DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecology and Morphology of Mouse Lemurs ( Microcebus Spp.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecology and Morphology of Mouse Lemurs ( Microcebus Spp.) Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs ( Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species Dominik Schüßler, Marina Blanco, Jordi Salmona, Jelmer Poelstra, Jean Andriambeloson, Alex Miller, Blanchard Randrianambinina, David Rasolofoson, Jasmin Mantilla-contreras, Lounès Chikhi, et al. To cite this version: Dominik Schüßler, Marina Blanco, Jordi Salmona, Jelmer Poelstra, Jean Andriambeloson, et al.. Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs ( Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species. American Journal of Primatology, Wiley, 2020, 82 (9), pp.e23180. 10.1002/ajp.23180. hal-03026869 HAL Id: hal-03026869 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03026869 Submitted on 5 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. American Journal of Primatology Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species Journal: American Journal of Primatology Manuscript ID AJP-20-0048.R1 Wiley - Manuscript type:ForResearch Peer Article Review Date Submitted by the n/a Author: Complete List of Authors: Schüßler, Dominik; University of Hildesheim, Institute of Biology and Chemistry Blanco, Marina; Duke Lemur Center; Duke University, Department of Biology Salmona, Jordi; Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier Poelstra, Jelmer; Duke University, Department of Biology Andriambeloson, Jean-Basile; University of Antananarivo, Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity Miller, Alex; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Population and Conservation Genetics Group Randrianambinina, Blanchard; Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP); University of Mahajanga, Faculté des Sciences Rasolofoson, David; Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP) Mantilla-Contreras, Jasmin; University of Hildesheim, Institute of Biology and Chemistry Chikhi, Lounès; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciênca, ; Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS – Université Paul Sabatier, Lewis, Edward; Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research Yoder, Anne; Duke University, Department of Biology Radespiel, Ute; University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoology Indicate which taxonomic group was the subject of your Prosimians study (select all that apply or type another option):: Keywords: evolution, cryptic species, phenotype, habitat use, sympatry John Wiley & Sons Page 1 of 66 American Journal of Primatology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 For Peer Review 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 John Wiley & Sons American Journal of Primatology Page 2 of 66 Schüßler et al. page 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in 6 7 2 a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with 8 9 10 3 the description of a new species 11 12 13 4 14 15 16 5 Authors: 17 18 19 6 Dominik Schüßler1#, Marina B. Blanco2,3#, Jordi Salmona4, Jelmer Poelstra3, 20 21 7 Jean B. AndriambelosonFor5, Alex Peer Miller6, BlanchardReview Randrianambinina7,8, David 22 23 7 1 4,6 24 8 W. Rasolofoson , Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras , Lounès Chikhi , Edward E. 25 26 9 Louis Jr.9, Anne D. Yoder3, Ute Radespiel10* 27 28 29 10 30 31 32 11 Affiliations: 33 34 35 12 1: Research Group Ecology and Environmental Education, Institute of Biology 36 37 13 and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Universitaetsplatz 1, 31141 38 39 14 Hildesheim, Germany 40 41 42 15 2: Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA 43 44 45 16 3: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA 46 47 48 17 4: CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution 49 50 51 18 & Diversité 11 Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France 52 53 5 54 19 : Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 55 56 20 101, Madagascar 57 58 59 60 John Wiley & Sons Page 3 of 66 American Journal of Primatology Schüßler et al. page 2 1 2 3 4 21 6: Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, 5 6 7 22 Portugal 8 9 7 10 23 : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), 11 12 24 BP 779, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar 13 14 15 25 8: Faculté des Sciences, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar 16 17 18 26 9: Grewcock Center for Conservation and Research, Omaha’s Henry Doorly 19 20 27 Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 21 For Peer Review 22 23 28 10: Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 24 25 29 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany 26 27 28 30 29 30 31 31 32 32 Short title: 33 34 35 33 A new species of mouse lemur 36 37 38 34 39 40 41 35 42 43 44 36 Corresponding author: 45 46 47 37 *Ute Radespiel, Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine 48 49 Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; email: 50 38 51 52 39 [email protected] 53 54 55 40 56 57 58 41 #: should be considered as shared first authors 59 60 John Wiley & Sons American Journal of Primatology Page 4 of 66 Schüßler et al. page 3 1 2 3 4 42 Abstract 5 6 7 43 Delimitation of cryptic species is increasingly based on genetic analyses but the 8 9 10 44 integration of distributional, morphological, behavioral and ecological data offers 11 12 45 unique complementary insights into species diversification. We surveyed 13 14 46 communities of nocturnal mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in five different sites 15 16 17 47 of northeastern Madagascar, measuring a variety of morphological parameters 18 19 48 and assessing reproductive states for 123 individuals belonging to five different 20 21 49 lineages. We documentedFor two Peer different Reviewnon-sister lineages occurring in 22 23 50 sympatry in two areas. In both cases, sympatric species pairs consisted of a 24 25 26 51 locally restricted (M. macarthurii or M. sp. #3) and a more widespread lineage 27 28 52 (M. mittermeieri or M. lehilahytsara). Estimated Extents of Occurrence (EOO) of 29 30 53 these lineages differed remarkably with 560 and 1,500 km² versus 9,250 and 31 32 33 54 50,700 km², respectively. Morphometric analyses distinguished unambiguously 34 35 55 between sympatric species and detected more subtle but significant differences 36 37 56 among sister lineages. Tail length and body size were most informative in this 38 39 40 57 regard. Reproductive schedules were highly variable among lineages, most 41 42 58 likely impacted by phylogenetic relatedness and environmental variables. While 43 44 59 sympatric species pairs differed in their reproductive timing (M. sp. #3 / M. 45 46 60 lehilahytsara and M. macarthurii / M. mittermeieri), warmer lowland rainforests 47 48 49 61 were associated with a less seasonal reproductive schedule for M. mittermeieri 50 51 62 and M. lehilahytsara compared to populations occurring in montane forests. 52 53 63 Distributional, morphological and ecological data gathered in this study support 54 55 56 64 the results of genomic species delimitation analyses conducted in a companion 57 58 65 study, which identified one lineage, M. sp. #3, as meriting formal description as 59 60 66 a new species. Consequently, a formal species description is included. John Wiley & Sons Page 5 of 66 American Journal of Primatology Schüßler et al. page 4 1 2 3 4 67 Worryingly, our data also show that geographically restricted populations of M. 5 6 7 68 sp. #3 and its sister species (M. macarthurii) are at high risk of local and 8 9 69 perhaps permanent extinction from both deforestation and habitat 10 11 70 fragmentation. 12 13 14 71 15 16 17 72 Research highlights 18 19 20 73 Two pairs of Microcebus species occur in partial sympatry 21 For Peer Review 22 23 74 Morphological distinctiveness supports genomic species delimitation in 24 25 75 cryptic lemurs 26 27 76 High plasticity in reproductive schedules in a lineage of habitat 28 29 30 77 generalists detected 31 32 33 78 34 35 36 79 Keywords: evolution, cryptic species, phenotype, habitat use, sympatry, 37 38 80 conservation 39 40 41 81 42 43 44 82 1. Introduction 45 46 47 83 Madagascar is one of the world’s prime biodiversity hotspots and its endemic 48 49 84 group of primates, the lemurs (Primates; Lemuriformes), are flagships for 50 51 85 species conservation (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca & Kent, 52 53 54 86 2000). More than 100 species of lemurs are recognized today making up about 55 56 87 one fifth of all living primate species on earth (Estrada et al., 2017). However, 57 58 88 the full extent of lemur species diversity is not yet fully known as several regions 59 60 John Wiley & Sons American Journal of Primatology Page 6 of 66 Schüßler et al. page 5 1 2 3 4 89 in Madagascar are still poorly studied. Intensified biological inventories during 5 6 7 90 recent years have indeed resulted in a considerable rise in lemur species 8 9 91 numbers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Micro-Evolutionary Change and Population Dynamics of a Brood Parasite and Its Primary Host: the Intermittent Arms Race Hypothesis
    Oecologia (1998) 117:381±390 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 Manuel Soler á Juan J. Soler á Juan G. Martinez Toma sPe rez-Contreras á Anders P. Mùller Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 24 August 1998 Abstract A long-term study of the interactions between Key words Brood parasitism á Clamator glandarius á a brood parasite, the great spotted cuckoo Clamator Coevolution á Parasite counter-defences á Pica pica glandarius, and its primary host the magpie Pica pica, demonstrated local changes in the distribution of both magpies and cuckoos and a rapid increase of rejection of Introduction both mimetic and non-mimetic model eggs by the host. In rich areas, magpies improved three of their defensive Avian brood parasites exploit hosts by laying eggs in mechanisms: nest density and breeding synchrony in- their nests, and parental care for parasitic ospring is creased dramatically and rejection rate of cuckoo eggs subsequently provided by the host. Parasitism has a increased more slowly. A stepwise multiple regression strongly adverse eect on the ®tness of hosts, given that analysis showed that parasitism rate decreased as host the young parasite ejects all host ospring or outcom- density increased and cuckoo density decreased. A lo- petes them during the nestling period (Payne 1977; gistic regression analysis indicated that the probability Rothstein 1990). Thus, there is strong selection acting on of changes in magpie nest density in the study plots was hosts to evolve defensive mechanisms against a brood signi®cantly aected by the density of magpie nests parasite which, in turn, will develop adaptive counter- during the previous year (positively) and the rejection defences.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Character Displacement and the Study of Adaptation
    Commentary Ecological character displacement and the study of adaptation Jonathan B. Losos* Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 he study of adaptation—a central is- Tsue in biology since before the time of Darwin—is currently enjoying a renais- sance. Ridiculed two decades ago as fol- lowing a panglossian paradigm (1) that Fig. 1. (Upper) Two sympatric promulgated ‘‘just so stories’’ rather than species with broadly overlapping distributions of resource use. If re- testing hypotheses, evolutionary biology sources are limiting, then natural has become a vibrant field in which a selection may favor individuals in wide variety of methods—ranging from each species with traits that allow molecular developmental biology to each of them to use that portion of manipulative field experiments—are used the resource spectrum not used by to rigorously test adaptive hypotheses (2). the other species, as indicated by Nowhere is this more evident than in the the arrows. (Lower) The result may study of ecological character displace- be that the species diverge in trait value and resource use, thus mini- ment; a paper by Adams and Rohlf (3) in mizing competition for resources. a recent issue of PNAS is one of a growing number of studies that have used integra- tive, multidisciplinary approaches and have demonstrated that ecological char- placement was seen as a powerful and enon for which few convincing examples acter displacement appears to be an pervasive force structuring ecological could be found (e.g., refs. 14–16). important ecological and evolutionary communities. These interpretations cor- These debates—unpleasant as they COMMENTARY phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological and Biomedical Implications of the Co-Evolution of Pathogens and Their Hosts
    progress Biological and biomedical implications of the co-evolution of pathogens and their hosts Mark E.J. Woolhouse1, Joanne P. Webster2, Esteban Domingo3, Brian Charlesworth4 & Bruce R. Levin5 Co-evolution between host and pathogen is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology and genetics of infection and disease. Yet co-evolution has proven difficult to demonstrate rigorously in practice, and co-evolutionary thinking is only just beginning to inform medical or veterinary research in any meaningful way, even though it can have a major influence on how genetic variation in biomedically important traits is interpreted. Improving our understanding of the biomedical significance of co-evo- lution will require changing the way in which we look for it, complementing the phenomenological approach traditionally favored by evolutionary biologists with the exploitation of the extensive data becoming available on the molecular biology and molecular genetics of host–pathogen interactions. http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics That pathogens and hosts have evolutionary effects on one In this review, we assess the evidence for co-evolution in another and that these effects might be reciprocal—that is, host–pathogen systems. We then explore the complexities of pathogens and hosts co-evolve—are attractive, plausible and studying co-evolution in the ‘real world’, where there are many powerful ideas whose implications for the medical and veteri- different constraints on the potential for pathogen and host to nary sciences are only just beginning to be recognized1. An co-evolve. We proceed to consider the largely untapped oppor- important instance concerns the genetics of susceptibility to and tunity for studying co-evolution at the mechanistic as well as pathogenicity of infectious diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Facial Color Pattern Complexity in Lemurs Hanitriniaina Rakotonirina1, Peter M
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evolution of facial color pattern complexity in lemurs Hanitriniaina Rakotonirina1, Peter M. Kappeler1,2 & Claudia Fichtel1 Interspecifc variation in facial color patterns across New and Old World primates has been linked to Received: 16 June 2017 species recognition and group size. Because group size has opposite efects on interspecifc variation in Accepted: 24 October 2017 facial color patterns in these two radiations, a study of the third large primate radiation may shed light Published: xx xx xxxx on convergences and divergences in this context. We therefore compiled published social and ecological data and analyzed facial photographs of 65 lemur species to categorize variation in hair length, hair and skin coloration as well as color brightness. Phylogenetically controlled analyses revealed that group size and the number of sympatric species did not infuence the evolution of facial color complexity in lemurs. Climatic factors, however, infuenced facial color complexity, pigmentation and hair length in a few facial regions. Hair length in two facial regions was also correlated with group size and may facilitate individual recognition. Since phylogenetic signals were moderate to high for most models, genetic drift may have also played a role in the evolution of facial color patterns of lemurs. In conclusion, social factors seem to have played only a subordinate role in the evolution of facial color complexity in lemurs, and, more generally, group size appears to have no systematic functional efect on facial color complexity across all primates. Fur, skin and plumage coloration are highly diverse in animals1–3 and can take on many functions, such as com- munication4–9, thermoregulation5,8–10, or predation avoidance11–14.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversification of Conspecific Signals in Sympatry: Geographic Overlap Drives Multidimensional Reproductive Character Displacement in Frogs
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00650.x DIVERSIFICATION OF CONSPECIFIC SIGNALS IN SYMPATRY: GEOGRAPHIC OVERLAP DRIVES MULTIDIMENSIONAL REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT IN FROGS Emily Moriarty Lemmon1,2,3,4 1Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 2Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 3E-mail: [email protected] Received July 23, 2008 Accepted January 12, 2009 Theoretical models suggest that geographic overlap with different heterospecific assemblages can promote divergence of mate recognition systems among conspecific populations. Divergence occurs when different traits undergo reproductive character displacement across populations within a contact zone. Here, I tested this hypothesis by assessing patterns of acoustic signal divergence in two- and three-species assemblages of chorus frogs (Pseudacris), focusing in particular on P. feriarum and P. nigrita. In addition, I tested one criterion for reinforcement, by examining the evolution of female P. feriarum preferences in the contact zone. Patterns of signal evolution indicated that in each of the four sympatric populations studied, only the rarer species displaced substantially (P. feriarum in three cases and P. nigrita in one instance). Moreover, the three displaced P. feriarum populations diverged in different signal traits across the contact zone, evolving in directions that increased the energetic cost of calling relative to the allopatric call, and in ways that maximized differences from the particular heterospecific assemblage present. Consistent with reinforcement, divergence of female preferences in sympatry was estimated to reduce their propensity to hybridize by 60%. Together, signal and preference data suggest that interactions between species can promote diversification within species, potentially contributing to reproductive isolation among conspecific populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Big Questions About Small Primates
    1 Cheirogaleid diversity and evolution: big questions about small primates Anne D. Yoder , David W. Weisrock , Rodin M. Rasoloarison , and Peter M. Kappeler Introduction The family Cheirogaleidae is arguably the most interesting group of primates alive today. Within this single clade, hypothesized to have originated approximately 25–30 Mya, we fi nd the world’s smallest living primate (genus Microcebus ), one species that went “missing” for more than three decades (genus Allocebus ), the only known obligate hibernator within the primates (genus Cheirogaleus ), the only primate species that preys upon other members of its phylogenetic family (genus Mirza ), and also, a taxonomic system that has exploded within the past two dec- ades. This taxonomic explosion has been decidedly lopsided, however. Whereas the genus Allocebus has remained monotypic, containing the single species A. trichotis since its original description in 1875 (Günther 1875), the genus Microcebus (mouse lemurs) has gone from a two species system as recently as 1993 to one that that now contains more than 20 recognized species. This apparent skew in species-level diversity cries out for further exploration. Is it an artifact of organismal and geo- graphic sampling bias, with certain species and ecosystems preferentially sampled, or is it based in biology, with some branches of the cheirogaleid tree (namely, the mouse lemurs) intrinsically more prone to evolutionary divergence? An exploration of these themes and questions is our goal in this chapter. The fi rst genus-level phylogeny of the cheirogaleid lemurs was published by Rumpler et al . ( 1994 ) and has remained virtually unchanged in the subsequent decades. Using karyotype data and restriction fragment analysis, the authors found strong support for the phylogeny illustrated in Figure 1.1 .
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Loss As a Driver of Coexistence During Host-Phage Coevolution
    OPEN The ISME Journal (2018) 12, 585–597 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Immune loss as a driver of coexistence during host-phage coevolution Jake L Weissman1, Rayshawn Holmes2, Rodolphe Barrangou3, Sylvain Moineau4, William F Fagan1, Bruce Levin2 and Philip L F Johnson1 1Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA; 2Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; 3Department of Food, Bioprocessing, & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA and 4Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada Bacteria and their viral pathogens face constant pressure for augmented immune and infective capabilities, respectively. Under this reciprocally imposed selective regime, we expect to see a runaway evolutionary arms race, ultimately leading to the extinction of one species. Despite this prediction, in many systems host and pathogen coexist with minimal coevolution even when well- mixed. Previous work explained this puzzling phenomenon by invoking fitness tradeoffs, which can diminish an arms race dynamic. Here we propose that the regular loss of immunity by the bacterial host can also produce host-phage coexistence. We pair a general model of immunity with an experimental and theoretical case study of the CRISPR-Cas immune system to contrast the behavior of tradeoff and loss mechanisms in well-mixed systems. We find that, while both mechanisms can produce stable coexistence, only immune loss does so robustly within realistic parameter ranges. The ISME Journal (2018) 12, 585–597; doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.194; published online 12 January 2018 Introduction modification, and masking) and active immune systems that degrade phages (for example, While the abundance of bacteria observed globally is restriction-modification systems, CRISPR-Cas) impressive (Whitman et al., 1998; Hug et al., 2016; (Labrie et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Sympatry on Patterns of Bill Morphology
    THE EFFECTS OF SYMPATRY ON PATTERNS OF BILL MORPHOLOGY BETWEEN CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF BIRDS, WORLDWIDE by STEPHANIE SOUN KIM A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada June 2016 Copyright © Stephanie Soun Kim, 2016 ii Abstract When closely related species co-occur in sympatry, they face a significant challenge. They must adapt to the same local conditions in their shared environment, which favours the convergent evolution of traits, while simultaneously minimizing the costs of competition for shared resources that typically favours the divergent evolution of traits. Here, we use a comparative sister lineage approach to test how most species have responded to these conflicting selection pressures in sympatry, focusing on a key ecological trait: the bill morphology of birds. If similar bill morphologies incur fitness costs due to species interactions, then we predicted that the bill morphologies of closely related species would differ more in sympatry compared with allopatry. Alternatively, if similar bill morphologies incur fitness benefits due to local adaptation, then we predicted that the bill morphologies would be more similar in sympatry compared with allopatry. We used museum specimens to measure five aspects of bill (maxilla) morphology – depth, length, width, side shape, and bottom shape – in diverse bird species from around the world to test our alternative hypotheses. We found support for both divergent evolution and convergent evolution (or trait retention) in one ecological trait: closely related sympatric species diverged in bill depth, but converged in side shape. These patterns of bill evolution were influenced by the genetic distance between closely related sister taxa and the geographic distance between allopatric lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Lemurs of Madagascar – a Strategy for Their
    Cover photo: Diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema), Critically Endangered. (Photo: Russell A. Mittermeier) Back cover photo: Indri (Indri indri), Critically Endangered. (Photo: Russell A. Mittermeier) Lemurs of Madagascar A Strategy for Their Conservation 2013–2016 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Nicola Davies, Steig Johnson, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Josia Razafindramanana, Edward E. Louis Jr., and Serge Rajaobelina Illustrations and layout by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation Conservation International This publication was supported by the Conservation International/Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation Primate Action Fund, the Bristol, Clifton and West of England Zoological Society, Houston Zoo, the Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environments, and Primate Conservation, Inc. Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, and Conservation International Copyright: © 2013 IUCN Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA Citation: Schwitzer C, Mittermeier RA, Davies N, Johnson S, Ratsimbazafy J, Razafindramanana J, Louis Jr. EE, Rajaobelina S (eds). 2013. Lemurs of Madagascar: A Strategy for Their Conservation 2013–2016. Bristol, UK: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, and Conservation International. 185 pp. ISBN: 978-1-934151-62-4 Illustrations: © Stephen D.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origin of Species by Sympatric Speciation
    letters to nature population into two. Fortunately, the hypergeometic phenotypic model7–9 is 21. Turner, G. F. & Burrows, M. T. A model of sympatric speciation by sexual selection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 10 B 260, 287–292 (1995). applicable under the conditions required for sympatric speciation . For a 22. Galis, F. & Metz, J. A. J. Why are there so many cichlid species? Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 1–2 (1998). quantitative trait with the possible phenotypes 0, 1, …, n, this model provides, 23. van Doorn, G. S., Noest, A. J. & Hogeweg, P. Sympatric speciation and extinction driven by as a sum of certain hypergeometric functions, the probability Rði; j; kÞ of environment dependent sexual selection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1915–1919 (1998). 24. Axelrod, H. R. The Most Complete Colored Lexicon of Cichlids (TFH Publications, Neptune City, 1996). two parents with phenotypes i and j producing an offspring with phenotype 25. Seehausen, O., van Alphen, J. J. M. & Witte, F. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that k (refs 8–10). curbs sexual selection. Science 277, 1808–1811 (1997). 26. Seehausen, O. & van Alphen, J. J. M. The effect of male coloration on female mate choice in closely Implementation of the model. We considered haploid individuals with the related Lake Victoria cichlids (Haplochromis nyererei complex). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 42, 1–8 (1998). phenotype in their m-th trait determined by the number of alleles 1 at the nm 27. Lewontin, R. C., Kirk, D. & Crow, J. F. Selective mating, assortative mating and inbreding: definitions and implications. Eugen. Quart. 15, 141–143 (1966).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Rattlesnake Venom Involves Geographically Structured Coevolution and Local Adaptation to Prey DISSERTATION Presente
    Evolution of Rattlesnake Venom involves Geographically Structured Coevolution and Local Adaptation to Prey DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Matthew Landon Holding Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: H. Lisle Gibbs, Advisor Bryan Carstens Marymegan Daly Stuart Ludsin Copyrighted by Matthew Landon Holding 2017 Abstract Predators and prey coevolve to produce some of the most fascinating phenotypic characteristics of animals. However, coevolution is not a simple race toward the most extreme traits. The occurrence, strength, and outcomes of coevolution are hypothesized to be determined by multiple factors; some are environmental and others are intrinsic to the species involved. Although this complexity has been recognized and studied in fast- evolving hosts-parasite systems, testing the key predictions of coevolutionary theory in natural populations of predators and prey has remained a difficult task. I evaluated the effects of two key factors that impact coevolving rattlesnake venom and ground squirrel venom resistance–mechanisms of interaction and population demography–and I provide evidence that the broader composition of the small mammal prey community exerts selection on the venom phenotype as well. Toward this end, I collected Northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus) venom and California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) blood serum (which contains venom inhibitors) from multiple populations in California where California ground squirrels have evolved resistance to the venom. I developed an experiment to test for population-level adaptation of venom metalloproteinases in their interaction with ground squirrel venom inhibitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestication: Polyploidy Boosts Domestication
    PUBLISHED: 2 AUGUST 2016!| ARTICLE NUMBER: 16116 | DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2016.116 news & views DOMESTICATION Polyploidy boosts domestication A detailed phylogenetic study now shows that there is a compelling association between polyploidy and domestication, and that polyploidy more frequently occurs before domestication. Zhou Fang and Peter L. Morrell olyploidy and domestication are both important phenomena in plant Pevolution. Many important crops are polyploid, including banana, canola, cotton, oat, potato, sugar cane, sweet Polyploidization potato and wheat. A debate regarding a possible correlation between polyploidy and domestication in plants has continued for several decades. Now reporting in Nature Plants, Salman-Minkov and colleagues1 have used statistical and computational approaches to examine the association between polyploidy and domestication based on a comprehensive data set. They concluded that domesticated plants have Cultigen Wild progenitor undergone more polyploidy events than their wild relatives, and that polyploidy more frequently occurred before Domestication domestication (Fig. 1). Polyploid plants have multiple chromosome sets (derived from the same Figure 1 | Two possible scenarios involving polyploidy and domestication. Polyploidy could precede species or related species) due to abnormal domestication (dashed line), or domestication could come first (dotted line). cell division or through hybridization. Because of the increase in genome size and thus genetic diversity, polyploids can the cultivated crops during domestication4,5. case). Due to genome downsizing, using carry more favourable genetic variants Some polyploids exhibit ‘gigantism’ for chromosome number to define polyploids is compared to their wild diploid relatives — traits that can mimic those observed in the problematic. Salman-Minkov and colleagues disease resistance and adaptation to diverse domestication syndrome, such as increased reconstructed the phylogeny of each genus environments, or increased adaptation to seed or grain size.
    [Show full text]