Plundered, but by Whom? Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Occupied Europe in the Light of the Nazi-Art Looting

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Plundered, but by Whom? Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Occupied Europe in the Light of the Nazi-Art Looting Plundered, But By Whom? Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Occupied Europe in the Light of the Nazi-Art Looting Proceedings of an international academic conference held in Prague on 21 – 22 October, 2015 Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of WWII Victims, p.b.o. This conference was held with the financial support of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of World War II Victims, p.b.o. Čs. armády 34/828, 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic tel.: +420 211 152 190 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.cdmp.cz CONTENTS Copyright © Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of World War II Victims, p.b.o., Prague, 2015 (I.) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the post-war development of the State – historical overview Photographs © Mario Vlček, 2015 MEČISLAV BORÁK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The main features of occupation policy in the Protectorate of 9 Graphics © Andreas Dumalas, 2015 Bohemia and Moravia and the rest of the Czech Lands JAN GEBHART (CZECH REPUBLIC) Translation © Christopher Hopkinson, 2015 The role of the occupying and Protectorate authorities in relation 16 to artworks MONIKA SEDLÁKOVÁ (CZECH REPUBLIC) Establishment and Activities of the Einsatzstabs in the ISBN 978-80-905703-4-4 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 23 JAN MACHALA (CZECH REPUBLIC) The confiscation of Jewish-owned musical instruments: the example of the Jews of Prostějov (1942). 24 (II.)Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the post-war development of the State – the legal overview JAKUB HABLOVIČ – VILÉM KNOLL (CZECH REPUBLIC) The refugee problem in 1938 and its solution 36 JAROMÍR TAUCHEN (CZECH REPUBLIC) Law in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 43 PAVEL MARŠÁLEK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The Nazi occupation of the Czech Lands, the Nuremberg Trials and the international law of war 57 JAN KUKLÍK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The Relation between the Restitution of Jewish Property and the Presidential Decrees 72 (III.)Occupied Europe – historical and legal overview KAMIL ZEIDLER (POLAND) Art Looted during World War II in Occupied Poland – Legal Perspective 74 FRANCESCA CAVAROCCHI (ITALY) Restitution in Italy: Between diplomacy and political expediency 75 ANTONIJA MLIKOTA (CROATIA) Post-war restitution and the case of the Museum of St. Donatus 81 in Zadar INÊS FIALHO BRANDÃO (PORTUGAL) (VI.)Identification of looted cultural assets in European A Neutral Unknown. Portugal and the International Trade in museums Looted Art during the Second World War 92 IMMA WALDERDORFF (AUSTRIA) Schloss Kleßheim – Adolf Hitler’s guesthouse and its unknown (IV.) Government offices and their role in tracing looted art inventory 166 UWE M. SCHNEEDE (GERMANY) MEIKE HOFFMANN (GERMANY) German Lost Art Foundation Deutsches Zentrum Hildebrand Gurlitt and his dealings with German museums 173 Kulturgutverluste 94 MARGREETH SOETING (NETHERLANDS) THIERRY BAJOU (FRANCE) The Stedelijk Museum and the Second World War: From MNRs and the collection of Josef Wiener from Prague 100 provenance research to an exhibition 174 NAWOJKA CIEŚLIŃSKA-LOBKOWICZ (POLAND) PATRICIA KENNEDY GRIMSTED (USA) Who owns Bruno Schulz? The changing postwar fortunes of Tracing Pan-European Looted Art in Russia – The Case of the works of art by Jewish artists murdered in Nazi-occupied Poland 107 Erich Koch Collection 180 ULRIKE SCHMIEGELT-RIETIG / MIRIAM OLIVIA MERZ (GERMANY) The Central Office for Provenance Research in Hesse: Workshop Authors 200 Report 122 AGNES PERESZTEGI (HUNGARY) Contacts 221 Recent Developments on the Field of Professional Standards of Provenance Research – Towards a Unified Approach about the Auspicies 226 Identification of Looted Cultural Assets in European Museums 133 (V.) Identification of looted cultural assets in the Bohemian and Moravian museums and libraries VÁCLAV ERBEN (CZECH REPUBLIC) The fate of several major Jewish collections in the Protectorate and after the war, their deposition at the National Gallery and problems with restitution 135 JOHANA PROUZOVÁ (CZECH REPUBLIC) On research into wartime deposits at the Museum of Decorative Arts, Prague 146 MICHAEL NOSEK (CZECH REPUBLIC) Research and processing of a collection of Hebrew prints held at the National Library of the Czech Republic 151 SOPHIE CŒURÉ (FRANCE) Looted art and libraries: a challenge for post-war relationships between France and Czechoslovakia 153 (I.) MEČISLAV BORÁK (Czech Republic) The main features of occupation policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the rest of Protectorate of the Czech Lands Bohemia and When Nazi German troops occupied the interior of the Czech Lands in March 1939, the invasion marked the beginning of over six years of occupation which would last until the final days of the Second World War in Europe. On Moravia and the basis of a decree issued by Hitler, the occupying authorities established an entity named the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; however, despite its proclaimed autonomy, the Protectorate was in fact entirely controlled by the post-war the German Reich, and the Reich’s actions proved decisive for the fate of the Czech nation. When researching this period, however, we should not neglect the fact that there were other parts of the Czech Lands which lay outside development of the the Protectorate throughout the war, as the Nazis had seized them from Czechoslovakia in the autumn of 1938, before the invasion of what remained of the country. This seizure was a consequence of the Munich Agreement, State – historical which enabled Nazi Germany to annex the border areas in the historical provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia; the Agreement was forced upon the Czechoslovak Republic, and ultimately led to the state’s disintegration overview and demise. In September 1939 the Polish-occupied part of Těšín (Teschen/ Cieszyn) Silesia were taken by Germany; from this point on, the entire territory of the Czech Lands (both the border regions and the interior) came under the direct control of the Third Reich. My paper will briefly outline these historic Chair: events, as they had an influence on the specific manifestations of the policies implemented by the occupying authorities – policies whose consequences are Helena Krejčová, Czech Republic the subject of this conference. The border regions of the Czech Lands were split into five administrative units which were incorporated into the neighbouring regions of the German Reich. The sixth administrative unit was established as an independent subdivision of the Reich, the Reichsgau Sudetenland. The situation “on the ground” differed somewhat among the various annexed regions – not only in terms of the national/ethnic composition and status of the local population, but also in terms of the methods of Germanization applied, the overall policies 9 implemented by the occupying authorities, the forms of resistance against (shortly after the main annexation of the border regions), were incorporated the occupiers, and the number of victims of the occupation and the wartime into the German Landrat of Waldmünchen. The capital city of the Gau was events as a whole. The annexed border regions were incorporated into the Bayreuth; the District Courts were subordinated to the Regional Court in Reich’s administrative systems as follows. Deggendorf and the Supreme Provincial Court in Munich. The South Moravian border region (a broad strip of land from Břeclav/ In the north-east of the Czech Lands, the area around Hlučín (Hultschin), Lundenburg to Slavonice/Zlabings) and the south-eastern part of Bohemia between Ostrava (Ostrau) and Opava (Troppau), was incorporated directly (around Nová Bystřice/Neubistritz) were incorporated into what had formerly into the German Reich. After the Habsburgs’ defeat in the Prussian-Austrian been Austria; after the Anschluss it had become the Gau Niederdonau war (1742), this territory had come under the control of Prussian Silesia; (Lower Danube Gau). Local authorities known as Landräte were established it remained part of Prussia for almost two centuries, until 1920, when the in the towns of Znojmo (Znaim), Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Nová Bystřice Treaty of Versailles allocated it to Czechoslovakia. In 1938 it was “returned” (Neubistritz), but several dozen communities were incorporated into the to Prussian Silesia, being incorporated the District of Ratibor (now Racibórz, Reich Landräte of Waidhofen an der Thaya and Horn. Znojmo had a Gestapo Poland), in the Government District (Regierungsbezirk) of Oppeln (now Opole), office and a Regional Court subordinated to the Supreme Provincial Court in part of the Provinz Schlesien, whose capital was Breslau (now Wrocław); in Vienna. The capital of the Gau (which also incorporated small areas of Slovak 1941 the province was split into two parts, and the Hlučín area became part of territory – Devín/Theben and Petržalka/Engerau) was originally intended to Upper Silesia (Provinz Oberschlesien, with its capital in Kattowitz/Katowice). be Krems; however, the Gau authorities were located in Vienna, and remained there throughout the war. The last part of the Czech Lands to be incorporated into the German Reich was the territory in Těšín (Cieszyn/Teschen) Silesia that had formerly been The Gau Oberdonau (Upper Danube Gau) gained some territory from part of Czechoslovakia before its seizure by Poland. This was a broad swathe South Bohemia: the mountainous border area from the Šumava (Böhmerwald) of territory running along what is now the Czech-Polish border, from Bohumín mountains
Recommended publications
  • Transformation of the Identity of a Region: Theory and the Empirical Case of the Perceptual Regions of Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic
    MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS 2020, 28(3):2020, 154–169 28(3) MORAVIAN MORAVIAN GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS GEOGRAPHICAL REPORTS Fig. 3. Members of the International Advisory Board of the Fig. 4. The Löw-Beer Villa in Brno, a place of the award MGR journal in front of the Institute of Geonics ceremony The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics journal homepage: http://www.geonika.cz/mgr.html Fig. 5. Professor Eva Zažímalová, president of the Czech Fig. 6. Professor Bryn Greer-Wootten has his speech during Academy of Sciences, presents Professor Bryn Greer-Wootten the award ceremony doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0012 with the honorary medal Illustrations related to the paper by R. Blaheta et al. (photo: T. Krejčí, E. Nováková (2×), Z. Říha) Transformation of the identity of a region: Theory and the empirical case of the perceptual regions of Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic Petr MAREK a * Abstract By using the concept of perceptual region – an essential part of the identity of a region and a part of every person’s mental map – this paper demonstrates a way to examine the understudied transformation of (the identity of) a region and, specifically, its territorial shape (boundaries). This concept effectively fuses the “institutionalisation of regions” theory and the methodologies of behavioural geography. This case study of the perceptual regions of Bohemia and Moravia shows how and why these historical regions and their boundary/boundaries developed, after a significant deinstitutionalisation by splitting into smaller regions in an administrative reform. Many people now perceive the Bohemian-Moravian boundary according to the newly-emerged regional boundaries, which often ignore old (historical) boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Logistics of Czech Business at Time of Economic Recession
    SO FAR , SO GOOD OLOMOUC REGION US SUCCESS OF CZECH SCIENTISTS’ INVENTION PARALYMPICS WINNER AND WORLD CYCLING CHAMPION JIŘÍ JEŽEK LOGISTICS OF CZECH BUSINESS AT TIME OF ECONOMIC RECESSION THE CZECH REPUBLIC PRESIDING OVER THE 11-12 COUNCIL OF THE EU IN THE FIRST HALF OF 2009 2009 MASARYK UNIVERSITY (MU) RANKS AMONG THE EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS IN EUROPE WHICH ARE DEVELOPING MOST RAPIDLY. IT IS GRADUALLY BECOMING A CENTRE OF EURO- PEAN RESEARCH, ESPECIALLY IN THE INTER-BRANCH FIELDS OF LIFE SCIENCE, INFORMATICS, AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. IN THE STAGE OF PREPARATIONS ARE CENTRES OF EXCEL- LENT SCIENCE SUCH AS THE AMBITIOUS PROJECT OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (CEITEC, WWW.CEITEC.EU), WHICH IS FOCUSED ON BASIC RESEARCH, AS WELL AS IMPORTANT REGIONAL CENTRES OF APPLIED RE- SEARCH (INCLUDING CETOCOEN AND CERIT). A boost to the dynamic development of MU was given by the unique project of a university campus built on an area of 20 hectares in Brno-Bohunice at the cost of approximately EUR 200 million between 2005 and 2009. It is comprised of two dozen pavilions for Life Science and includes an incuba- Architecture and general designer A PLUS a.s.; Photo for a.s. by Zdeněk Náplava tor of biomedical technologies for newly established fi rms. The MU place of contact for co-operation with partners is the Technology Transfer Offi ce, which protects the MU intellec- tual property and secures the transfer of technologies and knowledge. More information is available at www.muni.cz, www.ctt.muni.cz (direct contact: Jan Slovák, Director of the MU Technology Transfer Offi ce, [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • (I.) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and The
    (I.) MEČISLAV BORÁK (Czech Republic) The main features of occupation policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the rest of Protectorate of the Czech Lands Bohemia and When Nazi German troops occupied the interior of the Czech Lands in March 1939, the invasion marked the beginning of over six years of occupation which would last until the final days of the Second World War in Europe. On Moravia and the basis of a decree issued by Hitler, the occupying authorities established an entity named the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; however, despite its proclaimed autonomy, the Protectorate was in fact entirely controlled by the post-war the German Reich, and the Reich’s actions proved decisive for the fate of the Czech nation. When researching this period, however, we should not neglect the fact that there were other parts of the Czech Lands which lay outside development of the the Protectorate throughout the war, as the Nazis had seized them from Czechoslovakia in the autumn of 1938, before the invasion of what remained of the country. This seizure was a consequence of the Munich Agreement, State – historical which enabled Nazi Germany to annex the border areas in the historical provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia; the Agreement was forced upon the Czechoslovak Republic, and ultimately led to the state’s disintegration overview and demise. In September 1939 the Polish-occupied part of Těšín (Teschen/ Cieszyn) Silesia were taken by Germany; from this point on, the entire territory of the Czech Lands (both the border regions and the interior) came under the direct control of the Third Reich.
    [Show full text]
  • History of San Marino
    History of San Marino The official date of the foundation of the Republic of San Marino is AD 3 September 301. Legend states that a Christian stonecutter named Marinus escaped persecution from the Roman emperor Diocletian by sailing from the Croatian island of Arbe across the Adriatic Sea to Rimini. Marinus became a hermit, taking up residency on Monte Titano, where he built up a Christian community. He was later canonized andthe land renamed in his honor. Throughout the Middle Ages, the tiny territory made alliances and struggled to remain intact as a string of feudal lords attempted to conquer it in their attempts to control the Papal States. On 27 June 1463, Pope Pio II gave San Marino the castles of Serravalle, Fiorentino, and Montegiardino. The castle Faetano voluntarily joined later that year, increasing San Marino’s boundaries to their present size. In 1503, Cesare Borgia managed to conquer and rule San Marino for six months. In 1739, Cardinal Alberoni’s troops occupied San Marino. After many protests, the Pope sent Monsignor Enrico Enriquez to investigate the legality of Alberoni’s occupation, and San Marino subsequently regained its independence on St. Agatha’s day, now a national holiday. In 1797, Napoleon invaded the Italian peninsula. Reaching Rimini, he stopped short of San Marino, praising it as a model of republican liberty. San Marino declined his offer to extend its lands to the Adriatic Sea. With the fall of Napoleon, San Marino was recognized as an independent state, adopting the motto Nemini Teneri (Not dependent upon anyone). San Marino remains neutral in wartime, but many Sammarinese volunteered in the Italian Army during World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.)
    France and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia Christopher David Jones, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History August 2015 © “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis examines French relations with Yugoslavia in the twentieth century and its response to the federal republic’s dissolution in the 1990s. In doing so it contributes to studies of post-Cold War international politics and international diplomacy during the Yugoslav Wars. It utilises a wide-range of source materials, including: archival documents, interviews, memoirs, newspaper articles and speeches. Many contemporary commentators on French policy towards Yugoslavia believed that the Mitterrand administration’s approach was anachronistic, based upon a fear of a resurgent and newly reunified Germany and an historical friendship with Serbia; this narrative has hitherto remained largely unchallenged. Whilst history did weigh heavily on Mitterrand’s perceptions of the conflicts in Yugoslavia, this thesis argues that France’s Yugoslav policy was more the logical outcome of longer-term trends in French and Mitterrandienne foreign policy. Furthermore, it reflected a determined effort by France to ensure that its long-established preferences for post-Cold War security were at the forefront of European and international politics; its strong position in all significant international multilateral institutions provided an important platform to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Municipal Flags in Bohemia
    Municipal Flags in Bohemia ALe§ Bro2ek I believe that those who have ever visited Czechoslovakia will agree with me when I say that our country does not belong among such flag-rich coun tries as West Germany or the Netherlands. Nevertheless, we have a strong flag study society. It is called the Prague Vexillological Club and has been uniting both Czechoslovak flag scholars, and collectors for 13 years. Since its very beginning out Club has promoted an interest not only in - the history of the Czechoslovak State Flag but also in the municipal — flags of our country. One of its first projects was therefore underta— ken with the aim of the collecting data both on historic and contempora ry municipal flags in use in the territory of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slo vakia. We mailed about a thousand letters to nearly all district and municipal museums, archives and administrations asking them to inform us whether municipal flags were or are flown there. Their replies should include ther a description of the flag, or a drawing in the case of a more comply cated flag pattern, data on colour symbolism and flag usage, and biblio­ graphic references. It was sometimes necessary to send a second or third query before we received a reply. The quality of replies varied. We some­ times got a negative answer from an administration and an affirmative — one from a museum or archives in the same town. Data obtained from the replies were compiled by Dr. Ludvik Mucha, chair­ man of the Prague Vexillological Club. He also incorporated in them the information provided by Jan Miller of Warsaw, one of the world's experts in municipal vexillology, as well as by some members of Prague Vexillolo gical Club.
    [Show full text]
  • Radioactivity of Mineral Waters in Bohemia
    Radioactivity of mineral waters in Bohemia RADIOACTIVITY OF MINERAL WATERS IN BOHEMIA Z. KREJBICHOVA´ AQUATEST SG, a.s., Geologicka ´ 4, 152 00 Praha 5, Czech Republic CzechRadioactivityZ.Krejbichov´ a of mineral waters in Bohemia Republic is a country of many mineral and thermal springs. Studies of mineral waters including chemical and radiochemical analyses have been conducted in Czechoslovakia for a long time. Company Aquatest-Stavebn´ı geologie (AQ) took part in these activities since early 1960s – new capture of springs, survey drillings, proposition of protective zones. An offer of available radiochemical analytical methods is presented in this paper. Survey of historical data and of analyses of other institutes is listed for comparison. The parallels with some foreign mineral sources are mentioned. 1 Natural radionuclides in mineral water Mineral and thermal waters are a special kind of ground-waters distinguished by specific chemical and physical properties as, e.g., higher mineralisation, trace ele- ments, dissolved gas, higher temperature or radioactivity. Mineral and thermal waters are usually connected with specific and unique geological and tectonic structures. From the geological point of view, the average dose equivalent of 0,37 mSv per year is measured on the territory of Czech Republic. In granite massifs and other naturally radioactive rocks or permo-carbon basins higher values of 1,1 – 1,7 mSv per year have been detected. Elements of the uranium- radium family have greater signification than those of the thorium series [1]. A high number of mineral waters in Bohemia is a part of the great European province of carbonated waters, which extends from France over Eiffel, Rhön, Harz to the West Bohemia and to Silesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Francesca Coccolo, Rodolfo Siviero Between Fascism and the Cold
    STUDI DI MEMOFONTE Rivista on-line semestrale Numero 22/2019 FONDAZIONE MEMOFONTE Studio per l’elaborazione informatica delle fonti storico-artistiche www.memofonte.it COMITATO REDAZIONALE Proprietario Fondazione Memofonte onlus Fondatrice Paola Barocchi Direzione scientifica Donata Levi Comitato scientifico Francesco Caglioti, Barbara Cinelli, Flavio Fergonzi, Margaret Haines, Donata Levi, Nicoletta Maraschio, Carmelo Occhipinti Cura scientifica Daria Brasca, Christian Fuhrmeister, Emanuele Pellegrini Cura redazionale Martina Nastasi, Laurence Connell Segreteria di redazione Fondazione Memofonte onlus, via de’ Coverelli 2/4, 50125 Firenze [email protected] ISSN 2038-0488 INDICE The Transfer of Jewish-owned Cultural Objects in the Alpe Adria Region DARIA BRASCA, CHRISTIAN FUHRMEISTER, EMANUELE PELLEGRINI Introduction p. 1 VICTORIA REED Museum Acquisitions in the Era of the Washington Principles: Porcelain from the Emma Budge Estate p. 9 GISÈLE LÉVY Looting Jewish Heritage in the Alpe Adria Region. Findings from the Union of the Italian Jewish Communities (UCEI) Historical Archives p. 28 IVA PASINI TRŽEC Contentious Musealisation Process(es) of Jewish Art Collections in Croatia p. 41 DARIJA ALUJEVIĆ Jewish-owned Art Collections in Zagreb: The Destiny of the Robert Deutsch Maceljski Collection p. 50 ANTONIJA MLIKOTA The Destiny of the Tilla Durieux Collection after its Transfer from Berlin to Zagreb p. 64 DARIA BRASCA The Dispossession of Italian Jews: the Fate of Cultural Property in the Alpe Adria Region during Second World War p. 79 CAMILLA DA DALT The Case of Morpurgo De Nilma’s Art Collection in Trieste: from a Jewish Legacy to a ‘German Donation’ p. 107 CRISTINA CUDICIO The Dissolution of a Jewish Collection: the Pincherle Family in Trieste p.
    [Show full text]
  • San Marino Legal E
    Study on Homophobia, Transphobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Legal Report: San Marino 1 Disclaimer: This report was drafted by independent experts and is published for information purposes only. Any views or opinions expressed in the report are those of the author and do not represent or engage the Council of Europe or the Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights. 1 This report is based on Dr Maria Gabriella Francioni, The legal and social situation concerning homophobia and discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation in the Republic of San Marino , University of the Republic of San Marino, Juridical Studies Department, 2010. The latter report is attached to this report. Table of Contents A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 B. FINDINGS 3 B.1. Overall legal framework 3 B.2. Freedom of Assembly, Association and Expression 10 B.3. Hate crime - hate speech 10 B.4. Family issues 13 B.5. Asylum and subsidiary protection 16 B.6. Education 17 B.7. Employment 18 B.8. Health 20 B.9. Housing and Access to goods and services 21 B.10. Media 22 B.11. Transgender issues 23 Annex 1: List of relevant national laws 27 Annex 2: Report of Dr Maria Gabriella Francioni, The legal and social situation concerning homophobia and discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation in the Republic of San Marino, University of the Republic of San Marino, Juridical Studies Department, 2010 31 A. Executive Summary 1. The Statutes "Leges Statuae Reipublicae Sancti Marini" that came into force in 1600 and the Laws that reform such Statutes represented the written source for excellence of the Sammarinese legal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Sächsische Heimatblätter · 2 | 2018 186 Deutsche Und Tschechen in Der Ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik Und Im Reichsgau Sudetenland 1918 Bis 1945
    Deutsche und Tschechen in der ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik und im Reichsgau Sudetenland 1918 bis 1945 Lars-Arne Dannenberg, Matthias Donath Handkarte der cechoslovaki-� Deutsche und Tschechen im Königreich herrschte die deutsche Sprache vor. In den übri- schen Republik, 1924. Böhmen gen Landesteilen dominierte die tschechische Die Tschechoslowakische Sprache. Jedoch gab es im mehrheitlich tschechi- Republik war ein Zentralstaat. Sie setzte sich aus verschiedenen Das bis 1918 bestehende Königreich Böhmen schen Gebiet auch deutsche „Sprachinseln“ be- Landesteilen zusammen (Böhmen, war ein Land mit zwei Völkern und zwei Spra- ziehungsweise deutsche Minderheiten, etwa in Mähren, Schlesien, Slowakei, chen. Nach der Volkszählung von 1910 waren Budweis (Ceské� Bud�ejovice) und Prag. Die Karpatenrussland), war aber 62,7 Prozent, fast zwei Drittel der Einwohner, Sprachgrenze zwischen Deutsch und Tsche- nicht föderal organisiert. Die Tschechen, die sich im Alltag der tschechischen chisch hatte sich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert ver- Landkarte war für den Gebrauch in Schulen zugelassen. Orte Sprache bedienten. 37,3 Prozent der Einwohner festigt. Sie änderte sich im 19. Jahrhundert nur mit tschechischer Mehrheit betrachteten sich als Deutsche. Ihre Vorfahren geringfügig, etwa durch Zuwanderung der ländli- sind ausschließlich mit ihrem waren im 13. Jahrhundert von den böhmischen chen Bevölkerung tschechischer Sprache in die tschechischen Namen, Orte mit Königen ins Land geholt worden, wo sie brach- Städte und in die Industriegebiete Nordböh- deutscher Mehrheit mit ihrem liegendes Land besiedelten und Städte gründe- mens. deutschen Namen bezeichnet. © Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv ten. Im Lauf der Jahrhunderte hatte sich eine ge- Die Deutschen in Böhmen betrachteten sich München, Sudetendeutsches Archiv genseitige Assimilation vollzogen, was zu einer nicht als Minderheit, denn sie lebten vorwie- Ausbildung geschlossener Sprachgebiete führte.
    [Show full text]
  • The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: an Analysis of Globalization Effects on Union and Disintegration of Yugoslavia
    International ResearchScape Journal Volume 1 Article 1 February 2014 The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Effects on Union and Disintegration of Yugoslavia Una Bobinac Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Bobinac, Una (2014) "The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Effects on Union and Disintegration of Yugoslavia," International ResearchScape Journal: Vol. 1 , Article 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/irj.01.01.01 Available at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/irj/vol1/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in International ResearchScape Journal by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Bobinac: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Ef Bobinac 1 The Disintegration of Yugoslavia: An Analysis of Globalization Effects on Union and Disintegration of Yugoslavia Una Bobinac ABSTRACT The purpose of writing this project is to identify the influence globalization had in two most important parts of Yugoslavia: its formation as well as its fragmentation. The effects of this ongoing process range from direct intervention in the breakup of Yugoslavia to more indirect influence in its formation. This research strongly centers on previously established and well accepted theories of globalization to illustrate the consequences globalization had on Yugoslavia specifically. Throughout the research, the concept of critical globalism emerges as the prevailing method in the attempt to explain the events that took place in this region.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Looted Art: Setting Precedence for Museum Decisions Erica B
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Theses 2010 Nazi Looted Art: Setting Precedence for Museum Decisions Erica B. Marcus Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Marcus, Erica B., "Nazi Looted Art: Setting Precedence for Museum Decisions" (2010). Theses. 249. https://scholarship.shu.edu/theses/249 Nazi Looted Art: Setting Precedence for Museum Decisions By: Erica B. Marcus Susan K. Leshnoff, Advisor Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Museum Professions Seton Hall University August 2010 Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the advice and guidance of Professor Susan K . Leshnoff . Without your assistance. timely and instmctive comments. evaluations at every stage of the thesis process. and motivating me every step of the way this study would not have been possible . Thank you . Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................p . 5-9 Chapter I1 Historical Background ...........................................................p. 10-14 Chapter ID Procedures and Policies Washington Conference ..............................................................p . 15-18 ICOM, PCHA, and AAMD Leave Their Mark ..................................p. 18- 19 International Committee of Museums (ICOM) ..................................p. 19-20 Presidential Advisory Committee on Holocaust Assets (PCHA) ..............p. 20-21 American Art Museum Directors (AAMD) .....................................
    [Show full text]