in Geneva. Its aim is to collect hard-to-find documents that deal with the current situation and the economic, political and social conditions in the region. National ETD Portal is a repository for South African theses and dissertations in full text.

Library databases It is also possible to search in individual library catalogues that function as a type of bibliographical database. Besides libraries that specialize in Africa, such as the School of Oriental and African Studies, the Nordic Africa Institute, and the African Studies Centre in Leiden, there are also those that focus on development research. Examples of the latter are the Danish Centre for International Studies 10 Marianne Andersson and Human Rights in Copenhagen, the British Library for Development Stud- ies, the library of the IMF/World Bank, the United Nations’ library system, and many university libraries with large collections of African literature, especially in the USA. A list of library catalogues can be found on the Nordic Africa Institute’s website.

Subject databases One category of bibliographic database that cannot be ignored when searching for African literature is the commercial database, which is subject related. A subscription is necessary, although, as a rule, they can be accessed at university libraries and special libraries. They are run by subject experts and are generally of high standard. The emphasis is placed on journal articles and the references are nearly always provided with abstracts. Some examples of these databases are Sociological Abstracts, EconLit and ERIC. Among the subject databases freely available on the Internet are ERIC/IES, which is a free version of ERIC, and Anthropological Index Online (use is permitted for private study only). The Inter- Parliamentary Union (IPU) produces the bibliographic database Women in Poli- tics, with references to books and journal articles dealing with women’s participation in political life. The database has many options for customized searches in the search function. The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) provides access to theses and dissertations, mostly in full text. In the search function you may refine your search by subject or year. A list of subject- oriented databases of interest to African studies can be found at the end of this chapter. A selection of databases is available on the Nordic Africa Institute’s website. Sometimes it may be of benefit to do a parallel search in a number of databases since, while many of them overlap regarding subject content, none of them provides complete coverage of its era of focus.

Digital archives and web portals Open Access publishing means that scholarly research findings are made freely available online, often in an open access repository. Other material besides research results may also be published. Approximately 2% of the open archives are located in Africa, the majority of these in South Africa. There are services that list digital archives, and services that search archives and collect references and links to the publications in their own databases. Large archives have a disadvantage, however, in that Africa-oriented material vanishes easily in the enormous flow of information that exists.

Connecting Africa Connecting Africa is a service that provides access to African research information and materials produced in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Digital resources on Africa in about 55 institutional repositories, primarily in the USA and Eu- Literature searching 11 rope, are harvested and made searchable. The service is provided by the Africa Studies Centre in Leiden, the Netherlands. ilissAfrica – Internet Library sub-Saharan Africa ilissAfrica is an Internet portal that offers integrated access to relevant scientific literature and digital information resources on sub-Saharan Africa. The database on Internet resources has a collection of more than 4.300 websites, mostly from Africa. The websites are searchable and browseable according to region, country, organisation and subject area. Under the option Resource types the portal has good and detailed overviews of various full text resources. The service is provided by the Africa Department at the University Library Johann Christian Sencken- berg in Frankfurt, in cooperation with GIGA Information Centre Africa Library in Hamburg.

OpenDOAR – The Directory of Open Access Repositories OpenDOAR is a directory of academic open access repositories around the world. The archives are listed geographically and include in-depth information on each repository. To search full text material a search service based on Google is provided. OpenDOAR is initiated by the University of Nottingham, England and Lund University.

OAIster OAIster is a union catalogue of digital resources and contains links to more than 23 million documents. In the advanced search function, you can search according to subject, year and type of resource. The service is provided by OCLC and University of Michigan.

DRIVER – Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research DRIVER is an Internet portal with European open access repositories, with content across academic disciplines. DRIVER provides access to more than 2.5 million scientific documents in 249 repositories from 33 countries. The portal has now also opened up for non-European archives, among them some in South Africa.

SwePub – Swedish Scientific Publications SwePub gives unified access to Swedish scientific publications.

Searching for journal articles References to journal articles can be found in many of the bibliographies and databases already mentioned. However, there are special journal indexes that 12 Marianne Andersson exclusively list articles. African Studies Centre in Leiden releases a current publications index. This index has been published since 1968, first with the title Documentatieblad and since 1994, as African Studies Abstracts. In 2003 it ceased to appear in print and the index now exists as African Studies Abstracts Online, accessible via the centre’s website. It covers a large number of journals and collected works. All of the articles are annotated in either English or French. Afri- cana Periodical Literature Bibliographic Database, a shared database in AfricaBib, contains some 109 000 references to articles from approximately 521 journals focusing on African studies. Since 1991, the Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature from the Library of Congress office in Nairobi has listed articles from more than 300 scholarly journals published in Africa. AJOL – African Journals OnLine is an online service providing access to African-published research, and increase worldwide knowledge of indigenous scholarship. AJOL lists the table of contents of some 400 African-published, peer-reviewed scholarly journals from 29 countries. Some 100 journals contain full text articles that are downloadable. Index to South African Periodicals is one of the databases in Africa-Wide Informa- tion (mentioned previously). Numerous references to journal articles, mainly in full text, can be found in ilissAfrica. More journal indexes are presented on the Nordic Africa Institute’s web page Electronic journals and articles, and in the chapter Periodicals.

References AfricaBib Leiden: African Studies Centre Africa Bibliography (annual) Edited by Terry A. Barringer in collaboration with The International African Institute, London. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Africa-Wide Information Grahamstown: National Inquiry Services Centre African Affairs (3 issues/year). Oxford: Royal African Society. The African Book Publishing Record (4 issues/year) Munich: K.G. Saur African Studies Abstracts Online 2003– Leiden: African Studies Centre. AJOL. Grahamstown: AJOL A Current Bibliography on African Affairs (4 issues/year) Farmingdale, NY: Baywood Publ. Co. Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Studies New York: Columbia University Library dok-line AFRIKA Hamburg: GIGA Information Centre International African Bibliography (4 issues/year) Compiled and edited by David Hall in association with the Library at School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Munich: De Gruyter Saur. International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region Geneva: Réseau Grands Lacs Africains Kagan, Alfred (2005) Reference Guide to Africa. A Bibliography of Sources London: Scare- crow Press (2nd edition) Literature searching 13

Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature Nairobi: Library of Congress. Lomer, Cécile (ed.) (2006) African Books in Print: An Index by Subject, Author and Title. Munich, K.G. Saur. 2 vol. (6th edition) Rylander, Kristina (ed.) (2004) Att studera Afrika Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. (New, reworked edition) Zell, Hans (2006) The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Sources. Loch- carron: Hans Zell Publishing Consultants. (4th edition, printed and online)

Subject related databases These generally require a subscription, but are usually available at public libraries.

Interdisciplinary PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service), 1972–

Social anthropology Anthropological Index Online, 1957– (Freely available for research purposes) Anthropology Review Database (ARD) AnthroSource

Theses and Dissertations Database of African Theses and Dissertations Dissertations & Theses National ETD Portal (Freely available) The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Freely available)

Library and information science LISA (Library and Information Science Abstracts), 1969–

Demography African Population Database, 1960–2000 (Freely available) Population Index, 1986–2000 (Freely available)

Human ecology Environmental Sciences, 1967– GreenFILE (Freely available) SCOPUS

Economics EconLit, 1969–

Geography, geology and related subjects Geobase, 1980–

History Historical Abstracts, 1955–

Humanities Arts and Humanities Citation Index (ISI) 14 Marianne Andersson

Art, design Artbibliographies Modern, 1974– Bibliography of the History of Art / International Bibliography of Art (Freely available) DAAI (Design and Applied Arts Index), 1973–

Agriculture, rural development AGRICOLA Articles

Literature, language Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstracts, 1973– LRC (Literature Resource Center) MLA Bibliography (Modern Language Association), 1925–

Medicine, health, HIV/AIDS African Healthline (includes several databases, available via Africa Wide Information) PubMed, 1950–

Music International Library of African Music (ILAM), 1900– (Available via Africa Wide Informa- tion) RILM Abstracts (Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale), 1967–

Education, pedagogy ERIC (Educational Resources Information Centre) (CSA), 1966– ERIC/IES (Institute of Education Sciences) (a free version of ERIC/CSA)

Psychology PsycINFO

Religion ATLA Religion Database (ATLAS)

Sociology, social work, gender science ASSI (Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts), 1987– IBSS (International Bibliography of the Social Sciences), 1951– Sociological Abstracts, 1952– Social Sciences Citation Index (ISI) Social Services Abstracts, 1979– Women in politics (Freely available)

Political science Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO) Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, 1975–

Internet resources AfricaBib – http://www.africabib.org African Population Database – http://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/globalpop/africa/Africa_index.html Literature searching 15

African Studies Abstracts Online – http://www.ascleiden.nl/Library/Abstracts/ASA-On- line AJOL – http://www.ajol.info Aluka Digital Library – http://www.aluka.org/ Anthropological Index Online – http://aio.anthropology.org.uk/aiosearch/ Att studera Afrika – http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-112 Bibliograhie du Bénin – http://bnb.bj/spip.php?rubrique7 Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Studies - http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/BIBS.html Bibliography of the History of Art / International Bibliography of Art – http://library.getty. edu/bha Connecting Africa – http://www.connecting-africa.net/ dok-line AFRIKA – http://www.giga-hamburg.de/index.php?file=bibliographien. html&folder=bibliothek#af DRIVER – http://search.driver.research-infrastructures.eu ERIC/IES – http://www.eric.ed.gov GreenFILE – http://www.greeninfoonline.com A Guide to Africa on the Internet – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica/ ilissAfrica – http://www.ilissafrica.de/en International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region – http://www. grandslacs.net/home.html Namibia National Bibliography – http://wwwisis.unam.na/wwwisis//NNB.01/form.htm National Bibliography of Ethiopia – http://www.nale.gov.et/national_bibliography_of_ ethiopia.htm National ETD Portal – http://www.netd.ac.za The National Library of South Africa – http://natlib1.sabinet.co.za/search~S2 The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations – http://www.ndltd.org/servi- ceproviders/scirus-etd-search Nordic Africa Institute – http://www.nai.uu.se OAIster – http://www.oclc.org/oaister OpenDOAR – http://www.opendoar.org/ Population Index – http://popindex.princeton.edu/ Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature – http://lcweb2.loc.gov/misc/qsihtml/ qsihome.html SwePub – http://swepub.kb.se Women in Politics – http://www.ipu.org/bdf-e/BDFsearch.asp Searching for facts

Kristina Rylander Entirely revised by Marianne Andersson

Introduction This chapter introduces yearbooks, encyclopedias and other reference material giving access to basic facts and fundamental information concerning particular countries or subjects. In the Nordic Africa Institute library’s link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet a selection of good links can be found under the headings links sorted by country or region and links sorted by subject. Exten- sive guides to many different categories of information sources are the publications Africa: A Guide to Reference Material (McIlwaine 2007) and African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Sources (Zell 2006). The latter is available as a printed publication and also accessible online at the libraries of the Nordic Africa Institute and Uppsala University, among others. The general Internet search services are also useful, especially when searching for specific factual information. More about this can be found in the chapter African information on the Internet. For older references, please see the previous edition of Studying Africa (Rylander 2005).

Country specific information Basic facts A good way to begin a search would be to look for brief and basic information on countries, concerned in general reference books such as Nationalencyklopedin or Encyclopaedia Britannica. These are generally available online at public libraries. In addition, World Factbook and Background Notes can be accessed free of charge on the Internet. The former, issued by the CIA, is updated annually, and is also available as a printed publication. Background Notes, produced by the U.S. Department of State, is updated regularly too. Brief and up-to-date country information on the Internet is also offered by Sida under Countries and regions, Danida’s Landefakta and the BBC’s Country Profiles, among others. Country information concentrating on specific problem areas can be found on the websites of various organisations, such as WHO for questions relating to health issues and UNICEF for questions concerning young people and children. Länder i fickformat is a series of small booklets issued by the Swedish Institute of International Affairs in Stockholm. Each booklet deals with one or two countries and briefly Searching for facts 17 discusses aspects such as their history, geography, politics, economics, people and culture. The series is also available as a database entitled Landguiden, and is generally accessible online at public libraries. Political Handbook of the World is a yearbook focusing on political conditions. In this volume, a short background, together with information about the government, constitution and political parties of all the world‘s nations, is given. Similar content specializing on Africa is presented in Political Handbook of Africa 2007. The wiki Electionworld and IFES’ ElectionGuide, available on the Internet, gives insight into political parties, elections and electoral systems, and parliaments of all the world‘s nations. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) gives in-depth information on political conditions, and on issues such as women‘s participation in political life. The Corporate Council on Africa in the USA issues an African yearbook. It is succinctly entitled Africa and contains descriptions of countries, inter alia. With its handy format and affordable price, it is also suitable for smaller libraries. The same applies to the Norwegian Council for Africa’s most useful yearbook, Afrika- årbok, which contains country profiles (only in Norwegian), amongst other information. Somewhat more detailed country information can be found in the Encyclo- pedia of the World’s Nations and Cultures, vol. 1–4 (Kurian 2007). Africa-specific encyclopedias also exist, with references to the various nations. New Encyclopedia of Africa, vol. 1–5 (2008), for instance, contains fairly detailed country descriptions, while Africa A-Z: Continental and Country Profiles (Esterhuysen 2008), in one volume, has country surveys and general overviews. The general overviews deal with subjects such as geography, demography, ethnography, history and economics of the continent as a whole. The book, with maps and tables of facts, can be recommended for public or school libraries. As far as printed reference works are concerned, it is always important to pay attention to the year of publication and to supplement this information, if necessary, with newer facts gathered, for example, from yearbooks or Internet sources.

Country descriptions Detailed country descriptions appear in yearbooks concentrating specifically on Africa. Incorporated in Africa South of the Sahara and The Middle East and North Africa, for instance, are country overviews and introductions to geography, contemporary history and economy. These works also incorporate statistical tables dealing with population, production, trade, national accounts, and more. Fi- nally, there is a section with information about the country’s constitution and government, its political parties and mass media, schools, transport, defence, and trade and industrial organisations. The development in North Africa can also be followed in L’Année du Maghreb, while various aspects of development in the area surrounding the great lakes in Central Africa are discussed in L’Afrique des grands lacs. Detailed information about South Africa can be obtained in the official South Africa Yearbook and in a summary version Pocket Guide to South 18 Marianne Andersson

Africa. These publications are available in printed format and online via the South African government’s website. Another type of yearbook is Africa Con- temporary Record, in which detailed country overviews take the form of accounts of the events and developments in all areas of society for those years represented by the respective volumes. This is a very solid and useful publication. Its release, however, is unfortunately subject to delay, making it necessary to look to others sources for recent developments. One such source is the Annual Register, which presents annual overviews of the developments in all countries of the world. In Country Reports, published on a monthly or quarterly basis by The Economist Intelligence Unit, an up-to-date overview is given, chiefly of the economy, but also of the political situation within the country. For more about the EIU, see the chapter Periodicals. In addition to these publications, the handbook series Historical Dictionaries of Africa provides comprehensive information on countries. These reference works tend to be fairly wide-ranging and therefore are not of interest solely to historians. Apart from historical events, entries have also been provided for ethnic groups, geographical names, persons, etc. For larger country studies in the form of monographs, please see the chapters The History of Africa and Politics, Economics and Society.

News watch The most up-to-date information available on a country is to be found in printed or online newspapers and periodicals. A selection of these is introduced in the chapter Periodicals. One example is EIU’s Country Reports, which are excellent for following the economic and political development in a country. Keesing’s record of world events (Keesing’s World News Archive, subscription required), based on daily newspapers and other news sources throughout the world, is a current record of the progress of events both internationally and in individual countries. A corresponding synopsis of development on the African continent can be found in Africa Research Bulletin, which consists of a political and an economic series. These are issued monthly and have a detailed annual index. Up-to-date information can also be sought via the Internet through news agencies, such as AllAfrica, Panapress, Afrol News and BBC News – Africa. Other news agencies and national media can be reached, for example, via the Nordic Africa Institute’s A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the headings links sorted by subject / News and media and links sorted by country or region.

Subject related information Reference works and yearbooks The New Encyclopedia of Africa, vol.1–5 (2008), was mentioned in the previous section on country information. It also contains articles on different subject areas, and has a well laid-out index. The Encyclopedia of African History, vol.1–3 Searching for facts 19

(Shillington 2005), covers the history of Africa from the earliest times until the present day, and presents in-depth historical analyses in a number of areas. The Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, vol. 1–5 (Page 2005), also includes the history of Africa from the earliest times, but most importantly, from the colonial era up to the present day. Africa: A Modern History (Arnold 2005) and Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa (Arnold 2008) are examples of handbooks that relate to the modern history of Africa. Dictionnaire de l’Afrique: histoire, civilisation, actualité (Nantet 2006), an encyclopedia in French, focuses on social sciences. A solid reference work on the African diaspora is the Encyclo- pedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences and Culture, vol.1–3 (2007). With an abundance of maps and illustrations, it can be recommended for public or school libraries. Further reference works focusing on history are discussed in the chapter The History of Africa. The yearbooks Africa South of the Sahara and The Middle East and North Africa begin with background articles on the political and economic development in the area, while Africa Contemporary Record opens with essays on topical questions. Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara includes facts about the political, social and economic development in Africa south of the Sahara. Each volume begins with some essays on current issues, followed by descriptions of countries and regions. A detailed analysis of economic and social developments in Africa and worldwide can be found in annual reports from distinguished international organisations. Examples of these are World Devel- opment Report (World Bank), Human Development Report (UN’s Development Programme – UNDP) and African Development Report (African Development Bank). Each annual report is devoted to a special topic, such as conflicts, climate change, sustainable development or poverty reduction. The last three organisations are also excellent sources for statistical information. Read more about this in the chapter titled Statistics.

Document texts Resolutions, treaties and other documents can be found in full text as appendices to books. Another important source of documents is Africa Contemporary Record, which has a section made up entirely of texts concerning international relations, constitutional development, and economic and social relationships. Af- rica Research Bulletin often reproduces complete or partial documentary texts. These publications follow constitutional developments in each country, with reproductions of statutory texts. Texts of documents are regularly featured in Keesing’s Record of World Events and the French language publication, Afrique contemporaine. Texts of the constitutions of African states can be found in Con- stitutiones Africae (Reyntjens 1988–2002) together with an analysis of the text and a description of the historical background of each country. Similar information can be found in the French work Les Constitutions africaines publiées en langue française (Gaudusson 1997–1998). The constitutions themselves, togeth- 20 Marianne Andersson er with their amendments, are published as supplements to the statute books that form part of the Nordic Africa Institute’s collection of official publications. Read more about this in the chapter titled Official Publications. Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, vol. 1–2 (Murray 2001– 2009) contains basic documents, resolutions, bulletins, reports, and more from the establishment of the commission in 1987 onwards.

Regional and international organisations The Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa (Mays & DeLancey 2002) covers regional and international organisations from the beginning of the 19th century until 2000. A list of acronyms, a chronology, and an extensive bibliography are included. Political Handbook of Africa 2007 gives detailed descriptions of the most important regional and international organisations acting in Africa. Peoples and Cultures of Africa: Nations and Personali- ties, presented below, has similar content but in a more concise format. Interna- tional Organizations: A Dictionary and Directory (Schiavone 2008) is a reference work that provides a comprehensive guide to international organisations. Since change is an ongoing process, these publications need to be constantly updated with supplementary data. In the yearbooks Africa South of the Sahara and The Middle East and North Africa, overviews are provided of UN and other international organisations’ presence in Africa, as well as of regional African organisations, trade and industrial organizations, and trade unions. Examples of Internet-based lists of organisations are The Directory of Development Organiza- tions: Africa focusing on development issues, OneWorld.net – Global Partner Da- tabase concerned with sustainable development, social justice and human rights. The Dimitra database contains profiles of organisations based in Africa and the Near East working with projects or activities on women in development. On its website, Columbia University Libraries’ have compiled a list of International Organizations on Africa. Links to organisations in Africa can be found in the Nordic Africa Institute’s A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the headings Research Institutes, Universities and Organisations.

Biographical information An African Biographical Dictionary (Brockman 2006) has more than 700 entries on current and historically famous persons within various areas of activity. The book Peoples and Cultures of Africa: Nations and Personalities (see below) contains a biographical section of well-known persons. Biographical main entries are also included in Historical Dictionaries of Af- rica and in some encyclopedias already mentioned. Information about people of topical interest can be found in, inter alia, Africa Research Bulletin and Afrique contemporaine. On its website, Columbia University Libraries have compiled the list African Biography on the Internet. Searching for facts 21

Ethnic groups and languages Literature in the areas of language and ethnography are not currently included in Studying Africa. In this section only a small selection of more recent handbooks dealing with this extensive area are mentioned. Ethnologue. Languages of the World is issued by Summer Institute of Linguistics in the USA, in continuously updated editions. It is available as a printed book and in a web version (the latest is the 16th edition 2010). Here, one can search for countries, particular languages or language groups, or alternative language names. The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, vol. 1–2 (Stokes 2009) has chapters that are presented in an easily accessible format with maps, tables of facts and illustrations, which makes it highly suitable for use at public or school libraries. Peoples and Cultures of Africa (Mitchell 2006), in 6 volumes, gives a broad introduction to Africa’s geography and culture. Five of the volumes deal with the respective regions, while one volume, titled Nations and Personalities, contains brief country surveys, and entries on well-known persons, as well as a list of regional, international and environmental organisations acting in Africa.

References Africa (annual). New Caanan: Business Books International for Corporate Council on Africa Africa South of the Sahara (annual). London: Europa Publications Africa Research Bulletin. Economic series (12 issues/year). Political series (12 issues/year). Exeter: Africa Research Ltd. Africa Contemporary Record (annual). London: Collins. Africa Yearbook. Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara Leiden: Brill African Development Report (annual). Abidjan: African Development Bank Afrique contemporaine (6 issues/year). Paris: La Documentation Française. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs. Paris: Harmattan L’Année du Maghreb (annual). Paris: Edition du CNRS. Annual Register (annual). Bethesda: Keesing’s Worldwide Arnold, Guy (2008) Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa. Lanham: Scarecrow Press Arnold, Guy (2005) Africa: A Modern History. London: Atlantic Books Brockman, Norbert C. (2006) An African Biographical Dictionary. New York: Grey House Pub. (2nd edition) EIU Country Reports (4 issues/year). London: Economist Intelligence Unit. Ethnologue. Languages of the World (2009). Dallas, Tex: Summer Institute of Linguistics. (16th edition.) Esterhuysen, Pieter (ed.) (2008) Africa A-Z: Continental and Country Profiles. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. (2nd edition) Gaudusson, Jean du Bois de (ed.) (1997–1998) Les Constitutions Africaines Publiées en Langue Française. 2 vol. Paris: La Documentation Française. 22 Marianne Andersson

Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press Human Development Report (annual). New York: United Nations Development Pro- gramme Keesing’s Record of World Events. London: Keesing’s Worldwide LLC. Kurian, George Thomas (2007) Encyclopedia of the World’s Nations and Cultures. 4 vol. New York: Facts on File Lye, Keith (ed.) (2002) Encyclopedia of African Nations and Civilizations. New York: Facts on File Länder i fickformat.Stockholm: Utrikespolitiska institutet. Mays, Terry M. & Mark W. DeLancey (2002) Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (2nd edition) McIlwaine, John (2007) Africa : A Guide to Reference Material. Lochcarron: Hans Zell. (2nd edition) The Middle East and North Africa (annual). London: Europa Publications Middleton, John & Joseph S. Miller (ed.) (2008) New Encyclopedia of Africa. 5 vol. Detroit: Thomson/Gale Mitchell, Peter (ed.) (2006) Peoples and Cultures of Africa. 6 vol. New York: Chelsea House Murray, Rachel (2001–2009) Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peo- ples’ Rights, Vol. 1–2. Oxford: Hart Nantet, Bernard (2006) Dictionnaire de l‘Afrique: Histoire, Civilisation, Actualité. Paris: Larousse Norwegian Council for Africa’s Afrika-årbok (annual). Oslo: Fellesrådet for Afrika Page, Willie F. (2005) Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. Vol. 1–5. New York: Facts on File Political Handbook of Africa 2007. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press Political Handbook of the World (annual). New York: McGraw-Hill Pocket Guide to South Africa (annual). Pretoria: Government Communication and Infor- mation System Reyntjens, Filip (ed.) (1988–1992) Constitutiones Africae, 4 vol. Brussels: Bruylant Rylander, Kristina (ed.) (2005) Studying Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Schiavone, Giuseppe (2008) International Organizations: A Dictionary and Directory. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (7th edition) Shillington, Kevin (2005) Encyclopedia of African History. Vol. 1–3. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn South Africa Yearbook (annual). Pretoria: Government Communication and Information System. Stokes, Jamie (ed.) (2009) Encyclopedia of Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 1–2. New York: Facts on File Wesselink, Bert (ed.) (2010) Directory of Development Organizations – Africa World Development Report (annual). Washington D.C.: World Bank. World Factbook (annual). Washington D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency Zell, Hans (ed.) (2006) The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Sources. Lochcarron: Hans Zell Publishing Consultants. (4th edition, printed and online) Searching for facts 23

Internet resources African Biography on the Internet http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/ afrbio.html African Development Report – http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/publications/african-development-report Afrol News – http://www.afrol.com/ AllAfrica – http://allafrica.com/ Background Notes – http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/ BBC News – Africa – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/africa/ Country Profiles (BBC) – http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm Countries & Regions http://www.sida.se/Engelska/Countries--regions ElectionGuide – http://www.electionguide.org/region.php?ID=1 Dimitra http://www.fao.org/dimitra/dimitra-database/en/ The Directory of Development Organizations – Africa – http://www.devdir.org/africa.htm Electionsworld – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Electionworld/Electionworld Ethnologue: Languages of the World – http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp A Guide to Africa on the Internet – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica Human Development Report – http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports International Organizations on Africa http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/ cuvl/IntlOrgs.html Inter-Parliamentary Union – http://www.ipu.org Landefakta – http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udenrigspolitik/Landefakta Landinformasjon – http://www.afrika.no/Landinformasjon OneWorld.net – http://archive.oneworld.net/section/partners Panapress – www.panapress.com Pocket Guide to South Africa – http://www.gcis.gov.za/resource_centre/sa_info/pocket- guide/index.html South Africa Yearbook – http://www.gcis.gov.za/resource_centre/sa_info/yearbook/index. html UNICEF – http://www.unicef.org WHO – http://www.who.int/en World Development Report – http://econ.worldbank.org/wdr World Factbook – http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html Africa Information on the Internet

Åsa Lund Moberg

The Internet is now the first step on the way to finding information, but it is also a complement to other sources. Today, there is an increasing amount of information produced locally in Africa, alongside material about Africa from international organisations, institutions and other sources outside the continent. There are also several publications available as full text, both in digital archives and also on ordinary web pages. Information services, portals and link collections supplied on the Internet from organisations and libraries focusing on Africa are in many cases a good starting point for finding structured information about Africa. Correctly used, major search services, such as Google, Google Scholar and Scirus can also sift out relevant material from the vast amount of information available on the Internet. Finding information on the Internet that is relevant, up-to-date and reliable is difficult. Just as with printed media, the sources need to be scrutinised. In addition to the usual questions “Who?” (originator), “Why?” (purpose), “When?” (currency), one should also, for sources on the Internet, ask the question “How?” How did one actually arrive at the source?

Search engines Search engines (such as Google) are characterised by the contents (words) of web pages being searched by machine and gathered together in a database. The robot that searches web pages finds its way via the links located on the web pages. When searching via a form, search words are matched against words in the database, which then point ahead to the web pages where the words were found. All search engines have help pages showing tips for how best to use the service. The greatest problem is the amount of hits that turn up. The answers are ranked according to where the words are to be found on the web page, and according to how many have linked to the page, among other criteria. The web pages where the words appear frequently, in the title, in the meta data of the web page (information about the web page title, author, publication date, subject, type of material, etc. shown in the html code) are shown at the top of the list. Likewise for those web pages that have links from many other web pages. However, there is a way of making the search more precise in order to avoid the large number of hits.

Google Question: What is education in Kenya like from a gender perspective? The search words “gender education Kenya” on Google produces around 12 million hits. The first hits on the list look good, but it is difficult to sift out links Africa Information on the Internet 25 that are useful. However, using the advanced search feature on Google, it is possible to limit the search in various ways. If it is locally produced material that is wanted, you can search for links to websites in Kenya under “Region”. It is also possible to limit the hits to links on websites with the address “.org”, which are often the websites of large international organisations (see below under evaluation of sources relating to addresses). It is also possible to try different file formats in advanced searching. By limiting a search to links in pdf format, it is possible to pick out information that gives a more detailed answer to the question. Reports that are already published in print are often published in pdf format. Tip: Choose further search words based on the links that appear in order to target relevant material. Example: Add the word “statistics” to produce links to statistics, add “girls” for links to material about primary and lower secondary schools and “higher education” for links to material about universities. Add the file format “.xls.” for searches for statistics and the hit list will then contain Excel sheets with statistics. Change “.org” for “.ke” in the domain field to find information published in Kenya, or change it for “.gov” and up comes information from American public authorities. However, see below under evaluation of sources relating to addresses. You can also try to change the order of the words “Kenya gender education” in order to find different focus points. The hit list is sorted in accordance to the order of the search words.

Google Scholar Google Scholar is aimed at academic material published both for free online and in licensed databases. Much of what is felt to be irrelevant when searching on Google is filtered out. Students and researchers at Nordic universities often have direct access to the complete text, as several university libraries have linked their paid resources to Google Scholar. However, it is very unclear how much material published in Africa is included on Google Scholar. They provide hardly any information about what is indexed in the service.

Scirus Scirus has the same aim as Google Scholar, but is clearer about where the material comes from. As well as having good search facilities, it also has various options for limiting the search according to subject and year. The major weaknesses of search engines is that they are based on robots that collect links via other links, and that they never cover the whole of the Internet. A robot visits websites with varying frequency. The websites of large organisations and websites that are very dynamic, such as news agencies, are visited more often than more peripheral websites. In Google’s database, there are links both to websites that are visited daily by the robot and to websites that it visits perhaps only once every six months. This means you must always ask yourself if what you are looking for is actually available in the search engine’s database. As 26 Åsa Lund Moberg much of what is published on the Internet is focused on the USA or the west/ north, and the search robots gather links via links, you should also ask yourself how well represented locally produced information from Africa is via search engines. There are investigations that show that there is a skewed distribution in favour of the west/north in search engines. It may be worth trying various search engines, as they differ more than one would think in terms of content. The core of search engines’ databases with links to well-known, large websites is the same, but those parts of the databases that include links to smaller websites or individual web pages differ significantly. In- vestigations have shown that when searching narrow concepts using eight large search engines, more than half the total number of links was found by only one search engine. In order to find different search engines, search for “search engines” on Google, and links with alternatives will be shown. The answers from the search engines are never better than the content of the database, or the question asked. Search engines work best if you search for unique concepts or words, and least well if a very broad, general question is asked. In this case, it is better to use a link collection.

Link collections One portal for Africa information is the link collections that are held on the websites of libraries and organisations focusing on Africa. Another way of finding relevant link collections or links is to ask the question “Who would bother?” For example, if you want to find out about investments in a country, you can probably find links on the website of the Swedish Trade Council. The advantage of using a link collection is that it usually consists of links that have been checked for quality. When using this, do remember that while there is a quality guarantee, the selection of links is directed by the editor’s knowledge about the subject and also by the resources for keeping the link collection updated. The selection criteria also vary between different websites, and sometimes there is no account of these.

Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa ilissAfrica A portal with entries to Internet resources and library catalogues provided by the Africa Department of the University Library Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt and GIGA Information Centre Africa Library in Hamburg. The links are arranged according to regions, countries, organisations and subjects with a search function.

A Guide to Africa on the Internet The Nordic Africa Institute’s library has developed the guide to meet the need for quality-checked and structured sources of information and databases. The content is aimed at research and many of the links are guides in turn for each Africa Information on the Internet 27 subject area, where some have a broader focus than just research. The division into subject guides and country guides is an attempt to capture the various types of questions the users have. There are around 1100 links, with annotations in English, which cover the following subject areas among others: Country-specific information sources, Subject-specific information sources, Libraries and databases, Periodicals, News agencies and news dissemination, Ra- dio and television, Research institutes, universities and organisations, Internet portals in Africa, Other collections of information sources about Africa.

Africa South of the Sahara. Selected Internet Resources A selection of Internet sources made by Karen Fung at the Africa Collection, Hoover Library, Stanford University for the Electronic Technology Group of the African Studies Association in the USA. The links are arranged according to regions, countries and subjects with a search function.

African Studies Internet Resources A summary of bibliographic sources and research material about Africa, created by the African Studies Department of Columbia University Libraries, USA. The links are arranged according to regions, countries, organisations and subjects with a search function. The selection is aimed at research and also includes links to complete text documents.

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet A link collection compiled by Peter Limb of the Africana Library at Michi- gan State University, USA. This also includes links to email lists and discussion groups. The links are arranged according to subjects with a search function.

Open Directory: Africa A general link collection with links arranged according to country with a search function. The link collection is compiled by volunteers.

Evaluation of sources Just as with printed sources, sources on the Internet need to be evaluated. In the first instance, there are four questions that should be asked: Who? Why? When? How? A brief review of these follows below. The review is not at all complete, but should rather be seen as a suggestion for questions to ask when assessing the source, and as a complement to the usual questions asked when evaluating printed sources. There are many good reviews of how to assess Internet sources on the websites of libraries, see the end of the text for references. 28 Åsa Lund Moberg

Who? Who is the originator? What authority does he/she/the organisation have? Is there any information about him/her/it? Publishing on the Internet is both easy and inexpensive. Quality controls, such as editors and subject specialists in publishing houses do not exist. Finan- cial resources are not an obstacle. Information from large, established knowledge organisations sits side by side with information from private individuals and organisations with both honourable and obscure purposes. Knowledge about who is behind a website on the Internet is needed in order to evaluate the reliability and authority of the source.

Address Where is the website published? The address of the web page, the URL (Universal Resource Locator) is con- structed according to the model how://where/what. The address http://www. nai.uu.se/press/articles/ecas-keynote-speaker-issa/ can be divided up according to the pattern below. “Http” shows that the document is transported using hyper text transfer pro- tocol over the Internet, “www” that it is a world wide web document, “nai.uu” is the name of the server (sub domain) and “.se” stands for Sweden (top domain). “/press/” and /”articles”/ states in which catalogue on the server the web page is held and “ ecas-keynote-speaker-issa/ “ is the name of the web page itself. By being able to read the top domain codes, you can usually see which country the web page is published in, or the type of organisation holding the web page. Often, the code gives an indication of whether the originator comes from a large organisation or a larger context. However, some country codes and certain generic codes (“com”, “org”, “net”) can be bought. Among them is the country code “.nu”, from Niue Island, which is popular in Scandinavia. If the information on the web page does not appear to correspond to the address, you should ask yourself how reliable the source is, such as a statement from Amnesty International about human rights in a country found on a page where the address ends in “.com” or “.net”. Links to list of top domains, both country codes and generic codes, can be found if you search the word “top domains” using the search engine Google. On the Internet there are also services where you can search for those who register an address to a website. This often includes address and other information. Links to these can be found via Google if you search for “whois”. Using this part of evaluation of sources for information produced locally in Africa causes problems. The infrastructure is built up to differing extents in different parts of the continent, which means that the assumption that the websites of major institutions and governments have a country code as the top domain code and are located on a local web server is not always correct. The electricity supply Africa Information on the Internet 29 is unstable in some countries. Local connections may be lacking between cities, and also between neighbouring countries. In order to provide a website that is constantly available, even major institutions choose to place their material on a commercial server outside Africa. The availability of space on a local web server may be limited, and while the price for the same may be relatively high locally, there is available web space for free or cheaply in both the USA and Europe. For instance, the official website of Togo www.republicoftogo.com/ is registered at an address in the USA.

Contact Can you contact the originator? Is there an email address? Is the email address an established institution? Is the email address located on the same server as the web page? Is there a postal address, telephone number? Are the authors actually associated with the institution or organisation they state? Sometimes there is no information on the web page about who is behind the information, in particular if the page is located deep down on a website. By cut- ting down an address section by section to a web page, you can move up the website and see whether there is information further up in the hierarchy. Exam- ples: http://www.nbebank.com/pdf/annualbulletin/Annual%20Report%202005_06/ Energy%20Production.pdf On the web page itself, there is a document in pdf format. There is no link to the originator. By removing the entire string after “.com”, you get to the website itself, which turns out to be produced by the Ethiopian national bank. If an email address is shown with another server address, you can try to get to the server in accordance with the analogy [email protected], i.e. by changing the names before “@” to “www”. Many institutions and organisations have personnel lists on their website where it is possible to confirm a person’s association with the same. When it comes to contact information on locally produced pages in Africa that refer to free providers of email services, this is not in itself an indication that the information is not reliable, or that the person is not an established authority within his or her subject. The price of both local email services and of space on web servers may be high, and an established free email service abroad may be more stable than a service from a local company that may not be operating in a few years. The problem with servers going down due to lack of electricity supply is also a reality. Many institutions in the public authority sector and the educational sector in African countries also do not have the same access to computer resources as do similar institutions in Europe and the USA. Being able to determine whether a person is associated with an established institution through his or her email address is therefore uncertain. If the originator claims to be a researcher or to be associated with academia, this information can be confirmed via library catalogues or in databases. For example, Library of Congress has a large collection of published academic material from Africa. Africa Journals Online is a platform for 30 Åsa Lund Moberg almost 400 academic journals published in Africa, which also offer opportunities for searching authors.

Why? Is it advertisement, propaganda or fact? In order to evaluate a web page, you must place it into context. Sometimes the purpose of the publication is clear, sometimes it is difficult to determine what is fact and what is opinion. Just as some publish in order to inform, others publish in order to disinform. Just as important as what is mentioned on the web page is perhaps what is not mentioned. When using the websites of international organisations, for example, you should be clear about what is on their agenda. Organisations concerned with human rights do not always bring up positive sides of a country and official websites published in a country may perhaps be aimed at attracting investors, and therefore do not publish negative information. A conflict may be described in right–left terms by a local party, while the same conflict is described in ethnic terms by another party, all depending on ideological background and interests. Subjective information on the Internet is in itself an important source, if it can be evaluated on the basis of why it is published. It is also important to remember the context in which the web page is published. The view of the world around us varies, not just from a north–south perspective, but also between other poles such as Europe and the USA, which are normally regarded as having the same view of the world.

When? Is the web page dated? How often is the information updated? Is it of importance whether the information is old or new? How frequently the information on a web page is updated can be an indication of the amount of resources the organisation/originator has. If it is a current subject that is discussed, old information can be misleading.

How? How did the inquirer arrive at that particular site? What other websites link to the web page, and to what websites does the web page have links? By following how a web page is linked on the Internet, you can get an indication of how reliable the source is. If the website has a link from an established source, this in itself is a quality indicator. Many search services, such as Google, have a search function where you can see who has a link to a web page. With Google, you use the search string link:web page address in order to find those who have links to the web page. Example: link:www.nai.uu.se Just as interesting as finding out who has links to a web page is to see what links are located on the web page itself. If a current or controversial subject is Africa Information on the Internet 31 being dealt with, and there are no links to established sources within the same subject area, you should ask yourself why. A web page that has links both to and from bona fide sources must be regarded as more reliable than a web page that lacks these.

Comparing sources The multitude of sources on the Internet is an asset, but the amount of information also makes it difficult to determine what information is correct. There is contradictory information about nearly everything. It is important to compare information from several sources. However, having confirmed a piece of information from two sources does not necessarily mean it is correct. The originators may have used the same primary source for their information. Check the extent to which the information agrees. Are there any long quotes that have the same wording? Do the figures correspond down the last decimal? If the statistical values are far from each other, this does not mean that one source is incorrect, as the definitions used in the calculations may have been different. It is also important to find out the resources behind the information and the form of the primary source. For example, is it a question of estimates or statistical calculations? If the source was originally printed and later published electronically, you must take into account both that all scanned text-interpreted material always has a percentage error, and also that it is not always the case that the printed version corresponds to the electronic one. Some picture material and appendices are also left out in electronic publications. This applies also to material that originates from established organisations. For example, the Swed- ish parliament, the Riksdag, has information on its website that the electronic version of the Swedish Code of Statutes may lack appendices.

Lost sources A great problem with the dynamic Internet is that many web pages disappear after a while, or are moved within the website. Many countries are working on long-term storage of material published on the Internet, but even more countries do not. This applies in particular to material from the south. Much of the so- called grey material that was previously published in printed form, for example brochures, minor reports and conference materials, is today often published as individual web pages, sometimes far down on the websites. With the help of projects such as Internet Archive, it is possible to locate these documents if the address to the website is there. Just as in the case of search engines, Internet Archive has an emphasis on the north/west in the archive, because the material is gathered using search robots. 32 Åsa Lund Moberg

References Gidlöf, Håkan, 2001, “Africa-related information resources”, Information Development vol. 17: 2, pp. 115–116. LaFond , Deborah M. and Walsh, Gretchen, editors (2004) Research, reference service, and resources for the study of Africa. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press Leth, Göran and Thurén Torsten (2000). Källkritik för Internet. [Also electronic] Stock- holm: Styrelsen för psykologiskt försvar. Available from:

Internet resources Most websites or search services mentioned in the text can be found on the Nordic Africa Institute’s website www.nai.uu.se in the link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet. Many university and college libraries have summaries on their websites about evaluation of sources on the Internet. Search “evaluate Internet sources” using Google, and you will get good hits.

Africa Internet Usage and Population Statistics – http://www.internetworldstats.com/ stats1.htm A Guide to Africa on the Internet – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica/ Africa Journals Online – www.ajol.info Africa South of the Sahara. Selected Internet Resources – http://www-sul.stanford.edu/ depts/ssrg/africa/guide.html African Studies Internet Resources – http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/ An A–Z of African Studies on the Internet – http://staff.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az.html Google – http://www.google.com Google Scholar – http://scholar.google.se/ Internet Archive – www.internetarchive.org Open Directory : Africa – http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/ Scirus – http://www.scirus.com/ Periodicals

Birgitte Jansen

Introduction The Nordic Africa Institute’s library currently has more than 1500 periodical publications, of which approximately 400 are active. All periodicals focus on Africa, primarily within the subject areas of social sciences, politics, development issues and humanities. The library’s website has a current alphabetical list of all periodicals. The periodicals collection consists of newspapers, journals, regular report series and yearbooks in both printed and electronic format, all of which are searchable in the library catalogue AfricaLit. In AfricaLit’s article catalogue you can also find more than 7 000 selected articles and special issues from important scientific periodicals, primarily from the years 1990–2000, plus a small number for 2001 and onwards. Remote users can order copies of articles on a special order form and have them sent by post. There is a big range of electronic periodicals in full text in various databases, which are wholly or partly focused on Africa, and they are available via the Nordic Africa Institute’s website under the heading Elec- tronic Periodicals and Articles. The Nordic Africa Institute’s periodicals collection, which has been built up since the early 1960s, is a unique resource for research into Africa’s political development and history. The collection consists of both well-established western academic periodicals and academic periodicals published in Africa. During the last decade, development within periodicals publishing has been very rapid, and a ‘periodicals collection’ is today not the same thing as just a few years ago. Today, the concept of a ‘periodicals collection’ stretches far beyond the limits of the individual library. The number of so-called open access periodicals, i.e. periodicals that are freely available on the Internet, is increasing continuously. Many organisations that previously published printed publications now choose to publish their periodicals and newsletters in electronic format on their websites, and to send them out by email. It is important to select and make these visible as well. Selected report series published in full text by mainly Nordic institutions and organisations can be searched and downloaded from E-AfricaLit. In this chapter, I have chosen to present a selection of periodicals that I would like to highlight. I have also selected periodicals within specific areas, which are currently particularly relevant within Africa research. The majority of these are available from the Nordic Africa Institute’s library. The periodicals that are freely available on the Internet are marked ‘(OA)’. 34 Birgitte Jansen

News services Newspapers Today, it is no longer enough for news dissemination to be current for the day; instead, as soon as an item of news occurs it must be available ‘here and now’. Be- cause of this, the value of printed newspapers has fallen and been replaced by news reporting on the Internet. However, if it should be necessary to find information about the newspapers being published in a specific African country, you can find the most important national newspapers with address and contact information in the handbooks Africa South of Sahara and Middle East and North Africa. There is a large range of free African newspapers and other news reporting in full text from most African countries. Links to African newspapers can be found in A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the heading ‘News and Media’ under each country/region and among the subject links. Another compilation of African electronic newspapers is Electronic Newspapers of Africa, at Columbia University Libraries A newspaper that can be warmly recommended and that is of a high standard is Mail & Guardian online (OA), published in South Africa. Their news coverage does not only cover southern Africa, but the entire African continent. Another important news channel is IRIN – Integrated Regional Information Network, Humanitarian News and Analysis (OA), which is published by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN monitors the entire African continent and publish daily reports and news with analysis from all regions and countries in Africa. There are weekly summaries about urgent subject areas, such as conflicts, which are described in more detailed reports with links. You can subscribe to IRIN via email free of charge.

Periodicals When it comes to periodicals with news coverage, Africa Confidential has held a singular position over the last 50 years, and has reported news about developments within politics, economics and security issues from the entirety of the African continent. They also identify and illuminate upcoming issues and trends within politics, often before they are noticed by other media. Africa Research Bulletin, which consists of two subsidiary series, Economic, Financial and Technical Series and Political, Social and Cultural Series, have reported on developments within politics, economy, infrastructure, security, social development, culture and international relations since 1964. Each yearly edition has a register, which means that the entire yearly edition is also useful as a reference book. Africa-Asia Confidential is a periodical that started in 2007, and it focuses on relations between Asia and Africa, and Asia’s growing influence over politics and economy on the African continent. New Africa Analysis is an independent news magazine that monitors all important events on the African continent. Periodicals 35

Indian Ocean Newsletter was founded in 1984 and reports political and economic news from the Horn of Africa, eastern Africa, parts of southern Africa and the islands in the Indian Ocean. In French, there is Jeune Afrique: Hebdomadaire International Independént, which covers all of Africa, although the emphasis is on the French-speaking countries. Of the bigger news magazines published in London, two should be mentioned: New African and Focus on Africa: BBC Magazine

Development and aid issues Among the leading international periodicals focusing on development and aid issues, the following, which provide continuous and solid monitoring of the African continent, can be recommended: Development and Change, Development in Practice, which concentrates on analysis of practical implementation of research within development issues and humanitarian areas. European Journal of Development Research, which often publishes special issues within areas of current interest. Forum for Development Studies: the Nordic journal for development research. Journal of International Development. World Development: the Multi-Disciplinary International Journal Devoted to the Study and Promotion to World Development.

The above periodicals are all very broad and multidisciplinary within politics, economy, sociology and anthropology. They focus on living conditions, the fight against poverty, environmental issues, indebtedness, equality, ethnic discrimination, conflicts, and so on.

When it comes to Africa-specific periodicals, the following can be recommended. Africanus: This is a journal of development studies that brings up development issues in the third world and in particular South Africa. African Development Review, which is published on behalf of the African Devel- opment Bank. It is aimed at scrutinising and analysing development policy in Africa, and focuses on the policy relevance of research results. Development Southern Africa: journal of the Development Bank Southern Africa.

Political and economic development The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) holds a special position as one of the world’s best providers of in-depth articles and analysis of the political and economic situation in all the countries in the world. Their target groups are primarily researchers, decision-makers and the world of commerce. 36 Birgitte Jansen

Their Country Reports are published quarterly or monthly, with reports from every African country. The Reports describe the political and economic situation during the latest quarter. They provide economic statistics for imports, exports, inflation, prices, foreign investments, etc. and forecasts of important political and economic changes during the next two years. As a complement or alternative to the Country Reports, ViewsWire – Africa / Middle East, can be recommended, providing daily analysis and forecasts from the entire African continent. Another periodical focusing on the economy is African Business, which is published monthly and monitors the latest developments within economy, business and industry. Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterranéens concentrates mainly on French-speaking Africa, and also publishes in-depth Dossiers within various subject areas of current interest or country analyses.

Human rights African Human Rights Law Journal (OA) is published by the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, and focuses on human rights and related subject areas within the entire African continent. The International Journal of Transitional Justice is an academic periodical that publishes articles focusing on countries that are in a transitional process towards democracy after conflicts or genocide. Subjects dealt with are truth commission, reconciliation processes, democratisation process, witnessing and readjustment. Human Rights Watch – Reports (OA) publishes approximately 100 reports annually on crimes against human rights in around 90 countries, among them countries in Africa. The reports can be downloaded free of charge in their entirety from Human Rights Watch’s website.

Academic journals The highest ranking and internationally recognised Africa-specific journals are mainly published in Europe, South Africa and USA. In terms of indexed articles in western international periodicals, African researchers are extremely poorly represented, and amount to only 0.7% (Ngobeni 2010:187). The well-known author Chinua Achebe disliked that the market was domi- nated by foreign publishers, and stated the following: “We have got to the point where our literature must grow out of the social dynamics of Africa …” “Writ- ers, especially established writers, have a responsibility to support an indigenous publisher who displays the necessary qualities of intellect, creativity and organization ...” (Ngobeni 2010:54). Many less well-known academic journals that were or are published at African universities are often of high quality, and should definitely not be underrated, Periodicals 37 as they reflect the research that is being carried out on the African continent. However, for decades, the academic journals published in Africa have been wres- tling with great difficulties, such as lack of money and resources, and in some countries lack of academic freedom. Likewise, marketing of these journals has been non-existent. They therefore remained invisible and impossible to find for anyone interested. This resulted in irregular publishing, and despite great will- ingness, publishing usually ceased after a couple of issues. Since around year 2000, new technology has entailed a great turn-around, and successful initiatives to promote and make visible academic journals published in Africa have been made. One of the most successful initiatives is African Journals OnLine (AJOL), which, with the help of development support, was established in 1998 by INASP (International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications). During the last decade, AJOL has constantly grown and today contains around 400 quality-controlled periodicals from 29 countries, and the number of periodicals is growing steadily. AJOL gives access to more than 40 000 searchable table of contents with abstracts. After having set up an account, it is possible to download articles direct in pdf form against payment. However, 100 periodicals in AJOL are freely available open access periodicals. Another project is African E-journals Project (OA) at Michigan State Univer- sity, African Studies Centre. The database consists of a full text archive, with 11 academic journals published in Africa. There is also African Journals Directory, which is a list of more than 1 900 periodicals about Africa with links to searchable lists of contents, abstracts and sometimes articles in full text. Sabinet in South Africa, which has for many years been working to make electronic resources available to libraries in southern Africa, provides the database Sabinet – Open Access Journals Collection. It is still under construction, and currently the database contains around 50 titles. IlissAfrica is a German portal with electronic resources focused on Africa south of the Sahara. It includes Electronic Journals Library, which is an A-Z list with 610 electronic academic periodicals, of which many are freely available. Another important database with periodicals in full text freely available on the Internet is DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals. The database has a considerable number of periodicals focused on Africa, and it is possible to search DOAJ at article level.

Among the multi-disciplinary periodicals of high academic status, the following can be recommended: Africa: Journal of the International African Institute focusing on humanities, social sciences and environment. Africa Development / Afrique et Développement, which is a bilingual periodical focusing on social sciences. (OA) Africa Today is one of the leading periodicals within politics, economics and social sciences. 38 Birgitte Jansen

African Affairs, which is published on behalf of Royal African Society, publishes articles about the latest political, social and economic development in countries south of the Sahara. African Studies Quarterly (OA). This is published only in full text with articles about social sciences, politics and history. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. Regional forum with reflective and reasoning analysis within economics, politics, social sciences and development. Journal of Modern African Studies with emphasis on current issues within politics, economy, society and international relations. Journal of North African Studies with focus on the countries north of the Sahara, brings up subjects such as history, sociology, anthropology and economics. Journal of Southern African Studies publishes articles about current issues within social sciences and humanities in the countries in southern Africa. Politikon: South African journal of political studies, focuses mainly on South African politics since the transfer from apartheid to democracy, women and politics, questions of identity and much more. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) provides radical analysis of trends, current issues and social processes in Africa.

Among the more subject-specific periodicals, the following can be recommended: African Identities. Journal of economics, culture and society. African Journal of Aids Research the purpose of which is to contribute to the understanding of the social consequences of HIV/AIDS in Africa. It publishes articles within sociology, demography, epidemiology, social geography, economics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, education and social work. African Journal on Conflict Resolution. Focuses on conflict handling. (OA) African Population Studies. Freely available periodical focusing on population studies. (OA) African Security. New periodical focusing on conflicts and security issues within and between countries on the African continent. African Security Review. Published by the Institute for Security Studies in South Africa. It contains articles about human security in a very broad perspective, such as criminality, justice and corruption, weapons control, peace initiatives and conflict handling. Gender and Behaviour, published by the Department of Psychology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It focuses on gender issues from a psychological and behavioural science point of view. Journal of African Cinemas. Completely new periodical focusing on African film. Journal of African Cultural Studies is a forum for African culture both within and outside Africa Journal of African History publishes articles covering everything from the Stone Periodicals 39

Age up to our own time. In recent years, greater focus has been paid to economic, cultural and social history, and subject areas such as gender roles, demography, health, propaganda, labour history and similar have been highlighted. Journal of African Law. The leading periodical within its area, focusing on Africa south of the Sahara. The periodical has a separate section that deals with new legislation, case studies, proposals for new laws and the latest international developments that affect Africa. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/Aids, S.A.H.A.R.A. (OA) Nordic Journal of African Studies. Publishes mainly articles about African linguistics, literature and culture. (OA) Research in African Literatures. The leading periodical within African literature.

Older newspapers and periodicals on microfilm, in digital or printed form That which is news today becomes an important source of information in the longer term in research into the history of modern Africa. The sources that historians have at their disposal are often limited, because archives with important documentation are not available for various reasons. This is often due to a lack of any archive to take care of documentation, such as official documents, to them being destroyed in wars or being subjected to moisture and insect infestation, and therefore being in very poor condition. This means that non-academic sources, such as old newspapers, news magazines and old news broadcasts on the radio with eyewitness reports and interviews are very valuable materials (Ellis, 2002). However, one must be careful and assess the reliability of this type of material very carefully, as many newspapers have been the mouthpieces of regimes that limit the freedom of speech. The Nordic Africa Institute has a collection consisting of around 90 old newspapers, which can be searched in AfricaLit. The collection consists of newspapers that are unique, that is to say they only exist at the Nordic Africa Institute, and nor are they available on microfilm from the project below, for example. CAMP – Cooperative Africana Microfilm Project at the Centre for Research Li- braries in Chicago is a world-wide collaborative project the aim of which is to collect and microfilm unique material. An important part of the project since its start in 1963 has been to collect and microfilm African daily newspapers. Microfilmed African newspapers can be searched for in AFRINUL – African Newspaper Union List. There is also a current list of all of CAMP’s microfilmed titles. As a member of CAMP, the Nordic Africa Institute’s library can order in microfilmed African newspapers via remove lending for research purposes. Another example of a successful project is The DISA Project – Digital Imaging Project of South Africa – which is a national project the purpose of which is to collect and make available South African material documenting the liberation 40 Birgitte Jansen and anti-apartheid movements during the period from 1950 up until the first free election in 1994. The main part of the documentation in DISA was illegal during the apartheid period. For this reason, periodicals and booklets from many libraries around the world have been collected, among them items from the Nordic Africa Institute’s library. 56 periodicals have been digitalized and been made available on the Internet. Summary of World Broadcasts (BBC) – SWB, Middle East and Africa and Latin America contains summaries of BBC’s foreign radio broadcasts during the years 1939–1997.They have been compiled by the Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The Nordic Africa Institute has SWB for the period 1964–1997, and they can be ordered up and used in the library’s reading room.

References The web addresses are for the publisher’s/periodical’s website with information about the periodical and its subject area, subscriptions and prices. The year is the periodicals starting year.

Ellis, Stephen (2002) “Writing Histories of Contemporary Africa”. The Journal of Afri- can History, vol. 43:1, pp. 1–26. [Electronic] Available from: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/4100424 Ngobeni, Solani (ed.) (2010) Scholarly Publishing in Africa: Opportunities & Impediments. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. London, 1928– http://www.interna- tionalafricaninstitute.org/journal.html Africa Confidential. London: Miramoor Publications, 1960– http://www.africa-confidential.com/news Africa Development. A Quarterly Journal of the Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research in Africa = Afrique et Développement. Une Revue Trimestrielle du Conseil pour le Développement de la Recherche Economique et Sociale en Afrique. Dakar: CODESRIA, 1976– http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?rubrique39 (OA) Africa Research Bulletin. Economic, Financial and Technical Series. Exeter: Africa Research Ltd., 1965– http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0001-9852&site=1 Africa Research Bulletin. Political, Social and Cultural Series. Exeter: Africa Research Ltd., 1965– http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-825X Africa South of Sahara. London: Europa Publications, 1971– http://www.taylorandfrancis. com/books/details/9781857435641/ Africa Today. Denver, Colo.: Africa Today Ass., 1954– http://inscribe.iupress.org/loi/aft Africa-Asia confidential. London: Asempa Ltd., 2007– http://www.africa-asia-confidential. com/ African Affairs. Journal of the Royal African Society. London: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1945–http:// afraf.oxfordjournals.org/ Periodicals 41

African Business. London: IC Magazines, 1978– http://www.africasia.com/africanbusi- ness/ African Development Review. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1989ñ http://www.wiley.com/bw/ journal.asp?ref=1017-6772&site=1 African Human Rights Law Journal. Claremont (South Africa): Juta Law, 2001– http:// www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/publications/ahrlj.html African Identities: Journal of Economics, Culture and Society. Abingdon: Carfax Publishing, 2003– http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14725843.asp African Journal on Conflict Resolution. Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa: ACCORD, 1999– http://www.accord.org.za/publications/ajcr.html (OA) African Journal of AIDS Research. Grahamstown, South Africa: NISC 2002– http://www. nisc.co.za/journals?id=1 African Population Studies [Online]. Dakar: Union for African Population Studies, 1994– http://www.uaps-uepa.org/aps.php (OA) African Security. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2008– http://www. tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/19392206.asp African Security Review. Halfway House: Institute for Security Studies, 1992– http://www. iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=61 African Studies Quarterly. The Online Journal for African Studies. Gainesville, Fl., Center for African Studies, 1997– http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/index.htm (OA) Africanus. Journal of Development Studies. Pretoria: Unisa, 1971– http://www.unisa.ac.za/ Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=20113 Country Report – EIU, Economist Intelligence Unit. London: EIU, 1986– http://countrya- nalysis.eiu.com/country_reports.html Development and Change. Published on Behalf of the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. Oxford: Blackwell, 1969– http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0012-155X Development Southern Africa. Journal of the Development Bank Southern Africa. Sandton, 1984– http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/0376835x.asp European Journal of Development Research. London: Cass, 1989– http://www.palgrave- journals.com/ejdr/index.html Focus on Africa magazine (BBC). London: BBC, 1990– http://www.bbc.co.uk/focusonaf- ricamagazine/ Forum for Development Studies : The Nordic Journal for Development Research. London: Routledge, 1992– http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/sfds Gender and Behaviour. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Ife Centre for Psychological Studies 2003– http://ajol. info/index.php/gab/index Human Rights Watch – Reports. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1994– http://www. hrw.org/en/publications/reports (OA) Indian Ocean Newsletter. Paris: Indigo Publ., 1981– http://www.africaintelligence.com/ ION/ International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007– http:// ijtj.oxfordjournals.org/ Jeune Afrique: Hebdomadaire International Independént,. Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1961– http:// www.jeuneafrique.com/ 42 Birgitte Jansen

Journal of African Cinemas: Bristol: Intellect, 2009– http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/ toc/jac/2/1 Journal of African Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 1998– http://www.tandf.co.uk/ journals/cjac Journal of African History. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1960– http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=AFH Journal of African Law. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London, 1957– http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JAL Journal of International Development. Oxford: Development Studies Association, 1988– http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1328 Journal of Modern African Studies. A Quarterly Survey of Politics, Economics & Related Top- ics in Contemporary Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1963– http://journals. cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=MOA Journal of North African Studies. London: Routledge, 1996– http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/13629387.asp Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS. Port Elisabeth, S.A.H.A.R.A, 2004– (OA) http:// www.sahara.org.za/component/docman/cat_view/68-journal-issues.html Journal of Southern African Studies. London: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1974– http://www.tandf. co.uk/journals/carfax/03057070.html Mail & Guardian Online. Johannesburg: M&G Media, 1995– http://www.mg.co.za/ Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterranéens. L’Hebdomadaire de l’Afrique et de l’Ocean Indien. Par- is: Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens, 1958– http://www.mtm-news.com/homepub Middle East and North Africa London: Europa Publications, 1964– http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9781857435689/ New Africa Analysis. West Drayton: New Africa Analysis Ltd, 2009– http://newafricaanaly- sis.co.uk/ New African. London: IC Magazines, 1978– http://www.africasia.com/newafrican/ Nordic Journal of African Studies. Helsinki: Nordic Association of African Studies, 1992– http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/ (OA) Politikon. Pretoria: Political Science Association of South Africa, 1974– http://www.tandf. co.uk/journals/titles/02589346.asp Research in African Literatures. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1970– http:// muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/ Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE). Sheffield: ROAPE, 1974– http://www. roape.org/ Summary of World Broadcasts (BBC), 1939–1997 ViewsWire – Africa / Middle East London: EIU, 1996– http://viewswire.eiu.com/index. asp?layout=VWRegionVW3®ion_id=430000443 World development. The Multidisciplinary International Journal Devoted to the Study and Promotion of World Development. Oxford: Pergamon, 1973– http://www.elsevier.com/ wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/386/description#description Databases African E-journals Project – http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AEJP/index.php African Journals Directory – http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AEJP/directory.php African Journals OnLine (AJOL) – http://ajol.info/ Periodicals 43

AFRINUL – African Newspaper Union List – http://www.crl.edu/grn/afrinul/search DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals – http://www.doaj.org/ Electronic Journals Library – EZB (IlissAfrica) ñ http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/ezb/ezb. html IRIN – Integrated Regional Information Network, humanitarian news and analysis ñ http://www.irinnews.org/irin-africa.aspx Sabinet – Open Access Journals Collection – http://www.sabinet.co.za/

Other web resources AfricaLit (Nordic Africa Institute’s library catalogue) – http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/ CAMP – Cooperative Africana Microfilm Project –http://www.crl.edu/area-studies/cam p The DISA Project – Digital Imaging Project of South Africa –http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za / E-AfricaLit – http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/-/?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=e- africalit Electronic Newspapers of Africa – http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/ newspapers.html A Guide to Africa on the Internet – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica/ IlissAfrica ñ Internet library Sub-Saharan Africa ñ http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/ Nordic Africa Institute – http://www.nai.uu.se/ Nordic Africa Institute library. Periodicals – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/journals Statistics

Katarina Hjortsäter

Statistics consist of numerical information that describes a phenomenon or an activity. Using statistical information, you can gain insight into society and how it is managed. Statistical data are important, both as a component in publications and as the basis for studies and research. Statistics describing, for example, population, education, occupation, salaries, prices, interest rates, exports, imports, production, health and housing reflect a country’s social and economic conditions. Today, these can be accessed in both printed and electronic form, and they are usually classified into two groups, national and international statistics, based on the sources of the information.

Finding statistics National statistics National statistics means statistical data collected from national sources. This is information that is produced by state authorities with responsibility for statistics. The central statistics agencies of individual countries are important producers. They have the task of producing official statistics and are responsible for coordinat- ing the state’s production of statistics, and for making it accessible. Today, most African countries have statistics agencies. Other important producers are central and commercial banks, who report a country’s economic statistics. Other producers of national statistics are non-governmental institutions, research institutes and individual researchers’ publications in scientific periodicals and other press. In other words, national statistics describe the activities of an individual nation. They are detailed and information is usually available at the regional level. A potential problem with this type of statistics is that it is often presented in a national language, which leads to difficulties for anyone who does not speak this language.

International statistics International statistics are often available in English, as they are gathered from international sources. These may be, for example, organisations such asthe World Bank, the International Monetary Fund or other bodies within the UN system or other organisations that produce both their own statistics and publish statistics from individual countries’ central statistics bodies. International statistics are not as detailed as national statistics, but they fulfil an important function when comparing countries. Statistics 45

There are advantages and disadvantages of both types of statistics. Using only national statistics is seldom enough, in particular where comparisons are needed. The production of national statistics in Africa is in the progress of being organized, and therefore has weaknesses. The political situation in a country can also affect whether statistical information can be found in national sources. Statistics on AIDS were long unavailable from South Africa’s central statistics body. This may be because it was – and is – a politically charged subject. Statistical information about AIDS in South Africa was available, however, from international organisations such as the UN bodies WHO and UNAIDS. International statistics can therefore function as a supplement to national statistics.

Statistics in printed and electronic format and on the Internet National and international statistics are currently produced in both printed and electronic form. Printed publications consist primarily of handbooks of various kinds, such as yearbooks, bank reports, periodicals (journals and the like), official publications and other what are called figure publications from international organisations. Statistics are also included in other publications, and, when looking for such information, it can therefore be useful to search in documents that report not only statistical data. The Nordic Africa Institute library has a large amount of national and international statistics in printed form, which can be searched via the library catalogue AfricaLit. (A list with useful keywords appears at the end of this chapter). Particular mention should be made of the library’s large collection of official publications from African countries containing various types of national statistics. This material is described in more detail in the chapter Official publications. Various forms of printed publications containing statistical information can be found mainly in large libraries and in special libraries, such as the Statistics Sweden Library. Statistics Sweden’s collection consists of figure publications from most countries in the world, and from around 50 international organisations. For the African countries, there are primarily yearbooks, company and population censuses. The growth of information technology has given us statistics in electronic form, which in turn offers many advantages, not least ease of access. More and more information is now available in databases and via the Internet. The development has also affected the production of statistics, and has contributed to large amounts of data now can be transferred, stored and processed quickly. As a user, it is easy to tailor one’s own tables, maps and diagrams as statistical data can be processed together. Large libraries in general, and special libraries such as the Sta- tistics Sweden Library in particular, have statistical databases, journal and article databases and reference databases that are useful in the hunt for statistical data. On the Internet today, both national and international statistics are published in databases or in various formats available for downloading. Via their websites, libraries, research institutes and international organisations offer the opportu- nity to search for references in databases or library catalogues and link collec- 46 Katarina Hjortsäter tions with links to websites and statistical material. Databases on the Internet are, unfortunately, not always accessible to the general public, but larger libraries usually have access through agreements. You can, of course, choose to go directly to the central statistics agencies or similar bodies in individual countries to get national statistics, or directly to the websites of international organisations. Most African countries have national statistics agencies, but not all of them have their own websites as yet. On the website of the Nordic Africa Institute, the library has collected links to national statistics sources, such as statistics agencies and central banks in the link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet. They can be found under each country under the heading Links sorted by country or region. Links to other sources of statistics on the Internet are available under the heading Links sorted by subject. On its website, Statistics Sweden has a link collection that functions as a guide to international statistics on the Internet. The links are organised according to country and subject. There is also a choice of international organisations that are interesting from a statistical point of view. Free text searching using search services on the Internet can work as a complement, as this can give hits for material that had not been considered before. Statistical tables and diagrams are usually presented as PDF, Excel or PowerPoint files. It can therefore be a good idea to limit the search to such documents. Consider using several search engines, as their indexes contain different web pages, and therefore do not produce the same result when searching. The disadvantage of using search services on the Internet is that it can be difficult to formulate a sufficiently specific or good combination of keywords in order to find relevant material. Free text search on the Internet is not a precise tool. A search may produce many hits, and it can be difficult to sift through them. It might seem that there is an abundance of websites with statistics, but often this is the same information, gathered from the same source. All information gathered from the Internet, and in particular statistical information, must be quality controlled.

Quality control Regardless of whether you use printed or electronic sources, quality control is important. When it comes to control of statistics, you should consider in particular how many intermediaries there are between the source/producer and the publisher of the information. The primary source is the body that gathers, compiles and produces statistical information. The best way is to gather the information direct from the source. A body that only publishes statistical data collected and compiled by someone else is a secondary source. It is always a good idea to know how many intermediaries there are, and the principle is: The fewer the intermediaries, the better. Also, in conjunction with a table, there should also be definitions of concepts and explanations for them. Alternatively, there should be information about how to find information about tables and concepts used. More about what to consider in terms of quality control in general can be found Statistics 47 in the chapter Africa information on the Internet and quality control of statistics in particular on the Statistics Sweden website, under Statistik skolan – The Sta- tistics school, (In Swedish). Statistics can never give a completely correct picture, but are a simplified way of interpreting reality. Official statistical information is estimates, and is often based on representative samples; for this reason sampling errors may oc- cur. However, in some cases they are based on entire population counts. The information from different countries or from different points in time isnot always comparable either, due to differing definitions and measuring processes. Statistics can also be misleading for other reasons such as drop-out, response errors, and processing errors. The situation in a country may also be of importance as to whether it is possible to find certain statistical information, as in the example above about AIDS in South Africa. The statistics about AIDS in South Africa that can be found in international organisations consist of administrative information gathered from clinics. This may in many cases be the most certain information, as it is difficult to gather this type of statistical data via surveys. You should therefore be aware that the statistics only show that part of a country’s population that is seeking care. The part of the population that is suffering from AIDS and does not seek care can only be estimated, on the other hand.

Some sources of statistics Handbooks Printed publications that include statistics, such as handbooks, can currently be sought out in various library catalogues via the Internet, among them the Nordic Africa Institute library catalogue, AfricaLit. Handbooks of particular interest when searching for statistics are the yearbooks Africa South of Sahara and The Middle East and North Africa (Europa Publications). They include country by country summaries with statistics showing social and economic conditions. Other handbooks are presented below in the sections about organisations and the UN system. One title that should be mentioned, even if it is published at long intervals, is Africa at a Glance: Facts and Figures 2006/2007. It is the twelfth edition of a handbook published by the Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) since 1970. It contains basic facts and statistics showing social, economic and political conditions, presented in clear tables. The sources of the figures are the World Bank, various UN bodies, OECD, FAO, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), African Development Bank and other sources, such as the monthly Africa Re- search Bulletin. The handbook is recommended, both for public libraries and for specialised Africa collections. Africa: A Publication of the Corporate Council on Africa and Business Books Inter- national (Business Books International) is a book published annually. It does not contain large amounts of statistics, but is a handbook worth mentioning in the cir- 48 Katarina Hjortsäter cumstances. It lists addresses, telephone and fax numbers, and email as well as web addresses (to the extent they exist) of statistics agencies in the African countries. Africa: A Guide to Reference Material by John McIlwaine (Hans Zell publ.) presents sources of statistics at both national and regional level, and for the Afri- can continent as a whole. The sources are not specialised within any area, but are references to general statistics. The reference work African Studies Companion: A Guide to African Information Sources, edited by Hans M. Zell, (Hans Zell publ.) also gathers together sources of statistics. This publication is also available online, via the Nordic Africa Institute library among others. The periodical EIU Country Reports, which is published on a monthly or quarterly basis by the Economist Intelligence Unit, presents summaries for each country relating to economics in particular but also of political circumstances, and contains up-to-date statistics. It is available online via the Nordic Africa Institute library. Further information about this periodical is available in the chapter Periodicals. The other publications are described in more detail in the chapter on Searching for facts.

Organisations International organisations and institutions both produce and publish statistics, and are important sources. On the one hand, the statistics are not as detailed for each individual country as those published at the national level, but on the other hand it fulfils an important function when comparing countries. The organisations also present statistics within their area of specialisation. They publish printed material in the form of annual reports, bulletins, newsletters and similar. This material is often also available on their websites in various electronic formats, such as databases, PDF Word and Excel documents. Often there are special web pages where entries to all statistics have been gathered together. Below follows a review of various organisations that supply statistics relevant to Africa. The presentation that follows is not comprehensive, but is intended to highlight some important sources, both printed and electronic. AFRISTAT, African Development Bank (ADB) and United Nations Economic Commission for Af- rica (UNECA) are entirely focused on Africa. The World Bank also published statistics focusing on Africa. A long list of other organisations, such as OECD and BIS, and bodies within the UN system, such as WHO, FAO, UNESCO, UNAIDS and ILO, are important for statistics within their differing specialist areas. To end the chapter, there is a list of all the organisations in alphabetical order, with web addresses to their websites.

AFRISTAT: Observatoire Économique et Statistique d’Afrique Subsahari- enne is an international organisation whose goal it is to strengthen the development of social, environmental and economic statistics in the member countries. The organisation supports the national central statistics agencies in their work and works for regional and economic integration, which in turn leads to corre- Statistics 49 spondence and more comparable statistical data. On AFRISTAT’s website there are national statistics for 19 countries in western and central Africa.

Electronic resource Web/Format Availability AFRISTAT (In French) Yes. Website Free Source: AFRISTAT, http://www.afristat.org/, January 2011.

African Development Bank Group (ADB Group) consists of African Develop- ment Bank (ADB), African Development Fund (ADF), and Nigeria Trust Fund (NTF). It is the foremost institution in Africa working with financial development, the goal of which is to reduce poverty and improve the living standards of people by promoting economic and social growth. ADB publishes several publications containing statistical information. African Development Report is ADB’s yearbook and contains statistics showing economic and social conditions. Compendium of Statistics on Bank Group Operations reports on various banking operations in relation to loans and the exchange range of different countries for example. Selected Statistics on African Countries contains comparative statistics country by country, and country-specific time series data for all countries on the African continent. Gender, Poverty and Environmental Indicators on African Countries is published annually or biennially and provides both comparative statistics between countries and country-specific information about gender, environment, living conditions and poverty in Africa. The publication also follows up the development goals in the UN’s Millennium Declaration. ADB Statis- tics Pocketbook summarises various economic and social data about the member countries and the ADB’s activities. Most of the information is gathered from the publications mentioned above. All publications and much more can be found on ADB’s website. In 2002, a new study by the OECD Development Centre and the African Development Bank, African Economic Outlook, was published. It gives a broad overview of the economic conditions on the continent. The goal is to annually review the current situation and short-term development in selected African countries, seen from a global perspective. A further development of the report published annually is the website AfricanEconomicOutlook. org. This presents statistics showing the economic, social and political situation in 47 African countries.

Printed publications Published Web/Format African Development Report Annually Yes. PDF Compendium of Statistics on Bank Group Operations Annually Yes. PDF Selected Statistics on African Countries Annually Yes. PDF Gender, Poverty and Environmental Indicators on African Countries Bi-annually Yes. PDF ADB Statistics Pocketbook Annually Yes. PDF African Economic Outlook Annually Yes, partly. PDF Source: ADB, http://www.afdb.org/, January 2011. 50 Katarina Hjortsäter

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability AfricanEconomicOutlook.org Yes. Website Free Source: AEO, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/, January 2011.

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organisation that supports monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central banks and international organisations. On the website BIS Statistics, BIS publishes statistics relating to the international banking system and financial market. The website makes a number of publications available for downloading, among them BIS’ quarterly review, which has an appendix with statistical data. There is also a list of central banks in the world with links to their respective websites, on which statistics often can be found.

Printed publications Published Web/Format BIS quarterly review Quarterly Yes. PDF Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) collects statistics about economic and social development. The statistics come from the member countries’ central statistics agencies. The Organisation’s website has lots of statistical information that can be downloaded, in particular from the web page Statistics from A-Z. On the web page The OECD and Africa you can find more specific information about Africa (follow the link ’A–Z’ from the website’s front page and select ’Africa’ or use the search function). Statistics about the debt situation in Africa is presented here, with links on to other sources. A particular one of these is the website AfricanEconomicOutlook.org, which is a further development of the annual report with the same name, and the database International Development Statistics Database (IDS). The latter covers bilateral and multilateral aid to developing countries. SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library, in which you can find e-books, e-periodicals and interactive statistics databases. Examples of such databases are OECD.Stat, which contains the OECD’s complete statistics, and OECD.Stat. Extracts, which contains a selection of statistical information. The publications African Economic Outlook (AEO) and Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients can both be downloaded in their entirety from Sour- ceOECD. AEO is a study focusing only on Africa, in which the countries are compared country by country. Since 2002, OECD has been publishing this report in collaboration with African Development Bank. It illuminates African economic conditions from a global perspective and includes an appendix with statistics. In the other publication, you can find information about aid and help to developing countries. Statistics 51

Printed publications Published Web/Format Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients Irregular Yes. PDF. Licence African Economic Outlook Annually Yes. PDF. Licence

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability AfricanEconomicOutlook.org Yes. Website Free International Development Statistics Database (IDS) Yes. Database Free SourceOECD Yes. Databases Licence OECD.Stat Yes. Database Licence OECD.Stat.Extracts Yes. Database Free Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.

OECD and BIS, together with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (which is presented later on in the chapter) have compiled their individual statistical information about foreign debts of developing countries on Joint Ex- ternal Debt Hub (JEDH), which replaces the earlier Joint BIS-IMF-OECD- World Bank Statistics on External Debt. The JEHD database is freely available and makes it easy to compare countries.

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Joint External Debt Hub (JEDH) Yes. Database Free Source: Joint BIS-IMF-OECD-World Bank External Debt Hub, http://www.jedh.org/, January 2011.

The UN system The UN and its various bodies both produce and publish statistics.United Na- tions Statistics Division (UNSD) lists on its website a number of statistical publications divided up according to subject, such as demography, energy, environment, gender, housing and building issues, industry, economics, social issues and trade. It also lists publications that are available electronically. Since 1949, the UNSD has published the United Nations Statistical Yearbook, which provides a long list of international statistics covering social and economic conditions, and also activities at national, regional and global level. It covers periods of one to ten years, depending on the availability of statistical data. The information is collected from both national and international sources, and compiled by UNSD. Other frequently requested publications are World Statistics Pocketbook and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (MBS). The first publication, which is available via the UNSD website, gathers together comprehensive statistics country by country. All the African countries are represented. The second publication, MBS, reports current statistics covering social and economic conditions. It contains more than 50 tables of data, reported by month, quarter and/or year, across a number of varies subjects covering important economic trends and developments. MBS Online is also part of this publication, and is an online database based on the printed version, and which is generally updated every month when a new printed edition is published. 52 Katarina Hjortsäter

The United Nations Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) has launched a new Internet-based service, UNSD Statis- tical Databases, where they have gathered together the UN’s various statistical databases in order to facilitate matters for users. Here, around 15 databases are available, among them the above-mentioned MBS Online, and also The Millen- nium Indicators Database, which includes 48 tables showing to what extent the Millennium Goals are being achieved, and also The Social Indicators, which gives access to statistics about housing, health, education, access to water and sanita- tion, etc. Further databases compiled by the UN system on population issues in particular can be found here.

Printed publications Published Web/Format United Nations Statistical Yearbook Annually Yes. PDF World Statistics Pocketbook Annually Yes. PDF Monthly Bulletin of Statistics Monthly No

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability MBS Online Yes. Database Free The Millennium Indicators Database Yes. Database Free The Social Indicators Yes. Database Free Source: http://unstats.un.org/, January 2011.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) works with regional integration and promoting international cooperation for Africa’s economic and social development. UNECA compiles and publishes a number of different publications that contain statistics, including a number of series, among them the Economic Report on Africa, published annually. It is available on UN- ECA’s website. Another important publication is the yearbook African Statistical Yearbook (ASYB), in which statistical data for UNECA’s member countries is presented country by country, and also regionally. This publication can also be downloaded from the website. There are also further publications for downloading, dealing with subjects such as demography, population, gender, agriculture and environment, including statistical information.

Printed publications Published Web/Format Economic Report on Africa Annually Yes. PDF African Statistical Yearbook (ASYB) Annually Yes. PDF Source: UNECA, http://www.uneca.org/, January 2011.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy and monitors the areas of trade and development, and closely related areas, such as finance, technology, investment and sustainable development. UNCTAD compiles, validates and processes a wide range of statistical data collected from national and international sources. Statistics 53

On 20 October 2010, in celebration of the World Statistics Day, UNCTAD launched UNCTADstat, its new data dissemination platform. All of UNCTAD´s online statistical databases, the Handbook of Statistics, the Commodity Prices and Price Indices, the Foreign Direct Investment Statistics, and the Global Databank on World Trade in Creative Products have been integrated into UNCTADstat. Through this data dissemination system UNCTAD provides free access to comprehensive statistical time series and indicators essential for the analysis of world trade, investment, international financial flows, and development. The ICT Analysis Section of UNCTAD works to measure ICT in enterprises and the ICT sector. The Measuring ICT Website provides information on the development of ICT statistics and indicators worldwide, with an emphasis on supporting ICT policies and the information economies in developing countries. Selected UNCTADstat data are also disseminated in various publications available in printed format, and some of these are also available as downloads. The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides a comprehensive collection of statistical data relevant to the analysis of international trade, investment and development, for individual countries and for economic and trade groupings. The World Investment Report focuses on trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) worldwide and at the regional and country levels, as well as emerging measures to improve FDI´s contribution to development. The Economic Development in Africa Report analyses selected aspects of Africa´s development problems and major policy issues confronting African countries. Development and Globaliza- tion: Facts and Figures (DGFF)is a brief synopsis of data and information that offers some explanations for new and emerging economic trends. It is published at longer intervals, but is important from a statistical point of view. Informa- tion about further publications and downloadable documents can be found on UNCTAD’s website.

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics Annually Yes. PDF World Investment Report Annually Yes. PDF Economic Development in Africa Report Annually Yes. PDF Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures Every four years Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Commodity Price Statistics On-line Yes. Database Free Foreign Direct Investment Database Yes. Database Free Global Databank on World Trade in Creative Products Yes. Database Free Measuring ICT for Development Yes. Website Free UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics Online Yes. Database Free Source: UNCTAD, http://www.unctad.org/, January 2011. 54 Katarina Hjortsäter

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) works to reduce famine and malnutrition, and to improve the standards of foods. The organisation also helps its member countries with sustainable development within the agricultural sector. On the FAO’s website under the heading Statistics, a number of online resources have been gathered together. Agro-MAPS is a comprehensive database with statistics covering the use of farmland at sub-national level. AQUASTAT contains comprehensive statistics about water supply within agriculture, with the focus on developing countries. FAOSTAT, the FAO statistical database, is a multilingual database that contains more than one million statistical series from 1961 and onwards, and covers more than 200 countries with statistics on agriculture, food supply, food aid, fishing, forestry, land use and population. CountrySTAT is focused on a small number of countries, several of which are African. It contains statistics on food and agriculture. FAOSTAT- Agriculture provides statistics about crops, livestock, irrigation, land use, artifi- cial fertilisers, use of pesticides and farming machinery. FAOSTAT-Fisheries has statistics about fish production, etc. FAOSTAT-Forestry has statistics about im- port and export of timber and paper. In Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, there is statistical data about fishing compiled by the FAO. Forestry Country Profiles contains statistics about forestry and similar issues on a country basis. GLIPHA, the Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas (GLiPHA) is a user-friendly, interactive electronic atlas that provides information about animal husbandry and health. PAAT Information System serves to guide strategic decisions on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa, with sustainable agriculture and countryside development as the goal. TERRASTAT has information about land resources with statistics and country and regional level. As regards printed publications, FAO publishes a large number of titles every year containing statistical information, such as yearbooks, all with the title FAO Yearbook. FAO Statistical Yearbook is one such publication. Further publications available for download can be found on the website.

Printed publications Published Web/Format FAO Statistical Yearbook Annually Yes. PDF/XLS

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Agro-MAPS Yes. Database Free AQUASTAT Yes. Database Free CountrySTAT Yes. Database Free FAOSTAT Yes. Database Free FAOSTAT-Agriculture Yes. Database Free FAOSTAT-Fisheries Yes. Database Free FAOSTAT-Forestry Yes. Database Free Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics Yes. Database Free Forestry Country Profiles Yes. Database Free GLIPHA Yes. Database Free PAAT Information System Yes. Database Free TERRASTAT Yes. Database Free Source: FAO, http://www.fao.org/, April 2011. Statistics 55

The International Labour Organization (ILO) works out strategies and programmes for promoting human rights, improving working and living conditions and increasing the opportunities for work. ILO issues a long list of publications containing statistics about labour-related issues, among them Yearbook of Labour Statistics, which presents statistical data in time series or by country. The organisation also has a comprehensive website, where a lot of statistics can be found. The Statistics and Databases web page has a number of useful and accessible databases. LABORSTA is a database showing labour statistics, covering variables such as the economic activities of the population (from 1945 onwards), employment, unemployment, salaries and similar. For statistics on child labour, follow the link Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child La- bour (IPEC-SIMPOCI) to the website for International Programme on the Elimi- nation of Child Labour (IPEC).

Printed publications Published Web/Format Yearbook of Labour Statistics Annually No

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability LABORSTA Yes. Database Free International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Yes. Website Free Source: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/, January 2011.

The World Health Organization (WHO) runs and coordinates international healthcare, and promotes and coordinates research into the prevention of various diseases. Since 1995, WHO has published The World Health Report, which deals with the current world health situation and has an appendix with statistical data. It can be downloaded from the WHO website. WHO publications about Africa are primarily collected on the page Library and Documentation Centre. Here you can browse the menu by subject, or search the library’s databases. Items worth mentioning are The African Regional Health Report, which has an appendix with statistics, and the Annual Report of the Regional Director, which also contains some statistical data. The World Health Statistics Report, which includes statistics covering the health and healthcare sector, is available via WHO- SIS (WHO Statistical Information System) on the organisation’s website. WHO- SIS is now part of Global Health Observatory (GHO) Database, which is WHO’s main portal to statistics on health. This gathers together a broad range of health- related subjects, such as mortality, diseases, risk factors and health costs. Much statistics on the subject can be found on WHO’s website under the heading Data and Statistics, organised both according to the name of the database and by subject. 56 Katarina Hjortsäter

Printed publications Published Web/Format The World Health Report Annually Yes. PDF The African Regional Health Report Annually Yes. PDF Annual Report of the Regional Director Annually Yes. PDF World Health Statistics Report Annually Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability WHOSIS Yes. Database Free Global Health Observatory (GHO) Database Yes. Database Free Source: WHO, http://www.who.int/, January 2011.

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) helps to establish health programmes, concerned with family planning and sexual and reproductive health, and also with questions pertaining to fast rapid population growth. UNFPA’s publications are practically all available as downloads. The publications UNFPA Annual Report and State of World Population, which contain statistics, are also published in Internet format.

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNFPA Annual Report Annually Yes. PDF State of World Population Annually Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability UNFPA Annual Report Yes. Web page Free State of World Population Yes. Web page Free Source: UNFPA, http://www.unfpa.org/, January 2011.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assists countries in building up the capacity for sustainable development and carries out much of its work in Africa. It is a global network for human development, which works towards the improvement of living conditions, and which is active in many different areas. UNDP focuses much of its work on the promotion of democracy, supports initiatives for peace and reconciliation and prevention of crises and fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It also supports environmental programmes, as well as working towards building up communications technology in Africa. Since 1990, UNDP has published the Human Development Report (HDR) which is a written collaboration with independent researchers and contains numerous statistics. The report is available for download. On the Statistics of the Human Development Report web page there is also statistical data from the HDR. The organisation collaborates closely with governments all over the world, and gains access to the national statistics of individual countries. UNDP has compiled various development indexes, among the Human Development Indicators (HDI), which measure human development in terms other than just income. HDI can be found on the above mentioned web page. Statistics 57

Printed publications Published Web/Format Human Development Report (HDR) Annually Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Human Development Report (HDR) Yes. Web page Free Human Development Indicators (HDI) Yes. Web page Free Source: UNDP, http://www.undp.org/, January 2011.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) leads and co-ordinates international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems. Statistical data is collected on the UNHCR’s Statistical Website web page. This contains theUNHCR Statistical Online Population Database with information about 150 countries at the national, regional, and global level. The database is continuously updated. Here you can also find theUNHCR Statistical Yearbook for download. It includes an appendix with statistical tables. Another important publication is The State of the World’s Refugees, which gives a detailed and far- reaching analysis of the miserable conditions the world’s refugees live under. The publication is irregular, with five editions between 1993 and 2006. This also includes an appendix with statistics, which can be downloaded from the website. Reports and other publications with up-to-date statistics for development and changes in terms of people in flight can be found in the catalogueStatistics Cata- logue. It functions as an archive for all statistics reports. They are all available for download. There is also information about the Millennium Goals on this site.

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNHCR Statistical Yearbook Annually Yes. PDF The State of the World’s Refugees 2006 Irregularly Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database Yes. Database Free Source: UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/, January 2011.

The World Food Programme (WFP) has the task of handing out food during famine catastrophes, and to help build up communities through the “food-for- work” project. TheWFP Annual Report, which includes an appendix with statistics, is published annually. This report, together with other annually published reports that also include statistical information, is available from the WFP’s website. Here you can also find theHunger Stats database, with figures and facts about world hunger compiled by the WFP.

Printed publications Published Web/Format WFP Annual Report Annually Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Hunger Stats Yes. Database Free Source: WFP, http://www.wfp.org/, January 2011. 58 Katarina Hjortsäter

The United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) works to facilitate understanding of great changes in the world and to draw up intellectual and ethical guidelines. The website includes the UNESCDOC Database, which includes downloadable documents. The search function makes it easy to find relevant publications. During the period 1964– 1999, UNESCO Statistical Yearbook was published. In 1999, the UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) was formed, and its website publishes comprehensive statistics about education, literacy, culture and communication (book publishing, film, museums, libraries and media), as well as technology and science (national data on staff resources and expenditure on research and experimental development, R&D).

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNESCO Statistical Yearbook 1964–1999 No

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability UNESCDOC Database Yes. Database Free UIS (The UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Yes. Website Free Source: UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/, January 2011.

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) defends, promotes and pro- tects children’s rights. Every year, UNICEF issues a large number of publications, among them The State of the World’s Children, a report on the well-being of children. Progress for Children, which reports on advances made in the ful- filment of the Millennium Goals, and the UNICEF Annual Report. All three publications include statistics. If you are looking specifically for publications that contain statistical data, you can choose to sort them by subject on the web page for publications. The publications can be downloaded. The organisation has a comprehensive website; in order to find statistics, look under the headings Information by country or What we do. The statistics are presented in conjunction with each country or subject. Further links lead to the Childinfo.org website, which contains statistics from UNICEF, including information from the above- mentioned publications.

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNICEF Annual Report Annually Yes. PDF The State of the World’s Children Annually Yes. PDF Progress for Children 1–2 times/year Yes. PDF

Electronic resources Web/Format Availability Childinfo.org Yes. Website Free Source: UNICEF, http://www.unicef.org/, January 2011.

The Joint United National Programme on HIV/AIDS works to prevent the spread of AIDS, provide care and support to those infected or affected by the Statistics 59 disease, and to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and communities against HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS consists of UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDCP, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank. The annually publishedAIDS Epidemic Update presents the latest estimations of the AIDS epidemic and reviews new research and trends. There are also fact sheets with statistical information about HIV/AIDS in various continents compiled in collaboration with the WHO. UNAIDS publishes a new Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic every other year. The report includes available national information and gives overviews and comments on the epidemic. The UNAIDS Annual Report includes an appendix with statistics. Reports, fact sheets and other publications, as well as statistical information about HIV/AIDS, are available on the website, in particular under the country profiles.

Printed publications Published Web/Format UNAIDS Annual Report Annually Yes. PDF AIDS Epidemic Update Annually Yes. PDF Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic Bi-annually Yes. PDF Source: UNAIDS, http://www.unaids.org/, January 2011.

The World Bank publishes World Development Indicators (WDI), which are the bank group’s primary summary of development data. They also publish Africa Development Indicators (ADI), which is a detailed collection of development data from large parts of Africa. Global Development Finance (GDF) is the World Bank’s annual study of trends and future prospects for the flow of finance in developing countries. It also contains statistics showing country debts and summarises data for regions and income groups. All three publications are available via the new The World Bank Data website. Here, the World Bank offers free access to statistics on subjects such as health, economy and human development. The website is continuously updated and statistical data can be downloaded from databases, reports and pre-formatted tables. Here you can also find the Country at-a-Glance tables, which provide a quick summary of a country. However, for comparisons between countries, WDI is recommended. In the so-called Data Catalog you can find further sources. As regards publications, the range is great and can be found on the website listed according to country, region, subject, and so on. One publication worth mentioning is The World Bank Annual Report, which can be downloaded and which contains statistics.

Printed publications Published Web/Format Africa Development Indicators (ADI) Annually Yes. PDF World Development Indicators (WDI) Annually Yes. PDF Global Development Finance (GDF) Annually Yes. PDF The World Bank Annual Report Annually Yes. PDF 60 Katarina Hjortsäter

Electronic Resources Webb/Format Availability The World Bank Data Yes. Website Free Africa Development Indicators Database (ADI) Yes. Database Free World Development Indicators (WDI) Yes. Database Free Global Development Finance (GDF) Yes. Database Free Country at-a-Glance Tables Yes. Web page Free Source: The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/, January 2011.

TheInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) publishes statistics about IMF loans, exchange rates and economic conditions primarily in the member countries, and also issues a number of publications. The yearbookGovernment Finance Sta- tistics Yearbook gives detailed information about economic and financial statistics for members of the IMF. It is available for download, but also in database form. IMF regularly publishes the World Economic Outlook (WEO), which focuses on economic development at global, regional and national level. It can be downloaded from the website. TheWorld Economic Outlook (WEO) Database includes a selection of macroeconomic data series, found in the appendix of the printed publication. This database can be used to find information about national ac- counting, inflation, unemployment figures, balance of payments, trade, etc. It is updated twice yearly. On the Data and Statistics web page there are further databases within the subject area, several of which are freely available. One of them is IMF Financial Data by Country, which summarises the member countries’ relations with the IMF. The periodical International Financial Statistics (IFS) has been published monthly since 1948. There is also a yearbook that includes statistical information about financial issues, both at the international and the national level, such as exchange rates, the banking system, money, interest rates, prices, production, and so on. IFS is also available as a database, but this is only accessible by agreement. The statistics inIFS and WEO may differ, primarily because of different factors such as time, focus, method and collection technique.

Printed publications Published Web/Format International Financial Statistics Monthly Yes. Licence International Financial Statistics Yearbook Annually Yes. Licence Government Finance Statistics Yearbook Annually Yes. PDF World Economic Outlook (WEO) Report Several issues/year Yes. PDF

Electronic Resources Webb/Format Availability Government Finance Statistics (GFS) Yes. Database Licence International Financial Statistics Online Yes. Database Licence World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database Yes. Database Free IMF Financial Data by Country Yes. Database Free Source: IMF, http://www.imf.org/, January 2011.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the UN’s environmental activities, supports developing countries in introducing environ- Statistics 61 mentally friendly policies and encourages sustainable development. UNEP’s Global Resource Information Database (GRID) together with the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) supports the development of African Population Database Documentation. This is a comprehensive database of administrative units with associated population figures in Africa, with a summarised population estimate for the years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000.

Electronic Resources Webb/Format Availability African Population Database Documentation Yes. Database Free Source: UNEP/GRID, http://na.unep.net/, January 2011.

References Blake, David. (2002). ”From Paper to PDF? The Publications of Africa-related Interna- tional Organisations, Past, Present and Future” African Research & Documentation, no 89, pp. 57–67. Bondesson, Lennart. (2010). ”Statistik” [Electronic] Nationalencycklopedin. Available from: http://www.ne.se/lang/statistik [read: 2010-05-06]. Fyhrlund, Alf and Gretel Eklöf. (2002) ”Att hitta global statistik på Internet”. Stock- holm: Statistics Sweden Library. (Seminar 7 November, unprinted). Kpedekpo, G. M. K. (1981). Social and Economic Statistics for Africa. Their Sources, Col- lection, Uses and Reliability. London: George Allen & Unwin. Ribe, Martin. (1996). ”Statistik med kvalitet” VälfärdsBulletinen, no 4, pp. 12–13. Statistics Sweden website. (2010). ”Vad är statistik?” [Electronic] in Statistikskolan. Avai- lable from: http://www.scb.se/Grupp/Klassrummet/_Dokument/Vad_ar_statistik.pdf [read 2010-05-06]. Svenska Akademien. (1989). SAOB column: S11240. [Electronic] Available from: http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ [read 2010-06-16]. Svenska Akademien. (1981). SAOB column: S8467. [Electronic] Available from: http:// g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ [read 2010-06-16]. Uppsala University Library website. (2002). Att söka information. [Electronic] Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20030401230808/www.ub.uu.se/kurs/tutorial/ start.cfm [read 2010-05-10] Zell, Hans (ed.) (2006).The African Studies Companion Online. [Electronic] Available from: http://www.africanstudiescompanion.com/ [read 2010-05-31].

Internet resources Nordic Africa Institute – http://www.nai.uu.se/ AfricaLit (Nordic Africa Institute’s library catalogue) – http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/ A Guide to Africa on the Internet – http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica/ Statistics Sweden – http://www.scb.se/ 62 Katarina Hjortsäter

ADB – www.afdb.org/ AFRISTAT – www.afristat.org/ BIS – www.bis.org/ FAO – www.fao.org/ ILO – www.ilo.org/ IMF – www.imf.org/ OECD – www.oecd.org/ UN – unstats.un.org/unsd/ UNAIDS – www.unaids.org/ UNCTAD – www.unctad.org/ UNDP – www.undp.org/ UNECA– www.uneca.org/ UNEP/GRID – http://na.unep.net/ UNESCO – www.unesco.org/ UNFPA– www.unpfa.org/ UNHCR – www.unhcr.org/ UNICEF – www.unicef.org/ World Bank – www.worldbank.org/ WHO – www.who.org/ WPF – www.wpf.org/

Search terms in AfricaLit The indexing terms used inAfricaLi t – Nordic Africa Institute library catalogue – consists of subject words gathered from Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social Development (Paris/New York: OECD/UN, 1998, 5. ed.) and from UNBIS Thesaurus (United Nations Bibliographical Information System). The latter is available on the Internet. For searching statistics, the following subject words are useful: Statistical analysis; Sta- tistical data; Statistical services; Statistical tables; Agricultural statistics; Demographic statistics; Economic statistics; Educational statistics; Employment statistics; Energy statistics; Environmental statistics; Financial statistics; Fishery statistics; Food statistics; Forestry statistics; Health statistics; Housing statistics; Industrial statistics; Labour statistics; Mi- gration statistics; Production statistics; Social statistics; Statistics; Trade statistics; Trans- port statistics; Vital statistics; Household surveys; Housing censuses; Population censuses; Indicators; Demographic indicators; Development indicators; Economic indicators; Edu- cational indicators; Health indicators; Social indicators; Official documents and others. Official publications

António Lourenço

Official publications comprise all publications produced under the official auspices of legislative bodies, decision-making and judicial organs, civil service departments, courts of law, independent institutions, committees, people in authority, etc. IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) describes official publications as follows: ”An official publication is defined by the status of the issuing source regardless of the subject matter, content or physical form” (Nurcombe 1997, p. xix). “Official documents” is the general search term for material of this nature in the Nordic Africa Institute’s online library catalogue. AfricaLit, The library began acquiring official publications back in 1962 when the Nor- dic Africa Institute commenced its activities, since they were considered to con- stitute fundamental and crucial source material within the field of the social sciences. With time, an acquisitions profile came to be established in line with the library’s subject focus and based on the material’s significance, accessibility and demand. Official publications are essential to social scientific studies on Africa as they are principal information sources for economic, legal, government and political data and are considered to be scientific tools of lasting value. An important problem to keep in mind regarding official publications from certain African countries is the question of reliability. The reason is that such publications may be used as mouthpieces by governmental powers in order to further their political goals or to give expression to political values during times of crisis. This mainly concerns countries with small volumes of official documents that tend to limit access to information. Thus, even collections of official publications from colonial times should be read with a critical eye. Political instability and catastrophes that repeatedly befall the African continent sometimes make it impossible to gain access to certain official publications. A connection can be made between conflict and war on the one hand and the number of official documents issued on the other. In addition, the economic crisis affecting many African states has left a mark on the way in which public administrations function in those countries. Other problems arise when certain official publications are difficult to obtain as few lists are available for checking newer publications and also because, in the absence of a central government printer, it is sometimes necessary for various sectors of the government administration to publish their own material. Library acquisitions are made via agents, from bookshops, by direct contact with the producers, or through embassies. Today it is possible to procure official publications via email in certain cases, from countries whose central statistical agencies have their own websites. 64 António Lourenço

Thanks to developments in the field of information technology, a radical change has begun to take place. Nowadays, authorities with the important task of disseminating basic decision-making data are choosing with greater frequency to make their official publications available on the Internet. The range, however, is still extremely uneven. Some states, such as South Africa, Tanzania, Mali, and Senegal, offer a rich collection of official publications in full text, many in PDF format; there are other countries that supply only a limited number of official publications in summarized form. Yet it can be anticipated that a basic range of official publications from all of Africa’s countries will be available before long on the Internet in the form of constitutions, censuses, development plans, budgets, economic reports, diverse statistics, and so on. A problem, however, is that this type of material could be removed from the Net as soon as it loses its current interest value. Therefore, the Nordic Africa Institute, with its aim of preserving such publications for future research, must continue to purchase them in the form of paper publications, CD-ROMs and microfiche. Under discussion at present are questions of copyright policy regarding the preservation of important documents only available on the Internet. On the IFLA’s website Government Information and Official Publications, the debate surrounding government information and official publications can be followed. There is even a special interest group “ATINA – Access To Informa- tion Network – Africa”, whose aim it is to “assess and promote free public access to government information and information about governments, as well as freedom of expression and democracy across the African continent, through libraries and library professionals”. A large selection of the Nordic Africa Institute library’s collection of official publications can be located in the library catalogue, AfricaLit, and in the Swed- ish libraries database, LIBRIS. A small number of older publications held by the library are uncatalogued and are kept in storage. It is quite simple to search in AfricaLit. If, for example, one enters “official documents Mali” in the search field “all fields”, a chronological list of official publications from Mali in the library’s catalogue will come up; if one enters “population censuses Kenya”, the search result will be a list of documents on population censuses in Kenya that are available in the library. In recent years the growing number of official publications being catalogued in LIBRIS has led to a considerable increase in the demand for such material. In response to this, the library at the Nordic Africa Institute has begun to lend out publications (on 3 weeks reading room loan), chiefly to Nordic research libraries. Heavy, dull and monotonous official publications are now being replaced by monograph-type formats that make for easier reading. It is enough to take a quick look at publications to see that there are not only numbers and tables in these publications, but also pictures, colour maps and diagrams, printed on high quality paper. In short, these volumes are easy to handle and pleasant to read. Official publications 65

Principal types of official publications The library acquires official publications that fall into the following main groups: 1. Parliamentary documents, bills and other related documents: annual and au- dit reports, official reports of investigations commissions, budget proposals and reports, conference papers, policy documents, etc. 2. Parliamentary debates: the Nordic Africa Institute’s library holds a particularly comprehensive collection of debates from South Africa’s parliament. 3. Constitutions and legislation. 4. Statistics: annual statistics, statistical abstracts, national accounts, economic and financial indicators, as well as statistical data on agriculture, education, housing, health issues, transport, tourism, the environment, gender, labour, migration, trade and industry. Also available are household surveys and statistics concerning household consumption, social conditions, etc. 5. Population censuses: at regional as well as national level. These are probably the most important statistical data. 6. Development plans, both national and local. 7. Policy documents concerning all areas of interest in the field of the social sciences. 8. Research reports. 9. Government gazettes: these are only purchased from a few countries at present, although older collections have been kept and are available for scrutiny in the Nordic Africa Institute Library.

Official publications on the Internet The two most important websites for official publications on the Internet are African Governments on the Internet and WorldLII. The first website is produced by the UNECA (United National Economic Commission for Africa). Each country can be reached from the start page. From there, you can find links to individual ministries, other public authorities, national banks, media, embassies, and so on. There are also links to strategy documents, planning programmes and projects within the IT sector. WorldLII (World Legal Information Institute) is a good website with many useful links that also include legislation. Another website of interest is the German African Governments on the WWW, which was created in 1995 and is very user-friendly. In many respects, it is similar to the above-mentioned African Governments on the Internet (unfortunately the last update is dated 2002). Two further websites are Political Resources and The Keele Guide to African Government and Politics on the Internet. They both include some links to official publications. The World Bank’s web pageThe World Bank – Countries and Regions includes a comprehensive collection of official publications as full text documents. Search- 66 António Lourenço ing is done by going to the country in question and selecting ’Publications (&Documents)’ or ’Topics (in development)’. Most documents are scanned from original documents. Here you can find various types of statistics, such as household surveys, policy documents, etc. The most interesting collections relate to countries for which it is usually very difficult to find documents, such as Angola, Mali, Benin and São Tomé e Príncipe. In order to search for information about Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Libya or Tunisia, scroll through Middle East and North Africa. However, Réunion (France) is not covered by this web page. The World Bank – Poverty Assessments – Sub-Saharan Africa concerns mainly poverty follow-up and measurement. On the website of the African Development Bank, African Development Bank there are collections about subject such as country strategies, gender profiles, economic reports and poverty reduction and follow-up. The website of the International Monetary Fund, IMF, holds collections of strategies for poverty reduction Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP). These have been prepared in collaboration with the governments of the individual countries. The documents provide a concrete picture of the macro-economic pre- requisites and various structural and social action programmes to reduce poverty. The database also covers a collection of current statistics within various areas. The documents are updated every third year. The collections are available for most African countries, with the exception of countries in northern Africa and also Botswana, Gabon, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Demographic and Health Surveys is a website produced by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). Here you can find official documents and statistics relating to population, health and nutrition for most African countries. Statistical collections contain unique data and provide information about subjects such as ethnic groups, education, female circumcision, etc. For the French-speaking African countries, there are some interesting websites. For example, Investir en Zone Franc contains current development plans and statistics for several countries. On Afristat there is, for example ’Bulletin de Données Conjoncturelles’ with statistics and economic cycle indicators for member countries. Mali now has a fantastic website, Malikunnafoni, with all types of statistics. For Senegal, there is much interesting statistics collected on the website Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD). Constitutions can also be found on the Internet. Two websites that may be useful are: Constitution Finder University of Richmond, School of Law and In- ternational Constitutional Law (Countries) Universität Bern, Institut für öffentli- ches Recht. On Law Library of Congress there are links to various websites. In the case a constitution cannot be found on these websites, you can search using a search engine such as Google. Official publications 67

On the Internet, you can also find various parliamentary documents, bills and other documents as well as collections with legislation. On the Inter-Parlia- mentary Union’s website, there is PARLINE Database with a link collection to practically all African parliaments. A number of interesting documents can be found on Parliament of the Re- public of Uganda, and the website Parliament of South Africa also contains much information. An interesting collection of White Papers as from 1994 is included on South Africa Government Online. On the website National Treasury there are government budget bills, budget accounts and so on. Tanzania has two websites, The Official Tanzania National Website and Tanza- nia Online, which also have a lot of content.

National statistics agencies In the Nordic Africa Institute Library’s link collection, A Guide to Africa on the Internet, compiled by the library, you can find links to the central statistics agencies of various countries under the heading ‘Links sorted according to region or country – (Statistics)’. Development is rapid, and new links are continuously being added; currently over 46 countries are represented. Apart from pure statistical publications, such as Mid-year Population Esti- mates, 2009 and Statistics in Brief, 2009, the website Statistics South Africa also includes a number of publications on various subjects such as Measuring Poverty in South Africa, Women and Men in South Africa, Youth of South Africa, etc. On the website for Tanzania’s National Bureau of Statistics you can already browse the Statistical Abstract 2006, Analytical Report of 2002 Population Census and National Accounts and even the latest Household Budget survey is available online. The websiteUganda Bureau of Statistics is also worth visiting. Apart from various current statistical publications, you can also find the latest census, Uganda 2002 Population Census and Statistical Abstract 2009, etc. Instituto Nacional de Estatística in Moçambique publishes the latest census, Census 2007. On the World Bank’s website, there is a collection of almost all National Sta- tistical Offices (North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa).

National banks The collections with official publications also include a number of publications from national banks that are of interest. In the link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet you can find links to the national banks of various countries (Banks). For some countries, such as Sierra Leone and Liberia, you can find 68 António Lourenço economic statistics and data collections with economic indicators. Angola also has data collections with economic indicators and other types of statistics under Banco Nacional de Angola that are not easy to find. For French-speaking west Africa, there are links to national banks in Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (BCEAO). For Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Chad, there are links in Banque des États de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC). For more links, see also the wiki List of Central Banks and Central Bank Websites. The chapter about Statistics has more information about National statistics agencies and National banks.

References Wilson, Myoung C. 1998, The Leopard that Changed Its Spots: Official Publications as a Research Tool in an Evolving Information Environment. 64th IFLA General Confer- ence, 16–21 August 1999, Amsterdam http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla64/155–133e. htm Nurcombe, Valerie, J. (ed.) 1997, Information Sources in Official Publications. London: Bowker Sauer. Westfall, Gloria, 1997, Guide to Official Publications to Foreign Countries. Washington DC and Chicago: CIS and American Library Association. Amonoo, Petrina and Azubuike, Abraham 2003, Government Information and Democ- racy: African Concerns and Perspectives. World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, 1–9 August 2003, Berlin http://archive.ifla.org/ IV/ifla69/papers/150e-Amonoo_Azubuike.pdf Government Information and Official Publications Section Newsletter (IFLA Website) http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/government-information-and-official-publications-section-newsletter

Internet resources African Governments on the Internet www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/africagovinternet.htm WorldLII http://www.worldlii.org/cgi-bin/gen_region.pl?region=250 African Governments on the WWW www.gksoft.com/govt/en/africa.html Political Resources http://www.politicalresources.net/africa.htm The Keele Guide to African Government and Politics on the Internethttp://www.keele. ac.uk/depts/por/afbase.htm The World Bank (Countries and Regions)http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTER - NAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html The World Bank (Poverty Reduction and Equity)http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EX - TERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20202860~menuPK: 435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367~isCURL:Y,00.html Official publications 69

Demographic and Health Surveys http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/start.cfm Investir en Zone Franc http://www.izf.net/espace_general/

Malikunnafonni http://www.malikunnafoni.com/ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie (ANSD) http://www.ansd.sn/ Afristat http://www.afristat.org/ The Official Tanzania National Websitehttp://www.tanzania.go.tz / Tanzania Online http://www.tzonline.org/ South Africa Government Online http://www.gov.za/ National Treasury http://www.treasury.gov.za/ Alleviation of poverty Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/prsp.asp

Constitutions Constitution Finder http://confinder.richmond.edu/ International Constitutional Law http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ Law Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations.php

Parliaments Web Sites of National Parliaments www.ipu.org/english/parlweb.htm PARLINE Database http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp Parliament of the Republic of Uganda http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Parliament of South Africa http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/index.php

National statistics agencies World Bank (National Statistical Offices)(North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa). http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/SCBEXTERN AL/0,,contentMDK:20445729~menuPK:2740285~pagePK:229544~piPK:229605~ theSitePK:239427,00.html

National banks Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest http://www.bceao.int/ Banque des États de l’Afrique Centrale http://www.beac.int/ List of Central Banks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks Central Bank Websites http://www.bis.org/cbanks.htm The History of Africa

Tore Linné Eriksen

Introduction The history chapter in the previous edition of Studying Africa included books published up to 2004. Since then, the literature on the history of Africa has grown considerably in both scope and quality, and many new themes have appeared. This is the starting point for the chapter that follows, which is devoted to books on the history of Africa published between 2004 and the middle of 2010. The following selection aims at broadening the perspective by giving more prominence to books which explore Africa in global history; that is, the historical relations of the continent around the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, in addition to providing examples of the rapidly growing body of literature on the African diaspora. An attempt has also been made to emphasise books by African historians, where the many West African historians at American universities in particular have been prominent contributors. There is a gradual transition into the next chapter, which deals withpoli- tics, economics and society. A number of general surveys cover long periods of time and extend into the current period, and books about topical themes often contain excellent historical background chapters. For this reason, the reader is advised to consult both chapters.

General surveys Since the publication of Studying Africa in 2005, two of the most frequently consulted surveys of African history have appeared in revised editions: John Iliffe’s Africans. A history of a continent (2007) and Erik Gilbert & Jonathan R. Reynolds’ Africa in world history. From prehistory to the present (2008). The same applies to the Norwegian historian Jarle Simensen’s Afrikas historie (2009). An ambitious work of reference with a profusion of entries is Encyclopedia of Africa (Gates & Appiah 2010), which also extends into our own times and covers a considerably wide range of topics. With younger readers as its target group, Af- rica (Murray 2007) covers history, culture and geography from the earliest times to the present day. A very useful reference work about women in African history up to the present is The A to Z of women in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sheldon 2010). Among the more recent surveys aimed at the university and college market that can also be read to great advantage outside the academic world, in addition to the works mentioned above by Iliffe and Gilbert & Reynolds, there is particular The History of Africa 71 reason to draw attention to Robert O. Collins & James M. Burns’ A history of Sub-Saharan Africa (2007). Robert O. Collins has also published Africa. A short history (2006), as well as editing a new edition of a three-volume work of historical documents and classic contributions to the discipline: Problems in African history, of which Vol. 1 (2005) deals with pre-colonial Africa, Vol. 2 (2007) is dedicated to Africa during the colonial period, and Vol. 3 (2008) treats recent history. Two Swedish historians, Ellen Hillbom and Erik Green, have recently published a highly informative and interesting book which focuses on social structures, production systems and power arenas over a period of 1,000 years in Afrika. En kontinents ekonomiska och sociala historia (2010). An introduction to the history of the entire continent written from an explicitly “Afrocentric” perspective, is Molefi Keti Asante’sThe history of Africa. The quest for eternal harmony (2007). In African history. A very short introduction (2007) Jon Parker and Richard Rathbone provide – as the title suggests – a short introduction which comprises both historical development and the development of historical research. Even shorter, and better illustrated, is Ben Burt’s Africa in the world. Past and present (2005), published by the British Museum. An original contribution for a broader readership is African history for beginners (Boyd & Wolvek-Pfister 2007), which is in comic strip format. History after independence is narrated with many details both in a professional historical style by Paul Nugent in Africa since independence (2004), and in a more journalistic style by Martin Meredith in The state of Africa (2005).

Historiography A broad survey of the literature that provides different perspectives on history and history writing (that is, what is known in academic jargon as historiography) in sub-Saharan Africa can be found in Randi Rønning Balsvik’s Afrika i eit historiografisk perspektiv(2004). A similar structure has been chosen in Knut S. Vikør’s Maghreb – Nordafrika etter 1800 (2007). Donald A. Xerxa conducted interviews with historians of Africa in Recent themes in the history of Africa and the Atlantic world (2008). African historical research has also been presented and discussed in Silences on African history (Depelchin 2005), Writing African history (Philips 2005), The practice of history in Africa. A history of African historiography (Alagoa 2006), Society, state and identity in African history (Baru Zewde 2008), Recasting the past (Peterson & Macola 2009) and Emergent themes and methods in African history (Falola & Paddock 2009). A very extensive collection of articles devoted to one of the most productive historians of Africa is Toyin Falola. The man, the mask, the muse (Afolabi 2010), whilst the prominent historian Philip D. Curtin reflects over the discipline and his own experiences in On the fringes of history (2005). The leading historian Adu Boahen from Ghana has collected many of his influential contributions to African history inAfrica in the twentieth century. The Adu Boahen reader(Falola 2004). 72 Tore Linné Eriksen

Themes There is no lack of exciting individual themes being described from a longer historical perspective, such as urban growth. Good examples of this are Bill Freund’s The African city. A history (2007) and African urban spaces in historical perspective (Salm & Falola 2009). Migrations, cultural encounters and regional identities are elucidated in a large number of articles in Movements, borders, and identities in Africa (Falola & Usman 2010). John Iliffe has also published a detailed study of the place of honour and the concept of honour in African history: Honour in African history (2004), whilst food and the production of food is depicted, amongst others, in Maize and grace. Africa’s encounter with a new world crop, 1500–2000 (McCann 2005) and Stirring the pot. A history of African cuisine (McCann 2009). The fact that Africa is a continent which, both historically and currently, is exposed to a whole range of diseases is clear not least from two books about the history of malaria: The making of a tropical disease. A short history of malaria (Packard 2007) and Humanity’s burden. A global history of malaria (Webb 2009). How seaports in both Northern and Southern Africa fell victim to plague at the beginning of the last century is described in Plague ports. The global urban impact of bubonic plague, 1894–1901 (Echenberg 2007). A detailed study of animals, humankind and their environments through the ages is found in Ivory’s ghost. The white gold of history and the fate of elephants (2009). A new book providing an excellent overview of African environmental history is Gregory H. Maddox’ Sub-Saharan Africa. An environmental history (2006), whilst the same perspective is adopted on those parts of Africa that formed part of the British Empire in Environment and empire (Beinhart & Hughes 2007). A standard work on African philosophical history has recently appeared in a new edition: Barry Hallen’s A short history of African philosophy (2009). Social-historical perspectives have continued to inspire a great deal of new history research in Africa, but, as most of these books are rooted in local communities or individual states, they will be mentioned in the regional sections below (for general surveys, see above). The same applies to detailed studies dealing with environmental history in various areas. Also, a large number of books with a gender perspective will be dealt with in the sections covering specific periods or regions, with the exception of an impressive series with sources and texts written by African women over a long period of time, published under the collective title Women writing Africa. The four publications areThe Southern region (Daymond 2003), West Africa and Sahel (Sutherland-Addy & Diaw 2005), The Eastern region (Lihamba 2007) and The Northern region (Nowaira 2008).

War and conflicts Another subject covered in several books is the role played by wars and armies in African history; see for example, African armies. From honour to infamy (Edg- erton 2006), Daily lives of civilians in wartime Africa (Laband 2006), African The History of Africa 73 military history (Lamphear 2007), Fighting for Britain. African soldiers in the Second World War (Killingray & Plaut 2010) and Distant drums. The role of colonies in British imperial wars (Jackson 2010). Africa as a combat zone during the First World War, not least in the former German colonies, is described in detail in The first world war in Africa (Strachan 2004), The forgotten front 1914–1918 (Anderson 2004) and Tip & run. The untold tragedy of the great war in Africa (Paice 2008). Relations between Africa and the USA in a historical perspective are explored by Robert A. Waters in Historical dictionary of United States-Africa relations (2009), whilst John Kent concentrates on the UN, the Congo and decolonisation in America, the UN and decolonization (2010).

Religion As demonstrated in the previous edition of Att studera Afrika, there is also abun- dant literature about religions and missionary work through the ages. New additions to our knowledge of the long history of Islam in Africa are Muslim societies in Africa (Robinson 2004) and Africa’s Islamic experience (Mazrui 2009), whilst Christian missionary activity is treated in Religion versus empire? British protes- tant missionaries and overseas expansion, 1700–1914 (Porter 2004), Missions and empire (Etherington 2005), White men’s god. The extraordinary story of missionaries in Africa (Ballard 2008) and –from a female perspective – in The communion of women (Prevost 2010). The relationship between missionary work and imperialist expansion is described in detail in Missions, states, and European expansion in Africa (Koreieh & Njoku 2007). Jewish history over more than 2,000 years is described by Richard Hull in Jews and Judaism in African history (2009).

Historical dictionaries of Africa In recent years, several new books have also appeared in the series Historical dictionaries of Africa, indispensable works of reference for those intending to study a single country. Among the most recent examples are Ethiopia (Shinn & Ofcansky 2004), Ghana (Owusa-Ansah 2005), Madagascar (Allen & Covell 2005), Morocco (Park & Boum 2006), Libya (St. John 2006), Gabon (Gardinier 2006), Burundi (Eggers 2006), Algeria (Naylor 2007), Zambia (Simon 2007), Mali (Imperato & Imperato 2008), Gambia (Hughes 2008), Botswana (Morton et al. 2008), Mauritania (Pazzanita 2008), The Democratic Republic of Congo (Kisangani & Bobb 2009), Nigeria (Falola & Genova 2009) and Cameroon (Mbuh 1010).

Historical periods Early history If we turn to the very earliest history or prehistory, which is primarily the field of archaeologists, four general surveys are hugely recommended: Forgotten Africa. 74 Tore Linné Eriksen

An introduction to its archaeology (Connah 2004), African archaeology (Phillipson 2005). African connections. An archaeological perspectives on Africa and the wider world (Mitchell) and The first Africans (Barham & Mitchell 2008). A short and well illustrated presentation is given in Seven wonders of Ancient Africa (Woods & Woods 2009), whilst The A to Z of ancient and medieval Nubia (Lobban 2010) is a rich work of reference about an early Sudanese civilisation. There is a wealth of specialist literature about the origins of humans (homo sapiens) and the migration out of Africa that falls outside this survey, but an excellent place to start is Alice Roberts’ popular scientific work The incredible journey. The story of how we colonised the planet (2009), which is based on an award-winning BBC TV series. In the series Dictionaries of civilizations there is a separate volume entitled Africa (Bargna 2009), with very well illustrated – if somewhat fragmentary – information about early civilisations and cultures. A central work of reference in a new edition is Robert O. Collins’ The A to Z of pre-colonial Africa(2010) . A solid documentation on how Africa and Africans were subject to racist disparagement in the region around the Mediterranean several thousand years ago is given in The first Ethiopians. The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world (Van Wyk Smith 2009). The period called “the Middle Ages” in European history is outlined in The African & The Middle Eastern world, 600–1500 (Pouwels 2005), whilst Rulers, warriors, traders, clerics. The Central Sahara and the North Sea 800–1500 (Haour 2007) is an exciting comparison between two different parts of the world. The great empires in West Africa in the same period are scrutinised in Empires of medieval Africa. Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (Conrad 2009). The important trading town and the Islamic seat of learning Timbuktu in today’s Mali, which reached its apex in the 15th and 16th centuries, has been described in several new books; see, for example, Timbuktu, The Sahara’s fabled city of gold (De Villiers & Hirtle 2007) and the magnificent volume The hidden treasures of Timbuktu. Historic city of Islamic Africa (Hunwick & Boye 2008). The first encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples around the world are documented from contemporary sources in the First encounters. Native views on the coming of the Europeans (Leavitt 2010). The long-lasting historical links across the Sahara have been concisely described and analysed by Ralph A. Austen in Trans-Saharan Africa in world history (2010), while a new standard work on the slave trade across the Sahara is John Wright’s The Trans-Saharan slave trade (2007). Bridges across the Sahara (Ahmida 2009) is a collection of articles on the effects of the trade in the 19th and 20th centuries, whilst trading and Islamic networks in the 19th century are the subject of On Trans-Saharan trails (2009).

The colonial period Closer to our own times, an English translation of Catherine Coquery-Vidro- vitch’s book on the 19th-century: Africa and the Africans in the nineteenth century. The History of Africa 75

A turbulent history (2009) is highly welcome. An account of Africa’s history over the past hundred years which is both detailed and rich in perspectives is provided by Richard Reid in A history of modern Africa. From 1800 to the present (2009), which will undoubtedly become a standard work. One of the very best introductions to the African colonial period as a whole is to be found in the collection of articles Dark webs (Falola 2005). An often-used textbook concentrating on the partition of Africa by colonial powers has appeared in a new edition: The scramble for Africa (Chamberlain 2010). A new and exhaustive work on the Zambezi expedition in the middle of the 19th century and the controversy it aroused in Great Britain is Zambesi. David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa (Dritsas 2010). Exploration, rivalry and imperialism are also vividly described in two new biographies: Stanley. The impossible life of Africa’s great explorer(Jeal 2007) and Paths without glory, Richard Francis Burton in Africa (Newman 2010). There are also several chapters on Africa in the colonial period in Kolonial- ismens sorte bog (Ferro 2004), whilst the history of the Africans and their descendants around the world is described as part of the British Empire in Black experience and the empire (Morgan & Hawkins 2004). Light is shed on Portugal’s long colonial dominion in David Birmingham’s Empire in Africa. Angola and its neighbours (2006). In How colonialism preempted modernity in Africa (2010) Olufemi Taiwo provides an innovative work which argues that the colonial period signifies a blockage – and distortion – of modernisation and growth rather than a boost. Africa and the West. A documentary history (Worger et al. 2010) a rich collection of documents in two volumes, is indispensable to those who wish to study the relationship between Africa and the Western world from the 15th century to the present day. The links between colonialism and the dominant form of “knowledge” about Africa are discussed in Ordering Africa. Anthropology, European imperialism and the politics of knowledge (Tilley & Gordon 2007). The use by colonial powers of concepts such as “rights” and “liberty” as a means of legitimising imperialism and foreign rule, mainly based on examples from Ni- geria, are incisively analysed by Bonny Ibhawoh in Imperialism and human rights (2007). Genocide and war crimes during the colonial period are considered from a comparative perspective both in Genocide. A comprehensive introduction (Jones 2009) and The Oxford handbook of genocide studies (Bloxham & Moses 2010), whilst a historiographical overview is offered in the article“Folkemord i et komparativt koloniperspektiv: et riss av en fagdebatt” (Eriksen 2009). Not surprisingly, Africa occupies an important place in the comprehensive literature on the British Empire, as, for example, in several chapters of John News- inger’s The blood never dried. A people’s history of the British empire(2006) , Settlers and expatriates (Bickers 2010) and Migration and empire (Harper & Constantine 2010). Among recent overviews, Britannia’s empire, written by the South Afri- can Bill Nasson (2004), The British empire. From sunrise to sunset (Levine 2007), The empire project (Darwin 2009) and Understanding the British empire (Hyam 2010) should also be mentioned. Two most interesting studies of cocoa produc- 76 Tore Linné Eriksen tion and trade, the British chocolate industry and imperialism are Chocolate on trial. Slavery, politics and the ethics of business (Sate 2005) and Chocolate, women and empire (Robertson 2009). A detailed study of the French Empire at the turn of the last century, focusing on the significance of religion in the scramble for Africa, is An empire divided. Religion, republicanism, and the making of French colonialism, 1880–1914 (2006), whilst Our friends beneath the sands (Windrow 2010) is concerned with the role of the French Foreign Legion during the colonial conquest after 1870. The period between the two world wars is the theme both in The French empire between the wars. Politics and society (Thomas 2005) in The French imperial nation-state (Wilder 2005). The French empire under the Vichy regime during the Second World War is covered thoroughly by Ruth Ginio in French colonialism unmasked. The Vichy years in French West Africa (2008). A less familiar scandal of violence from the French conquest of empire in West Africa at the beginning of the 20th century has now been brought to light in Bertrand Taithe’s The killer trail. A colonial scandal in the heart of Africa (2009). Even if the history of German colonialism was cut short by the treaties following its defeat in the First World War, it has been the object of extensive research in recent years. Most of the literature is, of course, in German, but among books available in English we find The devil’s handwriting (Steinmetz 2007), Germany’s colonial past (Ames et al. 2005), The German colonial experience (Knoll 2010) and German colonialism (Langbehn 2010). In all these books Namibia occupies a central position. (For literature dealing specifically with the German genocide in Namibia at the beginning of the 20th century, see the section on Southern Africa below.) Italy’s colonialism has also been considered, with special emphasis on Ethiopia, Eritrea and Libya, in the collection of articles Italian colonialism (Ben-Ghiat & Fuller 2005).

Decolonisation The end of colonialism in Africa is described in several works which more generally cover the process of decolonisation, of which two central works are The Routledge companion to decolonization (Rothermund 2006) and Decolonization and its impact. A comparative approach to the end of the colonial empires (Ship- way 2007). Whilst most historical accounts of decolonisation devote considerable attention to the international power game and changes in relative global power, such as in Crisis of empire. Decolonization and Europe’s imperial states, 1918–1975 (Thomas et al. 2008), Jonathan Derrick in Africa’s ’agitators’. Mili- tant anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939 (2008) emphasises the role played by African activists even in the interwar period. In Ending British rule in Africa (2009) Carol Polsgrove tells the story of a group of Africans and intellectuals of African origin from the Caribbean who, through their activities in London at the end of the Second World War, thought the unthinkable: the end of British colonial rule. The History of Africa 77

African history in a global perspective

Slavery African history can obviously not be written or understood without taking the continent’s links with other continents into consideration, and, if we think of the history of Africans, should also be focused on the seminal ways in which Africans and their descendants have left their mark on history far beyond their own continent. This perspective characterises several of the general surveys that are mentioned above (not least Mitchell 2005 and Gilbert & Reynolds 2008). The Atlantic slave trade is, of course, the most obvious example of African integration into the capitalist world system and is explored in a rich body of literature. A standard work in a new edition is The Atlantic slave trade (Herbert Klein 2010), while other good introductions are to be found in Captives as commodities. The Atlantic slave trade (Lindsay 2008) and The atlas of slave trade (Walvin 2005). Africa also claims considerable space in Swedish historian Dick Harrison’s impressive and highly readable three-volume work Slaveri. En världshistoria om ofrihet (2010). Based on an updated database, a number of new articles about the slave trade have been collected in Extending the frontiers (Eltis & Richard- son 2008), whilst the slave trade across both across the Atlantic and the Sahara from areas under Islamic influence in West and Central Africa is discussed in Paul E. Lovejoy’s Slaves at the frontiers of Islam (2004). The British slave trade based on West Africa is studied in The grand slave emporium. Cape Coast castle and the British slave trade (St. Clair 2007) and Reconfiguring slavery. West African trajectories (Rossi 2009), whilst Ouidah: The social history of a West African port, 1727–1829 (Law 2005) is a detailed study of a major slave port and the critical role played by African traders. How a sensitive and controversial theme such as slavery and the slave trade is regarded in today’s Ghana (including by Afro- Americans and tourists) is discussed in Routes of remembrance. Refashioning the slave trade in Ghana (Holsey 2008). The slave trade both across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans is considered in several chapters in Many middle passages. Forced migration and the making of the modern world (Christopher et al. 2007). The slave trade is seen from an African perspective in Anne C. Bailey’s Af- rican voices of the Atlantic slave trade (2005), whilst the slaves’ own resistance is covered in a comparative perspective in Fighting the slave trade. West African strategies (Diouf 2004), Slave revolts (Postma 2008) and Slavery and resistance in Africa and Asia. Bonds of resistance (Alpers et al. 2009). The most recent research into slavery internally in Africa is brought together in African systems of slavery (Spaulding & Besnick 2010). In the struggle for abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the British colonies towards the end of the 18th century, Olaudah Equiano played a central role. This former slave, who lived in Great Britain for many years, is also the writer of the highly influential autobiography: The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, Gustavus Vassa, the African (new ed. 2003). Equiano the African (Carretta 2005) is a historical biography, whilst 78 Tore Linné Eriksen

Olaudah Equiano & the Igbo world (Koreih 2009) is an exciting collection of articles focusing on his West African roots. The importance of Africans in the struggle for abolition of the slave trade and slavery is covered in Abolitionism, and imperialism in Britain, Africa and the Atlantic (Peterson 2010).

The Atlantic “Atlantic history” has in recent years taken great leap forward as a separate field of research, where Africa is put into contexts with other areas bordering the same ocean. A general survey is given by ThomasBenjamin in The Atlantic world. Europeans, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 1400–1900 (2009) and by Douglas Egerton et al. in The Atlantic world. A history, 1400–1888 (2007), whilst five good collections of articles including chapters with an African perspective are Enslaving connections (Curto & Lovejoy 2004), Africa and the Americas. Intercon- nections during the slave trade (Curto & Souloudre –La France 2005), The Atlantic world 1450–2000 (Falola and Robert 2008), The changing worlds of Atlantic Africa (Childs & Falola 2009) and Atlantic history. A critical appraisal (Green & Morgan 2009). A more recent global history in Norwegian also has an Atlantic perspective and devotes a separate chapter to Africa : Globalhistorie 1750–1914. En sammenvevd og delt verden (Eriksen 2010). The history of transport by slave ship across the Atlantic is described by Stephanie Smallwood in Saltwater slavery. A middle passage from Africa to American diaspora (2007), by Marcus Rediker in The slave ship (2007) and by Toyin Falola & Manda B. Warnock in Encyclopedia of the middle passage (2007).

The Indian Ocean As a large part of Africa also borders the Indian Ocean, there is much information about African history to be obtained in surveys such as The Indian Ocean (Pearson 2003), Indian Ocean in world history (Kearney 2004) and A hundred horizons. The Indian Ocean in the age of global empire (Bose 2008). The fact that it is impossible to write the history of eastern and southern Africa without emphasising relations with India during the early colonial period is an important point made by Tho- mas R. Metcalf in Imperial connections (2007). Edward A. Alpers has collected his own studies on the same subject in East Africa and the Indian Ocean (2009), while Cross currents and community networks. The history of the Indian Ocean world (Ray & Alpers 2007) is a collection of a wide range of articles. Valuable additions to this literature are also John Halwey’s India in Africa. Africa in India. Indian Ocean cosmopolitanism (2008) and a study of the significance of Hinduism as a result of Indian emigration to Africa within the framework of the British Empire: New homelands. Hindu communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji and East Africa (Younger 2009). A new work about maritime trading links around the Indian Ocean, with Zanzibar as its main focus, is Abdul Sheriff’s Dhow cultures of the Indian Ocean. Cosmopolitanism, commerce and Islam (2010). The History of Africa 79

Diaspora The links between Africa and the history of peoples of African descent around the world – the African diaspora – is also an independent field of research that is rapidly expanding. The latest surveys have been provided by Patrick Manning:The African diaspora. A history through culture (2009) and Frederick Knight: Working the diaspora. The impact of African labor on the Anglo-American world, 1650–1850 (2010), whilst M. A. Gomez has written Reversing sails. A history of the African diaspora (2005) as well as edited Diasporic Africa. A reader (2006). Another perspective on the diaspora is given in Slavery, Islam and diaspora (Mirzai 2009). As regards other African contributions to world history, where the focus is on agricultural production and the dissemination of plant crops, a great deal of material is to be found both in Deep roots. Rice farmers in West Africa and the African diaspora (Fields-Black 2008) and In the shadow of slavery. Africa’s botanic legacy in the Atlantic world (Carney 2009). The history of Africans in Europe from ancient times right up to our own times is told in the important two-volume work Africans in Europe (2009), whilst Africans in Europe during the Renaissance forms the theme of Black Africans in renaissance Europe (Earle & Lowe 2005). The lives of African slaves in the “New World” is told in detail in The slavery reader (Heuman & Walvin 2003), Inhuman bondage. The rise and fall of slavery in the new world (Davis 2006) and African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (Klein & Vinson 2007). Two areas that supplied a great number of slaves are described in detail, with an emphasis on slavery, resistance, culture and relations to their homeland, in The Yoruba diaspora in the Atlantic world (Falola & Childs 2004) and The Akan diaspora in the Americas (Konadu (2010). A comprehensive collection of articles treating the same theme from a gender perspective is Gendering the African diaspora. Women, culture, and historical change in the Caribbean and Nigerian hinterland (Byfield et al. 2010). A wealth of new information about the role of Africans in Asia is brought together in Uncovering the history of Africans in Asia (Jayasuriya & Anginit 2008).

Regions and individual countries North Africa The history of the northern part of the African continent has recently been covered by Phillip Naylor in an excellent survey; North Africa. A history from the antiquity to the present (2009). A good overview in a brief format is given by Barnaby Rogerson in A traveller’s history of North Africa (2008), whilst Egypt and other parts of North Africa are included in a new edition of the standard work A concise history of the Middle East (Goldschmidt & Davidson 2006). Economic history is comprehensively treated in Charles Issawi’s An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (2005), whilst Ruth M. Beitler and Angelica R. Martinez have collected studies with a women’s perspective in 80 Tore Linné Eriksen

Women’s roles in the Middle East and North Africa (2010). Eugene Rogan’s The Arabs. A history (2009) is a well-written survey which also covers Egypt and other parts of North Africa. A perspective on social movements and popular resistance during the 15th century and onwards is provided in Subaltern protest. History from below in the Middle East and North Africa (Cronin 2007). A new historical reference work is Cities of the Middle East and North Africa (Dumper & Stanley 2006). There is no lack of books on the history of Egypt; some recent additions are The history of Egypt (Perry 2004), A history of Egypt. From the Arab conquest to the present (Al-Sayyid Marsot 2007), A modern history of Egypt (Thompson 2008) and A brief history of Egypt (Goldschmidt 2008). An exciting portrait of a prominent 19th century statesman regarded as “the father of modern Egypt” is Mehmet Ali (Fahmy 2008). Re-envisioning Egypt, 1919–1952 (Goldschmidt et al. 2005) shows how the upheavals in 1952 had their roots in a long history of anti-colonial resistance. Cathlyn Mariscotti’s Gender and class in the Egyptian women’s movement, 1925–1939 (2008) is a highly interesting study from the interwar years, whilst gender history from a comparative viewpoint is provided in Beth Baron’s Egypt as a woman. Nationalism, gender and politics (2007). The history of historical research in Egypt in the 20th century is told in Gatekeepers of the Arab past (Di-Capua 2009). Three recent books , moreover, deal with the first attack by a western country in North Africa in modern times – Napoleon’s attempts at conquest in 1798, Napoleon’s Egypt. Invading the Middle East (Cole 2007), Mirage. Napoleon’s scientists and the unveiling of Egypt (Burleigh 2007) and Napoleon in Egypt (Strathern 2007). Both Khartoum. The ultimate imperial adventure (Asher 2009) and Three empires on the Nile. The Victorian Jihad, 1868–1899 (Green 2007) are concerned with the imperialist struggle for control over the Nile and Sudan. Among books dealing with other countries in the region are Morocco. From empire to independence (Pennell 2009) and A history of modern Tunisia (Perkins 2004). Algeria’s history is also dealt with in several new books, such as Modern Algeria. The origins and development of a nation (Ruedy 2005) and History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria (McDougal 2008), whilst the Algerian Ber- ber people are the theme of an informative reference work: A to Z of the Berbers (Imazighen) (2009). The point that conflicts of mass violence in Algeria in the 1990s have to be understood against the background of the colonial period is forcefully made in Violent modernity. France in Algeria (Hannoum 2010). Libya’s history has in recent years been enriched with several surveys, such as Libya. From colony to independence (St. John 2008), A history of modern Libya (Vandewalle 2006, The making of modern Libya (Ahmida 2009), A history of Libya (Wright 2010), for example, and – more specifically concerned with the contemporary period – The origins of the Libyan nation (Baldinetti 2010). Drawing on materials from several centuries, Forgotten voices (Ahmida 2009) is concerned with the history of those who most often are overlooked. The History of Africa 81

West Africa For those interested in the history of West Africa, an excellent place to start is Themes in West African history (Akyeampong 2006), which is primarily written by West African historians. Our understanding of the role of Islam in West African history has also been enriched by West-Africa, Islam and the Arab world (Hunwick 2007). Origins of African political thinking (July 2004) is a good introduction to African political thinking with the 18th century in West Africa as its point of departure. Also highly recommended in this regard are Telling stories, making histories. Women, words, and Islam in nineteenth-century Hausaland and the Sokoto (Bivins 2007) and Fighting the greater Jihad. Amadu Baba and the founding of the Muridyya of Senegal, 1853–1913 (Babou 2007). A historical perspective on US relations with West Africa is provided in The United States and West Africa (Jallo & Falola 2008). A comparative perspective on West African urbanisation is adopted in A history of urban planning in two West African capitals (Bigon 2009) The large body of literature concerned with Nigeria has recently been enriched by Toyin Falola and Matthew M. Heaton in A history of Nigeria (2008), whilst the former has also documented the violent nature of colonial occupation in Colonialism and violence in Nigeria (2009). Nigeria’s pre-colonial and colonial history is also the theme of two Festschrifts to Toyin Falola: Precolonial Nigeria (Ogundiran 2005) and The foundations of Nigeria (Oyebade 2004). An innovative work showing the active participation of many Africans in disseminating “Western civilisation” in Nigeria is Andrew E. Barnes’ Making headway. The introduction of Western civilization in colonial Northern Nigeria (2009), whilst Olufemi Vaughan sheds new light on an important historical subject in Nigerian chiefs. Traditional power in modern politics, 1890s–1990s (2006). An important contribution to the history of both slavery and urbanisation is Kristin Mann’s Slavery and the birth of an African city. Lagos 1760–1900 (2007), whilst the slow development of slavery in Nigeria is the theme of E. A. Afigbo’s The abolition of the slave trade in Southeastern Nigeria, 1885–1959 (2006). The history of the Igbo people in Nigeria is treated in depth in Igbo history and society. The essays of Adiele Afigbo (Falola 2006) and Constructions of belonging. Igbo community and the Nigerian state in the twentieth century (Harneit-Sivers 2006). Colonial meltdown. Northern Nigeria in the great depression (Ochuni 2009) is one of the few examples of a detailed study of the effects of the economic crisis in Africa in the interwar years, whilst economic developments over the final decades before independence are explored in great details in Economic reforms and modernization in Nigeria, 1945–1965 (Falola 2004). Economic and social change in rural areas in a long-term perspective form the theme of The land has changed. History, society and gender in colonial Eastern Nigeria (Koreih 2010), and the history of urbanisation is at the centre of Nigeria’s urban history (Tijani 2006). A gender perspective on Nigerian history is offered in Igbo women and economic transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960 (Chuku 2005) and in the rich 82 Tore Linné Eriksen collection of articles Yoruba women, work, and social change (McIntosh 2009), whilst an account of the Yoruba people – who number approximately 40 million in Africa and in the diaspora – is given in A history of the Yoruba people (Akintoye 2010). A number of studies of Nigerian history have been collected in Nigerian history, politics and affairs. The collected essays of Adiele Afigbo(Falola 2005). Walter Rodney’s classic A history of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545 to 1800 (2009) is now available in a new edition, whilst G. Ugo Nwokeji is mainly concerned with the role played by the merchant class in the organisation of the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra in The slave trade and culture in the Bight of Biafra (2010). Gambia’s history over almost 200 years is presented in A political history of Gambia (Hughes & Perfect 2008). The significance of colonialism for food, occupation and agriculture is discussed in detail in A workman is worthy of his meat. Food and colonialism in the Gabon estuary (2009). With Labour, land and capital in Ghana. From slavery to free labour in Asante, 1807–1956 (2005) Gareth Austin has summarised a lifetime of research on the transition from slavery and the economic history of an important area. Kwame Nkrumah’s historical significance is elucidated in David Rooney’s Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and tragedy (2007) and in a new edition of Basil Dav- idson’s classic The black star (2007). A valuable collection of articles focusing on Ghana, with a comparative view of other parts of West Africa is The ’traditional’ and the ’modern’ in West African (Ghanaian) history (Hernæs 2005). Making men in Ghana (Miescher 2006) is an original contribution to Ghanaian history told through the life stories of eight men. An original study of the popular struggle for independence is Elizabeth Schmidt’s Mobilizing the masses. Gender, ethnicity, and classes in the national movement in Guinea, 1939–1958 (2005), whilst her Cold war and decolonization in Guinea, 1946–1958 (Schmidt 2007) looks at Guinea from an international perspective. The Guinean experience is also discussed by Jay Straker in Youth, nationalism, and the Guinean revolution (2009). How globalisation has affected Africa over the long term has been shown in a new edition of Donald R. Wright’s excellent The world and a very small place in Africa. A history of globalization in Niumi, the Gambia (2010). Relations between the USA and West Africa are the theme of The United States and West Africa (Jallo & Falola 2008), whilst the close links between the USA and Liberia during the Cold War are covered by D. Elwood Dunn in Liberia and the United States during the cold war (2009).

Central and East Africa (including Sudan) A good place to start for those who want a concise overview of the history of East Africa is the new edition of Robert Maxon’s East Africa. An introductory history (2009). Pre-colonial history has received several valuable contributions, such as Carriers of cultures. Labor on the road in the nineteenth-century East Africa (Rockel 2006), Slavery on the Great Lakes in East Africa (Medard & Doyle 2007) and War in pre-colonial Eastern Africa. The politics & meaning of state-level con- The History of Africa 83 flicts in the nineteenth century (Reid 2007). Christine Saidi has provided a most welcome gender perspective on early history in Women’s authority and society in early East-Central Africa (2010). The history of Ethiopia (Adejumobi 2007) covers a long period of time in a pedagogic manner, whilst the Ethiopian victory over Italy in 1895 receives a detailed depiction in The battle of Adwa. Reflections on Ethiopia’s historic victory against European colonialism (Milkias & Getachew Metefaria 2005). The dying lion. Feudalism and modernization in Ethiopia (Gilkes 2007) takes as its subject the background to the fall of the Emperor in 1974. The struggle against the subsequent military dictatorship is presented in a detailed and critical way in A political history of the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (1975–1991) (Aregawi Berhe 2009), whilst Getachew Metafaria describes the changing relationships of the USA and Ethiopia in Ethiopia and the United States. History, diplomacy, and analysis (2009). The recent history of Sudan is presented in an overview by Robert O. Collins in A history of modern Sudan (2008), whilst The Nubian past (Edwards 2004) builds on archaeological knowledge to tell the history of the area over 2,000 years, and cultural diversity is illustrated by Culture and customs of Sudan (Essien & Falola 2008). A new standard work in its field is R. S. O’Fahey’s The Darfur sultanate. A history (2008), whilst Sara Beswick follows the history of the Dinka people all the way back to the 14th century in Sudan’s blood memory. The legacy of war, ethnicity, and slavery in South Sudan (2004). The campaign conducted by the colonial authorities against female circumcision (or genital mutilation) is described from similar perspectives in Civilizing women. British crusades in colonial Sudan (Boddy 2007), whilst the same theme is elucidated in a more general way in Female circumcision and the politics of knowledge (Nnaemeka 2005). The history of Tanzania is constantly being enriched with new literature. Among several examples of history written for an environmental and local perspectives are Highland sanctuary. Environmental history in Tanzania’s Usambara mountains (Conte 2004), Wielding the ax. State forestry and social conflict in Tan- zania, 1820–2000 (Sunseri 2009) and Imagining Serengeti. A history of landscape memory in Tanzania from the earliest times to the present (Shetler (2007). Two recent books also shed new light on the complex history of Dar es Salaam: His- tories from an emerging African metropolis (Brennan et al. 2007) and African underclass. Urbanisation, crime & colonial order in Dar es Salaam, 1919–61 (Burton 2005). Other historical studies, focusing on the relationship between local communities and state, are In search of a nation. Histories of authority and dissidence in Tanzania (Maddox & Giblin 2005), A history of the excluded. Making family a refuge from state in twentieth-century Tanzania (2005) and Practicing history in Central Tanzania. Writing, memory and performance (Maddox & Kongola 2005). In Emancipation without abolition in German East Africa, c. 1884–1914 (2008) Jan-Georg Deutsch describes the 19th-century slave trade and the lives of slaves, as well as resistance during German colonial rule. Perhaps the most widespread 84 Tore Linné Eriksen revolt in African colonial history is explored through a collection of case-studies in Maji-Maji. Lifting the fog of war (Giblin & Monson 2010), whilst the brutal warfare of the then German colonial power and the resistance of the Hehe people towards the end of the 19th century is described in detail in “To devour the land of Mkwawa”, Colonial violence and the German-Hehe war in East Africa, c. 1884–1914 (Pizzo 2010). Zanzibar’s central position both before and during the colonial era is the theme of Erik Gilbert’s Dhows & the colonial economy of Zanzibar 1860–1970 (2004). An interesting study of international politics and development aid deals with the Chinese-built railway between Zambia and Tanza- nia: Africa’s freedom railway (Monson 2009). The area of the Ugandan kingdom of Bunyoro is described from an environmental-historical perspective from the end of the pre-colonial period to the end of the 1950s in Crisis & decline. Population & environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955 (Doyle 2006), whilst Cultivating success in Uganda. Kigezi farmers & colonial policies (Carswell 2007) tells how a district in Uganda resisted specialisation of production for export, and instead retained a more balanced, environmentally friendly and sustainable type of agriculture. A corrective to notions about Uganda as an idyll of “milk and honey” as regards environmental and medical history during the colonial period is provided by the Finnish historian Jan Kuhanen in Poverty, health and reproduction in early colonial Uganda (2005), whilst a gender perspective on women’s work in Uganda is presented in Women, work and domestic virtue in Uganda 1900–2003 (Kyo- muhende & McIntosh 2006). The position of women in Kenya and their struggle to achieve better conditions is described and analysed in African womanhood in colonial Kenya, 1900–50 (Ka- nogo 2005), Worries of the heart. Widows, family, and community in Kenya (Mu- tongi 2007) and Land, food, freedom. Struggles for the gendered commons in Kenya, 1870–2007 (Brownhill 2009). The links between colonialism and racism are comprehensively treated in Race and empire. Eugenics in colonial Kenya (Campbell 2007). A very controversial theme in historical research is the “Mau-Mau” uprising in Kenya in the 1950s, which form the focus of a number of new books. Britain’s Gulag. The brutal end of empire in Kenya (Elkins 2005) and Histories of the hanged. Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire (Anderson 2005) are mostly devoted to British brutality, whilst both S. M. Shamsul Alam’s Rethinking the Mau Mau in colonial Kenya (2007) and Daniel Branch’s Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya (2010) discuss the uprising in its complexity, and elucidate the various attitudes held within the Kikuyu population. The social background of the uprising is explored in The social context of the Mau Mau movement in Kenya (Macharia & Kanyua 2006), whilst Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau (Smith 2005) clearly demonstrates that there is still historical research that pursues the myths and arguments of the colonial powers. The argument that the struggle of the British to keep control in Kenya also had a Cold War bias is made in Britain, Kenya and the cold war. Imperial defence, colonial security, and decolonization (Percox 2004). Nugi wa Thiong’o. the well-known writer of fiction, derives a great deal of his material The History of Africa 85 from the days of the war in the 1950s in his fascinating memories Dreams in a time of war. A childhood memoir (2010). The relationship between the colonial masters, the local population and the natural environment is the theme of Black poachers, white hunters. A social history of hunting in colonial Kenya (2005), whilst a perspective of gender and legal history, the so-called “double patriarchy”, that is to say the combination of local male power and the intervention of the colonial power, is adopted in Girl cases. Marriage and colonialism in Gusiiland, Kenya 1890–1970 (Brett & Shadle 2006). Norwegians in Kenya both before and during the 1950s are given their history in Kristin Alsaker Kjerland’s Nordmenn i det koloniale Kenya (2010). The same writer is also co-editor of a collection of studies with a wider aim: Kolonitid. Nordmenn på eventyr and big business i Afrika and Stillehavet (2009). A very exciting study of agriculture, food and power is to be found in the Malawian historian Elias C. Mandala’s The end of Chidyerano. A history of food and everyday life in Malawi, 1860–2004 (2006), whilst the basis of political resistance to both colonial rule and the authoritarian regime of Hastings Banda is discussed in Joey Powers’ Political culture and nationalism in Malawi (2010). A concise introduction to the history of Madagascar from the first settlements in the fifth century to the present day is given in Madagascar. A short history (Randriania & Ellis 2009), whilst its economic history from 1750 up to colonisation is covered by An economic history of imperial Madagascar 1750–1895 (Campbell 2008). Whereas several earlier books have documented the brutality of the colonisation of the Congo, this picture is now being complemented by a detailed study of forced labour and the plundering of natural resources under the direction of the British company of Lord Leverhulme in the period right up to the Second World War: Lord Leverhulme’s ghosts. Colonial exploitation in the Congo (Marchal 2008). The history of the role of Norwegians under King Leopold’s reign of terror in the Congo is told in Nordmenn i Kongo (Godøy 2010). Jan Vansina has elucidated pre-colonial social conditions in central Africa in a number of books, and has followed these up with a series of new studies and new editions: How societies are born. Governance in West Central Africa before 1600 (Vansina 2004), Antecedents to modern Rwanda. The Nyiginya kingdom (Vansina 2004), Paths in the rainforest (Vansina 2006) and Being Kuba. The Kuba experience in rural Congo 1880–1960 (Vansina 2010). Another pioneer of pre-colonial history, David Newbury, has collected a number of his influential studies in The land before the mist. Essays on identity and authority in precolonial Congo and Rwanda (Newbury 2009).

Southern Africa South Africa South Africa is undoubtedly the African country that is best provided with excellent and up-to-date historical surveys, new research and perceptive histori- 86 Tore Linné Eriksen cal discussions. A number of contributions from recent years range from short introductory texts to more substantial works, all of high professional quality, at the same time as there are a number of monographs available which provide a wealth of perspectives. Three good places to gain an overview are A concise history of South Africa (Ross 2008), South Africa in world history (Berger 2009) and – briefest of all – Dinosaurs, diamonds and democracy, A short, short history of South Africa (Wilson 2009). A more comprehensive and well illustrated work of history, with a large number of South African writers as contributors, is New history of South Africa (Giliomee & Mbenga 2009), whilst The Cambridge history of South Africa most likely will become the standard academic text for many years to come. The first of two volumes edited by Carolyn Hamilton et al. (2010) has appeared so far, covering the period from earliest times to 1885.. A more journalistic account is offered by R. W. Johnson in South Africa. The first man, the last nation (2004), whilst Charles H. Feinstein provides an overview of the economic history of the area in An economic history of South Africa (2004). The rise and fall of the apartheid system is the subject of two recent historical studies: The rise, fall, and legacy of apartheid (Louw 2004) and The rise and fall of apartheid (Welsh2009). The military history of the area from the first colonial conquest to the apartheid period and on into the contemporary period is the subject of Timothy Stapleton’s A military history of South Africa (2010). A regional perspective on the resistance to colonisation in South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Namibia is given in Grappling with the beast. Indigenous Southern African responses to colonialism, 1840–1930 (Limb 2010), whilst the impact of slavery and its formal abolition is covered by Slavery, emancipation and colonial rule in South Africa (Dooling 2008). Different perspectives on South Africa history writing and the “collective memory” are given in Liberals, Marxists and nationalists. Competing interpretations of South African history (Lipton 2007) and History making and present day politics. The meaning of collective memory in South Africa (Stolten 2007). The period often referred to as “modern history” – that is, from the beginning of the 19th century – is concisely covered in a new edition of Nigel Worden’s The making of modern South Africa (2007), whilst Arab MacKinnon deals with the same period, but with a focus on cultural and political conditions, in The making of South Africa (2004). A well-written and journalistic account focusing on the important period around the turn of the last century is Martin Meredith’s Diamonds, gold and war. The making of South Africa (2007). A thorough and detailed study in environmental history from the Transkei is Nature and colonial change (Tripp 2006), whilst Representing Africa. Landscape, exploration and empire in Southern Africa, 1780–1870 (McAleer 2009) deals with the ways in which Brit- ish artists, scientists and travellers presented southern Africa. A gender perspective on migration and settlements during apartheid is given in African women under apartheid (Lee 2009), whilst the women’s struggle in several different periods is described in Women in South African history (Gasa 2007). The long and bitter The History of Africa 87 struggle between the Xhosa-speaking local population and European colonisers is dealt with in great detail by Richard Price in Making empire. Colonial encounters and the creation of imperial rule in the nineteenth-century Africa (2008). An exciting attempt to bring out African intellectual personalities in the form of five portraits is African intellectuals in 19th and early 20th century South Africa (Ndle- tyane 2007). Earlier comparative studies of the USA and South Africa have now been supplemented by Cultures of violence. Lynching and racial killing in South Africa and the United States (Evans 2009). That the significance of the Zulu leader Shaka in the early th19 century is a highly contentious subject in South African history is eminently shown by Dan Wylie in his Myths of iron. Shaka in history (2006), whilst Zulu. The heroism and tragedy of the Zulu war of 1879 (2004) and Crossing the buffalo (Greaves 2009) deal with the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The widespread uprising in 1906 which ended the period of colonial conquest in South African history is the theme of Jeff Guy’s Remembering the rebellion. The Zulu uprising of 1906 2006),( whilst Zulu identities. Being Zulu, past and present (Carton et al. 2008) discusses what it means “to be a Zulu” both in the past and at the present time. Two major wars have each been given a detailed reference work: Historical dictionary of the Anglo- Boer war (Pretorius 2009) and Historical dictionary of the Zulu wars (Laband 2009). Several books also direct attention to the story of the Khoikhoi woman Sara Baartman, who became famous as “the Hottentot Venus”, and was sent to London as a display exhibit in the early 19th century; see, for example, African queen. The real story of Hottentot Venus (Holmes 2005) and, in much greater detail as regards her story in her home country, Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus (Crais & Scully 2009). Indian immigration in the second half of the 19th century is dealt with in Inside Indian indenture. A South African story 1860–1914 (Desai & Vahed 2010). Closer to our own times, several books have appeared discussing the apartheid system, the struggle for freedom, and the fall of apartheid, such as Alex Thomson’s South African politics since 1948 (2008) and Jack Spence & David Welsh’s Ending apartheid (2010). Very useful is Volume 6 of the unparalleled collection of documents From protest to challenge, titled Challenge and victory 1980–1990 (Gerhart & Glaser 2009). The struggle for freedom against colonialism and apartheid in southern Africa also had a Cold War dimension, something clearly shown in Vladimir Shubin’s The hot ‘cold war’. The USSR in Southern Africa (2008a), Cold war in Southern Africa (Onslow 2009) and U.S. foreign policy towards apartheid South Africa (Thomson 2009). Raymond Suttner draws on his own experiences inThe ANC underground in South Africa, 1950–1976 (2009), whilst a new edition of Vladimir Shubin´s ANC. A view from Moscow (2008b) has appeared.

Other countries in southern Africa There are fewer new surveys of other areas of southern Africa. An important exception is Becoming Zimbabwe (Raftopoulus & Mlambo 2009), in which a 88 Tore Linné Eriksen number of Zimbabwean historians and social scientists explore the main features of the country’s history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. A good detailed study is Invisible hands. Child labor and the state in colonial Zimbabwe (Grier 2006), whilst the incendiary question of power and land distribution is dealt with by Jocelyn Alexander in The unsettled land. State-making & the politics of land in Zimbabwe, 1893–2003 (2006). Another controversial issue, from as far back as the pre-colonial period and through changing regimes, is control over the River Zambezi separating Zambia and Zimbabwe, which is discussed in Crossing the Zambezi (McGregor 2009). A perspective on the early social history of Harare is provided in African urban experiences in colonial Zimbabwe (Yoshikuni 2007)), whilst Bulawayo’s history between 1893 and 1960 is covered in Bulawayo burning (Ranger 2010). Important aspects of Zambia’s political history from the colonial period on- ward is provided by Bizeck J. Phiri in A political history of Zambia (2005), whilst a perceptive study of mining, foreign big business and the colonial state is Cop- per empire (Butler 2007). For the first time, Kenneth Kaunda’s rival as the ”father” of the Zambian nation has been given a biography: Liberal nationalism in Central Africa. A biography of Harry Mwaanga Mkumbula (Macolo 2010), whilst a perspective from politics and environmental history is provided on the important inland fisheries of Zambia and Congo inNachituti’s gift. Economy, society, and environment in Central Africa (Gordon 2006). Butterflies & barbarians. Swiss missionaries & systems of knowledge in South-East Africa (Harris 2007) discusses the tension between two contrasting knowledge systems in Mozambique, whilst the growth of local and regional identities in Mozambique and Zimba- bwe is the theme of Elizabeth MacGonagle’s Crafting identities in Zimbabwe and Mozambique (2007). German colonial policy and genocide in Namibia in the early 20th-century is discussed within a general framework of global and comparative genocide studies, in Det tjuende århundrets første folkemord. Namibia 1903–1908 (Eriksen 2007), Genocide in German South-West Africa (Zimmerer & Zeller 2008) and The Kaiser’s holocaust. Germany’s forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism (Olusoga & Erichsen 2010). Two important books at the intersection between local history and environmental history have been written by Emmanuel Kreike: Re-creating Eden. Land use, environment, and society in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia (2004) and Deforestation and reforestation in Namibia. The global and local contradictions (2010). The history of the San people (previously often called “Bushmen”) is told by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas inThe old way. A story of the first people (2006). Colonisation and resistance in Lesotho has been given a thorough presentation by Elizabeth Eldredge in Power in colonial Africa. Lesotho 1870–1960 (2007), whilst the growth of Botswana as a modern nation state has been described, placing Seretse Khama at the centre, in Colour bar. The triumph of Seretse Khama and his nation (Wil- liams 2006). The first Botswanan president is also one of the three prominent African statesman whose portraits are given in We shall not fail. Values in the na- The History of Africa 89 tional leadership of Seretse Khama, Nelson Mandela and Julius Nyerere (Mungazi (2005).

References Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The history of Ethiopia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Afigbo, A. E. (2006). The abolition of the slave trade in Southeastern Nigeria, 1885–1959. Rochester: Rochester University Press. Afigbo, A. E. & Falola, Toyin (2005). Nigerian history, politics and affairs. The collected essays of Adiele Afigbo. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Afolabi, Niyi (ed.) (2010). Toyin Falola. The man, the mask, the . muse Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005). Forgotten voices. Power and agency in colonial and postcolonial Libya. London: Routledge. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2009). The making of modern Libya. New York: State University of New York Pres (2. ed.). Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (ed.) (2009). Bridges across the Sahara. Social, economic and cultural impact of the Trans-Sahara trade during the 19th and 20th centuries. Newcastle: Cam- bridge Scholars Publishing. Akintoye, S. A. (2010). A history of the Yoruba people. Dakar: Amalion Publishing. Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (ed.) (2006). Themes in West Africa’s history. Oxford: James Currey. Alagoa, Ebiegberi Joe (2006). The practice of history in Africa. A history of African historiography. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Onyoma Research Publications. Alam, S. M. Shamsul (2007). Rethinking the Mau Mau in colonial Kenya. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Alexander, Jocelyn (2006). The unsettled land. State-making & the politics of land in Zim- babwe 1893–2003. Oxford: James Currey. Allen, Philip M. & Maureen Covell (2005). Historical dictionary of Madagascar. Lanham, ND: Scareceow Press (2. ed.). Alpers, Edward A. et al. (ed.) (2009). Slavery and resistance in Africa and Asia. Bonds of resistance. London: Routledge. Alpers, Edwards A. (2009). East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Princeton: Markus Wiener. Ames, Eric et al (ed.) (2005). Germany’s colonial pasts. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the hanged. Britain’s dirty war in Kenya and the end of the empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Anderson, Ross (2004). The forgotten front: the East African campaign, 1914–1918. Stroud; Tempus Publishing. Asher, Michael (2005). Khartoum. The ultimate imperial adventure. London: Viking. Asante, Molefi Kete (2007). The history of Africa. The quest for eternal harmony. London: Routledge. Austen, Ralph A. (2010). Trans-Saharan Africa in world history. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 90 Tore Linné Eriksen

Babou, Cheikh Anta Mbacke (2007). Fighting the greater Jihad. Amadu Bamba and the founding of the Muridyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Athens: Ohio University Press. Bailey, Anne C. (2005). African voices of the Atlantic slave trade. Beyond the silence and the shame. Boston: Beacon Press. Baldinetti, Anna (2010). The origins of the Libyan nation. Colonial legacy, exile, and the emergence of a new nation state. London: Routledge. Ballard, Martin (2008). White men’s god. The extraordinary story of missionaries in Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Balsvik, Randi Rønning (2004). Afrika i eit historiografisk perspektiv. Oslo: Det Norske Sam- laget. Bantebya-Kyomuhendo, Grace & Marjorie Keniston McIntosh (2006). Women, work and domestic virtue in Uganda 1900–2003. Athens: Ohio University Press. Barber, Karin (ed.) (2006). Africa’s hidden histories. Everyday literacy and making of the self. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Bargna, Ivan. (2008). Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Dictionaries of civilization). Barham, Lawrence & Peter Mitchell (2008). The first Africans. African archeology from the earliest toolmakers to most recent foragers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barnes, Andrew E. (2009). Making headway. The introduction of Western civilization in Colonial Northern Nigeria. Rochester: Rochester University Press. Baron, Beth (2005). Egypt as a woman. Nationalism, gender, and politics. Berkely: Univer- sity of California Press. Barhu Zewde (ed.) (2008). Society, state and identity in African history. Addis Abeba: Fo- rum for Social Studies. Beinart, William & Lotte Hughes (2007). Environment and empire. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. Beitler, Ruth Margolies & Angelica R. Martinez (2010). Women’s roles in the Middle East and North Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Benjamin, Thomas (2009). The Atlantic world. Europeans, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 1400–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ben- Ghiat, Ruth & Mia Fuller (ed.) (2005). Italian colonialism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Berhe, Aregawi (2009). A political history of the Tigray People’s liberation Front. Hollywood, CA: Tsehai Publishers. Berger, Iris (2009. South Africa in world history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan’s blood memory. The legacy of war, ethnicity, and slavery in South Sudan. Rochester: Rochester University Press. Bickers, Robert (ed.) (2010). Settlers and expatriates. Britons over the sea. Oxford: Oxford:University Press. Birmingham, David (2006). Empire in Africa. Angola and its neighbours. Athens: Ohio University Press.’ Bigon. Liora (2009). A history of urban planning in two West African colonial capitals. Residential segregation in British Lagos and French Dakar (1850–1930). Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. The History of Africa 91

Bivins, Mary Wren (2007). Telling stories, making histories. Women, words, and Islam in nineteenth-century Hausaland and the Sokoto. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. Bloxham, Donald & Dirk A. Moses (ed.) (2010). The Oxford handbook of genocide studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Boddy, Janice (2007). Civilizing women. British crusades in colonial Sudan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bose, Sugata (2006). A hundred horizons. The Indian Ocean in the age of global empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Boyd, Herb & Shey Wolvek-Pfister (2007). African history for beginners. Danbury, CT: For Beginners. Branch, Daniel (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, creating Kenya. Counterinsurgency, civil war, and decolonization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brennan, James et al. (ed.) Dar es Salaam. Histories from an emerging African metropolis. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. Brownhill, Leigh (2009). Land, food, freedom. Struggles for the gendered commons in Kenya, 1870–2007. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Burleigh, Nina (2007). Mirage. Napoleon’s scientists and the unveiling of Egypt. New York: HarperCollins. Burton. Andrew (2005). African underclass. Urbanisation, crime & colonial order in Dar es Salaam, 1919–61. Oxford: James Currey. Butler, Larence J. (2007). Copper empire. Mining and the colonial state in Northern Rhode- sia, c. 1930–64.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burt, Ben (2005). Africa in the world. Past and present. London: The British Museum Press. Byfield, Judith et al. (ed.) (2010). Gendering the African diaspora. Women, culture, and historical change in the Caribbean and Nigerian hinterland. Bloomington: Indiana Uni- versity Press. Campbell, Chloe (2007). Race and empire. Eugenics in colonial Kenya. Manchester: Man- chester University Press. Campbell, Gwyn (2008). An economic history of imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895. The rise and fall of an island empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carney. Judith A. (2009). In the shadow of slavery. Africa’s botanical legacy in the Atlantic world. Berkeley: University of California Press. Carretta, Vincent (2005). Equiano the African. Biography of a self-made man. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. Carswell, Grace (2007). Cultivating success in Uganda. Kigezi farmers & colonial policies. Oxford: James Currey. Carton, Benedict et al. (ed.) (2008). Zulu identities. Being Zulu, past and present. London: C. Hurst & Co. Chamberlain, M. E. (2010). The scramble for Africa. Harlow: Longman (3. ed.). Christopher, Emma et al. (ed.) (2007). Many middle passages. Forced migration and the making of the modern world. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo women and economic transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960. London: Routledge 92 Tore Linné Eriksen

Cole, Juan (2007). Napeoleon’s Egypt. Invading the Middle East. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Collins, Robert O. (ed.) (2005). Problems in African history, vol I: The precolonial centuries. Princeton: Markus Wiener (2. ed.). Collins, Robert O. (2006). Africa. A short history. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Collins, Robert O. (ed.) (2007). Problems in African history, vol II: Historical problems of imperial Africa. Princeton: Markus Wiener (2. ed.). Collins, Robert O. (ed.) (2008). Problems in African history, vol. III: Problems in the history of modern Africa. Princeton: Markus Wiener (2. ed.). Collins, Robert O. (2008). A history of modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Collins, Robert O. (2010). The A to Z of pre-colonial Africa. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Collins, Robert O & James M. Burns (2007). A history of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Connah, Graham (2004). Forgotten Africa. An introduction to its archaeology. London: Routledge. Conrad, David C. (2009). Empires of medieval West Africa. Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. Broomall: Chelsea House Publishers. Conte, Christopher Allan. (2004). Highland sanctuary. Environmental history in Tanzania’s Usambara mountains. Athens: Ohio University Press. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (2009). Africa and the Africans in the twentieth century. A turbulent history. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe. Crais, Clifton & Pamela Scully (2009). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus. A ghost history and a biography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cronin, Stephanie (ed.) (2007). Subalterns and social protest. History from below in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Routledge. Curtin, Philip D. (2005). On the fringes of history. Athens: Ohio University Press. Curto, José C. & Paul E. Lovejoy (ed.) (2004). Enslaving connections. Changing cultures of Africa and Brazil during the era of slavery. Amherst: Humanity Books. Curto, José C. & Reneé Soulodre-La France (ed.) (2005). Africa and the Americas. Inter- connections during the slave trade. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Darwin, John (2009). The empire project. The rise and fall of the British world-system 1830– 1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Daughton, J. P. (2006). An empire divided. Religion, republicanism, and the making of French colonialism, 1880–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press. David, Saul (2004). Zulu. The heroism and tragedy of the Zulu war .of 1879 London: Viking. Davidson, Basil (2007). Black star. A view of the life & times of Kwame Nkrumah. Oxford: James Currey (2. ed. med innledning av Emmanuel K. Akyeampong). Davis, David Brion (2006). Inhuman bondage. The rise and fall of slavery in the new world. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Daymond, M. J. et al. (ed.) (2003). The Southern region. Vol. 1: Women writing Africa. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. The History of Africa 93

De Villiers, Marq & Sheila Hirtle (2007). Timbuktu. The Sahara’s fabled city of gold. New York: Walker & Co. Depelchin, Jacques (2005). Silences on African history. Between the syndromes of discovery and abolition. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. Derrick, Jonathan (2008). Africa’s ‘agitators’. Militant anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939. London: Hurst & Co. Desai, Ashwin & Goolam Vahed (2010). Inside Indian indenture. A South African story, 1860–1914. Cape Town: HRSC Press http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product. php?productid=2277 Deutsch, Jan-Georg (2008). Emancipation without abolition in German East Africa, c. 1884–1914. Oxford: James Currey. Diouf, Sylvanie A. (ed.) (2004). Fighting the slave trade. West African strategies. Oxford: James Currey. Di-Capua, Yoav (2009). Gatekeepers of the Arab past. Historians and history writing in twentieth-century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press. Dooling, Wayne (2008). Slavery, emancipation and colonial rule in South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press. Doyle, Shane (2006). Crisis & decline in Bunyoro. Population & environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955. Oxford: James Currey. Dritsas, Lawrence (2010). Zambesi. David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa. London: I. B. Tauris. Dumper, Michael & Bruce E. Stanley (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. A historcial encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Dunn, D. Elwood (2009). Liberia and the United States during the cold war. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Earle, Tom & Kate Lowe (2005). Black Africans in renaissance Europe. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. Echenberg, Myron (2007). Plague ports. The global urban impact of bubonic plague, 1894– 1901. New York: New York University Press. Edgerton, Robert B. (2004). Africa’s armies. From honour to infamy. New York: Basic Books. Edwards, David N. (2004). The Nubian past, An archeology of the Sudan. London: Rout- ledge. Egerton, Douglas R. et al. (2007). The Atlantic world. A history, 1400–1888. Wheeling, Ill: Harlan Davidson. Eggers, Ellen K. (2006). Historical dictionary of Burundi. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Pres. (3. ed.). Eldredge, Elizabeth W. (2007). Power in colonial Africa. Conflict and discourse in Lesotho, 1870–1960. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Elkins, Caroline (2005). Britain’s gulag. The brutal end of empire in Kenya. London: Jona- than Cape. Eltis, David & David Richardson (ed.) (2008). Extending the frontiers. Essays on the new transatlantic slave trade database. New Haven: Yale University Press. Eriksen, Tore Linné (2007). Det første folkemordet i det tjuende århundret. Namibia 1903– 1908. Oslo: Unipub. 94 Tore Linné Eriksen

Eriksen, Tore Linné (2009). “Folkemord i et komparativt koloniperspektiv: et riss av en fagdebatt”, Historisk Tidsskrift, nr. 3/2009: 399–428. Eriksen, Tore Linné (2010). Globalhistorie 1750–1900. En sammenvevd og delt verden. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. Essien, Kwame & Toyin Falola (ed.) (2008). Culture and customs of Sudan. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Evans, Ivan (2009). Cultures of violence. Lynching and racial killing in South Africa and the United States. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Fahmy, Khaled (2008). Mehmed Ali. London: Oneworld Publications. Falola, Toyin & Matt D Childs (ed.) (2009). The changing worlds of Atlantic Africa. Essays in honor of Robin Law. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Falola, Toyin (2004). Economic reforms and modernization in Nigeria, 1945–1965. Kent: Kent State University Press. Falola, Toyin (ed.) (2004). Africa in the twentieth century. The Adu Bohaen reader. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Falola, Toyin (ed.) (2005). The dark webs. Perspectives on colonialism in Africa, Durham, NC: Carolina University Press. Falola, Toyin (ed.) (2006). Igbo history and society. The essays of Adiele Afigbo. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Falola, Toyin (2009). Colonialism and violence in Nigeria. Bloomington: Indiana Univer- sity Press. Falola, Toyin & Matt D. Childs (ed.) (2004). The Yoruba diaspora in the Atlantic world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Falola, Toyin og Matthew M. Heaton (2008). A history of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Falola, Toyin & Kevin D. Roberts (ed.) (2008). The Atlantic world 1450–2000. Bloom- ington: Indiana University Press. Falola, Toyin & Amanda B. Warnock (ed.) (2007). Encyclopedia of the middle passage. Westport, CT: Greenwod Press. Falola, Toyin & Aribidesi Usman (ed.) (2009). Movements, borders, and identities in Africa. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Falola, Toyin & Ann Genova (2009). Historical dictionary of Nigeria. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Falola, Toyin & Adam Paddock (ed.) (2009). Emergent themes and methods in African history. Essays in honor of Adiele Afigbo. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Feinstein, Charles H. (2005). An economic history of South Africa. Conquest, discrimination and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ferro, Marc (ed.) (2004). Kolonialismens sorte bog. København: Høst & Co. Fields-Black, Edda L. (2008). Deep roots. Rice farmers in West Africa and the African diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Freund, Bill (2007). The African city. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gasa, Nombinoso (ed.) (2007). Women in South African history. Basusaiimbokodo, Bawe- laimilambo/They move boulders and cross rivers. Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2186 The History of Africa 95

Gardinier, David E. (2006). Historical dictionary of Gabon. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (3. ed.). Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah (ed.) (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Two- volume set. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gerhart, Gail M. & Clive Glaser (ed.) (2010). From protest to challenge. Challenge and victory, 1980–1990. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Documentary history of African politics on South Africa, 1888–1990, vol. 6). Getachew Metaferia (2009). Ethiopia and the United States. History, diplomacy, and analysis. New York: Algora Publications. Getz, Trevor (2004). Slavery and reform in West Africa. Toward emancipation in nineteenth- century Senegal and the Gold Coast. Athens: Ohio University Press. Giblin, James L. (2005). A history of the excluded. Making family a refuge from state in twentieth-century Tanzania. Oxford: James Currey. Gilbert, Erik (2004). Dhows & the colonial economy of Zanzibar 1860–1970. Oxford: James Currey. Gilbert, Erik & Jonathan T. Reynolds. Africa in world history. From prehistory to the present. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. (2 ed.). Giliomee, Hermann & Bernard Mbenga (2007). New history of South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. Gilkes, Patrick (2007). The dying lion. Feudalism and modernization in Ethiopia. Holly- wood, CA: Tsehai Publishers. Ginio, Ruth (2008). French colonialism unmasked. The Vichy years in French West Africa. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Godøy, Bjørn (2010). Solskinn og død. Nordmenn i kong Leopolds Kongo. Oslo: Spartacus. Goldschmidt, Arthur & Lawrence Davidson (ed.) (2006). A concise history of the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (8 ed.). Goldschmidt, Arthur et al. (ed.) (2005). Re-envisioning Egypt, 1919–1952. Cairo: Uni- versity of Cairo Press. Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008). A brief history of Egypt. New York: Facts on File. Goodwin, Stefan (2009). Africa in Europe. Vol. I: Antiquity into the age of global exploration. + Vol. II: Interdependencies, relocations and globalization. Lanham: Lexington Books. Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Reversing sail. A history of the African diaspora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gomez, Michael A. (ed.) (2006). Diasporic Africa. A reader. New York: New York Uni- versity Press. Gordon, David M. (2006). Nachitutu’s gift. Economy, society, and environment in Central Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Greaves, Adrian (2005). Crossing the buffalo. The Zulu war of 1879. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Green, Jack P. & Philip D. Morgan (ed.) (2009). Atlantic history. A critical appraisal. Ox- ford: Oxford University Press. Grier, Beverly Carolease (2006). Invisible hands. Child labor and the state in colonial Zim- babwe. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. 96 Tore Linné Eriksen

Green, Dominic (2007). Three empires on the Nile. The Victorian jihad, 1869–1899. New York: Free Press. Guy, Jeff (2006).Remembering the rebellion. The Zulu uprising of 1906. Scotsville: Univer- sity of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Hallen, Barry (2009). A short history of African philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana Univer- sity Press. (2. ed.). Halwey, John C. (ed.) (2008). India in Africa. Africa in India. Indian Ocean cosmopolitanism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Hamilton, Carolyn et al. (ed.) (2010). The Cambridge history of South Africa. Vol. 1, ca. 200 AD to 1885. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2010).Violent modernity. France in Algeria. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Haour, Anne (2007). Rulers, warriors, traders, clerics. The Central Sahara and the North Sea, 800–1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press/British Academy. Harneit-Sivers, Axel (2006). Constructions of belonging. Igbo communities and the Nigerian state in the twentieth century. London: I. B. Tauris. Harper, Marjory & Stephen Constantine (ed.) (2010). Migration and empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harries, Patrick (2007). Butterflies & barbarians. Swiss missionaries & systems of knowledge in South-East Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Harrison, Dick (2010). Slaveri. En världshistoria om ofrihet. Bind 1: Forntiden till re- nässansen. Bind 2: 1500 till 1800. Bind 3: 1800 till nutid. Stockholm. Historiska Media. Hernæs, Per (ed.) (2005). The ‘traditional’ and the ‘modern’ in West African (Ghanaian) history. Case studies on co-existence and interaction. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Hillbom, Ellen & Erik Green (2010). Afrika. En kontinents ekonomiska och sociala historia. Stockholm: SNS Förlag. Holmes, Rachel (2007). African queen. The real life of the Hottentot Venus. New York: Random House. Holsey, Bayo (2008). Routes of remembrance. Refashioning the slave trade in Ghana. Chi- cago: Chicago University Press. Hughes, Arnold (2008). Historical dictionary of Gambia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Hughes, Arnold & David Perfect (2008). A political history of the Gambia, 1816–1994. London: Boydell & Brewer. Hunwick, John (2007). West Africa, Islam, and the Arab world. Princeton: Markus Wie- ner. Hunwick, John O. & Alida Jay Boye (2008). The hidden treasures of Timbuktu. Historic city of Islamic Africa. London: Thames & Hudson. Hull, Richard (2009). Jew and Judaism in African history. Princeton: Markus Wiener. Hyam, Ronald (2010). Understanding the British empire. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. Ibhawoh, Bonny (2007). Imperialism and human rights. Colonial discourses of rights and liberties in African history. New York: State University of New York Press. Ilahiane, Hsain (2009). A to Z of the Berbers (Imazighen). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. The History of Africa 97

Iliffe, John (2004). Honour in African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Iliffe, John (2007).Africans. The history of a continent.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (2. ed.). Imperato, Pascal James & Gavin H. Imperato (2008). Historical dictionary of Mali. Lan- ham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Issawi, Charles (2005). An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa. London: Routledge. Jackson, Ashley (2010). Distant drums. The role of colonies in British imperial wars. East- bourne: Sussex Academic Press. Jallo, Alusine & Toyin Falola (ed.) (2008). The United States and West Africa. Interactions and relations. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva & Jean-Pierre Anginot (ed.) (2008). Uncovering the history of Africans in Asia. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Jeal, Timothy (2007). Stanley. The impossible life of Africa’s great explorer. London: Faber & Faber. Johnson, R. W. (2004). South Africa. The first man, the last nation. London: Weidenfleld & Nicolson. Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide. A comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. July, Robert W. (2004). Origins of African political thought. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Kanogo, Tabitha (2005). African womanhood in colonial Kenya, 1900–50. Oxford: James Currey. Kearney, Milo (2004). The Indian ocean in world history. London: Routledge. Kent, John (2010). America, the UN and decolonisation. Cold war conflict in the Congo. London: Routledge. Killingray, David & Martin Plaut (2010). Fighting for Britain. African soldiers in the Sec- ond World War. Oxford: James Currey. Kisangani, Emizet Francois & F. Scott Bobb (2009). Historical dictionary of the Demo- cratic Republic of Congo. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Klein, Herbert S. & Ben Vinson III (2007). African slavery in Latin America and the Ca- ribbean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Klein, Herbert S. (2010). The Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2. ed.). Knight, Frederick (2010). Working the diaspora. The impact of African labor in the Anglo- American world. New York: New York University Press. Knoll, Arthur J (2010). The German colonial experience. Select documents on German role in Africa, China, and the Pacific 1884–1914. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Konadu, Kwasi (2010). The Akan diaspora in the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Korang, Kwaku Larbi (2004). Writing Ghana, imagining Africa. Nation and African modernity. Rochester: Rochester University Press. Korieh, Chima & Raphael Chilioe Njoku (ed.) (2007). Mission, states and European expansion in Africa. London: Routledge. Korieh, Chima J. (red) (2009). Olaudah Equiano & the Igbo world. History, society, and Atlantic diaspora connections. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. 98 Tore Linné Eriksen

Korieh, Chima (2010). The land has changed. History, society and gender in colonial Eastern Nigeria. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. Kreike, Emmanuel (2004). Re-creating Eden. Land use, environment, and society in South- ern Angola and Northern Namibia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Kreike, Emmanuel (2010). Deforestation and reforestation in Namibia. The global consequences of local contradictions. Princeton: Markus Wiener. Kuhanen, Jan (2005). Poverty, health and reproduction in early colonial Uganda. Joensuu: University of Joensuu Publications. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:952-458-898-6 Laband, John (2006). Daily lives of civilians in wartime Africa. From slavery days to the diamond wars. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Laband, John (2009). Historical dictionary of the Zulu wars. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Lamphear, John (ed.) (2007). African military history. Aldershot: Ashgate. Langbehn. Volker (ed.) (2010). German colonialism. Visual culture, and modern memory. London: Routledge. Law, Robin (2005). Ouidah. The social history of a West African slavery port, 1727–1892. Athens: Ohio University Press. Leavitt, Howard B. (ed.) (2010). First encounters. Native voices on the coming of the Euro- peans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Lee, Rebekha (2009). African women under apartheid. Migration and settlement in South Africa. London: I. B. Tauris. Levine, Philippa (2007). The British empire. From sunrise to sunset. Harlow: Longman. Lihamba, Amandina et al. (ed.) (2007). Eastern region. Vol. 3: Women writing Africa. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York. Limb, Peter et al. (ed.) (2010). Grappling with the beast. Indigenous Southern African responses to colonialism, 1840–1930. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Lindsay. Lisa A. (2008). Captives as commodities. The transatlantic slave trade. Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Lipton, Merle (2007). Liberals, Marxists and nationalists. Competing interpretations of South African history. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Lobban, Richard A. jr. (2010). The A to Z of ancient and medieval Nubia. Lanham, ND: Scarecrow Press. Louw, P. Eric (2004). The rise, fall, and legacy of apartheid. Westport,CT: Prager Publish- ers. Lydon, Ghislaine (2009). On Trans-Saharan trails. Islamic law, trade networks, and cross- cultural exchange in nineteenth-century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press. MacGonagle, Elizabeth (2007). Crafting identity in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Roches- ter: Rochester University Press Macharia, Kinuthia & Muigai Kanyua (2006). The social context of the Mau movement in Kenya (1952–1960). Lanham, NC: University of America Press. MacKinnon, Arab S. (2004). The making of South Africa. Culture and politics. Upper Sad- dle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Macola, Giacomo (2010). Liberal nationalism in Central Africa. A biography of Harrry Mwaanga Nkumbula. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. The History of Africa 99

Maddox, Gregory H. & Ernest M. Kongola (2005). Practicing history in Central Tanzania. Writing, memory, and performance. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. Maddox, Gregory H. & James L. Giblin (ed.) (2005). In search of a nation. Histories of authority and dissidence in Tanzania. Oxford: James Currey. Maddox, Gregory H. Sub-Saharan Africa. An environmental history. Santa Barbara/Oxford: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Mann, Kristin (2007). Slavery and the birth of an African city. Lagos, 1760–1900. Bloom- ington: Indiana University Press. Marchal, Jules (2008). Lord Leverhulme’s ghosts. Colonial exploitation in the Congo. Lon- don: Verso. Mandala, Elias C.(2006). The end of Chidyerano. A history of food and everyday life in Ma- lawi, 1860–2004. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. Manning, Patrick (2009). The African diaspora. A history through culture. New York: Co- lumbia University Press. Mariscotti, Cathlyn (2008). Gender and class in the Egyptian women’s movement, 1925– 1939. Changing perspectives. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Mazrui, Ali A. et al. (ed.) (20009). Africa’s Islamic experience. History, culture and politics. New Delhi/Berkshire: Sterling Publishers. Maxon, Robert (2009). East Africa. An introductory history. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. McAleer, John (2010). Representing Africa. Landscape, exploration and empire in Southern Africa, 1780–1870. Manchester: Manchester University Press. McCann, James C. (2005). Maize and grace. Africa’s encounter with a new world crop, 1500–2000. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. McCann, James C. (2009). Stirring the pot. A history of African cuisine. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. McDougal, James (2008). History and culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press McGregor, Joann (2009). Crossing the Zambezi. The politics of landscape on a Central Afri- can frontier. Oxford: James Currey. McIntosh, Marjorie Keniston (ed.) (2009). Yoruba women, work, and social change. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Medard, Henri & Shane Dovie (ed.) (2007). Slavery in the Great Lakes region of East Af- rica. Athens OH: Ohio University Press. Meredith, Martin (2005). The state of Africa. A history of fifty years of independence. New York: Free Press. Meredith, Martin (2007). Diamonds, gold and war. The making of South Africa. London: Simon & Schuster. Metcalf, Thomas R. (2007). Imperial connections. India in the Indian ocean era, 1860– 1920. Berkeley: University of California Press. Miescher. Stephan F. (2006). Making men in Ghana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Milkias, Paulos & Getchewa Metefaria (ed.) (2005). The battle of Adwa. Reflections on Ethiopia’s historic victory against European colonialism. New York: Algora Publishing. Miran, Jonathan (2009. Red Sea citizens. Cosmopolitan society and cultural change in Mas- sawa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 100 Tore Linné Eriksen

Mirzai, Behnas et al. (ed.).(2009). Slavery, Islam and diaspora. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Mitchell, Peter (2005). African connections. Archaeological perspectives on Africa and the wider world. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press. Monson, Jamie (2009). Africa’s freedom railway. How a Chinese development project changed the lives and livelihoods in Tanzania. Bloomington: Indian University Press. Morgan, Philip D. & Sean Hawkins (ed.) (2004). Black experience and the empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Oxford History of the British Empire). Morton, Fred et al. (2008). Historical dictionary of Botswana. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (4. ed.). Mungazi, Dicksom A.(2005). We shall not fail. Values in the national leadership of Seretse Khama, Nelson Mandela and Julius Nyerere. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Mutongi, Kenda (2007). Worries of the heart. Widows, family, and community in Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Murray, Jocelyn & Stewart, Brian A. (2007). Africa. New York: Chelsea House Publish- ers. Nasson, Bill (2004). Britannia’s empire. Making a British world. London: Tempus. Naylor, Phillip C. (2007). Historical dictionary of Algeria. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (2. ed.). Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). North Africa. A history from the antiquity to the present. Austin: University of Texas Press. Ndletyana, Mcebis (ed.) (2007). African intellectuals in 19th and early 20th century South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product. php?productid=2215 Newbury, David (2009). The land beyond the mists. Essays on identity and authority in pre- colonial Congo and Rwanda. Athens: Ohio University Press. Newman, James L. (2010). Paths without glory, Richard Francis Burton in Africa. Wash- ington: Potomac Books. Newsinger, John (2006). The blood never dried. A people’s history of the British. empire London: Bookmarks. Nnaemeka, Obioma (ed.) (2005). Female circumcision and the politics of knowledge. Afri- can women in imperialist discourses. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Nowaira, Amira et al. (ed.) (2008). The Northern region. Vol. 4: Women writing Africa. Feminist Press at the City University of New York. Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since independence. A comparative history. Basingstoke: Pal- grave Macmillan. Nwokeji, G. Uko (2010).The slave trade and culture in the bight of Biafra. An African society in the Atlantic world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ochonu, Moses E. (2009). Colonial meltdown. Northern Nigeria in the great depression. Athens: Ohio University Press. O’Fahey, R. S. (2008). The Darfur sultanate. A history. London: C. Hurst & Co. Ogundiran, Akinwumi (ed.) (2005). Precolonial Nigeria. Essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Olusoga, David & Casper Erichsen (2010). The Kaiser’s holocaust. Germany’s forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism. London: Faber and Faber. The History of Africa 101

Onslow, Sue (ed.) (2009). Cold war in Southern Africa. London: Routledge. Owusu-Ansah, David (2005). Historical dictionary of Ghana. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Oyebade, Adebayo (ed.) (2004). The foundations of Nigeria. Essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Paice, Edward (2007). Tip & run. The untold tragedy of the great war in Africa. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Packard, Randall M. (2007). The making of a tropical disease. A short history of malaria. Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins University Press. Park, Thomas & Aomar Boum (2006). Historical dictionary of Morocco. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (2. ed.). Parker, Jon & Richard Rathbone (2007). African history. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parsons, Timothy H. (2004). Race, resistance and the boy scout movement in British colonial Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press. Pazzanita, Anthonuy G. (2008). Historical dictionary of Mauritania. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Pearson, Michael (2003). The Indian Ocean. London: Routledge. Pennell, C. R. (2009). Morocco. From empire to independence. London: Oneworld Publica- tions (2. ed.). Percox, David A. (2004). Britain, Kenya and the cold war. Imperial defence, colonial security, and decolonization. London: Taurus Academic Studies. Perkins, Kenneth (2004). A history of modern Tunisia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Perry, Glenn E. (2004). The history of Egypt. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Peterson, Derek R. (ed.) (2010). Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Peterson, Derek R. & Giacomo Macola (ed.) (2009). Recasting the past. History writing and political work in modern Africa. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. Phillipson, David W. (2005). African archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (3. ed.). Philips, John Edward (2005). Writing African history. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, Phiri, B. J. (2005). A political history of Zambia. From the colonial period to the 3rd republic. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Pizzo, David (2010). “To devour the lad of Mkwawa”. Colonial violence and the German- Hehe war in East Africa, ca. 1884–1914. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing. Polsgrove, Carol (2009). Ending British rule in Africa. Writers in a common cause. Man- chester: Manchester University press. Postma, Johannes M. (2008). Slave revolts. Greenwood guides to historic events 1500–1900. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Power, Joey (2010). Political culture and nationalism in Malawi. Building kwacha. Roch- ester: Rochester University Press. Pouwels, Randall L. (2005). The African & Middle Eastern world, 600–1500. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 102 Tore Linné Eriksen

Prestholdt, Jeremy (2008). Domesticating the world. African consumerism and the genealo- gies of globalization. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pretorius, Frans Johan (2009). Historical dictionary of the Anglo-Boer war. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (New ed. With new title in 2010: The A to Z of the Anglo-Boer war). Price, Richard (2008). Making empire. Colonial encounters and the creation of imperial rule in the nineteenth-century Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Prevost, Elizabeth E. (2010). The communion of women. Missions and gender in colonial Africa and the British metropole. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Raftopoulos, Brian & Alois Mlambo (ed.) (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe. A history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Harare: Weaver Press/Johannesburg: Jacana Media. Randriania, Solofo & Stephen Ellis (2009). Madagascar. A short history. London: Hurst & Co. Ranger, Terence O. (2010). Bulawayo burning. The social history of a Southern African city. Oxford: James Currey. Ray, Himanshu Prabha & Edward A. Alpers (ed.) 2007). Cross currents and community networks. The history of the Indian Ocean world. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Rediker, Marcus (2007). The slave ship. A human history.London: John Murray. Reid, Richard (2007). War in pre-colonial Eastern Africa. The patterns & meanings of state- level conflict in the nineteenth-century. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. Reid, Richard J. (2009). A history of modern Africa. 1800 to the present. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. Rich, Jeremy (2009). A workman is worthy of his meat. Food and colonialism in the Gabon estuary. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Robertson, Emma (2010). Chocolate, women and empire. A social and cultural history. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Robinson, David. Muslim societies in African history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Rockel, Stephen J. (2006). Carriers of cultures. Labor on the road in nineteenth-century East Africa. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. Rodney, Walter (2009). A history of the Upper Guinea coast: 1545 to 1800. New York: Monthly Review Press. Rogan, Eugene (2000). The Arabs. A history. New York: Basic Books. Rogerson, Barnaby (2008). A traveller’s history of North Africa. London: Duckworth. Rooney, David (2007). Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and tragedy. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publish- ers/Oxford: African Books Collective. Ross, Robert (2008). A concise history of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2. ed.). Rossi, Benedetta (ed.) (2009). Reconfiguring slavery. West African trajectories. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Rothermund, Dietmar (ed.) (2006). The Routledge companion to decolonization. London: Routledge. Ruedy, John (2005. Modern Algeria. The origins and development of a nation. Athens: Ohio University Press (2. ed.). Saidi, Christine (2010). Women’s authority and society in early East-Central Africa. Roches- ter:, NY: University of Rochester Press. The History of Africa 103

Salm, Steven J. & Toyin Falola (ed.) (2009). African urban spaces in historical perspective. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press/Boydell & Brewer. Satre, Lowell J. (2005). Chocolate on trial. Slavery, politics, and the ethics of business. Ath- ens: Ohio University Press. Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (2007).A history of Egypt. From the Arab conquest to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmidt, Elizabeth (2005). Mobilizing the masses. Gender, ethnicity, and class in the nationalist movement in Guinea, 1939–1958. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Schmidt, Elizabeth (2007). Cold war and decolonization in Guinea, 1946–1958. Athens: Ohio University Press. Shadle, Brett L. (20006). Girl cases. Marriages and colonialism in Guisiiland, Kenya, 1890– 1970. Portsmouth: Heinemann Educational Books. Shetler, Jan Bender (2007). Imagining Serengeti. A history of landscape memory in Tanzania from earliest times to the present. Athens: Ohio University Press. Sheldon, Mathleen (2010). The A to Z of women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (Published in 2005 as Historical dictionary of women in Africa). Shillington, Kevin (ed.) (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: Fitzroy Dear- born. Shinn, David H. & Thomas P. Ofcansky (2004). Historical dictionary of Ethiopia. Lan- ham, ND: Scarecrow Press (3. ed.). Shubin, Vladimir (2008a). The hot ‘cold’ war. The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. Shubin, Vladimir (2008b). ANC. View from Moscow. Johannesburg: Jacanda Media (2. ed.). Simensen, Jarle (2009). Afrikas historie. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. (5. ed.). Simon, David J. et al. (2007). Historical dictionary of Zambia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. (3.ed.) Smallwood, Stephanie E. (2007). Saltwater slavery. A middle passage from Africa to Ameri- can diaspora. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Smith, David Lovatt (2005). Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau. East Sussex: Mawenzi Books. Spaulding, Jay & Stephanie Beswick (ed.) (2010). African systems of slavery. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Spence, Jack & David Welsh (2011). Ending apartheid. Harlow: Longman. Stapleton, Timothy J. (2010). A military history of South Africa from the Dutch-Khoi wars to the end of apartheid. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. St. Clair, William St. (2007). The grand slave emporium. Cape Coast castle and the British slave trade. London: Profile Books. Steinart, Edward I. (2005). Black poachers, white hunters. A social history of hunting in colonial Kenya. Oxford: James Currey. Steinmetz. George (2007). The devil’s handwriting. Precoloniality and the German colonial state in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa. Chicago: Chicago University Press. St. John, Ronald Bruce (2006). Historical dictionary of Libya. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (4. ed.). 104 Tore Linné Eriksen

St. John, Ronald Bruce (2008). Libya. From colony to independence. London: Oneworld Publications. Stolten, Hans Erik (ed.) (2007). History making and present day politics. The meaning of collective memory in South Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Strachan, Hew (2004). The first world war in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Straker, Jay (2009). Youth, nationalism, and the Guinean revolution. Athens: Ohio Uni- versity Press. Sunseri, Thaddeus (2009). Wielding the ax. State forestry and social conflict in Tanzania, 1820–2000. Bloomington: Ohio University Press. Sutherland-Addy, Esi & Aminata Diaw (ed.) (2005). West Africa and the Sahel. Vol. 2: Women writing Africa. New York: Feminist Press at the City of New York Press. Suttner, Raymond (2009). The ANC underground in South Africa, 1950–1976. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Taithe, Bertrand (2009). The killer trail. A colonial scandal in the heart of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Taiwo, Olufemi (2010). How colonialism preempted modernity in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Thiong’ o, Ngugi wa (2010). Dreams in a time of war. A childhood memoir. New York: Pantheon Books. Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (2006). The old way. A story of the first people. New York: Picador. Thomson, Alex (2008).South African politics since 1948: An introduction. London: Rout- ledge. Thomson, Alex (2009). U. S. foreign policy towards apartheid South Africa, 1948–1994. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, Jason (2008). A modern history of Egypt. From the earliest times to the present. London: Haus Books. Tignor, Robert L. (2010). Egypt. A short history. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Tijani, Hakeem (2006). Nigeria’s urban history. Past and present. Lanham,ND: University of America Press. Tilley, Helen & Robert J. Gordon (ed.) (2007). Ordering Africa. Anthropology, European imperialism and the politics of knowledge. Manchester : Manchester University Press. Tropp, Jacob A. (2006). Natures of colonial change. Environmental relations in the making of Transkei. Portsmouth: Ohio University Press. Van Wyk Smith, Malvern (2009). The first Ethiopians. The image of Africa and African in the early Mediterranean world. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). A history of modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vansina, Jan (2004). How societies are born. Governance in West Central Africa before 1600. Charlottesville, VO: University of Virginia Press. Vansina, Jan (2004). Antecedents to modern Rwanda. The Nyiginya kingdom. Oxford: James Currey. Vansina, Jan (2010). Being Kuba. The Kuba experience in rural Congo 1880–1960. Madi- son: University of Wisconsin Press. The History of Africa 105

Vaughan, Olufemi (2006). Nigerian chiefs. Traditional power in modern politics, 1890s– 1990s. London: I. B. Tauris. Vikør, Knut S. (2007). Maghreb – Nordafrika etter 1800. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget. Walker, John Frederick (2009). Ivory’s ghosts. The white gold of history and the fate of elephants. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. Walvin, James (2005). Atlas of slavery. Harlow: Longman. Waters, Robert A. (2009). Historical dictionary of United States-Africa relations. Lanham, ND: Scarecrow Press. Webb, James L. A. (2009). Humanity’s burden. A global history of malaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Welch, David (2009). The rise and fall of apartheid.Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball. Wilder, Gary (2005). The French imperial nation-state. Negritude and colonial humanism between the world wars. Chicago: University of Chicaco Press. Wilson, Francis (2009). Dinosaurs, diamonds and democracy. A short, short history of South Africa. Roggebai/Cape Town: Umuzi. Williams, Susan (2006). Colour bar. The triumph of Seretse Khama and his nation. London: Allen Lane. Wilder, Gary (2005). The French imperial nation-state. Negritude and cultural humanism between the two world wars. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Windrow, Martin (2010). Our friends beneath the sands. The foreign legion in France’s colonial conquests 1870–1935. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Woods, Michael & Mary B. Woods (2009). Seven wonders of Ancient Africa. London: Lerner Books (2. ed.) Worden, Nigel (2007). The making of modern South Africa. Conquest, apartheid, democracy. Oxford: Blackwell (4. ed.). Worger, William H. et al. (ed.) (2010). Africa and the West. A documentary history. Vol. I: From the slave trade to conquest, 1441–1905 + Vol. II: From colonialism to the independence, 1875 to the present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wright, Donald R. (2010). The world and a very small place in Africa. A history of globalization in Niumi, the Gambia. Armonk. NY: M.E. Sharpe (3. ed.). Wright, John (2007). The Trans-Saharan slave trade. London: Routledge. Wright, John (2010). A history of Libya. London: C. Hurst & Co. Wylie, Dan (2006). Myth of iron. Shaka in history. Oxford: James Currey. Yerxa, Donald A. (ed.) (2008). Recent themes in the history of Africa and the Atlantic world. Historians in conversations. Columbia, SC: The University of South Carolina Press. Yoshikuni, Tsuneo (2007). African urban experiences in colonial Zimbabwe. A social history of Harare before 1925. Harere: Weaver Press. Younger, Paul (2009). New homelands. Hindu communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trini- dad, South Africa, Fiji and East Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Zimmerer, Jürgen & Joachim Zeller (ed.) (2008). Genocide in German South-West Africa. The colonial war of 1904–1908 and its aftermath.London: Merlin Press. Zisenwine, Daniel (2010). The emergence of nationalist politics in Morocco. London: I. B. Tauris. Politics, economics and society

Tore Linné Eriksen

Preamble This chapter, too, should be read against the background of the 2005 edition of Studying Africa, and should therefore be regarded as a supplement covering books which have been published over the last few years. The selection is based on the same criteria as the previous chapter on African history. In that chapter one will also find a number of books – especially general accounts - that take the reader up to the present situation.

Introductions There are several illuminating introductions to politics, economics and social conditions in Africa, often in the form of textbooks for undergraduate students at universities and colleges. A good place to start is Tom Young: Africa. A beginner’s guide (2010), which is a brief, highly readable, and thought-provoking introduction. Another book that serves the same purpose is The political economy of Africa (Padayachee 2010). Highly recommended within the same field are also Understanding contemporary Africa (Gordon & Gordon 2006), Vincent Khapoya’s The African experience (2009) and Alex Thomson’s An introduction to African politics (2010), which have all appeared in new editions. A wide range of perspectives are also offered in Goran Hyden’s African politics in comparative perspective (2006), Heather Deegan’s Africa today. Culture, economics, religion, security (2009) and Reframing contemporary Africa. Politics, culture and society in the global era (Soyinka-Airewele & Edozie 2010). The Danish diplomat Klaus Winkel has written Hvorfor er det svært så Afrika? (2007), which has many interesting descriptions, but is rather weak on analytical explanations. Updated information and critical analyses are provided in the indispensable yearbook Africa yearbook: Politics, economy and society South of the Sahara (Mehler et al. 2010).

General overviews Radical perspectives on the development of African society – based on empirical studies – inform several new books, such as Patrick Bond’s Looting Africa. The economics of exploitation (2006), James Ferguson’s Global shadows. Africa in the Politics, economics and society 107 neoliberal world order (2006), Ray Bush’s Poverty & neoliberalism. Persistence and reproduction in the Global South (2007), Graham Harrison’s Neo-liberal Africa. The impact of global social engineering (2010) and Stefan Andreasson’s Africa’s development impasse (2010). A brief guide with the same critical perspective is Gerald Caplan’s The betrayal of Africa (2008). A broad spectrum of issues relevant for an understanding of the continent as a whole is also taken up by Todd J. Moss in African development (2007), Stephen Chan in Grasping Africa. A tale of tragedy and achievement (2007) and Pierre Englebert in Africa. Unity, sovereignty and sorrow (2009), among others. Two books by Pádraig Carmody cover the same ground: Neoliberalism, civil society and security in Africa (2007) and Globalization in Africa. Recolonization or renaissance? (2010). Comprehensive elucidation is also provided in a number of collections of articles, for example, Violence, political culture and development in Africa (Kaarsholm 2006), Africa’s development in the twenty-first century (Kon- adu-Agyemang 2006), Africa in the 21st century (Mazama 2007), Africa in the post-decolonization era (Bissell 2008), Readings in modernity in Africa (Geschiere 2008), Neo-liberalism and globalization in Africa (Whilstah 2009), Self-determination and national unity. A challenge for divided nations (Deng 2009), Africans and the politics of popular culture (Falola & Aqwuele 2009) and Perspectives on Af- rica. A reader in history, culture and representation (Grinker 2010). An innovative contribution that “diagnoses” Africa, as if it were a question of a doctor-patient relationship, is Sterling Johnson: Suffering and smiling (2008). The potentials and barriers for achieving a union of all the African states is discussed by E. Ike Udandu in Confronting the challenges and prospects in the creation of a United States of Africa in the 21st century (2010). In The challenge for Africa (2009) Nobel prize-winner Wangari Maathai reflects on the continent’s future based on her experiences in Kenya, as does one of Africa´s most prominent authors, Ngugi wa Thiong’o in Something torn and new. An African renaissance (2009). In two recent books, the legacies of two of Africa’s foremost nationalist leaders and political thinkers are analysed: Africa’s contemporary challenges. The legacy of Amilcar Cabral (Lopes 2009) and Africa’s liberation. The legacy of Nyerere (Chachage & Cassam 2010). A brief introduction to the social science research agenda is given by Fantu Cheru in Africa’s development in the 21st century (2008). In two comprehensive volumes Paul Tiambe Zeleza has brought together articles which address research questions relevant for a wide range of disciplinary and thematic perspectives in The study of Africa. Vol. I. Disciplinary and interdisciplinary encounters (2006) and in The study of Africa. Vol. II. Global and transnational engagements (2007). Examples are also drawn from Africa in a book dealing with fascinating – and often ignored – topics in Shadows of war. A social history of silence in the twentieth century (Efratet et al. 2010). ). Afrika. 23 afrikaner om vägval och utmaningar (Magnusson 2010) is a collection of short contributions from African contributors about African politics and social conditions. 108 Tore Linné Eriksen

For a wider audience Whilst most of the books discussed so far are written with an academic audience in mind, , there is no lack of more journalistic accounts which provide information, insight and food for thought for a broader readership. This is particularly the case when the works are written by serious observers who have closely followed African development over a long period of time, and who are interested in creating more than just sensational headlines. Among the best books in this category are Richard Dowden’s Africa. Altered states, ordinary miracles (2008), Robert Guest’s The shackled continent. Africa’s past, present and future (2004), Charlagne Hunter-Gault’s New news out of Africa. Uncovering Africa’s renaissance (2006), and Tomm Kristiansen’s Afrika –en vakker dag (2006). (Martin Meredith’s extensive narrative about Africa after independence – The state of Africa – has been placed in the history chapter). In På väg till presidenten (2010) Swedish journalist Stig Holmqvist recalls his experiences of journeys and studies in Africa over 40 years, with particular emphasis on East Africa. It should also be mentioned that the Football World Cup competition in South Africa in 2010 gave rise to several fascinating books about the history of African football and its current challenges; see Ian Hawkey’s Feet of the chameleon. The story of African football (2009), Steve Bloomfield’s Africa united. How football explains Africa (2010) and Peter Alegi’s African soccerscapes. How a continent changed the world’s game (2010).

The African state Patrick Chabal has provided an original contribution showing how difficult it is to grasp the complexity of African development using conventional – that is, Western – political concepts in Africa. The politics of suffering and smiling (2009). Together with Jean-Pascal Daloz, he has also written a perceptive study with the same perspectives: Africa works. Disorder as political instrument (2005). In the same category is Jean-Francois Bayart with a new edition of his classic study The state in Africa. The politics of the belly (2009). Another influential analyst is Robert H. Bates, who has recently published When things fall apart. State failure in late-century Africa (2008). The question of how the African state functions – and how it may be understood – is also the main subject addressed in Beyond state failure and collapse (Kieh 2007), A new paradigm of the African state (Muio & Martin 2009) and the collection of articles Failed and failing states. The challenges to African reconstruction (Ndulo & Grieco 2010). The functioning of the state apparatus in facilitating capitalist expansion is discussed critically by Yeah Mentan in The state in Africa. An analysis of historical trajectories of global capitalist expansion and domination in the continent (2010). Politics, economics and society 109

Democracy, governance and political parties The complex nature of democracy and democratisation in Africa is addressed in a wide range of articles in Turning points in African democracy (Mustapha & Whitfield 2009) and Democracy in Africa. Progress and retreat (Diamond & Plattner 2010). John W. Forje has contributed two books on the same topic: State-building and democracy in Africa (2009a) and Here the people rule. Political transitions and challenges for democratic consolidation in Africa (2009b), whilst Joelien Pretoris discusses development in Africa in the light of Samuel Hunting- ton’s theories of democracy in African politics. Beyond the third wave of democratization (2008). A more radical perspective is adopted by Issa G. Shivji in Where is Uhuru? Reflections on the struggle for democracy (2009), by Browen Manby in Struggles for citizenship in Africa (2009), and by scholars contributing to Liberal democracy and its critics in Africa (Lumumba-Kasongo 2005) and The fate of Africa’s democratic experiences (Villaon & VonDoepp 2005). Issues related to ethnicity and political development are examined in Ethnicity and democracy (Ber- man 2004), whilst the relationship between politics, identity, power, democracy, and poverty is explored in Power and nationalism in Africa (Falola & Hassan 2008) and Democratic reforms in Africa (Ndulo 2006). National parliamentary elections are described and analysed in Votes, money and violence. Political parties and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa (Basedau 2007) as well as in Turning points in African democracy (Mustapha & Whitfield 2010). A wide range of important issues is addressed by Staffan I. Lindberg in De- mocracy and elections in Africa (2006), who is also the editor of Democratiza- tion by elections (Lindberg 2009). The UN Economic Commission for Africa presents its biannual African governance report, the most recent being published in 2009 (ECA 2009). A separate volume on Africa is now included in a series of books presenting political parties across the globe: Political parties and democracy in Africa and Oceania (Sindjourn 2010). Political activities rooted in Islam are discussed by a wide range of scholars in Interpreting Islamic political parties (Salih 2009) and Islam and Muslim politics in Africa (Soares & Otayek 2007). Under the aegis of International IDEA, with its headquarters in Stockholm, a large number of case studies are summarised in the report Political parties in Africa (Salih & Nordlund 2007). The role and functions of parliaments are analysed in Afri- can parliaments. Between government and governance (Salih 2006) and Legislative power in emerging African democracies (Barkan 2009). Legacies of power. Leader- ship change and former presidents in African politics (Southall & Melber 2006) discusses various consequences of changes of president, whilst the question of whether “traditional authorities” at the community and regional levels have been given renewed importance is raised in State recognition and democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa (Buur & Kyed 2007). The question of political participation and “citizenship” is an important subject addressed in a series of books from Zed Books, offering studies from all 110 Tore Linné Eriksen over the Third World. Examples from Africa are mainly drawn from South Af- rica, Nigeria, Kenya and Angola in Inclusive citizenship (Kabeer 2005), Spaces for change (Cornwall & Coelho 2006), Citizenship and social movements (Thomp- son & Tapscott 2010), Mobilization for democracy (Coelho & von Lieses 2010), and Globalizing citizens (Gaventa & Tandon 2010).

Social movements and NGOs The most recent and best survey of social movements, with a number of Afri- can case studies, is Movers and shakers (Ellis & van Kessel 2009). Social movements and NGOs are also examined in Against global capitalism. African social movements confront neoliberal globalization (Prempeh 2006), Silences in NGO discourse. The role and future of NGOs in Africa (Shivji 2007), and NGOs, Africa and the global order (Pinkney 2009). The political significance of trade unions in the struggle for democracy is a central feature in several collections of articles; see in particular Trade unions and the coming of democracy in Africa (Kraus 20008) and Trade unions and party politics. Labour movements in Africa (Beck- man 2010), whilst Gérard Kester explores workplace conditions in Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa (2007). Student activism is described and analysed by Leo Zeilig in Revolt and protests. Student politics and activism in Sub- Saharan Africa (2007), whilst the role of intellectuals is discussed by African researchers in two collections of articles from CODESRIA: African intellectuals. Rethinking politics, language, gender and development (Mkandawire 2005) and Intellectuals and African development (Beckman & Adeloti 2006). The political effects of the offensive by the evangelical churches is described in Evangelical Christianity and democracy in Africa (Ranger 2008).

Human rights The issues of democracy and human rights are closely intertwined, and the Af- rican human rights regime – with its starting point in the charter which came into effect in 1986 – is discussed both comprehensively and critically in a new edition of Malcolm D. Evans’ The African charter on human and people’s rights (2008) and in Kofi O. Kufuor’s TheAfrican human rights system. Origins and evolution (2010), in addition to the collection of articles Africa’s long road to rights (Abbas 2007). The position of minorities is discussed in the collection of articles Minorities and the state in Africa (Mbanaso & Korieh 2010), whilst potential conflicts between justice and peace in transitional societies are elucidated in Peace versus justice? The dilemmas of transitional justice in Africa (Sriram 2010).

Gender perspectives Gender perspectives on power and politics also characterise several books dealing with Africa as a whole. Three comprehensive collections of articles provide a broad overview: Readings in gender in Africa (Cornwall 2005), African gender studies (Oyewumi 2006), and Power, gender and social change in Africa (Ndulu & Politics, economics and society 111

Grieco 2009), whilst the struggle for women´s rights is addressed in a number of studies collected in Grace, tenacity and eloquence. The struggle for women’s rights in Africa (Burnett 2007. Women’s movements and their struggle for democracy are also examined in Women in African parliaments (Bauer & Britton 2006), African women’s movements. Transforming political landscapes (Tripp et al. 2008), and Democracy and the rise of women’s movements in Africa (Fallon 2008). A gender perspective on politics and democracy based on case studies from a number of African countries is provided in Governing women (Goetz 2008). Several studies rich in detail can also be found in the collection of articles Women’s movements in the global era (Basu 2010). An interesting case study from Cape Verde is Cape Verdean women and globalization (Carter 2009), whilst articles concerned with feminist perspectives on knowledge have been collected in African feminist politics of knowledge. Tensions, challenges, possibilities (Arnfred & Adomako 2010).

International affairs and African conflicts An excellent introduction to African international affairs is Ian Taylor’s The international relations of Sub-Saharan Africa (2010). A good survey is also provided by Philippe Hugon in African geopolitics (2009), whilst Africa in world politics (Harbeson & Rotchild 2008) is a classic collection of articles in a new edition. Sub-Saharan Africa (2010)is a separate volume in a series of books on “hot spots”, in which Toyin Falola and Adebayo O. Oyebade deal with both international, regional and national conflicts in the period after decolonisation. Africa is also discussed together with other regions in “the South” in The South in world politics (Alden et al. 2010), where a central argument is that significant changes in global relations of power are taking place. . A new scramble for Africa (Southall & Melber 2009) and Arena Afrika. Kappløp om makt and ressurser (Johnstad & Ommundsen 2009) are two topical collections of articles relating to the imperialist scramble for investments and natural resources in Africa. Blood on the stone (Smillie 2010) deals in detail with corruption, greed, ethnic and global rivalries in four “diamond wars” in Africa – Sierra Leone, Angola, Congo, and Liberia, whilst Oil, diamonds, and human rights in the marketplace (Muvingi 2008) looks at international actions to halt violence and conflicts arising from the struggles and oil exploitation and mining in Sierra Leone, Angola and Sudan. Olayiwola Abegunrin applies a pan-African perspective to international relations in Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century (2009), whilst the importance of the UN for Africa – and Africa’s importance for the UN – is highlighted in From global apartheid to global village (Adebayo 2009). The role of states that stand out by reason of their size is also an interesting topic, as discussed by several contributors to Big African states. Angola, DRC, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa (Clapham 2006). There is still a great deal of insight to be gained from the role of the big Western powers in Africa and the North (Engel & Olsen 2005). A highly recommended series of books examines the relationships 112 Tore Linné Eriksen of various major powers to Africa, such as The United States in Africa (Copson 2007), China in Africa (Alden 2007) and Britain in Africa (Porteous 2008). US strategies in Africa, not least in the “war against terror”, are analysed by David J. Francis in U.S. strategy in Africa (2010) as well as in the articles collected in Securing Africa. Post -9/11 discourses on terrorism (Smith 2010). In The dark Sa- hara (2009) Jeremy Keenan argues that US involvement in Algeria and in the Sahel region in fact promotes terrorism and instability. French interests in Africa are critically examined by Bruno Charbonneau in France and the new imperialism (2008), whilst Japanese-African relations are the object of two new books: Japan and Africa (Lehman 2010) and Japan-Africa relations (Lumumba-Kasongo (2010). A useful overview of relations between Africa and the EU is The European Union’s Africa policies (Sicurelli 2010).

China in Africa Chinese expansion in the African continent and Chinese-African relations are topical issues that have increasingly attracted attention in recent years. Anyone requiring a brief overview is recommended to start with the above-mentioned book by Chris Alden (2007) and with Ian Taylors China’ s new role in Africa (2009). The rise of China and India in Africa(Fantu Cheru and Obi 2010) is an up-to-date and stimulating collection of articles, which also includes India. The relationship between China and Africa is also closely examined in The dragon’s gift (Brautigam 2009), China safari (Michel & Beuret 2009), China’s African challenge (Reine 2009), The new presence of China in Africa(van Dijk 2009) and China-African development relations (Dent 2009). Several collections of articles address the same topic; see amongst others African perspectives on China in Africa (Manjji & Marks 2007), China’s new role in Africa and the South (Guerrero & Manji 2008), China returns to Africa (Alden et al. 2008) and China and Africa (Strauss & Saavedra 2010).

Oil: exploration and exploitation The importance of the African continent as a major oil producer and exporter is a question which must be addressed from many angles and perspectives, as it involves international power struggles, the scramble for finite resources, and the politics of African states. As a result of the rising export of oil and greater influence of major foreign companies (among others Norwegian Statoil), a considerable body of empirical and theoretical studies has emerged in recent years. Among general and readable introductions, John Ghazvinian’s Untapped. The scramble for Africa’s oil (2007), Nicholas Shaxson’s Poisoned wells. The dirty politics of African oil (2007) and – not least – Duncan Clarke’s Crude oil (2008) are highly recommended. An informative collection of articles in Norwegian, with several African contributors, is Oljespill. Jakt på Afrikas svarte gull (Jorde 2007). Valuable information about several African oil producers can also be found in The politics of the global oil industry (Falola & Genova 2005). Oil and governance Politics, economics and society 113 deals with Chad, Angola, Gabon and Sao Tomé & Principe (Alexander & Gil- bert 2010), whilst the expansion of Asian companies in Nigeria and Angola is examined in Thirst for oil (Vines et al. 2009). We will return to studies that are more specifically devoted to individual countries in the regional sections below.

Peace and conflict Regarding conflicts, conflict solutions, and security policy in the African continent, there have been many important contributions in recent years. Apart from the books listed in the regional sections below, Guy Arnold’s The A to Z of civil wars in Africa (2007) is a useful reference work. Augustine Ohanwe makes a crucial point that the opportunities for solving individual conflicts have improved after the end of the Cold War in Post-cold war conflicts in Africa. Case studies of Liberia and Somalia (2009). Many collections of articles, such as Security, reconstruction and reconciliation (Ndulo 2006), African guerrillas. Raging against the machine (Bøås & Dunn 2007), Writers, writing on conflict and war in Africa (Ndibe & Hove 2009), African security governance (Cawthra 2009), and Conflict of securities (Abubakar et al. 2010) are also worth consulting. The curse of Berlin (Adebajo 2010) is a historically informed study which devotes most attention to conflicts in Africa after the Cold War. Bjørn Møller’s Religion and conflict in Africa (2006), focusing particularly on East Africa, is a comprehensive introduction to religion, politics, and conflict in Africa, with a number of examples from history as well as from our own times. A substantial report on reconciliation after internal conflicts, with examples from, amongst others, Rwanda, Burundi and Sierra Leone is Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflicts. Learning from African experience (Huyse & Salter 2008). Karin Dokken adopts an empirically based security perspective in African security politics redefined (2008) as do editors Paul T. Zeleza and Alfred Nhema in a central two-volume work, The roots of African conflicts (2008a) and The resolution of African conflicts (2008b). A number of studies of youth, politics and conflict in Africa are brought together in Vanguard or vandals? (Abbink & van Kessel 2005). Peace & conflict in Africa (Francis 2008) and War and peace in Africa (Falola & Njoku 2010) are two other valuable collections of articles. African mechanisms for resolving conflicts and institutional norms are discussed in Africa’s new peace and security architecture (Engel & Porto 2010), whilst the role of the African Union (AU) is treated more specifically inThe African Union (Badejo 2008). David Keen’s important work Complex emergencies (2008) takes most of its examples from Africa .

Migration and globalisation Migration is another significant issue in the study of Africa’s place in the global system; see, for instance, Africa on the move (Tienda et al 2006), The human cost of African migration (Falola & Afolabi 2009), Globalisation and transnational migrations (Adebayo & Adesina 2009), and International migration within, to 114 Tore Linné Eriksen and from Africa in a globalised world (Adepoju 2010). The fact that Africa is not merely a passive recipient of globalisation, but instead develops its own ideologies and local cultures in the encounter with foreign impulses is an important point made in Situating globality (van Binsbergen & van Dijk 2004).

Aid and development cooperation As a consequence of the considerable dependence of many African countries on foreign aid, it is to be expected that both positive and negative aspects of development cooperation have been the subject of a growing body of literature. An excellent place to start is Göran Hydén’s new book Bistånd och utveckling. Afrika: Givarnas stora utmaning (2010), which provides a well-balanced overview of a complex issue. In recent years there has been a clear tendency for books with a critical – often dismissive – position to receive the greatest attention. Several well-known books in this category are written by economists who largely regard aid in its present form – together with poor systems of government and state control instead of the “freedom”“ of the market – as the main reason for the lack of progress on the African continent: The white man’s burden (Easterly 2006), The bottom billion (Collier 2007), and Dead aid. Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa (Moyo 2008). In a mixture of news reporting and polemic, Bengt Nilsson argues in Sveriges afrikanska krig (2009) that Swedish aid in fact contributes to both corruption and the prolonging of wars. There are also many examples of criticism from the other side of the ideological spectrum, in which it is argued that many forms of Western aid contribute to maintaining foreign dominance, “structural adjustment ”, and the power of national elites. Among prominent contributions from this position are Giles Bolton´s Africa doesn’t matter. How the West has failed the poorest continent and what we can do about it (2008), Jonathan Glennie´s The trouble with aid. Why less could mean more for Africa (2008) and Yash Tandon´s Aid and dependence (2009). The same perspective is reflected in Aid to Africa. Redeemer or coloniser? (Abbas & Niyiragara (2009). Conflicting views on development aid are collected in Aid to Africa (Miller 2009). The literature on aid and development cooperation also includes The trouble with Africa (Calderisi 2007), and Smart aid for African development (Joseph & Gilliers 2008). Several chapters are concerned with Africa from a comparative perspective in Foreign aid for development (Mavrotas 2010). Hans Holmén’s Snakes in paradise (2010) offers a critical and thoughtful view of the role of NGOs within the “aid industry”, whilst an important point made by many contributions in The politics of aid. African strategies for dealing with aid donors (Whitfield 2008) is that African states are not passive recipients, but have their own strategies and vested interests when aid policies are being for- mulated. The idea that development aid may have positive effects in particularly vulnerable and weak states is argued in Aid that works (Manor 2006). Peter Gill examines how much – or indeed how little – of the great aid effort in Ethiopia in Politics, economics and society 115 the mid-1980s is of lasting value in Famine and foreigners. Live Aid and Ethiopia (2010).

Economic achievements and problems A significant part of the literature listed above has to do with chiefly economic matters, often under the designation “political economy”. But there are also a large number of books that concentrate more explicitly on economic development, and which are mostly written by professional economists, such as a comprehensive two-volume work with both general overviews and national case studies: The political economy of economic growth in Africa, 1960–2000 (Ndulu 2007). Two substantial edited volumes that focus on the same subject are Growth and development in Africa (Seck & Bisari 2009) and Back on track (Seck & Boko 2010). Textbooks on Africa’s geography also offer a wealth of useful information about economic structures, production, and resources, such as two standard works both appearing in new editions; see Benjamin Stock: Africa South of the Sahara. A geographical interpretation (2004) and Samuel Aryeetey- Attoh et al.: Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa (2010). Anyone seeking updated information and up-to-the-minute perspectives should consult three annual reports prepared by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), and African Development Bank (ADB). The most recent editions are African Development Report 2008/2009 (ADB 2009), Economic report on Africa 2010 (ECA/AUC 2010) and Economic development in Africa report 2010 (UNCTAD 2010). The role of the UN Economic Commission for Africa and African Development Bank is analysed by Kwame Akonor in African economic institutions (2010), whilst the World Bank’s great – and often damaging – power in Africa is critically discussed by Graham Harrison in The World Bank and Africa. The construction of government states (2007), by David Williams in The World Bank and social transformation in international politics(2008), and by Vanessa Wijngaarden in The World Bank and the representation of Africa (2010). Informative discussions of economic developments in South Africa’s economy, as well as China’s/India’s role in Africa, are included in Southern engines of global growth (Santos-Pauling & Wan 2010). The significance of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in Africa and Africa’s role in the WTO are examined by Richard E. Mshomba in Africa and the World Trade Organization (2009) and by Donna Lee in Africa in the World Trade Organisation (2010), whilst a number of critical articles about world trade are collected in From slave trade to ‘free trade’. How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa (Burnett & Manji 2007). Economic challenges in reconstruction after conflict are considered in the edited volume Reconstructing economic governance after conflict in resource-rich African countries (Wohlmut & Urban 2007). Beyond the ‘African tragedy’ (Smith 2006) examines Africa from a develop- 116 Tore Linné Eriksen ment and globalisation perspective. The vulnerability of African exporters of raw materials within a trading system that favours rich countries and transnational corporations is analysed in Globalization and restructuring of African commodity flows (Fold & Larsen 2008), whilst Antoinette Handley explores the links between trade, industry, and the state, with examples from four African countries, in Business and the state in Africa (2008). The power of large foreign companies involved in mining in Africa and the need for public regulation are both analysed in Roger Moody’s Rocks & hard places. The globalization of mining (2007) and in the edited volume Mining in Africa (Campbell 2009). A wealth of information on oil and gas extraction is also found in Oil and gas in Africa (ADB 2009). Other economic sectors are given attention in Meeting the information challenge (Grieco et al. (2006), The hydropolitics of Africa. A contemporary challenge (Kitoussou 2007), Africa’s finances. The contribution of remittances (Bardouille 2007), and Africa, transport and the Millennium Development Goals (Brieco et al. 2009).

Poverty and inequality Poverty and the prospects for poverty reduction are explored from a comparative perspective in several new and comprehensive collections of articles: New growth and poverty alleviation strategies in Africa (Wohlmut 2008), Inside poverty and development in Africa (Rutten et al. 2009), Poverty in Africa (Beasley 2009), The poor under globalization in Africa, Latin America and Africa (Nissanke & Thorbacke 2010), and The comparative political economy of development. Africa and South Asia (Harris-White & Heyer 2010), whilst Roger Throw & Scott Kilam critically examine conflicting explanations of African poverty inEnough. Why the world’s poorest starve in an age of plenty (2009). Several writers also put forward proposals for improving social welfare measures in Social protection in Africa (Ellis et al. 2009). Whilst many writers have explained development problems by focusing their attention on social chaos, crime, and corruption, several of the contributors in Law and disorder in the postcolony (Comaroff & Comaroff 2006) argue that these characteristics have to be understood in the context of globalisation, the market economy, and other features of development which “criminalise” poverty. A plea for poverty reduction through free trade and economic liberalism is made in Africa unchained (Ayittay 2006). Op- portunities for – as well as obstacles to – development within the framework of the African Union (AU) and the African NEPAD initiatives are discussed in The African Union and new strategies for development in Africa (Adejumobi & Olukoshi 2008) and in Future Africa. Prospects for democracy and development under NEPAD (Rukato 2010). The African problems in achieving the UN’s millennium goals form the focus in Millennium Development Goals. Achieve- ments and prospects for meeting the targets in Africa (Nwonwu 2008). Corruption as a problem for development is examined by, among others, Giorgi Blundo Politics, economics and society 117 et al. in Everyday corruption and the state. Citizens and public officials in Africa (2006). Rapidly increasing population in big cities, urbanisation, and living conditions are addressed in a number of books; see, for example, Reconsidering informality (Hansen & Vaa 2004), Urbanization and African cultures (Falola & Salm 2005), For the city yet to come (Simone 2005), Crisis and creativity (Konings & Foeken 2006), Cities in contemporary Africa (Murray & Myers 2007), Postcolo- nial African cities (Demissie 2008), African cities (Locatelli & Nugent 2009) and African informal workers (Lindell 2010), whilst perspective informed by historical and anthropological research is offered by Stefan Goodwin inAfrica’s legacies of urbanization (2006).

Land, resources and climate In a continent where the great majority still live in rural areas and are depend- ent on agricultural production, access to land, water, and natural resources are fundamental issues. Here, too, we often find the source of conflicts, as shown in collections of articles such as Conflicts over land and water in Africa (Derman 2007) and The struggle over land in Africa. Conflicts, politics and change (Anseeuw & Alden 2010), as well as Natural resources and conflicts in Africa. The tragedy of endowment (Alaos 2007). A brief overview is also provided by Johan Holmberg in Natural resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. Assets and vulnerabilities (2010). Fred Nelson provides an environmental perspective on rights and access to land in Community rights, conservation and contested land (2010). The agricultural strategies of the World Bank are analysed – and criticised – by Kjell Havnevik et al. in African agriculture and the World Bank. Develop- ment or impoverishment? (2007), whilst Ambreena Manji discusses the important question of power and land reform in The politics of land reform in Africa (2006). The same subject is considered in Land and sustainable development in Africa (Amanor & Moyo 2008) and – from a global perspective – in Reclaiming the land (Moyo & Yeros 2005). Sam Moyo also provides a brief survey of important research questions in African land questions, agrarian transitions and the state. Contradictions of neo-liberal land reforms (2008), whilst Christian Lund has closely studied land tenure and local resources in Local politics and the dynamics of property in Africa (2008). A more optimistic perspective, based on case studies of successful agricultural, projects is offered by several authors in Successes in African agriculture. Lessons for the future (Haggblade & Hazell 2010). There are reasons to expect a great number of books concerned with Africa in “the global greenhouse” and the effects of climate change on people and the environment in the years to come. Meanwhile, Camilla Toulmin’s Climate change in Africa (2009) is a good place to start. A compelling description of how the climate crisis has already affected people’s lives and the basis of production in South Africa is given by Leonie Joubert in Boiling point. People in a changing 118 Tore Linné Eriksen climate (2008), whilst strategies for adaptation are discussed on the basis of a number of empirically rich local studies in Adapting to climate change in South- ern Africa (Pearson 2010).

AIDS, health and politics HIV/AIDS is a major health and social problem in a number of African countries, and many books devote great attention to social, cultural, economic and political aspects. A good place to start is a survey written by prominent historian John Iliffe:The African aids epidemic. A history(2006). Other introductions include Ann Whiteside: HIV/AIDS. A very short introduction (2008) and Toyin Falola & Matthew M. Heaton: HIV/AIDS, illness and African well-being (2007). Among other books on the same subject are Aids and power. Where there is no political crisis – yet (de Waal 2006), The invisible cure. Africa, the West and the fight against AIDS (Epstein 2007), AIDS and governance (Poku 2007) and The politics of AIDS. Globalization, the state and civil society (Follér & Thörn 2008). A number of informative and personal accounts from people who themselves have been affected are told directly in Stephanie Nolen’s 28 Stories of AIDS in Africa (2007). A gender perspective emphasizing the vulnerability of African women is given in Gender and HIV/AIDS (Boesten & Poku 2009) and in African women’s unique vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS (Fuller 2008). The cultural and political context – largely based on South African case studies – is discussed in AIDS, South Africa and the politics of knowledge (Youde 2007) and in HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (Baxen & Breidlid 2009), whilst the story of how people, organisations, and local authorities have joint forces in Botswana to reduce the risk of illness is told with great empathy by Unity Dow and Max Essex in Saturday is for funerals (2010). A new book linking the extent of AIDS to the IMF’s undermining of public health services and the struggle against illness is Rick Rowden’s The deadly ideas of neo-liberalism (2009), whilst Sophie Harman shows in The World Bank, civil society and HIV/AIDS(2010) that the World Bank programmes in this field also have a market-oriented agenda.

Northern Africa For historical reasons, much of the literature for parts of northern Africa is in French and Arabic, and therefore falls outside this account. The same applies to a number of countries in West Africa (see below). It is also quite common for general surveys to treat countries in North Africa and the Middle East in the same volume. This is, for instance, the case in a widely used textbook now in its sixth edition: The government and politics of the Middle East and North Af- rica (Long 2010). Examinations of political developments in countries such as Egypt, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria are found in Political parties Politics, economics and society 119 and democracy. The Arab world(Ibrahim & Lawson 2010). The same geographical area is dealt with in two comprehensive collections of articles which look at development from a gender perspective: Gender and diversity in Middle East and North Africa (Salieh 2010) and Women in the Middle East and North Africa (Sadiqi & Ennaji 2010), whilst attention is focused on economic conditions in Industrial policy in the Middle East and North Africa (Galal 2007) and Economic performance in the Middle East and North Africa (Sayan 2010). Covering the area between Morocco and Afghanistan, Dispossession and displacement (Chatty & Finlayson 2010) discusses forced migration and refugees. The political situation in North Africa (the Maghreb) is explored by a number of prominent scholars in The Maghrib in the new century(Maddy-Weitzman & Zisenwine 2007) and in North Africa. Politics, region, and the limits of transformation (Zoubir & Amirah- Fernández 2008).

Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Western Sahara James Le Sueur has recently written a concise and clear introduction to recent developments in Algeria in Algeria since 1989 : Between terror and democracy. (2010). The colonial roots of political and social conflicts are analysed by Martin Evans & John Phillips in Algeria. Anger of the dispossessed (2007) and by J. N. C. Hill in Identity in Algerian politics (2009), whilst Miriam R. Lowi discusses the country’s oil policies in Oil wealth and the poverty of politics (2009). Political and cultural activism is studied from an anthropological perspective in the edited volume Berbers and others (Hoffman & Miller 2010). A recent study of Morocco is James N. Sater’s Morocco. Challenges to tradition and modernity (2010). A perspective on growth, stability and authoritarian rule in Tunisia is provided by Christopher Alexander in Tunisia (2010), whilst the country’s relations with the EU are thoroughly examined in Europe and Tuni- sia (Powel & Sadiki (2010). Two books that focus on social developments and Libyan international politics are Luis Martinez’ The Libyan paradox (2006) and Yehudit Ronen’s Qaddifi’s Libya in world politics(2008). A comprehensive and topical examination of Egypt is found in the edited volume Egypt. The moment of change (El Mahdi & Marfleet 2009). The significance of the Muslim Brotherhood is discussed by Mohammed Zahid in The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt’s successions crisis. The politics of liberalization and reform in the Middle East (2009) and with a perspective far beyond Egypt by Barry Rubin in The Muslim Brotherhood (2010). The Norwegian historian Bjørn Olav Utvik has contributed a detailed study of “Islamic economics” in The pious road to development (2006), whilst another Norwegian historian, Terje Tvedt, has edited a collection of articles on cooperation and conflict between states that form part of the Nile basin: The river Nile in the post-colonial age (2010). Morocco’s illegal occupation of Western Sahara and the compliance of the world community are discussed in several books; see, for example, End game in Western Sahara (Shelley 2004) and Western Sahara (Zunes & Mundy 2010), 120 Tore Linné Eriksen whilst a brief overview of the natural resources of the area is provided in The Western Saharan conflict (Olsson 2006).

Western Africa A considerable part of the literature about politics in West Africa is, of course, in French and therefore falls outside this digest. Victor T. Le Vine’s Politics in francophone Africa (2007), however, is a concise introduction in English. Two studies of conflicts and regional cooperation are Globalization and politics of the Economic Community of West African States (Edi 2007) and Governance and crisis of the state in Africa. The context and dynamics of the conflicts in West Africa (Akude 2009). For an interesting collection of articles with a regional perspective, see Political Islam in West Africa (Miles 2007). There are also many valuable books concerned with individual West Afri- can countries, such as three books focusing on Ghana: Reconstructing the nation in Africa (Amoha 2007), Ghana. One decade of the liberal state (Boafo-Arthur 2007), and Politics of social change in Ghana (Talton 2010). African market women. Seven life stories from Ghana (Clark 2010) is a detailed study of the central position occupied by market women and the challenges they face. In Devel- opment economics in action (2010), Tony Killick provides a detailed history of economic developments in Ghana from independence up to 2008. The political system in Sierra Leone is described by William Reno in Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone (2008), whilst David Keen concentrates on the country’s deep-seated internal conflicts in Conflict and collusion in Sierra Leone 2005),( and Myriam Denoy goes into greater detail about the Revolutionary United Front in Child soldiers (2010). The conflicts in Liberia are considered in War to peace transition (Omeje 2008). In Voicing the voiceless Walter Gam Neik makes an important contribution to a neglected area of research in Cameroon by focusing on ordinary people instead of the elite. An intriguing study of what is often called “civil society” in Cameroon is Piet Koning’s Neoliberal bandwagonism (2009). Political manipulation by the Ivory Coast elite is also emphasised as one of the most important explanations for deep and long-lasting conflicts in Mike McGovern’s Making war in Cote d’ Ivoire (2010). The disastrous famine in Niger in 2005, which was overshadowed by Asian tsunami in the international media, is described in A not-so natural disaster (Crombe & Jézéquel 2009) with a focus on the attempts by Médecins Sans Frontières to attract international attention.

Nigeria As Africa’s most populous state, it is to be expected that there exists a vast amount of literature concerned with present-day Nigeria, in addition to the several books listed in the previous chapter which provide a general account of Nigerian history, taking their readers up to the contemporary period. Usman A. Politics, economics and society 121

Tar offers a critical examination in The politics of neoliberal democracy in Africa (2008), whilst the widespread corruption is discussed in A culture of corruption (Smith 2007) as well as in Corruption in Nigeria (Oji & Ojo 2010). By way of analysing the important elections of 2007, a pessimistic analysis of the future prospects for democracy is offered inNigeria’s stumbling democracy and its implications for Africa’s democratic move (Okafor 2008). Ethnicity, nation, and state are important subjects treated in Breakdown and reconstitution (Bah 2005), whilst The Yoruba in transition. History, values and modernity (Falola & Genova 2006) offers an illuminating perspective of one of the country’s most populous ethnic groups. Toyin Falola also discusses the breakdown of both religious politicisation and secular ideologies in Violence in Nigeria (2009), whilst the country’s foreign policy after the Cold War is analysed in the collection of articles Gulliver’s trouble (Adebayo & Mustapha 2008). The complex issue of social networks and the informal economy is analysed by Kate Meager in Identity economics, social networks and the informal economy in Nigeria (2010). Nigeria’s oil policy and the role of large foreign companies occupy a prominent position in several books more generally concerned with oil in Africa (see above), but there are also several writers who concentrate more explicitly on Nigeria. . An excellent example of this is a lucidly written account by Michael Peel: A swamp full of dollars. Pipelines and paramilitaries at Nigeria’s oil frontier (2009). Among other books dealing with the same topic which deserve to be mentioned are Shell Petroleum Development Company, the state and underdevelopment of Nigeria’s Niger delta (Omoweh 2005), The next Gulf. London, Washington and oil conflict in Ni- geria (Rowell et al. 2005), High stakes and stakeholders. Oil conflict and security in Nigeria (Omeje 2006), Oil and politics in the Gulf of Guinea (de Oliveira 2007), When citizens revolt (Okonta 2008), and Development as conflict (Agbonifo 2009). In Course of the black gold (2008), photojournalist Ed Kashi documents the de- struction in Nigeria as a result of oil extraction over a period of 50 years.

Central Africa: Congo and Rwanda/Burundi A great number of books on central Africa concentrate – not surprisingly – on regional and international conflict zones. Two good surveys, both written by prominent historians, are Rene Lemarchand’s The dynamics of violence in Central Africa (2008) and Gérard Prunier’s African world war. Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe (2008). Gérard Prunier has also contributed a volume concentrating on Congo, where one of the main points made is that foreign interests have always been so great that it is difficult to talk of “Congolese” wars: From genocide to continental war. The ’Congolese’ conflict and the crisis of contemporary Africa (2009). The problems of achieving international peace settlements are discussed in The trouble with the Congo (Autesserre 2010). Congo is also examined in depth by David Renton et al. in The Congo. Plunder & resistance (2007), by Thomas Turner in The Congo war. Conflict, myth and 122 Tore Linné Eriksen reality (2007), and in Norwegian by Per E Fosser in Kongo. Landet verdens helst vil glemme (2007). There is no lack of new books – and new editions of previous publications – dealing with the genocide in Rwanda. Two indispensable studies are Linda Melvern’s Conspiracy to murder (2006) and A people betrayed. The role of the West in Rwanda’s genocide (2009). The shared responsibility of the international community is critically explored by Jared A. Cohen in One hundred days of silence (2006), which largely deals with the USA, whilst Andrew Wallis looks at the role of France in Silent accomplice. The untold story of France’s role in the Rwandan genocide (2006). Straus Scott sheds new light on the origins of the genocide in The order of genocide. Race, power, and war in Rwanda (2006), and the role of the Christian churches is described in Timothy Longman’s Christianity and genocide in Rwanda (2010). An ordinary man. The true story behind Hotel Rwanda (Rus- esabagina 2007) is a personal account that formed the background to the film Hotel Rwanda, whilst A thousand hills (Kinzer 2008) is a tribute to Rwanda’s president, Paul Kagame. One of the few books written by a Rwandan about the genocide and later attempts at reconstruction and reconciliation is Sub-Saharan Africa’s development challenge (Kimanuka 2009). The role of the media during the genocide – both inside and outside Rwanda – comes under critical scrutiny in The media and the Rwandan genocide (Thompson 2007). Attention is also focused on Rwanda and Darfur in a number of books in the field of genocide studies, such as in Folkemordenes svarte bok (Hagtvet 2008) and Blood and soil. A world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Kiernan 2008). Three more recent books, which deal with Burundi in particular, are Gender and genocide (Daley 2006), Life after violence A people’s history of Burundi (2008), and Burundi. The biography of a small African country(2008).

Eastern Africa “Eastern Africa” is a very wide and vague concept, but often covers the whole area from the Horn of Africa south to Malawi. This bibliography also includes the Sudan in this category.

Somalia and Somaliland In the Horn of Africa we begin with Somalia and Somaliland, which – like other conflict zones – have received a great deal of attention in recent years. A good background is provided in a new book by Ioan Lewis, one of the foremost scholars of the region: Understanding Somalia and Somaliland (2008). Three interesting edited volumes are Somali at the crossroads (Osmann & Souare 2007), State collapse and post-conflict development in Africa. The case of Somalia 1960–2001 (Mohamoud 2008), and Milk and peace, drought and war (Hoehne & Luling 2010). Two new contributions are Afyare A. Elmi’s Understanding the Somali Politics, economics and society 123 conflagration. Identity, Islam and peacebuilding(2010), and Martin M. Murphy’s book on piracy off the coast and its links to religion and politics in the interior: Somalia, the new piracy? (2010). The reasons for Somaliland’s relative success in a region marked by destructive conflicts are discussed by Mark Bradbury in Becoming Somaliland (2008), whilst Kenneth R. Rutherford deals with the intervention in Somalia in Humanitarianism under fire (2008).

Ethiopia and Eritrea Ethiopia and Eritrea are also examined in several new books, which focus on international relations as well as internal developments. Among a number of important books which deserve to be mentioned are Kjetil Tronsvoll’s War and the politics of identity in Ethiopia. The making of enemies and allies in the Horn of Africa (2009), and Gebru Tareke’s The Ethiopian revolution and war in the Horn of Africa (2009). Several collections of articles are also available, such as Ethnic federalism. The Ethiopian experience in comparative perspective (Turton 2006) and Borders and borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa (Feyissa & Hoehne 2010). In Eritrea. A dream deferred (2009), Gebru Tareke subjects developments after independence to a critical analysis, whilst the country’s foreign policy and regional role are dealt with in Eritrea’s external relations (Reid 2010). Michaela Wrong provides a detailed journalistic portrait of Eritrea in I didn’t do it for you (2005).

Sudan and Darfur Turning to the Darfur conflict, three classic accounts with a historical perspective have recently appeared in updated editions: Darfur. The long road to disaster (Burr & Collins 2008), Darfur. A short history of a long war (Flint & de Waal 2008), and Darfur sorrows. The forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster (Daly 2010). Simplified accounts of genocide and one-sided presentations are analysed (and criticised) by both Gérard Prunier in Darfur. The ambiguous genocide 2005)( and Mahmood Mamdani in Saviors and survivors. Darfur, politics and the war on terror (2009). Among many new studies providing a survey of Sudan are Jok Madut Jok’s Sudan. Race. Religion and violence (2007), Ibrahim Elnur’s Contested Sudan. Politics, war and reconstruction (2009), Francis M. Deng’s New Sudan in the making (2009), and Richard Cockett’s Sudan. Darfur, Islamism and the world (2010). Much information is also provided by several authors in Darfur and the crisis of governance in Sudan (Hassan & Ray 2009). In Guerrilla government (2005) Øys- tein Rolandsen deals with Southern Sudan in the 1990s, whilst in Presidentens mann. Oppdrag Sør-Sudan (2009), Norwegian journalist Tomm Kristiansen gives his views on the current situation based on his experiences as a communications adviser to the authorities in South Sudan after it gained greater autonomy. In The scramble for Africa. Darfur – intervention and the USA (Fake & Funk 2008) it is argued that US interests in the area are linked to oil and other economic resources. A detailed case study of the problematic aspects of aid and emergency 124 Tore Linné Eriksen aid in a conflict situation is provided by David J. Keen in Benefits of famine. A political economy of famine and relief in Southwestern Sudan, 1983–9 (2008). Ker- stin Lundell gives a timely documentation of foreign oil interests in Sudan, with a clear Swedish connection, in Affärer i blod och olja (2010).

Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania If we move further south, Uganda’s distinctive political system is analysed from a comparative perspective by Giovanni Carbone in No-party democracy (2008) and by Aili Mari Tripp in Museveni’s Uganda. Paradoxes of power in a hybrid regime (2010). The Ugandan election system is also described in detail inElectoral democracy in Uganda (Kiiza et al. 2008). Ben Jones argues in Beyond the state in rural Uganda (2008) that more insight is gained if politics is studied independent of what is happening at the state level. . Tim Allen explains in Trial justice (2006) why the insurgent and terror movement, the Lord’s Resistance Army, in north Uganda is rightly brought before the International Criminal Court (ICC), and updates his analysis with a broader perspective in The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth and reality (2010). The attempts to reduce poverty are described in Poverty alleviation policy in Uganda since 1986 (Sverrisson 2005), whilst the role of social movements is discussed in NGOs, poverty reductions and social exclusion in Uganda (Namara 2009). Women’s land rights and privatization in East Africa (Daley & Englert 2009) is based on case studies from several countries. In neighbouring Kenya, political conflicts and a failing democracy within the framework of a multi-party system in particular have attracted attention. Among recent books in this category are Kenya. The struggle for democracy (Murunga & Nasong’o 2007), Kenya’s quest for democracy (Mutua 2008), Reforming contemporary state. The politics of history, conflict and reconciliation inKenya (Bosire 2010), and Kenya’s uncertain democracy. The election crisis 2008 (Kagwanja & Southall 2010). The exposure of corruption and misuse of power is at the heart of a bestselling journalistic account book by Michaela Wrong: It’s our turn to eat. The story of a Kenyan whistleblower (2009). Unbowed. One woman’s story (2007) is Nobel prize-winner Wangari Maathai’s personal story, whilst Raila Odinga. An enigma in Kenyan politics (Badejo 2006) is a personal portrait with a broader perspective. A wide-ranging research collaboration between Tanzania and Scandinavian scholars has resulted in a timely book on central aspects of Tanzania’s economy and politics: Tanzania in transition. From Nyerere to Mkapa (Havnevik & Isinki 2010), whilst Knud Vilby’s Independent Tanzania. Challenges since Uhuru (2009) is a more journalistic account based on his long-term engagement with Tanzania. A radical criticism of developments over the past decade has been provided by the prominent Tanzanian lawyer and social scientist Issa G. Shivji in Let the people speak. Tanzania down the road to neo-liberalism (2009a). The same writer also offers a model for how to analyse economic systems in societies like Tanzania in Accumulation in an African periphery (Shivji 2009b). Politics, economics and society 125

Southern Africa A good introduction to Southern Africa, with an emphasis on political and economic issues is given by Jonathan Farley in Southern Africa (2008), whilst Janice Love concentrates more on international relations in Southern Africa in world politics (2006). Even if the book is a few years old, there is still a great deal of information and interesting perspectives to be found in Politics in Southern Af- rica. State and society in transition (Bauer & Taylor 2005). In two collections of essays, John S. Saul critically examines the unfulfilled hopes of a radical change of course after independence: The next liberation struggle (2005) and Decoloniza- tion and empire (2008). A regional perspective focusing on xenophobia, poverty, and obstacles to immigration is adopted by Francis Nyamnjoh in Insiders and outsiders. Citizenship and xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa (2006) and by several contributors to Surviving on the move. Poverty and development in Southern Africa (Crush & Frayne 2010).

South Africa As demonstrated in the previous chapter concerned with African history, South Africa clearly stands out in terms of the amount of valuable books. Since many years have now passed since the fall of the apartheid regime, it is also to be expected that more light is shed on the difficult – and according to critics, far too slow – transition into a more just society. . A brief survey of economics and politics is provided by Anthony Butler in Contemporary South Africa (2009). Much relevant and updated information can be found in the annual edition of State of the Nation, (Kagwanja & Kondlo 2009), whilst a stimulating overview of the first 10 years after 1994 is provided by many scholars inThe development decade? (Padayachee 2006). Among several well-written books for a general audience are R. W. Johnson: South Africa’s brave new world. The beloved country since the end of apartheid (2009), Andrew Feinstein: After the party. Corruption, the ANC and South Africa’s uncertain future (2009) and Alec Russell: After Mandela. The battle for the soul of South Africa (2009). An interesting reference work is New South African keywords (Shepherd & Robins 2009). A critical account of crucial issues relating to ideology is provided in several books, such as William M. Gumede’s Thabo Mbeki and the battle for the soul of the ANC (2007), Mueni wa Muiu’s The pitfalls of liberal democracy and late nationalism in South Africa (2009), Mark Gevisser’s A legacy of liberation. Thabo Mbeki and the future of the South African dream (2009) and Xolela Mangcu’s The democratic moment. South Africa’s prospects under Jacob Zuma (2010). In addition, there are several comprehensive collections of articles; see, for example, The Zuma administration. Critical challenges (Kondlo & Maserumule (2010) and Testing democracy. Which way is South Africa going? (Misa-Drexter & February 2010). In Chiefs in South Africa (2005) Barbara Oomen shows that “traditional” leaders and local cultural traditions in many ways seem to have strengthened 126 Tore Linné Eriksen their position after the fall of the apartheid system. Soweto inside out (Roberts & Thloloe 2004) provides a journalistic and socio- historical perspective on an important urban area. “Mega-events” such as the Football World Cup in 2010 have also attracted a great deal of attention; the collection of articles in The race to transform (Desai 2010) succeeds in placing South African sport in a social and political perspective. A fascinating tale of the great significance of the game of football for dignity and survival among political prisoners on Robben Island is More than just a game. Football vs. apartheid (Korr & Close 2008). James L. Gibson concludes his three volume work on the transition from apartheid with a study showing how little has been done as regards the redistri- bution of land: Overcoming historical injustices. Land reconciliation in South Af- rica (2009). The land issue is also critically examined inDispossession and access to land in South Africa (Yanou 2009) and Land, memory, reconstruction and justice (Walker et al. 2010). Social movements and the popular struggle from below are discussed in several edited volumes, such as Voices of protest (Ballard 2006), Women activism in South Africa (Britton 2008) and From revolution to rights. Social movements, NGOs & popular politics after apartheid (Robins 2009). The role of the trade union movement – and of expectations that are not fulfilled – is analysed by Sakhela Buhlungi in A paradox of victory (2010). The poverty of ideas (Dikeni & Gumede 2010) argues that South African intellectuals have failed in their role as public intellectuals and committed social actitivists after the fall of apartheid. A revealing book about the close collaboration between Israel and South Africa during apartheid, which also involves discussions of nuclear weapons, has not surprisingly attracted considerable attention: The unspoken alliance (Polakow-Suransky 2010).

Biographies No African (or scarcely any other person alive today) has attracted as much attention as Nelson Mandela. His latest book, Conversations with myself (2010), is a seminal contribution to a growing body of literature that includes interviews, letters, newly discovered primary sources, personal notes and photographs. Ar- guably the best biography so far has appeared in an updated edition to coincide with the Football World Cup in South Africa in 2010: Nelson Mandela. A biography, written by Martin Meredith (2010). A leading South African scholar, Tom Lodge, offers a more analytical and critical version in Nelson Mandela. A critical life (2006), whilst Elleke Boehmer provides a concise account in Nelson Mandela. A very short introduction (2008), and in Young Mandela (2010), David J. Smith is particularly interested in the private life of Mandela, his importance for the transition to armed struggle, and the central role of white communists. The story of one of the most important trials in South African history (the Rivi- ona trial of 1964) has been told in great detail by one of the defence lawyers in The state vs. Mandela (Joffe 2007), whilst the book behind the major film about Politics, economics and society 127

Mandela and the South African rugby series in the World Cup finals of 1995 has the title Invictus. Nelson Mandela and the game that made the nation (Carlin 2010). In recent years more books have emerged that tells the story of other leaders in the South African liberation struggle; among the most prominent examples are Memoirs (Kathrada 2004), Oliver Tambo (Callinicos 2006), Shadows of difference. MacMaharaj (O’Malley 2007), Oliver Tambo remembered (Jordan 2007), Hani. A life too short (Smith & Tromp 2009) and The mission. A life for freedom in South Africa (Goldberg 2010). Two new books are devoted to Steve Biko and his significance:Biko lives. Contesting the legacies of Steve Biko (Mngxitana 2008) and Celebrating Steve Biko. We write what we like (van Wyck 2010).

Other countries in southern Africa New books concerned with countries in the region other than South Africa are more scarce. There are, however, several titles which critically examine president Robert Mugabe’s personal power and his repressive regime in Zimbabwe. such as Heidi Holland´s Dinner with Mugabe. The untold story of a freedom fighter who became a tyrant (2008) and Martin Meredith´s updated edition of Mugabe. Pow- er, plunder, and the struggle for Zimbabwe (2007). Unlike accounts more focused on individuals, John L. Moore widens the perspective by focusing on internal and external pressures in the direction of market liberalism in Zimbabwe’s fight to the finish (2008), whilst Zimbabwe’s land reform (Scoones et al. 2010) argues that the Zimbabwean land reform is not the unmitigated disaster many people seem to believe. An autobiographical memoir of the struggle for Zimbabwe’s independence is Fay Chung´s Re-visiting the second Chimurenga (2006), whilst the important election of 2008 is thoroughly analysed by Eldred V. Masunungure in Defying the winds of change (2009). The notion of Botswana’s political and economic miracle is critically scrutinised by Kenneth Good in Diamonds, dispossession & democracy in Botswa- na (2008), as well as by Christian John Makgala in Elite conflicts in Botswana (2006) and by Motsoni Marobela in Political economy of Botswana public sector management (2010). The state, development and the role of local economic systems in Southern Africa (Laudemiro 2008) is a comparative study of Botswana and Mozambique, whilst From enslavement to environmentalism (Hughes 2008) is a detailed study of a region on the border between Mozambique and Zambia focusing on the ways in which the lives of ordinary peasants have been affected by colonialism as well as neo-liberalism in more recent years. In Do bicycles equal development in Mozambique (Hanlon & Smart 2009) the question raised is how many really benefit from the growth in recent years in Mozambique, whilst development and dependence on foreign aid are examined in Foreign aid, governance and institutional development in Mozambique (Awortwi & Nurunga 2007). The deep-seated conflicts in another former Portuguese colony are also brought into perspective by Patrick Chabal and Nuno Vidal in Angola. The weight of his- 128 Tore Linné Eriksen tory (2007), and by Assis Malaquias in Rebels and robbers. Violence in post-conflict Angola (2007), whilst Karl Maier’s Angola. Promises and lies (2007) is an important book in a new edition and Adebayo O. Oyebade´s Culture and customs in Angola (2007) focuses on cultural and political developments. The contentious issue of land reform and property rights in Namibia is critically assessed through reports and interviews in Erika von Wietersheim’s This is our land (2008). Vera Chirwa vividly tells her story as a freedom fighter and opposition leader in Malawi in Fearless fighter. An autobiography (2007). Malawi also provides the background for Harri Englund’s in-depth study of poverty and the discourse on rights: Prisoners of freedom. Human rights and the African poor (2006). A good overview of Zambia’s post-independence history is provided in the edited volume One Zambia, many histories (Gewald 2008), whilst Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa (Posner 2005) focuses more specifically on identities and political development. The significance of the mineworkers’ struggle for better living conditions and democracy is explored by Miles Larmer in Mineworkers in Zambia (2008), whilst social conditions are assessed by Mdwanga Noyoo in Social politics and human development in Zambia (2010).

References Abbas, Hakima (ed.) (2007) Africa’s long road to rights. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Abbas, Hakima &Yves Niyiragara (ed.) (2009). Aid to Africa. Redeemer or coloniser? Ox- ford: Pambazuka Press. Abbink, J. & Ineke van Kessel (ed.) (2005). Vanguard or vandals. Youth, politics and conflicts in Africa. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Abegunrin, Olayiwola (2009). Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century. A Pan- African perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Adebajo, Adekeye (2010). The curse of Berlin. Africa after the cold war. London: C. Hurst & Co. Adebajo, Adekye & Abdul Raufu Mustapha (ed.) (2008). Gulliver’s troubles. Nigeria’s foreign policy after the cold war. Scottsville: KwaZulu-Natal University Press. Adebayo, Adekye (ed.) (2009). From global apartheid to global village: Africa and the Unit- ed Nations. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Adebayo, A. G. & Olutayo C. Adesina (ed.) (2009). Globalization and transnational migrations. Africa and Africans in the contemporary global system. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Adésinà, Jimi O. et al. (ed.) (2006). Africa and development. Challenges in the new millennium. The NEPAD debate. Dakar: CODESRIA/London: Zed Books. Adejumobi, Said & Adebayo Olukoshi (ed.) (2008). The African Union and new strategies for development in Africa. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. Adepoju, Aderanti (ed.) (2010). International migration within, to and from Africa in a globalised world. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers. Politics, economics and society 129

African Development Bank (2009). African development report 2008/2009. Conflict resolution, peace and reconstruction in Africa. Abidjan: ADB. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/ uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/African%20Development%20Report%20 2008.2009_00_Full_Report.pdf African Development Bank & Africa Union (2009). Oil and gas in Africa. Oxford : Ox- ford University Press. Agbonifo, John (2009). Development as conflict. Ogoni movement, the state and oil rsources in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing. Akonor, Kwame (2010). African economic institutions. London: Routledge. Akude, John Emeka (2009). Governance and crisis of the state in Africa. The context and dynamics of the conflicts in West Africa. London: Adonis & Abbey. Alan Sturøa Sverrisson (2005). Poverty alleviation policy in Uganda since 1986. States, donors and NGOs. Reykjavik: Stormur Publishing Alao, Abiodun (2007). Natural resources and conflict in Africa. The tragedy of endowment. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Alden, Chris (2007). China in Africa. London: Zed Books. Alden, Chris et al. (red) (2008). China returns to Africa. A rising power and a continent embrace. London: Hurst & Co. Alden, Chris et al. (2010). The South in world politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Alexander, Christopher (2010). Tunisia. Stability and reform in the modern Maghreb. Lon- don: Routledge. Alexander, Karin & Stefan Gilbert (2010). Oil and governance. A case study of Chad, Ango- la, Gabon, and Sao Tome é Principe. Pretoria/Cape Town: IDASA. http://www.ethic- sworld.org/publicsectorgovernance/PDF%20links/Oil%20and%20Governance%20 Report%20March%202008.pdf Alegi, Peter (2010). African soccerscapes. How a continent changed the world’s game. Athens: Ohio University Press. Allen, Tim (2006). Trial justice. The International Criminal Court and the Lord’s Resistance Army. London: Zed Books. Allen, Tim (2010). The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth and reality. London: Zed Books. Amanor, Kojo Sebastian & Sam Moyo (ed.) (2008). Land and sustainable development in Africa. London: Zed Books. Amoah, Michael (2007). Reconstructing the nation in Africa. The politics of nationalism in Ghana. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Andreasson, Stefan (2010). Africa’s development impasse. Rethinking political economy of transition. London: Zed Books. Anseeuw, Ward & Chris Alden(ed.) (2010). The struggle over land in Africa. Conflicts, politics and change. Cape Town: HSRC Press. Også utg. som Land, liberation and com- promise in Southern Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2009). http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2275 Arnfred, Signe & Akosua AdomakoAmpofo (ed.) (2010). African feminist politics of knowledge. Tensions, challenges, possibilities. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainsitutet. http:// urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-970 Arnold, Guy (2009). The A to Z of civil wars in Africa. Lanham, ND: Scarecrow Press. (Published in 2008 as Historical dictionary of civil wars in Africa). 130 Tore Linné Eriksen

Aryeetey-Attoh, Samuel et al. (2010). Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall (3. ed.). Autesserre, Séverine (2010). The trouble with Congo. Local violence and the failure of international peace building. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Awortwi, Nicholas & Adriano Nuvunga (ed.) (2007). Foreign aid, governance and institutional development in Mozambique. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing. Ayittay, George B. N. (2006). Africa unchained. The blueprint for Africa’s future. Basing- stoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Badejo, Babafemi Adesina (2006). Raila Odinga. An enigma in Kenyan politics. Lagos/ Nairobi: Yintab Books. Badejo, Diedre L. (2008). The African Union. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. Bah, Abu Bakarr (2005). Breakdown and reconstitution. Democracy, the nation-state, and ethnicity in Nigeria. Lanham, ND: University of America Press. Barkan, Joel D. (ed.) (2009). Legislative power in emerging African democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Ballard, Richard et al. (ed.) (2006). Voices of protest. Social movements in post-apartheid South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Bardouille, R. et al. (ed.) (2008). Africa’s finances. The contribution of remittances.Newcas - tle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Basedau, Matthias et al. (ed.) (2007). Votes, money and violence. Political parties and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Uppsala. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Basu, Amrita (ed.) (2010). Women’s movements in the global era. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Bates, Robert H. (2008). When things fall apart. State failure in late-century Africa. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press. Bauer, Gretchen & Scott D. Taylor (2005). Politics in Southern Africa. State and society in transition. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Bauer, Gretchen & Hannah E. Britton (ed.) (2006). Women in African parliaments. Boul- der, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Baxen, Jean & Anders Breidlid (eds.) (2009). HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under- standing the implications of culture and context. Cape Town: Juta Academic Bayart, Jean-Francois (2009). The state in Africa. The politics of the belly. Oxford: Polity Press (2. ed.). Beasley, Thomas W. (ed.) (2009). Poverty in Africa. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Pub- lishers. Beckman, Björn & Gbemisola Adeoti (ed.) (2006). Intellectuals and African development. Pretension and resistance in African politics. London: Zed Books. Beckman, Björn et al. (ed.) (2010). Trade unions and party politics. Labour movements in Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2271&freedownload=1 Ben-Ze’ev, Efratet al. (ed.) (2010). Shadows of war. A social history of silence in the twentieth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Berman, Bruce et al. (ed.) (2004). Ethnicity and democracy in Africa. Oxford: James Cur- rey. Binsbergen, Wim M. J. van & Rijk van Dijk (red) (2004). Situating globality. African agency in the appropriation of global culture. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Politics, economics and society 131

Bissell, Richard E. (ed.) (2008). Africa in the post-decolonization era. Edison, NJ: Transac- tion Publishers. Bloomfield, Steve (2010).Africa united. How football explains Africa. Edinbburgh: Canon- gate. Blundo, Giorgio et al. (2006). Everyday corruption and the state. Citizens and public officials in Africa. London: Zed Books. Boafo-Arthur, Kwame (ed.) (2007). Ghana. One decade of the liberal state. London: Zed Books. Boehmer, Elleke (2008). Nelson Mandela. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press. Boesten, Jelke & Nana K. Poku (ed.) (2009). Gender and HIV/AIDS. Aldershot: Ash- gate. Boko, Sylvain Hounkponou & Diery Seck (2010). Back on track. Sector-led growth in Africa and implications for development. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Bolton, Giles (2008). Africa doesn’t matter. How the West has failed the poorest continent and what we can do about it. New York: Arcade Publishers. (Also published as Aid and other dirty business. How good intensions have failed the world’s poor. London: Ebury Books, 2008). Bond, Patrick (2006). Looting Africa. The economics of exploitation. London: Zed Books. Bosire, Lydiah K. (2010). Reforming contemporary African states. The politics of history, conflict and reconciliation in Kenya. Oxford: Pambazuka Press. Bradbury, Mark (2008). Becoming Somaliland. Oxford: James Currey. Bratton, Michael et al. (2005). Public opinion, democracy, and market reform in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brautigam, Deborah (2009). The dragon’s gift. The real story of China in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Britton, Hannah Evelyn et al. (ed.) (2008). Women activism in South Africa. Working across the divides. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu Natal. Buhlungu, S. (2010). A paradox of victory. COSATU and the democratic transformation in South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Burnett, Patrick et al. (ed.) (2007). Grace, tenacity and eloquence. The struggle for women’s rights in Africa. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Burnett, Patrick & Firoze Manji (ed.) (2007). From the slave trade to ‘free trade’. How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Burr, J. Milliard & Robert O. Collins (2008). Darfur. The long road to disaster. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publisher (rev. ed.). Bush, Ray (2007). Poverty & neoliberalism. Persistence and reproduction in the Global South. London: Pluto Press. Butler, Anthony (2009). Contemporary South Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (2. ed.). Buur, Lars & Helene Maria Kyed (ed.) (2007). State recognition and democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa. A new dawn for traditional authorities? Basingstoke: Palgrave Mac- millan. Bøås, Morten & Kevin C. Dunn (ed.) (2007). African guerrillas. Raging against the machine. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 132 Tore Linné Eriksen

Calderisi, Robert (2007). The trouble with Africa. Why foreign aid isn’t working. New Ha- ven: Yale University Press. Callinicos, Luli (2006). Oliver Tambo. His life and legacy. 1917–1993. Johannesburg: STE Publishers. Campbell, Bonnie (ed.) (2009). Mining in Africa. Development and regulation. London: Pluto Press. Caplan, Gerald (2008). The betrayal of Africa. Toronto: Groundwood Books. Carlin, John (2010). Invictus. Nelson Mandela and the game that made a nation. London: Atlantic Books. Carbone, Giovanni M. (2008). No-party democracy? Ugandan politics in comparative perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Carmody, Pádraig (2007). Neoliberalism, civil society and security in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Carmody, Pádraig (2010). Globalization in Africa. Recolonization or renaissance? Boulder,CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Carter, Katherine (2009). Cape Verdean women and globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cawthra, Gavin (ed.) (2009). African security governance. Emerging issues. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. Chabal, Patrick & Jean-Pascal Daloz (2005). Africa works. Disorder as political instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Chabal, Patrick & Nuno Vidal (2007). Angola. The weight of history. London: C. Hurst & Co. Chabal, Patrick (2009). Africa. The politics of suffering and smiling. London: Zed Books. Chachage, Chambi & Annar Cassam (ed.) (2010). Africa’s liberation. The legacy of Nyerere. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Chan, Stephen (2007). Grasping Africa. A tale of tragedy and achievement. London: I. B. Tauris. Charbonneau, Bruno (2008). France and the new imperialism. Security policy in Sub-Saha- ran Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate. Chattey, Dawn & Bill Finlayson (ed.) (2010). Dispossession and displacement. Forced migration in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press/British Academy. Chirwa, Vera (2007). Fearless fighter. An autobiography. London: Zed Books. Chung, Fay (2006). Re-living the second Chimurenga. Memories from Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/Harare: Weaver Press. Clapham, Christopher (ed.) (2006). Big African states. Angola, DRC, Ethiopia, Nigeria. South Africa, Sudan. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Clark, Gracia (2010). African market women. Seven life stories from Ghana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Clarke, Duncan (2008). Crude continent. The struggle for Africa’s oil prize. London: Profile Books. Cockett, Richard (2010). Sudan. Darfur, Islamism and the world. New Haven: Yale Uni- versity Press. Politics, economics and society 133

Coelhi, Vera S. & Bettina von Lieres (ed.) (2010). Mobilizing for democracy. Citizen action and the politics of public participation. London: Zed Books. Cohen, Jared A. (2006). One hundred days of silence. America and the Rwanda genocide. Lanham. MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Colin, Jean Philippe & Philip Woodhouse (ed.) (2010). Land markets in Africa. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press. Collier, Paul (2007). The bottom billion. Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Norsk utg. De fattigste. Veien ut av uføret. Oslo: Gyldendal). Comaroff, Jean & John L. Comaroff (ed.) (2006). Law and disorder in the postcolony. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Copson, Raymond W. (2007). The United States in Africa. London: Zed Books. Cornwall, Andrea (ed.) (2005). Readings in gender in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Cornwall, Andrea & Vera S. Coelho (ed.) (2006). Spaces for change. The politics of citizen participation in new democratic arenas. London: Zed Books. Crombe, Xavier & Jean-Hervé Jézéquel (ed.) (2009). A not-so natural disaster. Niger ‘05. London: C. Hurst & Co. Crush, Jonathan & Bruce Frayne (ed.) (2010). Surviving on the move. Migration poverty and development in Southern Africa. Pretoria/Cape Town: IDESA. Daley, Elizabeth & Birgit Englert (ed.) (2008). Women’s land rights and privatization in Eastern Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Daley, Patricia O. (2006). Gender and genocide in Burundi. The search for spaces of peace in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Daly, M. W. (2010). Darfur’s sorrow. The forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press (2. ed.). Deegan, Heather (2009). Africa today. Culture, economics, religion, security. London: Routledge. Demissie, Fassil (ed.) (2008). Postcolonial cities. Imperial legacies and postycolonial predica- ment. London: Routledge. Deng, Francis M. (2009). New Sudan in the making? Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press. Deng, Francis M. (ed.) (2009). Self-determination and national unity. A challenge for divided nations in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Denoy, Myriam (2010). Child soldiers. Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front. Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press. Dent, Christopher M. (ed.) (2010). China-Africa development relations. London: Routledge. Derman, Bill et al. (ed.) (2007). Conflicts over land and water in Africa. Oxford: James Cur- rey. Desai, Ashwin (ed.) (2010). The race to transform. Sport in post-apartheid South Africa. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2274&freedownload=1 De Waal, Alex (2006). Aids and power. Where there is no political crisis – yet. London: Zed Books. Diamond, Larry & Marc F. Plattner (ed.) (2010). Democratization in Africa. Progress and retreat. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 134 Tore Linné Eriksen

Dikeni, Lelie & William M. Gumede (ed.) (2010). The poverty of ideas. South African democracy and the retreat of the intellectuals. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. Djoimessi, Didier T. (2009). The political impact of the Sino-U. S. oil competition in Africa. An internal political explanation. London: Adonis & Abbey. Dokken, Karin (2008). African security politics redefined. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmil- lan. Douglas-Abubakar, Jamila J. et al. (ed.) (2010). Conflict of securities. Reflections on state and human security in Africa. London: Adonis & Abbey. Dow, Unity & Max Essex (2010). Saturday is for funerals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press. Dowden, Richard (2008). Africa. Altered states, ordinary miracles. London: Portobello Books. Easterly, William (2006). The white man’s burden. Why the West’s efforts to aid the rest have done so ill and so little good. London: Penguin Books. Edi, Eric M. (2007). Globalization and politics in the Economic Community of West African states. Durham NC: Carolina Academic Press. Ellis, Frank et al. (ed.) (2009). Social protection in Africa. London: Edward Elgar. Ellis, Stephen & Ineke Van Kessel (ed.) (2009). Movers and shakers. Social movements in Africa. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Elmi, Afyare Abdi (2010). Understanding the Somali conflagration. Identity, political Islam and peace building. Oxford: Fahamu Books. El Mahdi, Rabab & Philip Marfleet (ed.) (2009). Egypt. The moment of change. London: Zed Books. Elnur, Ibrahim (2009). Contested Sudan. The political economy of war and reconstruction. London: Routledge. Engel, Ulf & Gorm Rye Olsen (ed.) (2005). Africa and the north. Between globalization and marginalization. London: Routledge. Engel, Ulf & J. Gomes Porto (ed.) (2010). Africa’s new peace and security architecture. Promoting norms and institutionalizing solutions. Aldershot: Ashgate Englebert, Pierre (2009). Africa. Unity, sovereignty & sorrow. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Englund, Harri (2006). Prisoners of freedom. Human rights and the African poor. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ensign, Margee M. & William. E. Bertrand (2009). Rwanda. History and hope. Lanham, ND: University Press of America. Epstein, Helen (2007). The invisible cure. Africa, the West and the fight against AIDS. Lon- don: Viking. Evans, Malcolm D. (2008). The African charter on human and people’s rights. The system in practice, 1986–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2. ed.). Evans, Martin & John Phillips (2007). Algeria. Anger of the dispossessed. New Haven: Yale University Press. Fake, Steven & Kevin Funk (2008). The scramble for Africa. Darfur – intervention and the USA. Montreal: Black Rose Books. Fallon, Kathleen M. (2008). Democracy and the rise of women’s movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Politics, economics and society 135

Falola, Toyin (2009). Violence in Nigeria. The crisis of religious politics and secular ideologies. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Falola, Toyin & Ann Genova (2005). The politics of the global oil industry. An introduction. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Falola, Toyin & Steven J. Salm (ed.) (2005). Urbanization and African cultures. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Falola, Toyin & Ann Genova (ed.) (2006). The Yoruba in transition. History, values, and modernity. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Falola, Toyin & Matthew M. Heaton (2007). HIV/AIDS, illness and African well-being. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Falola, Toyin & Salah M. Hassan (ed.) (2008). Power and nationalism in modern Africa. Essays in honor of Don Ohadike. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Falola, Toyin & Augustine Aqwuele (ed.) (2009). Africans and the politics of popular culture. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. Falola, Toyin & Niyi Afolabi (ed.) (2009). The human cost of African migrations. London: Routledge. Falola, Toyin & Raphael Chijioke Njoku (ed.) (2010). War and peace in Africa. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Falola, Toyin & Adebayo O. Oyebade (2010). Sub-Saharan Africa. Westport, CT: Green- wood Press (Hot Spot Histories) Fantu Cheru (2008). Africa’s development in the 21st century: Reshaping the research agenda. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. (Current African Issues No. 41). http://urn.kb.se/ resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-146 Fantu Cheru & Cyril Obi (ed.) (2010). The rise of China and India in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/London: Zed Books. Farley, Jonathan (2008). Southern Africa. London: Routledge. Feinstein, Andrew (2009). After the party. Corruption, the ANC and South Africa’s uncertain future. London:Verso Ferguson, James (2006). Global shadows. Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Feyissa, Dereje & Markus Virgil Hoehne (ed.) (2010). Borders and borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa. Oxford: James Currey Flint, Julie & Alex de Waal (2008). Darfur. A short history of a long war. London: Zed Books (2. ed.). Fold, Niels & Marianne Nylandsted Larsen (ed.) (2008). Globalization and restructuring of African commodity flows. Uppsala. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. http://urn.kb.se/resolv e?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-725 Follér, Mai-Lis & Håkan Thörn (ed.)(2008). The politics of AIDS. Globalization, the state and civil society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Forje, John W. (2009a). State building and democracy in Africa. A comparative and develop- mental approach. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers. Forje, John W. (2009b). Here the people rule. Political transition and challenges for democratic consolidation in Africa. Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers. Fosser, Per E. (2007). Kongo. Landet verden helst vil glemme. Oslo: Humanist Forlag. Francis, David J. (ed.) (2008). Peace & conflict in Africa. London: Zed Books. 136 Tore Linné Eriksen

Francis, David J. (ed.) (2010). U. S. strategy in Africa. London: Routledge. Fuller, Linda K. (2008). African women’s unique vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS. Communica- tion perspectives and promises. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Galal, Ahmed (ed.) 2007). Industrial policy in the Middle East and North Africa. Rethinking the role of the state. Cairo: The American University. Gaventa, John & Rajesh Tandon (ed.) (2010). Globalizing citizens. New dynamics of inclu- sion and exclusion. London: Zed Books. Gebru Tareke (2009). The Ethiopian revolution. War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. Geschiere, Peter et al. (ed.) (2008). Readings in modernity in Africa. Oxford: James Cur- rey. Gevisser, Mark (2009). A legacy of liberation. Thabo Mbeki and the future of the South Af- rican dream. New York: Palgrave Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press. Gewald, Jan-Bart et al. (ed.) (2008). One Zambia, many histories. Towards a history of post- colonial Zambia. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Ghazvinian, John (2007). Untapped. The scramble for Africa’s oil. Orlando: Harcourt Inc. Gibson, James L. (2009). Overcoming historical injustices. Land reconciliation in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gill, Peter (2010). Famine and foreigners. Ethiopia since Live aid. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. Glennie, Jonathan (2008). The trouble with aid. Why less could mean more for Africa. Lon- don: Zed Books. Goetz, Anne Marie (ed.) (2008). Governing women. Women’s political effectiveness in contexts of democratization and governance reforms. London: Routledge. Goldberg, Denis (2010). The mission. A life for freedom in South Africa. Johannesburg: STE Publishers. Good, Kenneth (2008). Diamonds, dispossession & democracy in Botswana. London: Zed Books. Goodwin, Stefan (2006). Africa’s legacies of urbanization. Unfolding saga of a continent. Lanham, ND: University Press of America. Gordon, April A. & Donald L. Gordon (ed.) (2006). Understanding contemporary Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. (4. ed.). Grätz, Tilo (ed.) (2010). Mobility, transnationalism and contemporary African societies, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publications. Grieco, Margaret et al. (ed.) (2006). Meeting the information challenge. The experience of Africa. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Grieco, Margaret et al. (ed.). (2009). Africa, transport and the Millennium Development Goals. Achieving an internationally set agenda. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publish- ing. Grinker, Roy R. et al. (ed.) (2010). Perspectives on Africa. A reader in history, culture and representation. Oxford: Blackwell (2. ed.). Grzyb, Amanda F. (ed.) (2010). The world and Darfur. International response to crimes against humanity in Western Sudan. Montreal: Toronto: McGill-Queens’s University Press (2. ed.). Politics, economics and society 137

Guerrero, Dotothy & Firoze Manji (ed.) (2008). China’s new role in Africa and the South. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Guest, Robert (2004). The shackled continent. Africa’s past, present and future. London: Macmillan. Gumede, William Mervin (2007). Thabo Mbeki and the battle for the soul of the ANC. London: Zed Books (2. ed.). Haggblade, Steven & Peter B. R. Hazell (ed.) (2010). Successes in African agriculture. Les- sons for the future. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Hagtvet, Bernt (red) (2008). Folkemordenes svarte bok. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Handley, Antoinette (2008). Business and the state in Africa. Economic policy-making in the neo-liberal era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hanlon, Joseph & Teresa Smart (2009). Do bicycles equal development in Mozambique?. Oxford: James Currey. Hansen, Karen Tranberg & Mariken Vaa (ed.) (2004). Reconsidering informality. Perspec- tives from urban Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?ur n=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-103 Harbeson, John W. & Donald Rotchild (ed.) (2008). Africa in world politics. Reforming political order. Boulder.CO: Westview Press (4. ed.). Harman, Sophie (2010). The World Bank, civil society and HIV/AIDS. London: Routledge. Harrison, Graham (2007). The World Bank and Africa. The construction of governance states. London: Routledge. Harrison, Graham (2010). Neo-liberal Africa. The impact of global social engineering. Lon- don: Zed Books. Harris-White, Barbara & Judith Heyer (ed.) (2010). The comparative political economy of development. Africa and South Asia. London: Routledge. Hassan, Salah & Carina Ray (ed.) (2009). Darfur and the crisis of governance in Sudan. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. Hatchard, John et al. (2009). Comparative constitutionalism and good governance in the Commonwealth. An Eastern and Southern African perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Havnevik, Kjell et al. (2007). African agriculture and the World Bank. Development or impoverishment? Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. (Policy Dialogue No. 1). http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-556 Havnevik, Kjell & Aida C. Isinika (ed.) (2010). Tanzania in transition: From Nyerere to Mkapa. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota (I samarbeid med Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala). Hawkey, Ian (2009). Feet of the chameleon. The story of African football. London: Portico Books Hill, J. N. C. (2009). Identity in Algerian politics. The legacy of colonial rule. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Hoehne, Markus V. & Virginia Luling (ed.) (2010). Milk and peace, drought and war. Somali culture, society and politics. London: C. Hurst & Co. Hoffman, Katherine E. & Susan Gilson Miller (2010). Berbers and others. Beyond tribe and nation in the Mahgrib. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 138 Tore Linné Eriksen

Holland, Heidi (2008). Dinner with Mugabe. The untold story of a freedom fighter who became a tyrant. London: Allen Lane. Holmberg, Johan (2010). Natural resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. Assets and vulnerabilities. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. (Current African Issues). http://urn.kb.se/reso lve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-149 Holmén, Hans (2009). Snakes in paradise. NGOs and the aid industry on Africa. Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press. Holmqvist, Stig (2010). På väg till presidenten. Stockholm: Carlsson. Hughes, David McDermott (2008). From enslavement to environmentalism. Politics on a Southern African frontier. Washington: University of Washington Press. Hugon, Philippe (2009). African geopolitics. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishing (2. ed.). Hunter-Gault, Charlayne (2006). New news out of Africa. Uncovering Africa’s renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Huyse, Luc & Mark Salter (ed.) (2008). Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict. Learning from African experience. Stockholm: International IDEA. http://www. idea.int/publications/traditional_justice/index.cfm Hyden, Goran (2006). African politics in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hydén, Göran (2010). Bistånd och utveckling. Afrika: Givarnas stora utmaning. Malmö: Liber. Ibrahim, Saad Eddin & Kay Lawson (ed.) (2010). Political parties and democracy. The Arab world. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. Iliffe, John (2006). The African aids epidemic. A history. Oxford: James Currey. Jok, Madut Jok (2007). Sudan, race, religion and violence. London: Oneworld Publica- tions. Joffe, Joel (2007). The state vs. Nelson Mandela. The trial that changed South Africa. Ox- ford: Oneworld Publications. Johnson, R. W. (2009). South Africa’s brave new world. The beloved country since the end of apartheid. London: Allen Lane. Johnson, Sterling (2008). Suffering and smiling. A diagnosis of African impoverishment. Lanham ND: University Press of America. Johnstad, Sigrun & Thorodd Ommundsen (ed.) (2009). Arena Afrika. Kappløp om makt og ressurser. Oslo: Fellesrådet for Afrika/Solidaritet Forlag. Jones, Ben (2008). Beyond the state in rural Uganda. Edinburg: Edinburgh University Press. Jordan, Z. Pallo (ed.) (2007). Oliver Tambo remembeed. Johannesburg; Macmillan. Jorde, Sigurd (ed.) (2007). Oljespill. Jakten på Afrikas svarte gull. Oslo: Fellesrådet for Afrika/Solidaritet Forlag. Joseph, Richard & Alexandra Gilliers (ed.) (2008). Smart aid for African development. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Joubert, Leonie (2008). Boiling point. People in a changing climate. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Kabeer, Neila (ed.) (2005). Inclusive citizenship. Meanings and expressions. London: Zed Books. Politics, economics and society 139

Kagwanja, Peter & Kwandive Kondlo (ed.) (2009). State of the nation. South Africa 2008. Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2231&freedownload=1 Kagwanja, Peter & Roger Southall (ed.) (2010). Kenya’s uncertain democracy. The electoral crisis of 2008. London: Routledge. Kashi, Ed (2008). Curse of the black gold. 50 years of oil in the Niger delta. Brooklyn, NY: Powerhouse Books. Keen, David (2005). Conflict and collusion in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey. Keen, David (2008). Benefits of famine. A political economy of famine and relief in South- western Sudan, 1983–9. Oxford: James Currey. Keen, David J. (2008). Complex emergencies. Oxford: Polity Press. Keenan, Jeremy (2009). The dark Sahara. America’s war on terror in Africa. London: Pluto Press. Kevane, Michael (2004). Women and development in Africa. How gender works. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Kester, Gérard (2007). Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa. Aldershot: Ash- gate. Kathrada, Ahmed M. (2004). Memoirs. Cape Town: Zebra Books. Khapoya, Vincent B. (2009). The African experience. An introduction. New York: Long- man (3. ed.). Kieh, George Klay (2007). Beyond state failure and collapse. Making the state relevant in Africa. Lanham, ND: Lexington Books. Kibreab, Gaim (2009). Eritrea. A dream deferred. Oxford: James Currey Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and soil. A world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven Yale University Press. Kiiza, Julius et al. (ed.) (2008). Electoral democracy in Uganda. Understanding the institutional processes and outcomes of the 2006 multiparty elections. Kampala: Fountain Pub- lishers. Killick, Tony (2010). Development economics in Africa. A study of economic policies in Gha- na. London: Routledge (2. ed.). Kimanuka, Oscar (2009). Sub-Saharan Africa’s development challenges. A case study of Rwanda’s post-genocide experience. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kinzer, Stephen (2008). A thousand hills. Rwanda’s rebirth and the man who dreamed it. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Kitissou, Marcel et al. (ed.) (2007). The hydropolitics of Africa. A contemporary challenge. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Konadu-Agyemang, Kadwo & Kwanine Panford (ed.) (2006). Africa’s development in the twenty-first century. Pertinent socio-economic and development .issues Aldershot: Ash- gate. Kondlo, Kwandiwe & Mashupye H. Maserumule (ed.) (2010). The Zuma administration. Critical challenges. Cape Town: HSRC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php? productid=2273&freedownload=1 Konings, Piet (2009). Neoliberal bandwagonism. Civil society and the politics of belonging in Anglophone Cameroon. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG/Oxford: African Books Collective. 140 Tore Linné Eriksen

Konings, Piet & Dick Focken (ed.) (2006). Crisis and creativity. Exploring the wealth of the African neighbourhood. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Korr, Chuck & Marvin Close (2008). More than just a game. Football vs. apartheid. Lon- don: Collins. Kraus, Jon (ed.) (2008). Trade unions and the coming of democracy in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kristiansen, Tomm (2006). Afrika – en vakker dag. Oslo: Cappelen Damm. Kristiansen, Tomm (2009). Presidentens mann. Oppdrag Sør-Sudan. Oslo: Cappelen Damm. Kufuor, Kofi Oteng (2010). The African human rights system. Origin and evolution. Bas- ingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kaarsholm, Preben (ed.) (2006). Violence, political culture and development in Africa. Ox- ford: James Currey. Laudemiro, Fransisco (2008). The state, development and the role of local economic systems in Southern Africa. A comparative study of Mozambique and Botswana. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. Larmer, Miles (2007). Mineworkers in Zambia. Labour and political change in post-colonial Zambia. London: I. B. Tauris. Lee, Donna (2010). Africa in the world trade. London: Routledge. Lehman, Howard P. (2010). Japan and Africa. London: Routledge. Lemarchand, Rene (2008). The dynamics of violence in Central Africa. Pennsylvania: Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press. Le Sueur, James (2010). Algeria since 1989 : Between terror and democracy.. London: Zed Books. Le Vine, Victor T. (2007). Politics in francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Lewis, Ioan (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland. Culture, history and society. London: C. Hurst & Co. Lindberg, Staffan I. (2006).Democracy and elections n Africa. The Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Press. Lindberg, Staffan I. (ed.) (2009). Democratization by elections. A new model of transition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Lindell, Ilda (ed.) (2010). Africa’s informal workers. Collective agency, alliances and transnational organizing in urban Africa. London: Zed Books. Locatelli, Francesca & Paul Nugent (ed.) (2009). African cities. Competing claims on urban spaces. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Lodge, Tom (2006) Mandela. A critical life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Long, David E. et al. (ed.) (2010). The government and politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (6. ed.). Longman, Timothy (2010). Christianity and genocide in Rwanda. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Lopes, Carlos (ed.) (2009). Africa’s contemporary challenges. The legacy of Amilcar Cabral. London: Routledge. Love, Janice (2006). Southern Africa in world politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Politics, economics and society 141

Lowi, Miriam R. (2009). Oil wealth and the poverty of politics. Algeria compaed. London: I. B. Tauris. Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi (ed.) (2005). Liberal democracy and its critics in Africa. Political dysfunction and the struggle for social progress. Dakar: CODEDSRIA/London: Zed Books. Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi (2010). Japan-Africa relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Mac- millan. Lund, Christian (2008). Local politics and the dynamics of property in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lundell, Kerstin (2010). Affärer i blod och olja. Lundin petroleum i Afrika. Stockholm: Ordfront. Maathai, Wangari (2007). Unbowed. One woman’s story. London: William Heinemann. Maathai, Wangari (2009). The challenge for Africa. A new vision. London: William Hein- emann. Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce & Daniel Zisenwine (ed.) (2007). The Maghrib in the new century. Identity, religion, and politics. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Magnusson, Åke (ed.) (2010). Afrika. 23 afrikaner om vägval och utmaningar. Göteborg: Tre böcker. Maier, Karl (2007). Angola: Promises and lies. London: Serif Books (2. ed.). Makgala, Christian John (2006). Elite conflict in Botswana. A history. Pretoria: Africa In- stitute of South Africa. Malaquias, Assis (2007). Rebels and robbers. Violence in post-conflict Angola. Uppsala: Nor- diska Afrikainstitutet. Mamdani, Mahmood (2009). Saviors and survivors. Darfur, politics, and the war on terror. New York: Pantheon Books. Manby, Bronwen (2009). Struggles for citizenship in Africa. London: Zed Books. Mandela, Nelson (2010). Conversations with myself. London: Macmillan. (Norsk utg. Samtaler med meg selv. Oslo: Cappelen Damm, 2010). Manji, Ambreena (2006). The politics of land reform in Africa. From communal tenure to free markets. London: Zed Books. Manji, Feroze & Stephen Marks (ed.) (2007). African perspectives on China in Africa. Oxford: Fahamu Books. Manor, James (ed.) (2006). Aid that works. Successful development in fragile states. Wash- ington: World Bank. Mangcu, Xoela (2010). The democratic moment. South Africa’s prospects under Jacob Zuma. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. Manum, Olav André (ed.) (2007). Umthetho. Åtte afrikanske forslag til norsk utenrikspoli- tikk. Oslo: Fellesrådet for Afrika/Solidaritet forslag. http://www.afrika.no/noop/file.php?id=13587 Marobela, Motsomi Ndala (2010). Political economy of Botswana public sector management. From imperialism to neoliberalism. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. Martin, Guy (2010). African political thought. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Martinez, Louis (2006). The Libyan paradox. London: C. Hurst & Co. Mavrotas, George (ed.) (2010). Foreign aid for development. Issues, challenges, and the new agenda. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 142 Tore Linné Eriksen

Mazama, Ama (ed.) (2007). Africa in the 21st century. London: Routledge. Masunungure, Eldred V. (2009). Defying the winds of change. Zimbabwe’s 2008 elections. Harare: Weaver Press/Oxford: African Books Collective. Mbanaso, Mixhael U. & Chima J. Korieh (ed.) (2010). Minorities and the state in Africa. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. McGovern, Mike (2010). Making war in Cote d’Ivoire. London; C. Hurst & Co. Meager, Kate (2010). Identity economics, social networks and the informal economy in Ni- geria. Oxford: James Currey. Mehler, Andreas et al. (ed.) (2010). Africa Yearbook. Politics, economy and society South of the Sahara 2009. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Melvern, Linda (2006). Conspiracy to murder. The Rwandan genocide. London: Verso (2. ed.). Melvern, Linda (2009). A people betrayed. The role of the West in Rwanda’s genocide. Lon- don: Zed Books. (2. ed.). Mensah, Joseph (ed.) (2009). Neoliberalism and globalization in Africa. Contestations on the embattled continent. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mentan, Yeyah (2010). The state in Africa. An analysis of historical trajectories of global capitalist expansion and domination in the continent. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG/Oxford: Afrian Books Collective. Meredith, Martin (2007). Mugabe. Power, plunder, and the struggle for Zimbabwe. New York: Public Affairs (rev. ed). Meredith, Martin (2010). Nelson Mandela. A biography. New York: Public Affairs (rev. ed.). Michel, Serge & Michel Beuret (2009). China safari. On the trail of Beijing’s expansion in Africa. New York Nation Books. Miguel, Edward (2009). Africa’s turn? Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Miles, William F. S. (ed.) (2007). Political Islam in West Africa. State-society relations trans- formed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Miller, Debra A. (ed.) (2009). Aid to Africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Westport, CT: Green- haven Press. Misra-Dexter, Neeta & Judith February (ed.) (2010). Testing democracy. Which way is South Africa going? Idasa’s Democracy Index. Pretoria/Cape Town: IDASA. Mkandawire, Thandika (ed.) (2005). African intellectuals. Rethinking politics, language, gender and development. Dakar: CODESRIA Books/London: Zed Books. Mngxitama, Andile et al. (ed.) (2008). Biko lives! Contesting the legacies of Steve Biko. Bas- ingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mohamoud, Abdullah A. (ed.) (2008). State collapse and post-conflict development in Af- rica. The case of Somalia 1960–2001. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. Moody, Roger (2007). Rocks & hard places. The globalization of mining. London: Zed Books. Moore, John L. (2008). Zimbabwe’s fight to the finish. The catalyst of the free market. Lon- don: Kegan Paul. Moseley, William G. & Leslie Grey (ed.) (2008). Hanging by a thread : Cotton, globalization, and poverty in Africa.. Uppsala. The Nordic Africa Institute/Athens: Ohio University Press. Politics, economics and society 143

Moss, Todd J. (2007). African development. Making sense of the issues and actors. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Moyo, Dambisa (2009). Dead aid. Why aid is not working and how there is another way for Africa. London: Allen Lane. Moyo, Sam (2008). African land questions, agrarian transitions and the state. Contradic- tions of neo-liberal land reforms. Dakar: CODESRIA. http://www.codesria.org/IMG/ pdf/Sam_Moyo.pdf Moyo, Sam & Paris Yeros (ed.) (2005). Reclaiming the land. The resurgence of rural movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: Zed Books. Mshomba, Richard E. (2009). Africa and the World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Muiu, Mueni wa (2009). The pitfalls of liberal democracy and late nationalism in South Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Muiu, Mueni wa & Guy Martin (2009). A new paradigm of the African state. Fundi wa Afrika. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Murphy, Martin N. (2010). Somalia, the new Barbary? Piracy and Islam in the Horn of Africa. London: C. Hurst & Co. Murray, Martin J. & Gareth A. Myers (ed.) (2007). Cities in contemporary Africa. Basing- stoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Murunga, Godwin R. & Shadrack W. Nasong’o (ed.) (2007). Kenya. The struggle for democracy. London: Zed Books. Mustapha, Abdul Raufu & Lindsay Whitfield (ed.) (2009). Turning points in African democracy. Oxford: James Currey. Mutua. Makau (2008). Kenya’s quest for democracy. Taming Leviathan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Muvingi, Ismael (2008). Oil, diamonds, and human rights in the marketplace. Campaigning to stop the capitalization of Sudanese oil development and the international trade in conflict diamonds. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. Møller, Bjørn (2006). Religion and conflict in Africa. With a special focus on East Africa. København: Danish Institute for International Studies. http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/Reports2006/RP_06_6_bmo_religion%20 and%20conflict.pdf Namara, Rose Bakenegura (2009). NGO’s, poverty reduction and social exclusion in Ugan- da. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing. Ndibe, Okey & Chenjerai Hove (ed.) (2009). Writers, writing on conflict and war in Af- rica. London: Adonis & Abbey/Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Ndulo, Muna (ed.) (2006a). Security, reconstruction and reconciliation. When the wars end. London: University College of London Press. Ndulo, Muna (ed.) (2006). Democratic reform in Africa. Its impact on governance & poverty. Athens: Ohio University Press. Ndulo, Muna & Margaret Grieco (ed.) (2009). Power, gender and social change in Africa. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishers. Ndulo, Muna & Margaret Grieco (ed.) (2010). Failed and failing states. The challenges to African reconstruction. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 144 Tore Linné Eriksen

Ndulu, Benno J. et al. (eds.) (2007). The political economy of economic growth in Africa, 1960–2000. Vol. 1 + Vol. 2 (Country case studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newell, Peter & Joanna Wheeler (ed.) (2006). Rights, resources and the politics of account- ability. London: Zed Books. Nelson, Fred (ed.) (2010). Community rights, conservation and contested land. The politics of natural resource governance in Africa. London: Earthscan. Ngugi wa Thiong’o (2009). Something torn and new. An African renaissance. New York: BasicCivitas Books. Nilsson, Bengt (2009). Sveriges afrikanska krig. Stockholm: Timbro. Nissanke, Machiko & Erik Thorbecke (ed.) (2010). The poor under globalization in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (WIDER Studies in De- velopment Economics). Njogi, Kimani & Jon Middleton (ed.) (2010). Media and identity in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Nkei, Walter Gam (2010). Voicing the voiceless. Contributions to closing the gaps in Cam- eroon history, 1958– 2009. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG/Oxford: African Books Collec- tive. Nolen, Stephanie (2007). 28 stories of AIDS in Africa. New York: Walker & Co. Noyoo, Ndangwa (2010). Social policy and human development in Zambia. London: Adonis & Abbey. Nwonwu, Francis (ed.) (2008). Millennium Development Goals. Achievements and prospects of meeting the targets in Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa. Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2006). Insiders and outsiders. Citizenship and xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa. London: Zed Books. Ohanwe, Augustine (2009). Post-cold war conflicts in Africa. Case studies of Liberia and Somalia. London: Adonis & Abbey. Oji, Mazi a. & Valerie U. Oji (2010). Corruption in Nigeria. The fight and movement to cure the malady. Lanham, ND: University Press of America. Okafor, Victor Oguejifor (2008). Nigeria’s stumbling democracy and its implications for Af- rica’s democratic move. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO/Praeger Security International. Okonta, Ike (2008). When citizens revolt. Nigerian elites, big oil and the Ogoni struggle for self-determination. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Oliveira, Ricardo Soares de (2007). Oil and politics in the Gulf of Guinea. London: Hurst & Co. Olsson, Claes (ed.) (2006). The Western Sahara conflict. The role of natural resources in recolonization. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:n bn:se:nai:diva-125 O’ Malley, Padraig (2007). Shades of difference. Mac Maharaj and the struggle for South Africa. London: Viking. Omeje, Kenneth (2006). High stakes and stakeholders. Oil conflict and security in Nigeria. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. Omeje, Kenneth (ed.) (2008). War to peace transition. Conflict intervention and peace building in Liberia. Lanham, ND: University of America Press. Politics, economics and society 145

Omoweh, Daniel E. (2005). Shell Petroleum Development Company, the state and underdevelopment of Nigeria’s Niger delta. A study in environmental degradation. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Oomen, Barbara (2005). Chiefs in South Africa. Law, power and culture in the post-apartheid era. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Osman, Abdulahi A. & Issaka K. Souare (ed.) (2007). Somalia at the crossroads. Challenges and perspectives in reconstituting a failed state. London: Adonis & Abbey. Oyebade, Adebayo O. (2007). Culture and customs of Angola. Westport, Conn: Green- wood Press. Oyewumi, Oyeronke (ed.) (2006). African gender studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmil- lan. Padayachee, Vishnu (ed.) (2006). The development decade? Economic and social change in South Africa, 1994–2004. Cape Town: HRSC Press. http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?cat=1&browse=d&freedownload=1&productid=2141 Padayachee, Vishnu (ed.) (2010). The political economy of Africa. London: Routledge. Pearson, Craig et al. (ed.) (2010). Adaption to climate change in Southern Africa. London: Earthscan. Peel, Michael (2009). A swamp full of dollars. Pipelines and paramilitaries at Nigeria’s oil frontier. London: I. B. Tauris. Pinkney, Robert (2009). NGOs, Africa and the global order. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmil- lan. Poku, Nana K. et al. (ed.) (2007). AIDS and governance. Aldershot: Ashgate. Polakow-Suransky, Sasha (2010). The unspoken alliance. Israel’s secret relationship with apartheid. New York: Pantheon Books. Porteous, Tom (2008). Britain in Africa. London: Zed Books. Posner, Daniel N. (2005). Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Powel, Brieg & Larbi Sadiki (2010). Europe and Tunisia. Democratisation via association. London: Routledge. Prempeh, E. Osei Kwadwo (2006). Against global capitalism. African social movements confront neoliberal globalization. Aldershot: Ashgate. Pretorius, Joelien (2008). African politics. Beyond the third wave of democratization. Cape Town: Juta Academic. Prunier, Gérard (2005). Darfur. The ambiguous genocide. Ithaca: Cornell University Press/ London: Hurst & Co. Prunier, Gérard (2008). Africa’s world war. Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Prunier, Gérard (2009). From genocide to continental war. The ‘Congolese’ conflict and the crisis of contemporary Africa. London: C. Hurst & Co (2. ed.). Purkitt, Helen E. (2009). African environment and human security in the 21st century. Am- herst, NY: Cambria Press. Raine, Sarah (2009). China’s African challenges. London: Routledge Ranger, Terence O. (ed.) (2008). Evangelical Christianity and democracy in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 146 Tore Linné Eriksen

Reed, Kristin (2009). Crude existence. Environment and the politics of oil in Northern An- gola. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reid, Richard (ed.) (2010). Eritrea’s external relations. Understanding its regional role and foreign policy. London: Chatham House. Reno, William (2008). Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press. Renton, David et al. (2007). The Congo. Plunder & resistance. London: Zed Books. Reyntjens, Filip (2009). The great Africa war. Congo and regional geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Roberts, Adam & Joe Thloloe (ed.) (2004).Soweto inside out. Stories about Africa’s famous township. Johannesburg: Penguin Group (SA). Robins, Steven O. (ed.) (2009). From revolution to rights in South Africa. Social movements, NGOs & popular politics after apartheid. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu- Natal Press. Rolandsen, Øystein (2005). Guerilla government. Political changes in the Southern Sudan during the 1990s. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=ur n:nbn:se:nai:diva-122 Ronen, Yehudit (2008). Qaddafi’s Libya in world politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Rowell, Andrew et al. (2005). The next Gulf. London, Washington and oil conflict in Ni- geria. London: Robinson Publishing. Rowden, Rick (2009). The deadly ideas of neoliberalism. How the IMF has undermined public health and the fight against AIDS. London: Zed Books. Rubin, Barry (2010). The Muslim Brotherhood. The organization and policies of a global islamist movement. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rutten, Marcel et al. (rd.) (2008). Inside poverty and development in Africa. Critical reflections on pro-poor policies. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Rukato, Hesphina (2010). Future Africa. Prospects for democracy and development under NEPAD. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. Rusesabagina, Paul (2007). An ordinary man. The true story behind Hotel Rwanda. Lon- don: Bloomsbury (2. ed.). Russell, Alec (2009). After Mandela. The battle for the soul of South Africa. London: Hutch- inson. Rutherford, Kenneth R. (2008). Humanitarianism under fire. The US and UN intervention in Somalia. Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press. Sadiqi, Fatima & Moha Ennaji (ed.) (2010). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Routledge. Salih, M. A. Mohamed & Per Nordlund (2007). Political parties in Africa. Challenges for sustained multiparty democracy. Stockholm: International IDEA. http://www.idea.int/ publications/pp_africa/index.cfm Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Salih, M. A. Mohamed (ed.) (2009). Interpreting Islamic political parties. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Salieh, Zahia Smail (ed.) (2010). Gender and diversity in Middle East and North Africa. London: Routledge. Politics, economics and society 147

Sater, James N. (2010). Morocco. Challenges to tradition and modernity. London: Routledge. Saine, Abdoulaye S. (2010). The paradox of third-wave democratization in Africa. The Gam- bia under AFPRC-APRC rule, 1994–2008. Lanham, ND: Lexington Books. Santos-Paulino, Amelia U. & Guang Hua Wan (ed.) (2010). Southern engines of global growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Saul, John S. (2005). The next liberation struggle. Capitalism, socialism and democravy in Southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press/London: The Merlin Press. Saul, John S. (2008). Decolonization and empire. Contesting rhetoric and reality of resubor- dination in Southern Africa and beyond. London: Merlin Press. Sayan, Serdar (2010). Economic performance in the Middle East and North Africa. Institui- ons, corruption and reform. London: Routledge. Scoones, Ian et al. (2010). Zimbabwe’s land reform. Myth & realities. Oxford: James Currey. Seck, Diery & Dipo T. Bisari (ed.) (2009). Growth and development in Africa. Trenton. NJ: Africa World Press. Seekings, Jeremy & Nicoli Nattrass (2006). Class, race, and inequality in South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press. Shaxson, Nicholas (2007). Poisoned wells. The dirty politics of African. oil Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Shelley, Toby (2004). End game in the Western Sahara. What future for Africa’s last colony? London: Zed Books. Shepherd, Nick & Steven Robins (ed.) (2009. New South African keywords. Bloomington: Ohio University Press. Shivji, Issa G. (2005). Let the people speak. Tanzania down the road to neo-liberalism. Dakar: CODESRIA. Shivji. Issa G. (2007). Silences in NGO discourse. The role and future of NGOs in Africa. Oxford? Pambazuka Press Shivji, Issa G. (2009a). Where is Uhuru? Reflections on the struggle for democracy. Oxford: Fahamu Books/Pambazuka Press. Shivji, Issa G. (2009b). Accumulation in an African periphery. Dar es Salaam: Muki na Nyota Publishers/Oxford: African Books Collective. Sicurelli, Daniela (2010). The European Union´s Africa policies. London: Ashgate. Simone, A. (2005). For the city yet to come. Changing African life in four cities. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Sindjourn, Luc et al. (ed.) (2010). Political parties and democracy. Africa and Oceania. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Publishers. Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson (2009). The child will be great. Memoir of a remarkable life by Africa’s first women president. London: HarperCollins. Smillie, Ian (2010). Blood on the stone. Greed, corruption and war in the global diamond trade. London: Anthem Press. Smith, Daniel Jordan (2007). A culture of corruption. Everyday deception and popular dis- content in Nigeria. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Smith, David James (2010). Young Mandela. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 148 Tore Linné Eriksen

Smith, Janet & Beauregard Tromp (2009). Hani. A life too short. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Smith, Malinda S. (ed.) (2006). Beyond the ‘African tragedy’. Discourses on development and the global economy. Aldershot: Ashgate. Smith, Malinda S. (ed.) (2010). Securing Africa. Post-9/11 discourses on terrorism. Alder- shot: Ashgate Publishing. Soares, Benjamin F. (2006). Muslim-Christian encounters in Africa. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. Soares, Benjamin F. & Rene Otayek (ed.) (2007). Islam and Muslim politics in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (ed.) (2006). Legacies of power. Leadership change and former presidents in African politics. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council. Southall, Roger & Henning Melber (ed.) (2009) A new scramble for Africa? Imperialism, investment and development. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Soyinka-Airewele, Peyi & Rita Kiki Edozie (ed.) (2010). Reframing contemporary Africa. Politics, culture ad society in the global era. Washington: CQ Press. Spears, Ian S. (2010). Civil war in African states. The search for security. Boulder, CO- Lynne Rienner. Sriram, Chandra Lekha (ed.) & Suren Pillay (2010). Peace versus justice? The dilemmas of transitional justice in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Stock, Robert (2004). Africa South of the Sahara. A geographical interpretation. New York: Guilford Press (2. ed.). Storm, Lise (2007). Democratization in Morocco. The political elite and struggles for power in the post-independence state. London: Routledge. Straus, Scott (2006). The order of genocide. Race, power, and war in Rwanda. Ithaca: Cor- nell University Press. Strauss, Julia C & Martha Saavedra (ed.) (2010). China and Africa. Emerging patterns in globalization and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Talton, Benjamin (2010). Politics of social change in Ghana. The Konkomba community’s struggle for political equality .Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian. Tandon, Yash (2009). Aid and dependence. Geneva: South Centre. Tar, Usman A. (2008). The politics of neoliberal democracy in Africa. State and civil society in Nigeria. London: I. B. Tauris. Tatum, Dale C. (2010). Genocide and the dawn of the 21st century. Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo and Darfur. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Taylor, Ian (2009). China’s new role in Africa. Boulder.CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Taylor, Ian (2010). The international relations of Sub-Saharan Africa. London: Continu- um. Thompson, Allan (2007). The media and the Rwanda genocide. London: Pluto Press. Thompson, Lis & Chris Tapscott (ed.) (2010). Citizenship and social movements: perspectives from the global South. London: Zed Books. Thomson. Alex (2010). An introduction to African politics. London: Routledge (3. ed.). Throw, Roger & Scott Kilam (2009). Enough. Why the world’s poorest starve in an age of plenty. New York: Public Affairs. Politics, economics and society 149

Tienda, Marta et al. (ed.) (2006). Africa on the move. African migration and urbanization in comparative perspective. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Toulmin, Camilla (2009). Climate change in Africa. London: Zed Books. Tripp, Aili Mari et al. (2008). African women’s movements. Transforming political landscapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tripp, Aili Mari (2010). Museveni’s Uganda. Paradoxes of power in a hybrid regime. Coulder,CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Tronvoll, Kjetil (2009). War and the politics of identity in Ethiopia. The making of enemies and allies in the Horn of Africa. Oxford: James Currey. Turner, Thomas (2007). The Congo wars. Conflict, myth and reality. London: Zed Books. Turton, David (ed.) (2006). Ethnic federalism. The Ethiopian experience in comparative perspective. Oxford: James Currey. Tvedt, Terje (ed.) (2009). The river Nile in the post-colonial age. Conflict and co-operation in the Nile Basin countries. London: I. B. Tauris. Udogu, Emmanuel Ike (2010). Confronting the challenges and prospects in the creation of a Union of African States in the 21st century. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2010). Economic development in Africa report 2009. South-South cooperation: Africa and the new forms of development partnership. Geneva: UNCTAD. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/aldcafrica2010_en.pdf United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2009). Africa governance report 2009. Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa & Africa Union Commission (2010). Economic report on Africa 2010. Promoting high-level sustainable growth to reduce unemployment in Africa.. Addis Abeba: UNECAF. http://www.uneca.org/eca_resources/ publications/books/era2010/right.htm Utvik, Bjørn Olav (2006). The pious road to development. The ideology and practice of Islam- ist economics in Egypt. London: C. Hurst & Co. Uvin, Peter (2008). Life after violence. A people’s story of Burundi. London: Zed Books. Van Dijk, Meine Pieter (2009). The new presence of China in Africa. Amsterdam: Amster- dam University Press. Van Wyck, Chris (ed.) (2010). Celebrating Steve Biko. We write what we like. London: C. Hurst & Co. Vilby, Knud (2007). Independent? Tanzania’s challenges since Uhuru. A second-generation nation in a globalized world. Dar es Salaam: E & D Vision Publishing/Uppsala: Nord- iska Afrikainstitutet. Villalon, Leonardo A. & Peter Vondoepp (ed.) (2005). The fate of Africa’s democratic ex- periments. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Vines, Alex et al. (2009). Thirst for African oil. Asian national oil companies in Nigeria and Angola. London: Chatham House. Wallis, Andrew (2006). Silent accomplice. The untold story of France’s role in the Rwandan genocide. London: I. B. Tauris. Walker, Cherryl et al. (ed.) (2010). Land, memory, reconstruction, and justice. Perspectives on land restitution in South Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press. 150 Tore Linné Eriksen

Watt, Nigel (2008). Burundi. The biography of a small African country. London: C. Hurst & Co. Wambu, Onyekachi (2010). Hopes on the horizon. Six stories of change in Africa. Oxford: Fahamu Boks. Whiteside, Alan (2008). HIV/AIDS. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Whitfield, Lindsay (ed.) (2008). The politics of aid. African strategies for dealing with aid donors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wietersheim, Erika von. (2008). This land is my land. Motions and emotions around land reform in Namibia. Windhoek: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. http://www.fesnam.org/pdf/2008/reports/This_Land2008.pdf Wijngaarden, Vanessa (2010). The World Bank and the representation of Africa. The mission behind the rhetoric of poverty reduction. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. Williams, David (2008). The World Bank and social transformation in international politics. Liberalism, governance and sovereignty. London: Routledge. Winkel, Klaus (2007). Hvorfor er det så svært for Afrika? Odense: Geografforlaget/Mel- lemfolkeligt Samvirke. Wohlmuth, Karl & Tino Urban (ed.) (2007). Reconstruction economic governance after conflict in resource-rich African countries. Münster/Berlin: LIT Verlag. Wohlmuth, Karl et al. (ed.) (2008). New growth and poverty alleviation strategies in Africa. International and regional perspectives. Münster/Berlin: LIT Verlag. Wrong, Michela (2005). I didn’t do it for you. How the world betrayed a small African nation. New York: HarperCollins. Wrong, Michela (2009). It’s our turn to eat. The story of a Kenyan whistleblower. London: Fourth Estate. Yanou, Michael Akomaye (2009). Dispossession and access to land in South Africa, An Afri- can perspective. Bamenda:Langaa RPCIG/Oxford: African Books Collective. Young, Tom (2010). Africa. A beginner’s guide. London: Oneworld Publications. Zahid, Mohammed (2009). The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt’s successions crisis. The politics of liberalization and reform in the Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris. Zeilig, Leo (2007). Revolt and protest. Student politics and activism in Sub-saharan Africa. London: I. B. Tauris. Zeleza, Paul Tiambe (ed.) (2006). The study of Africa. Vol. I. Disciplinary and interdisciplinary encounters. Dakar: CODESRIA. Zeleza, Paul Tiambe (ed.) (2007). The study of Africa. Vol. II. Global and transnational engagements. Dakar: CODESRIA. Zeleza, Paul Tiambe & Alfred Nhema (ed.) (2008a). The roots of African conflicts. The causes and costs. Oxford: James Currey. Zeleza, Paul Tiambe & Alfred Nhema (ed.) (2008b). The resolution of African conflicts. The management of post-conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction. Oxford: James Currey. Zoubir, Yahia H. & Haizam Amirah-Fernández (ed.) (2008). North Africa. Politics, region, and the limits of transformation. London: Routledge. Zunes, Stephen & Jacob Mundy (2010). Western Sahara. War, nationalism and conflict irresolution. Syracuse,NY: Syracuse University Press.