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Die Erforschung Der Herpetofauna Des Kaukasus Am Beispiel Der Echsen

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Die Erforschung Der Herpetofauna Des Kaukasus Am Beispiel Der Echsen Von Pallas bis Darevsky: Die Erforschung der Herpetofauna des Kaukasus am Beispiel der Echsen Von Wolfgang Bischoff, Magdeburg & Josef Friedrich Schmidtler, München Zusammenfassung mainly initiated by the Russian governments and star- th Der Kaukasus, das wilde Grenzgebirge zwischen ted at the end of the 18 century. The history of the dis- Europa und Asien, war bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahr- covery and exploration of the Caucasus, here especi- hunderts Spielball des russischen, osmanischen und ally of the Saurians, is documented. Our report is ending with the researches of Ilya S. Darevsky on persischen Reiches. Die allgemeine Erforschungsge- the saxiculous lizards of the genus Darevskia in the schichte in diesem umkämpften Raum begann vor 1960ies. From the northern and southern slopes of allem auf Initiativen des russischen Reiches im aus- this mountain range (“Ciscaucasia” / “Transcaucasia”) gehenden 18. Jahrhundert. Hier soll die Geschichte 45 Saurian species are currently known. They belong der Entdeckung und Erforschung, speziell der Echsen to five families in which exactly two-thirds are mem- des kaukasischen Raumes, dokumentiert werden, bers of the lacertids. These are the only ones having und unser Bericht endet mit den Felseidechsen-For- developed numerous species and subspecies in the schungen von Ilja S. Darevsky in den sechziger Jahren Caucasian range, and among them, beside Lacerta des 20. Jahrhunderts. Aus der nördlichen und südli- agilis, especially the saxicolous lizards of the genus Da- chen Abdachung dieses Gebirges („Ziskaukasien“ / revskia are characteristical. 20 scientists are introduced „Transkaukasien“) sind gegenwärtig 45 Echsenarten on the basis of their most important publications and bekannt. Diese gehören fünf Familien an, wobei their profiles: Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), Sa- davon genau zwei Drittel zu den Echten Eidechsen muel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-1774), Johann Anton der Familie Lacertidae gehören. Als einzige haben von Güldenstädt (1745-1781), Eduard von Eich- diese zahlreiche endemische Arten und Unterarten wald (1795-1876), Edouard Ménétriés (1802-1861), im kaukasischen Raum ausgebildet, unter denen Eduard Eversmann (1794-1860), Alexander von neben Lacerta agilis vor allem die Felseidechsen Nordmann (1803-1866), Moritz Wagner (1813-1887), der Gattung Darevskia charakteristisch sind. 20 For- Karl Kessler (1815-1881), Alexander Strauch (1832- scher werden anhand ihrer wichtigsten Publikatio- 1893), Jacques von Bedriaga (1854-1906), Gustav nen und ihrer Kurzbiographien vorgestellt: Peter Radde (1831-1903), Oskar Boettger (1844-1910), Simon Pallas (1741-1811), Samuel Gottlieb Gme- Alexander Mikhailovitch Nikolsky (1858-1942), lin (1744-1774), Johann Anton von Güldenstädt Ludwig von Méhely (1862-1953), George Albert (1745-1781), Eduard von Eichwald (1795-1876), Boulenger (1858-1937), Louis Amédée Lantz (1886- Edouard Ménétriés (1802-1861), Eduard Evers- 1953), Otto Cyrén (1878-1946), Ilya Sergeyevitch mann (1794-1860), Alexander von Nordmann (1803 Darevsky (1924-2009) and Günther Peters (* 1932). -1866), Moritz Wagner (1813-1887), Karl Kessler (1815-1881), Alexander Strauch (1832-1893), Jac- ques von Bedriaga (1854-1906), Gustav Radde (1831 Einleitung -1903), Oskar Boettger (1844-1910), Alexander Als vor über 200 Jahren die Erforschung Mikhailovitch Nikolsky (1858-1942), Ludwig der kaukasischen Herpetofauna begann, waren von Méhely (1862-1953), George Albert Boulen- weder ihre Artenvielfalt noch ihre Besonder- ger (1858-1937), Louis Amédée Lantz (1886-1953), heiten, wie sie sich uns heute darstellen, ab- Otto Cyrén (1878-1946), Ilya Sergeyevitch Da- revsky (1924-2009) und Günther Peters (* 1932). zusehen (vgl. die Übersichten bei Bannikow et al. 1971, Bannikow et al. 1977 u. Szczer- Summary bak 2003). Der Beginn der Erforschung lässt sich an einem Namen fest machen: Peter Si- From Pallas to Darevsky: The exploration of the Caucasian herpetofauna using the example of the Sau- mon Pallas (1741-1811), dessen Geburtstag und rians: The Caucasus, a wild mountain range bordering Todestag sich 2011 zum 270. bzw. 200. Male Europe and Asia, was a cue ball between the Russian, jährten. Dies sei Anlass, die Erforschungsge- Ottoman and Persian empires up to the beginning of schichte am Beispiel der Echsenfauna in einer the 20th century. The general history of exploration was kleinen Übersicht zu dokumentieren. , 14(2), 2014 23 Wolfgang Bischoff & Josef Friedrich Schmidtler Der Kaukasus – Lage und politische Situation Die Gebirgsregionen des Kaukasus-Gebietes Der Kaukasus, ein alpidisches Faltengebirge, sind außerordentlich stark zergliedert, oft sehr erstreckt sich über eine Länge von etwa 1100 km unwegsam. Abgesehen von den Küstenstreifen von Nordwesten nach Südosten und bildet die entlang des Kaspischen und des Schwarzen Meeres gibt es überhaupt nur eine direkte Stra- Landbrücke zwischen dem Schwarzen und dem ßenverbindung über den Hauptkamm des Kaspischen Meer (Abb. 1). Sein Hauptkamm gilt Großen Kaukasus, die von Wladikawkas nach als Grenze zwischen Europa und Asien. Der Tbilisi führende berühmte „Georgische Heer- nördlich des Hauptkammes gelegene Elbrus ist straße“ (Abb. 2). Es verwundert unter diesen mit 5642 m die höchste Erhebung des Kauka- Umständen nicht, dass in diesem relativ be- sus und damit auch Europas höchster Berg. grenzten Raum fast 50 Völkerschaften anzu- Die Nordabdachung des Großen Kaukasus treffen sind, die fast ebenso viele unterschied- und dessen Vorland nennt man Ziskaukasien. liche Sprachen sprechen. Mehrheitlich sind Transkaukasien umfasst die Südabdachung des sie christlichen Glaubens, zum Teil aber auch Großen Kaukasus, die anschließenden Niede- Moslems. Die teilweise Abgeschiedenheit ihrer rungen des Rioni (der antiken Kolchis) und der Siedlungsräume trug bis in die Neuzeit zum Er- Kura (des antiken Iverien), den Kleinen Kauka- halt einiger archaischer Traditionen bei, etwa sus, das armenische Bergland und den Nordteil der Blutrache (Abb. 3). Kriegerische Auseinan- des Talysch-Gebirges. Politisch ist diese Region dersetzungen waren an der Tagesordnung. Nur heute unter Russland, Georgien, Aserbaidschan in den leichter erschließbaren Tiefländern und und Armenien aufgeteilt. Auch der äußerste Hochebenen Transkaukasiens konnten sich Nordosten der Türkei erreicht Transkaukasien. mit Georgien, Armenien und Aserbaidschan Bis zum beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert war frühzeitig „Großreiche“ etablieren. dieses Gebirge Zankapfel zwischen dem Rus- Diese Situation erschwerte die Erforschung sischen, Osmanischen und Persischen Reich. Kaukasiens von Anfang an erheblich. Genau ge- o Vladikavkaz Talysch- Gebirge Abb. 1: Übersichtskarte des Kaukasus. Aus: Knaurs Atlas der Welt (1994). 24 , 14(2), 2014 Von Pallas bis Darevsky: Die Erforschung der Herpetofauna des Kaukasus am Beispiel der Echsen Abb. 2: Durch die Dariali- Schlucht des Terek verläuft die „Georgische Heerstraße“ von Wladikawkas nach Tbilisi. Foto: Wolfgang Bischoff. Abb. 3: Die Wohntürme im Inguri-Tal, Swanetien zeugen von der bis in die jüngere Ver- gangenheit in dieser Region praktizierten Blutrache. Foto: Wolfgang Bischoff. nommen, war diese meistens nur im regionalen 2003, Bischoff 2003a u. b, in den Bosch & Rahmen möglich. Eine Ausnahme bildeten hier Bischoff 2004). Diese verteilen sich auf fünf nur die Jahrzehnte der Sowjetherrschaft, in de- Familien (siehe Tab. 1). Eindeutig dominierend nen auch im Kaukasus zeitweise „stalinistische sind dabei die Echten Eidechsen der Familie Friedhofsruhe“ einzog. Auch wenn es in dieser Lacertidae, denn auf sie kommen genau zwei Zeit die „üblichen“ Beschränkungen gab, war Drittel der Arten. Sie sind auch die Einzigen, dies doch die Blütezeit der Erforschung der be- die hier zahlreiche Endemiten hervorgebracht deutendsten kaukasischen Echsengruppe, der haben. Das trifft vor allem auf die Felseidechsen Felseidechsen der heutigen Gattung Darevskia. der Gattung Darevskia im Art- und Unterartbe- Seit dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion reich und auf die Zauneidechse (Lacerta agilis) flammten wieder Konflikte auf (z. B. Tschet- im Unterartbereich zu. Für die übrigen Echsen schenien, Nagorny Karabach, Georgien), die ist der Kaukasus meist nur Teil eines weit grö- die Erforschung regional völlig verhindern. ßeren Verbreitungsgebietes. Das schließt nicht aus, dass einige dieser Arten flächendeckend Die Echsenfauna oder regional den Eindruck kaukasischer Cha- Gegenwärtig sind aus dem Kaukasus-Gebiet rakterarten vermitteln. Man denke nur an den 45 Echsenarten bekannt (vgl. dazu Szczerbak Scheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus) in vielen Tei- , 14(2), 2014 25 Wolfgang Bischoff & Josef Friedrich Schmidtler Art I II III IV V Agamidae – Agamen Laudakia caucasia (Eichwald, 1831) 1 x Kaukasusagame Phrynocephalus guttatus (Gmelin, 1789) 1 x Gefleckter Krötenkopf Phrynocephalus helioscopus (Pallas, 1771) 1 x Sonnengucker Phrynocephalus mystaceus (Pallas, 1776) 1 x Bärtiger Krötenkopf Trapelus ruderatus (Olivier, 1804) 1 x Ruinenagame Trapelus sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1814) 1 x Steppenagame Gekkonidae – Geckos Cyrtopodion caspius (Eichwald, 1831) 1 x Kaspischer Nacktfingergecko Cyrtopodion russowii (Strauch, 1887) 1 x Transkaspischer Nacktfingergecko Lacertidae – Halsbandeidechsen Eremias arguta (Pallas, 1773) 2 1 x 1 x Steppenrenner Eremias pleskei Nikolsky, 1905 1 x Transkaukasischer Wüstenrenner Eremias strauchi Kessler, 1878 1 x Strauchs Wüstenrenner Eremias velox (Pallas, 1771) 1 x Schneller Wüstenrenner Darevskia alpina (Darevsky, 1967) 1 x Westliche Kaukasus-Eidechse Darevskia „armeniaca“ (Méhely, 1909) 1 x Armenische
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