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Plundered, but by Whom? Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Occupied Europe in the Light of the Nazi-Art Looting

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Plundered, But By Whom? Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Occupied Europe in the Light of the Nazi-Art Looting Proceedings of an international academic conference held in Prague on 21 – 22 October, 2015 Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of WWII Victims, p.b.o. This conference was held with the financial support of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of World War II Victims, p.b.o. Čs. armády 34/828, 160 00 Prague 6 Czech Republic tel.: +420 211 152 190 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.cdmp.cz CONTENTS Copyright © Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of World War II Victims, p.b.o., Prague, 2015 (I.) Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the post-war development of the State – historical overview Photographs © Mario Vlček, 2015 MEČISLAV BORÁK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The main features of occupation policy in the Protectorate of 9 Graphics © Andreas Dumalas, 2015 Bohemia and Moravia and the rest of the Czech Lands JAN GEBHART (CZECH REPUBLIC) Translation © Christopher Hopkinson, 2015 The role of the occupying and Protectorate authorities in relation 16 to artworks MONIKA SEDLÁKOVÁ (CZECH REPUBLIC) Establishment and Activities of the Einsatzstabs in the ISBN 978-80-905703-4-4 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 23 JAN MACHALA (CZECH REPUBLIC) The confiscation of Jewish-owned musical instruments: the example of the Jews of Prostějov (1942). 24 (II.)Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the post-war development of the State – the legal overview JAKUB HABLOVIČ – VILÉM KNOLL (CZECH REPUBLIC) The refugee problem in 1938 and its solution 36 JAROMÍR TAUCHEN (CZECH REPUBLIC) Law in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 43 PAVEL MARŠÁLEK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The Nazi occupation of the Czech Lands, the Nuremberg Trials and the international law of war 57 JAN KUKLÍK (CZECH REPUBLIC) The Relation between the Restitution of Jewish Property and the Presidential Decrees 72 (III.)Occupied Europe – historical and legal overview KAMIL ZEIDLER (POLAND) Art Looted during World War II in Occupied Poland – Legal Perspective 74 FRANCESCA CAVAROCCHI (ITALY) Restitution in Italy: Between diplomacy and political expediency 75 ANTONIJA MLIKOTA (CROATIA) Post-war restitution and the case of the Museum of St. Donatus 81 in Zadar INÊS FIALHO BRANDÃO (PORTUGAL) (VI.)Identification of looted cultural assets in European A Neutral Unknown. Portugal and the International Trade in museums Looted Art during the Second World War 92 IMMA WALDERDORFF (AUSTRIA) Schloss Kleßheim – Adolf Hitler’s guesthouse and its unknown (IV.) Government offices and their role in tracing looted art inventory 166 UWE M. SCHNEEDE (GERMANY) MEIKE HOFFMANN (GERMANY) German Lost Art Foundation Deutsches Zentrum Hildebrand Gurlitt and his dealings with German museums 173 Kulturgutverluste 94 MARGREETH SOETING (NETHERLANDS) THIERRY BAJOU (FRANCE) The Stedelijk Museum and the Second World War: From MNRs and the collection of Josef Wiener from Prague 100 provenance research to an exhibition 174 NAWOJKA CIEŚLIŃSKA-LOBKOWICZ (POLAND) PATRICIA KENNEDY GRIMSTED (USA) Who owns Bruno Schulz? The changing postwar fortunes of Tracing Pan-European Looted Art in Russia – The Case of the works of art by Jewish artists murdered in Nazi-occupied Poland 107 Erich Koch Collection 180 ULRIKE SCHMIEGELT-RIETIG / MIRIAM OLIVIA MERZ (GERMANY) The Central Office for Provenance Research in Hesse: Workshop Authors 200 Report 122 AGNES PERESZTEGI (HUNGARY) Contacts 221 Recent Developments on the Field of Professional Standards of Provenance Research – Towards a Unified Approach about the Auspicies 226 Identification of Looted Cultural Assets in European Museums 133 (V.) Identification of looted cultural assets in the Bohemian and Moravian museums and libraries VÁCLAV ERBEN (CZECH REPUBLIC) The fate of several major Jewish collections in the Protectorate and after the war, their deposition at the National Gallery and problems with restitution 135 JOHANA PROUZOVÁ (CZECH REPUBLIC) On research into wartime deposits at the Museum of Decorative Arts, Prague 146 MICHAEL NOSEK (CZECH REPUBLIC) Research and processing of a collection of Hebrew prints held at the National Library of the Czech Republic 151 SOPHIE CŒURÉ (FRANCE) Looted art and libraries: a challenge for post-war relationships between France and Czechoslovakia 153 (I.) MEČISLAV BORÁK (Czech Republic) The main features of occupation policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the rest of Protectorate of the Czech Lands Bohemia and When Nazi German troops occupied the interior of the Czech Lands in March 1939, the invasion marked the beginning of over six years of occupation which would last until the final days of the Second World War in Europe. On Moravia and the basis of a decree issued by Hitler, the occupying authorities established an entity named the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; however, despite its proclaimed autonomy, the Protectorate was in fact entirely controlled by the post-war the German Reich, and the Reich’s actions proved decisive for the fate of the Czech nation. When researching this period, however, we should not neglect the fact that there were other parts of the Czech Lands which lay outside development of the the Protectorate throughout the war, as the Nazis had seized them from Czechoslovakia in the autumn of 1938, before the invasion of what remained of the country. This seizure was a consequence of the Munich Agreement, State – historical which enabled Nazi Germany to annex the border areas in the historical provinces of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia; the Agreement was forced upon the Czechoslovak Republic, and ultimately led to the state’s disintegration overview and demise. In September 1939 the Polish-occupied part of Těšín (Teschen/ Cieszyn) Silesia were taken by Germany; from this point on, the entire territory of the Czech Lands (both the border regions and the interior) came under the direct control of the Third Reich. My paper will briefly outline these historic Chair: events, as they had an influence on the specific manifestations of the policies implemented by the occupying authorities – policies whose consequences are Helena Krejčová, Czech Republic the subject of this conference. The border regions of the Czech Lands were split into five administrative units which were incorporated into the neighbouring regions of the German Reich. The sixth administrative unit was established as an independent subdivision of the Reich, the Reichsgau Sudetenland. The situation “on the ground” differed somewhat among the various annexed regions – not only in terms of the national/ethnic composition and status of the local population, but also in terms of the methods of Germanization applied, the overall policies 9 implemented by the occupying authorities, the forms of resistance against (shortly after the main annexation of the border regions), were incorporated the occupiers, and the number of victims of the occupation and the wartime into the German Landrat of Waldmünchen. The capital city of the Gau was events as a whole. The annexed border regions were incorporated into the Bayreuth; the District Courts were subordinated to the Regional Court in Reich’s administrative systems as follows. Deggendorf and the Supreme Provincial Court in Munich. The South Moravian border region (a broad strip of land from Břeclav/ In the north-east of the Czech Lands, the area around Hlučín (Hultschin), Lundenburg to Slavonice/Zlabings) and the south-eastern part of Bohemia between Ostrava (Ostrau) and Opava (Troppau), was incorporated directly (around Nová Bystřice/Neubistritz) were incorporated into what had formerly into the German Reich. After the Habsburgs’ defeat in the Prussian-Austrian been Austria; after the Anschluss it had become the Gau Niederdonau war (1742), this territory had come under the control of Prussian Silesia; (Lower Danube Gau). Local authorities known as Landräte were established it remained part of Prussia for almost two centuries, until 1920, when the in the towns of Znojmo (Znaim), Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Nová Bystřice Treaty of Versailles allocated it to Czechoslovakia. In 1938 it was “returned” (Neubistritz), but several dozen communities were incorporated into the to Prussian Silesia, being incorporated the District of Ratibor (now Racibórz, Reich Landräte of Waidhofen an der Thaya and Horn. Znojmo had a Gestapo Poland), in the Government District (Regierungsbezirk) of Oppeln (now Opole), office and a Regional Court subordinated to the Supreme Provincial Court in part of the Provinz Schlesien, whose capital was Breslau (now Wrocław); in Vienna. The capital of the Gau (which also incorporated small areas of Slovak 1941 the province was split into two parts, and the Hlučín area became part of territory – Devín/Theben and Petržalka/Engerau) was originally intended to Upper Silesia (Provinz Oberschlesien, with its capital in Kattowitz/Katowice). be Krems; however, the Gau authorities were located in Vienna, and remained there throughout the war. The last part of the Czech Lands to be incorporated into the German Reich was the territory in Těšín (Cieszyn/Teschen) Silesia that had formerly been The Gau Oberdonau (Upper Danube Gau) gained some territory from part of Czechoslovakia before its seizure by Poland. This was a broad swathe South Bohemia: the mountainous border area from the Šumava (Böhmerwald) of territory running along what is now the Czech-Polish border, from Bohumín mountains
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