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Rhetorical Terms and Strategies Speech

• Nonfiction work that is delivered orally to an • Composed in writing before they are spoken aloud or composed less formally usually with notes as a guide Political Speech

• Focuses on an issue relating to government or politics

• Speaker tries to persuade people to think or a certain way An Address

•Formal speech prepared for a special occasion •Example: Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” Sermon

•Based on a scriptural text and is intended to provide religious instruction •Example: Jonathan Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Persuasive Techniques

•Methods that a speaker or a writer uses to sway an audience •Example: • Ethos • Pathos • Logos Logical Appeal- Logos

•Builds a well-reasoned argument based on evidence, such as facts, statistics, or expert testimony Emotional Appeal- Pathos

•Attempts to stimulate the audience’s feelings, often by using loaded words that convey strong connotations Ethical Appeal- Ethos

•Directed at the audience’s sense of morality or values •Linked to the audience’s perception of the trustworthiness and of the speaker or writer Persuasive Appeal Video Clip

• http://blog.ed.ted.com/2017/01/17/rhetoric- 101-the-art-of-persuasive-speech/ /Rhetorical Devices

• Patterns of words and ideas that convey meaning to persuade the reader or listener to believe in the speaker’s views. Repetition

•Restating an idea using the same words

•Example: Patrick Henry: “The war is inevitable---and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!” Restatement •Expressing the same idea using different words

•Example: Abraham Lincoln: “…we can not dedicate---we can not consecrate---we can non hallow---this ground.” Parallelism

•Repeating a grammatical structure

•Example: Abraham Lincoln: “With malice toward none; with charity for all…” Antithesis

•Using strongly contrasting words, images, or ideas

•Example: John F. Kennedy “…ask not what your country can do for you---ask what you can do for your country.” Rhetorical Questions

•Asking questions for effect, not to get answers

•Example: Benjamin Franklin “From such an assembly can a perfect production be expected?” Allusion

•Brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. •“Don’t act like a Romeo.” Loaded Language

• Words that are meant to promote views, and to influence the reader or listener's perception of issues and situations. • Emotionally charged words.

• Example: The sinister fisherman's suspicious smile f rightened the innocent children.

• Attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. Tone is generally conveyed through the choice of words or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. • “I want to ask the authorities what is the big deal? Why do not they control the epidemic? It is eating up lives like a monster.” • “I want to draw the attention of the concerned authorities toward damage caused by an epidemic. If steps were not taken to curb it, it will further injure our community” • The of both tone examples is the same. The only way we can differentiate between them is their separate tone. The tone in the first example is casual or informal while, it is more formal in the second. Simile

• a involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a more emphatic or vivid • Use “like” or “as” to make the comparison

• “Life is like a box of chocolates.” • “Well, that went over like a lead balloon.”

• A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or to which it is not literally applicable.

• “My life is an open book.” • “She is doing a tightrope walk with her grades this semester.” Diction

• Style of speaking or writing, determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer.

• Formal diction – formal words are used in formal situations, such as press conferences and presentations. • Informal diction – uses informal words and conversation, such as writing or talking to friends. • Colloquial diction – uses words common in everyday speech, which may be different in different regions or communities. • Slang diction – is the use of words that are newly coined, or even impolite.