WEST EUROPE_ ; WEST EUROPE. Basques call off rallies Spanish armed forces after royal decrees urged by the King grant form of self-rule to live with democracy From William Chislett que council .have yet to be From. William Chislett _ Discipline, he said, must be Madrid, Jan 2 detailed but are expected to be Madrid, Jan G observed, including when pun• Basque politicians met in similar to those of the Genera• King Juan Carlos appealeUd to ishments were .being meted San Sebastian today to call off litat oh matters like education the armed forces today to avoid out. Disciplinary " measures the massive demonstrations and agriculture. •': becoming politicized and to were recently taken against planned for Wednesday as a Bilbao : The Basque Nationalist Party, in a statement, said " continue the march of history several paramilitary. Civil result of the Government's to demonstrate to the world and the provisional autonomy mea• Guards officers for " political " granting over the weekend of a to ourselves that we are capable sure was only a channel for offences. . • •"'':;: limited form of autonomy to of living in peace, in democracy the transfer of powers from Since die death of General the Basque country. and in freedom." 1 Franco, under whom the armed Under two royal decrees, Madrid to the Basques and the The King made his speech whose urgent application the struggle was not yet over. " It during the armed forces Christ• forces formed the main pillar 'egislative committee of the represents an important step mas celebration, traditionally of the dictato-rship, the. King, Cortes approved today the in the process of recovering held on the day of Epiphany at has had to face a group of die-, three strictly Basque provinces our liberties", it added. the Orients royal palace, in hards reluctandy acceding to of Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya and' In an interview with a Bas• reply to an address in' wl-iich democracy. One of them Lieti-• Álava will come together in a que newspaper, Señor Jesus Lieu'ten-asiit-Generci M'~;.:uel tenant-General Carlos Iniesta made the sign of the cross yes-, general council of the Basque Maria de Leizaola4 president of Gutierrez Mellado, the Defence country. the Basque government, in Minister, said that' the armed terda-y when Lieutenant-- General José . Vega Rodriguez Navarra, the province long exile, issued a call today to forces continued to be " wor• alluded to two communist associated with the Basque end bloodshed in the Basque ried, but confident, tense, but cause, where the ruling Centre country. .-• • disciplined, conscientious and Españolagenerals wlw commanded Re• Party is in control, will stay Speaking from Paris, he serene 'despite ttlie sacri• publican armies during the out for the time being. There said: "The first, objective, fices ; . ." Civil War: ' - X- will probably be a referendum after the great, news, Ms that The liberal general, who has Madrid, Jan 6.—The Spanish to see whether the people of Basques must suspend all forms made himself very unpopular armed forces have launched a Navarra wish to join up with of bloody struggle and allow wtih the conservative elements campaign to improve their poli• the other three. the efforts of so many years to of the High Command, added tical image, but "coupled it with - The three strictly Basque bear fruit." - ' that if the object of terrorists a veiled reminder that they provinces enjoyed autonomy There is concern here that was to make the Army inter• could intervene if civil authority during the Civil War after the Basque separatist organiza vene " in the process of evolu• breaks down.' .- ;. ' .5.- which the Franco regime sup• tion ETA may try to sabotagi tion " they would not be succes- In newspaper articles mark• pressed all nationalist aspira• the ' agreement. ' .', ful. ; :.>-"• j- ing the armed forces' celebra• tions. The Basque country now According to the newspape. The general dad not name tion of the new year, senior joins Catalonia, with its Hoja del Limes, Lieutenant- which terrorist group he meant, generals reiterated their mission Generalitat government, as an Colonel Antonio Barriocana but it was clear from the im• of neutrality and safeguarding autonomous region. --"'-:" Martinez, head of the Civi partial tone of his speech that the constitutional order and the4 In matters like public order Guard in Bilbao, was dismissec the remarks ware, 'addressed independence, -integrity and'; and defence, however, Madrid for " alleged negligence " ovei both to right-wing and left- sovereignty of Spain. remains in control. The central the robbery of a consign wiring extremists. They mounted a public rela• Government also has the right meut of explosives as il The general mads it per• tions exercise after press re• to disband the Basque council was being transported without fectly clear that the anned ports of. dissent within the for security reasons. escort to quarries in Vizcaya.— forces were behind the King in forces both on military reforms The exact powers of the Bas• Reuter and AP. bringing back democracy to and political changes since the . Spain and that they had death of General Franco two ; immense confidence in him. years ago... . .j " The crown is the union, the Lieutenant-General José Vega'-: guide and the safest protector Rodriguez, the Army Chief of : TRANSICIÓNof the present . and future Staff, called on the press not Spain", he concluded.: ... , to dramatize, occasional arrests . Communists The King asked the armed of officers which he described-: forces to respect the limitations as a " corrective sanction ". for • imposed on their getting in• light offences. -Sensational re- 1 accept Spanish volved in political issues and ports of such arrests could, to be on their guard against be• amount to defamation, punish- monarchy M coming politicized. able bylaw, he said.-—Reuter.- Fro m Our Correspondent^/"^ Madrid, Jan 8 The tenth congress the Spanish Communist OWorkers' Party PCOE) ended here today with the reappointment of Senor Enrique Lister as Secretary General. Senor Lister, who considers the Eurocommunist leader of the Spanish Communist Party, Senor Santiago Carrillo, an apostate, told the PCOE party Fundacióncongress that Senor Carrillos is really a " Euro-opportunist" and a social democrat in dis• guise. Ignoring the attacks, the Spanish Communist Party this weekend announced that It will not oppose the definition, of the Spanish state as a monarchy in the draft constitu• tion soon to be voted on by Parliament. Spanish Communists upset Press photographer sought by former comrade's book after Basaue bombing From 'William Chislct ,ook which should greatly con• Madrid, Jan 9 From Harry jDebeliu™. cern them. .-. territory of Euzkadi (die Basque , À best-selling boo Madrid, Jan % Q ch In contrast to the party fipj country), ETA will continue its deals with the leádihg*'figüres A Basque VneWsptfper 'photo• leaders, the intellectual rank- armed actions, and will increase of the Spanish Communist grapher was the object of a and-file are eagerly devouring them at all levels", it stated. Party during the Franco era is widespread manhunt today after the book and their ^reactions Señor Josechu Zaldua, the causing' red faces in Com• highlight the party's'problems. Basque terrorists attacked three sought newspaper photographer, munist circles and has started Señor Semprún launches an police stations in northern Spain is suspected, according to a a fierce polemic. assault on the party's leaders, in less than six hours. statement issued yesterday by The book, Autobiography of Police are said to be " greatly the Provincial Governor of nearly all of whom.'fought in the Federico Sánchez, by Señor concerned " about the latest out• Navarra, of taking part in a Civil War. Séáóí . Carrillo break of. violence by the foiled bomb attack on a police Jorge Semprún, won the 1977 "embodies the traditional myth separatist organization ETA station in Pamplona early yes• Pianeta: Prize. Its first edition of the party: heroic and sterile (Basque Homeland and Liberty), terday morning. of ¡10,000 copies has almost blood . . ." which stole about a ton of explo• sold. out. Others are accused of lacking In the incident, police / Señor Seniprún, a member of sives in two hijackings in the wounded and captured one sus• all political imagination, and the party's executive committee Basque country at the end of pected ETA activist in a gun the author denounces the party who Worked clandestinely in last month. fight and managed to defuse a for being totally out of touch The last communique of the bomb which had been left in a Spain under, thè pseudonym of for most of the time during the extremist movement, issued dustbin outside the police Federico Sánchez in the 1950s rule of General Franco with the shortly after the explosives were station. and 1960s, was expelled from; Spanish economic and political the party in 1964. '•" cern them, or if they have they stolen, promised increased vio• The same morning, ETA also lence and hinted that police blew up a police car in the Señor. Santiago - Carrillo,; the prefer not to admit it. would be prime targets. industrial town of Eibar, slightlv party's Secretary-General, who Señor Carrillo believes that "Until the repressive forces injuring two policemen, and is severely criticized in the the book is aiding a hostile of the civil guard, the security machine-gunned a Civil Guard book, says that he has never campaign against him, and he police and the general police barracks in the coastal town of read it It seems that no one in said he never thought Señor o corps are withdrawn from the Ondárroa. the party has officially reaEspañolad a Semprún would say such things. Stiárez aid^fíüits at 'move to left From William Chislett by changing the party's pro- The programme of the Gov• Madrid, Jan 10 ramme. ernment, which is the Moncloa Señor Alfonso Osorio UrtH*«TU, Señor Osorio complained that Pact, agreed with all the main a persona!., adviser to Señor his advice had hardly been political parties, is hot the,same Suárez,. the' Prime Minister, has sought as that presented by the Centre resigned because he believes His resignation highlighted in its electoral programme. In; the ruling Democratic Centre the problems of the centre order to Jeach a consensus with Union Party is moving danger• party, formed recently by amal• S the. other parties, mainly the ; ous'! v ta tibe left. gamating the loose coalitioli of •"left, . the Centre has had to Sjñor Osorio. a Senator by 1 2parties led by Señor S'ffárez move slightly in that direction. designation of King Juan Carlos, in the last election. Señor In Catalonia and the Basque who was Minister of the Presi• Osorio is a Christian Democrat. country, which has just been dency in the past government, His resignation also con• granted a degree of autonomy,, is on the right wing of . the firmed the belief of many ob• coming restless about the partv. servers that the Centre does He has tsld Señor Suárez that opposition politicians are be- not have a coherent line and Government's dragging of its: the " centre left" line he is that it is held together by Señor following" goes against the Suárez. feet over the issue. wishes of 'his' electors, who The Prime Minister, who in The Basque Nationalist v~:ed for "a democracy of the Party and the Socialists have rifht". •' private admits to being a social democrat, apparently wants to decided to put their autonomy Señor Suárez reportedly aims take away some of the ground "into a state of hibernation" to take away three million votes of theTRANSICIÓN Socialists. If this is so until the Government settles, frcm the Socialists, the main then it would explain why the question of Navarra. The ¡c»ocsiti-cii -party, in the next . province associated with the o I general elections. "To try to Señor Manual Iribarne, leader of the neo-Francoist Popular Basque cause, has been left out; i fake away'votes from the left is of the autonomous, until a: loossibleSeñor Osorio said, Alliance, has recently started tn change the image of his referendum is held there on the i" but it -worries me from a issue of joining the other three ;national point of view." Such party, insisting that it is really Basque provinces. an aim should not be achieved "centre right".

Fundación

T WEST EUROPE. Search for Basque Three killed in police extremists From Our Correspondent , gunfight with (g- Madrid, Jan 12 Pamplona, where a police inspector and two members of the Basque separatist organiza• Basque separatists tion ETA were killed in a shoot• out yesterday, was under strong From Harry Debelius Pais reported today that Senor police: guard today as the hunt Madrid, Jan 11 Tamames had said in Gijon a n members continued. that he still believed a military AH entrances to Pamplona At least three men were shot man should head the ministry, were closely guarded and dead in a gun battle) between security measures on the fron• plainclothed policeman and because the present minister, tier with France have been Basque separatists on the Senor Rodolfo Martin Villa, tightened. streets of the northern city of " is burnt out and should Pamplona this afternoon. rssign.' . . *' The police found a blood• •••• The shoot-out occurred in Shortly after Senor.Tamames stained ikurrina, the Basque the San Jorge section of the had expressed that ppinipa.,fqr national flag, early today on city, only minutes after police the i'irst time at a recent press the spot where the two 'ETA inspectors had searched a flat conference, Senor .: Santiago members bad been shot dead thought-, to , be used by Carrillo, secretary-general of In a flat raided just before members of the , extremist the Communist, Party, the shooting, the police said organization ETA.. As police remarked that military1 men they had discovered plans to lay in wait .outside the should not be dragged into asfsassinate a Member of Parlia• entrance to : the apartment political affairs. '•:> -v-- ment of the ruling Democratic block, their quarry drove up /Senor- Tamames—- aaivi- rrr Centre Union for Navarra and and. shooting broke out. Two Gijon :•: "T expressed a per• to kidnap an industrialist. STA men and one policeman sonal opinion and Carrillo gave Pamplona is the capital of were killed..": his opinion, which does not Navarra, a province whicEspañolah is . Initial, reports said: others coincide with mine ; but there not included in the Govern• were injured. It was not clear is no need for any rectifi• ment's autonomy measure for vhether the . injured included cation.'' Senor Tamames, a the Basque country. It is be- 'vystanders as well as police- leading economist, proposed 1 lieved that ETA had deliber• -nen. Lieutenant-General Jose Vega ately chosen Pamplona for its operations in order to increase The .search was carried out Rodriguez, the Army chief-of- tension. The Democratic Centre •oparentlv on the basis of evi• staff for the job. Union won a majority of seats dence which police gathered The existence of " certain in the province and is resisting arly this morning after the anti-democratic strongholds" pressure by the Basque National• •rrest of two suspected ter- in the security police and the ist Party and the Socialists to irists. • • . • • • paramilitary Civil Guard made the appointment of a military incorporate Navarra into the The arrests were part of an Basque country. There is a itensive operation which got man advisable, he said. Gen• eral Vega Rodriguez is a likelihood of a referendum nder way after, the Christmas being held in Navarra on the °ek theft of about one ton of former commander-in-chief of igh explosives bv the ETA in the Civil Guard. -0 separate, incidents in the In Madrid, Lieutenant-Gen• 3asque country. eral Manuel Gutierrez Mellado, The death toll today was the Deputy Prime Minister for ughest for a single incident Defence, addressed the defence ince last October when Bas• committee of the Congress of que extremists shot dead a Deputies and called on polit• overnment official and two ical parties to advise their nembers of his bodyguard members to refrain from polit• near Bilbao. ical activities while doing their In a recent clandestine state• military service. He also asked Señor Suárez will try ment the ETA promised to for " support anTRANSICIÓNd respect" for -scalate ;its violent activities the armed forces. . ' •;•••„ ' until the securitv police and He told the MPs that the -he Civil Guard are withdrawn armed forces would be to speed op local polls !rom the Basque country ".- reformed, but thaa the changes 'A'Suggestion that a general mwst be made " without From William Chislett | Ira, an interview published in should be put in charge of the trauma". His ministry was Madrid, Jan 15 the newspaper El Pais today, interior Ministry has been working on a law to give pro• Señor Suárez, the (Spanish Señor Gonzalez said his party -epeated by Senor Ramon tection to conscientious objec• Prime Minister, andl Señpr would not form, .an alliance- Tamames, the Communist MP, tors, and waiting for proposals Felipe Gonzalez, the Seerttiist with the Comrnnnist Party for vin npite of his party leader's from oteer ministries. regard• leader, have agreed to try to the municipal"" elections. It rejection of the idea. ing social work which the see that municipal elections would rujíateme as part of its The Madrid newspaper El objectors might perform. and a referendum on the new strategy^o* " achieving in the constitution are held before nextÉftra&lative elections suffi- ' June 15. ciemt'-^otes to become the Señor Suárez is understood alternative political power". to have told Señor Gonzalez Police stoned : Thousands of that he could not commit him-, Basque demonstrators, protest-, self to this date, but that he ing over the deaths in Pam• would make every effort to plona five days ago of two meet it. separatist guerrillas, pelted Fundación If this timetable is fulfilled, police with bricks, tiles and Spain's 200-mile limit the political programme em• stones in San Sebastian. Riot Madrid, Jan 12.—A committee anating from the general elec• police fired back rubber bullets of the Cortes has approved a tions of last June will have and smoke bombs, but made no draft law that would extend the been finished in a year. Trade attempt to penetrate the old limit of Spain's control over union elections start next part of town week. coastal waters to 200 miles from Nightclub bombed : Four men the present 12 miles. The The Socialists have rejected and a girl hurled bags filled extension is in reply to a the Government's idea that with petrol bombs into the similar one made by EEC town halls be run for the Scala nightclub complex in countries last year. moment by committees made up proportionally according to Barcelona, the biggest in Spain, the votes each party obtained killing at least three people, last June. the police said. The building The Socialists want elections was gutted. A telephone call to by May 15 to replace the town the national radio saying Frap, councils, which still contain the outlawed anti-fascist front, many people from the Franco was responsible led Frap to issue a disclaimer.—Reuter. Metro bombs put police King Juan Carlos rallies in Madrid on alert to hisPrimeMiniste? From Our Correspondent, to a Barcelona newspaper said Madrid, Jan 16 •The illegal, Maoist movement From Our Correspóndentj gratulated^Senor Osorio on his Police patrols were incTe"ased Frap (the Patriotic Antifascist Madrid, Jan 17 action *imd made his strongest here today after two bomb Revolutionary Front) was attaclc^yet on the Centre, claim• responsible for the blast but King Juan Carlos ing that many voters had been explosions this morning and to the aidof his Prime yesterday's fire-bomb attacks Frap later issued a disclaimer. swindled when they voted for it. -In other'fir£?[bomb incidents Señor Suárez, whose popularity The right, particularly con• in Barcelona, in which as many is reported to be declining and ?in^'BarCelbr&t<' yesterday, gangs servative banking circles, are as four people may have died. who is under attack from the M youths, said by police sources beginning to feel uneasy about One jf the bombs in Madrid right, by letting it be known in to be members of the Maoist the economic situation and the tore ou' a section of track of the an interview that he continues PCI (Independent Communist atempts being made to reduce underground railway in a to have confidence in him. Party), attacked a police station, their privileges. suburb, the other damaged the three oolice vehicles, a bank, a He is quoted in this week's The King has been most care• entrance hall of the offices of municipal office, an office of issue of the news magazine ful, since he took over from the company which owns the the internal revenue service and Cambio 16 as saying: ' Why General Franco, not to descend underground. No one was hurt. two policemen on foot. should I not trust Suarez ? If I to the political arena too Spain's most elegant supper Violence also erupted in San had not trusted him, as some overtly, although identifying club, La Scala, burnt to the Sebastian in protest against the have said, I would not have re-. himself whole-heartedly with ground in Barcelona yesterday shooting of two Basque guer• appointed him." the democratic process. He is afternoon when four men and a rillas. He appointed Señor Suárez aware of the attempts being girl smashed the plate-glass First union vote: Spain's six head of the Second Government made by the Popular Alliance, doors and threw in petrol million industrial workers under the monarchy after dis• which was defeated humiliat- bombs. At least one employee began voting in the country's missing Señor Carlos Arias, ingly .in the general election, died and three other people are first free trade union elections then asked him to form the to change its image to one of missing. since the civil war ended in third one after Señor Suárez's "centre right". The King party, the Democratic Centre regards the role of Senor Suarez An adjoining discotheque was 1939. They were choosing Union, won last June's general as vital for the transition also destroyed. Losses were works councils which will be estimated at about £3m. elections. period. /"V responsible for salary and other In the interview the li An anonymous telephone call negotiations.—Reuter. Last week Señor Alfonso Osorio, one of Señor Suárez'Españolas defined his role as " a mea"I3t- personal advisers, resigned his ing power above political post because of wide political parties". His considerable disagreements over the " centre powers, left to him by General left" line of Señor Suárez. Franco, will be reduced to those Señor Manuel Fraga Iribarne, of a constitutional monarch in leader of the neo-Francoist the new constitution, which will Spain legalizes Popular Alliance, later con- be debated soon in the Cortes. a radical , Basque party] Spaniards are From Our CorrespondeCorrespondentd — Madrid, Jan 19<, ivSftO . The Spanish-Interior Ministry urged to U has legalized, the Basque Re• volutionary* Party (EIA) which invest more is Offshoot of ETA, the mili• From Our Correspondent' tant Basque separatist organiza• Madrid, Jan 19 tion. Professor Enrique^ Fuentes Last September, the ministry Quintana, the Deputy Prime refused to legalize EIA because Minister for Economic Affairs its statutes favoured the setting has told Spanish business up of a separate socialist journalists that there are no Basque State, The party has easy solutions for their coun• since modified its statutes and try's economic problems and the ministry approved them yes• that the Moncloa pact on terday. TRANSICIÓNeconomic measures, including a The controversial legalization 22 per cent wage ceiling, is the O is believed to have been effec• only way out of the crisis. ted in order to reduce political . He said in a speech yesterday tension in the Basque country. that he would resign if the ETA, which is wants to estab• Government did not fulfil the lish an independent, Marxist conditions of the pact. He also Basque state, has not renounced emphasized the need for far its campaign of violence. more investments. Simultaneously the Interior Ministry declared illegal an ex• Spaniards have been reluctant treme left-wing party operating to invest since the death of the Canary Islands, together General Franco because of the with another one in Galicia and uncertain political situation, j a small communist splinter This is reflected in the steady ' party. slide of the Madrid Stock Exchange. Figures published today show a balance of trade deficit for 1977 of 575,202m pesetas Fundación (£3,735m). / o o

i ime for Spain to stop living beyond its means

"Under Franco we lived bet• dodgers. There is no record energy price increases. Franco assured the support ter" is an emerging right-wing that the late dictator ever paid The Moncloa Pact is of workers not just by impris• slogan that will be severely taxes. William Chislett designed to cure these ills, or oning leaders and bringing out tested this year when the In the' two years since he at least inoculate EspañolaSpain the riot police every • time Spanish Government puts its died, the Spanish economy has which in turn will have an against the economic malaise there was labour trouble, but economic programme into gone from bad to worse, and adverse effect on production. before it infects the demo• also by a high degree of practice. now that the birth pangs of After the tremendous boom cratic process. Its architects— feather-ibedding job security The political structure of the political democracy are over— years of the sixties, when from the Communists to the and protectionism. The first country is being profoundly teething problems, however, Spain shot from a largely agri• neo-Francoist Popular democratic government hopes changed with the existence of remain—laittention wall be cultural country to a predo• Alliance—have had the wis• to win workers' support political parties and trade urgently focused on the minantly industrial one—the dom, unlike their counterparts through an improved social unions, regions in the process economy. ninth industrial power in the in Portugal, to get together. programme and a more equi• table share of wealth. of getting home rule, and a Already it is clear that the world—Spain is now in the They hope to bring inflation Parliament stawly beginning to peseta in the Spaniard's pocket throes of a crisis. down to 15 per cent by the The prospects are cloudy. It function. will not be worth as much this The inflation rate for 1977 end of this year through im• is hard to see, for example, how Spain can reduce its huge But economically the rigid year as last year. Inevitably was about 28 per cent, making posing a wage ceiling of 22 per energy imports bill which last structure left behind by this will lead to a hardening of it the highest in the OECD cent and price controls. They General Framcoi—She excessive political positions. (1976 was 20 per cent), the year . amounted to nearly will try to cut the payments $5,000m for crude oil—a big power of tihie banks and of the The reality of the situation balance of payments deficit of deficit through fiscal controls drain on the balance of pay• state-run industrial cartel INI is that Spain can no longer the order of $3,000m, unem• and export incentives. The ments—without enormously and the high degree of centra• afford to go on living at the ployment was at least a million money supply growth will be (unofficially) out of a 13.3 mil• pushing up the price to act as lization.—leaves a lot to be rate that it has for the past reduced to 17 per cent in 1978, lion labour force and hundreds a deterrent for consumers. desired. few years. It is unfortunate after having been cut to an of small firms are faced with Spain herself produces a tiny The economic programme, political capital for left and the prospect of bankruptcy. annual rate of 18 per Cent in amount of what she consumes. the Moncloa Pact, agreed be• right that this decline coin• the .'ast quarter of 1977. Spain's eventual membership tween all political-parties, will cided with the end of the dic• All cf this is reflected in the State spending will aiiso be of the EEC is a long way off affect everyone including King tatorship. Between 1971 and steady slide of the Madrid cut in some areas, but overall yet, and already negotiations, Juan Carlos, who this year will 1976, according to the National stock exchange which in 1976 will still rise by 25 per cent. particularly over agriculture, have to submit an income tax Institute of Statistics, fell by 28 per cent (taking On the brighter side the fis• aire bogged down with Spanish return, as Finance Minister Spaniards lived beyond their January, 1976, as 100) and by cal revenue should rise by 25 officials firmly resisting the Francisco Fernindez Ordonez means, but in 1978 it is 32 per cent last year. Spain is per cent with the tax increases conditions (a very gradual pointed out in an end of year expected that they will sharply now paying for not taking cut down on their expenditures stepTRANSICIÓNs earlier after the 1973 or, more importantly , the reduction of tariffs) being warning of a crackdown on tax enforcement of tax collection. offered to her.

Fundación New Statesman 20 January 1978 67 unknown quantity. They have little at the moment to help them understand it more William Chislett clearly. They are baffled by the new Cor• tes, whose debates are not much more lively than in Franco's rubber-stamp days, when it was not uncommon for those few attend• Spain's Election Year ing to fall asleep. The new representatives still fall asleep from time to time on the polished wooden Spaniards will have plenty of chances this of New Guinea are famous for having gone benches of the 19th-century chamber, but /ear to exercise their new-found right to in one generation from the Stone Age to never when Manuel Fraga, head of the vote, tested last June when the country the 20th century. Spaniards are beginning neo-Francoist Popular Alliance, and San• went to the polls for the first time in 41 to be famous for going from a dictatorship tiago Carrillo, leader of Spain's Eurocom- years, for 1978 has already been billed as of 40 years to democracy without revolution munist party, confront one another in de• the year of elections'. No one knows, not or war,' said the bestselling weekly news bates. It was only eight months ago during sven Prime Minister Suarez, the exact order magazine, Cambio 16, in its last issue for the electoral campaign that Fraga said he in which the elections will come, but trade 1976. Exactly the same percentage of would never sit down with a Communist. union, municipal and fresh general elec• Spaniards as Britons - 82 per cent in both Now he has no option. In the last debate tions after a referendum on the new con• cases - were satisfied with their way of fife, on public order, arising from condemnation stitution to replace Franco's Fundamental said polls carried out by the magazine; al• by the Socialists and Communists of the Laws will be held. The Government found though Spaniards have many more reasons continued repressive way in which the police to its surprise at the end of last year that to be discontented. But there is a mood of put down demonstrations, Carrillo was so the price of democracy was not as high as pessimism here, over and above the normal incensed by Fraga's remarks about the it had thought. After paying out the money cynicism of Spaniards. Surrealism would per• illegal use of the Republican flag, and the' due to those political parties, which won haps better describe it, as democracy stops need to strengthen, not disarm, the police, that he pointed his finger at him and told seats in the Cortes in the June election, it being a word that Spaniards were taught him that in the next confrontation the found that it was left with a surplus of £4m. was decadent under Franco. Now they The Government budgeted for £15m. and winners would not be the same as in 1939. It watch the new political class put it into prac• Española paid out £llm. - which came as a much was the first time that Carrillo had lost tice, like children discovering a new toy. needed boost for the fledgling parties. his cool. A woman spectator from the pub• 'I have the very painful sensation,' Pro• lic gallery then shouted 'Paracuellos' (a vil• Spaniards got through their first demo• fessor Enrique Tierno Galvan, head of the lage outside Madrid where thousands of cratic year remarkably unscathed, although minority Popular Socialist Party said, 'that people were murdered during the 'civil war there were 30 deaths (18 police and 12 we are spectators at our own destruction.' by Republican forces). civilians) from political violence. 'The For the old guard, democracy is still some• Manuses (the people of the island of Manus) thing horrible, and for the great majority an Fraga's law and order speech sounded

TRANSICIÓN

Fundación New Statesman 20 January 1978 '8 ke one made by Jose Maria Gil Robles gether to strengthen Banesto's position as concept and declare itself simply Marxist. 1 1936, just before the civil'war, when the the leading Spanish bank. Its board of The new constitution, which will be the :ader of the right-wing CEDA said that directors includes such regime stalwarts as fourth to be used by Spain this century, has •liticians were 'present at the funeral ser- Gregorio Lopez Bravo, who failed to get been finished with remarkable speed and ice for democracy'. This was no funeral elected last June for the Popular Alliance. lack of drama. It should be approved by srvice, albeit diehards have been in mourn- With friends like Lopez Bravo, the Alliance, June, with the Socialists kicking up the lg since Franco's death, but a belated fiery which overspent in the election on the as• most fuss over the issue of the monarchy. aptism of the Parliament. sumption that it would win more than 16 They will insist that Spain should be a The house that Franco built is being dis- seats, need have no financial worries. republic and that the head of state be a lantled brick by brick, with the ruling While political records drawn up by the president and not a king, but really they )emocratic Centre Union party making police during the dictatorship are being could not care less and are playing to the lire that the foundations - the armed for• gathered together and destroyed, parties are gallery. Theirs is a double game and Car• es, the police, the economic 'bunker' and drawing up,their political programmes in rillo is staying out of it. King Juan Carlos le church - suffer a minimum of distur- preparation for their congresses. The Com• told me when I saw him towards the end ance during the removal. There have been munists in February will start the ball of last year that the Socialist leader Felipe o purges in the de facto powers. How rolling by holding their first congress in Gonzalez will be a 'surprise'. He would not ould there be? Franco died with his boots Spain since the civil war and, true to the elaborate further. Meanwhile the people of n, and was not overthrown like his Por- headlining capacity of its leader Carrillo, Madrid seem more concerned in getting uguese counterpart. There have been a few it will be full of surprises; not the least that into see Last Tango in Paris which opened ranoueuvrings of positions among those the party will probably become the first this month. ontrolling important military regions, but officially to depart from the Marxist-Leninist Madrid lie police have hardly been touched, loberto Conesa, who in the Fifties was root- ng out communists like Simon Sanchez lontero (16 years in prison, now a com- nunist deputy for Madrid), is back as head if the new Antiterrorist Brigade. Roger Omond The armed forces are swallowing the de• Española mocratic changes reluctantly, but thanks o the tireless work of the liberal Defence Minister, Lt. General Manuel Gutierrez South Africa's Other Terrorism vfellado, in a disciplined way. The General las become very unpopular with the con- ervative military hierarchy as he seeks to 'This year can't be worse than 1977,' said shot at and bombed, parcel-bombs sent nake the armed forces into a professional, somebody shortly after the New Year was through the post. (There was, in fact, one ion-political body. His enemies openly ushered in with South Africa's usual earlier fatality when exiled Black Conscious• iccuse him of being a traitor and a free- drunken car-hooting. 'Can it?' he asked ness leader Abraham Tiro was killed by a nason. desperately searching for optimistic reassur- parcel-bomb in Gaderone but Dr Turner's The seven-year sentence imposed on Air -ance. Yes it can. The year was exactly a death was the first known political murder 7orce Captain Dominguez at the end of week old when banned University of Natal of a white radical in South Africa itself.) December by a court martial for belonging lecturer Rick Turner was gunned down in One of the most sickening incidents of o the now disbanded Democratic Military front of his two young daughters. South right-wing intimidation was the skinning of Jnion was a pertinent reminder of how sen- Africa's terrorist epidemic had entered a a cat belonging to the retarded daughter of itive the 'ultras' remain two years after new phase. radical theologian Dr Basil Moore. The cat he death of their hero. The Captain, who Turner, a brilliant Marxist political scien• was left at the Moores' front door with a •eturned from exile last year, will not have tist, was far from being the first victim of ribbon round its neck. The family left the •JO serve the sentence as he fell within right-wing gangsterism. Up to 1974 there country shortly afterwards. More recently ;he terms of the October amnesty, but he is had been at least 100 reported cases. Since the five-year-old daughter of banned editor wparated from the armed forces. Too many thenTRANSICIÓN there have been many more. And - Donal d Woods was sent an acid-impregnated sabres would rattle were an overt democrat surprise; surprise - only one court case. T-shirt. They too left. •JO be allowed back within the ranks. The authorities don't appear too concerned Unlike most extremist organisations, The outcome of the trade union elections, about right-wing terrorism, although the which scramble to claim responsibility for low being held, will considerably clarify the liberal press is always accused of double acts of terrorism, only one right-wing relative strengths of the socialist General standards when it draws attention to this South African organisation has ever ad• Union of Workers, and the communist Wor• phenomenon and does not beat its editorial mitted to being on the warpath. That was kers' Commissions. The Centre 'Party' (it breast over every incident of terrorism from the right-wing Scorpio Group, two of whose is really a federation of 12 parties who have the Left. Police Minister James Thomas members were caught red-handed painting aow agreed to disband), that wily con• Kruger, quick to rush in with a statement defamatory slogans on a wall at the Univer• glomeration of self-perpetuating interests, after the Johannesburg Carlton Centre bomb sity of Cape Town. They were also the only many of whose leaders were converted to blast and most other incidents of anti- two ever to be convicted of right-wing democracy in the back of a limousine at government terrorism, has remained un• terrorism. The Left believes (with some the end of the dictatorship, has no trade usually quiet over right-wing attacks. Nor justification) that police investigations often union. Employers are visibly beginning to does he appear eager to activate his police are cursory at best. And there is a well- tremble at the inevitable gaining of more force. In 1974, presented with the list of founded suspicion that at least some of these left-wing muscleFundación. Of course there is a catch, 100-od d rightist terrorist incidents, he said: criminals operate from police stations. for the elections are only 'provisional' until 'What do you expect me to do? I am not a South Africa, in the words of one black the new labour law is approved, by which policeman.' He added the victims should playwright, is 'a land where a cop is not time Suarez hopes that his party may have report to the police and write to him if not your friend'. The politicians have legislated a trade union like the Italian CISL. In this satisfied: not much comfort there. And in their prejudices and fears on to the statute election Suarez will tell his supporters to December last year Lieutenant-General book and demanded that the police enforce vote for the host of independent unions. Mike Geldenhuys (former head of the them against the wishes of the majority of Faced with an increasingly vociferous Special Branch) said it had not been proved the population. The police seldom attract Left, the main families are closing their that any of these cases had been politically the cream and political considerations go a ranks. Banks, of which Spain seems to have motivated. long way in deciding promotion (as they do almost as many as bars, have started to The surprising factor in all these revenge in all South African Government Depart• merge. In the latest merger at the end of and/or intimidatory attacks is that nobody ments). And, naturally police forces always December Banesto and Banco Coca, 90-per• was killed before Rick Turner. Cars have attract their ration of sadists, particularly cent owned by the Coca family, came to• been firebombed and tampered with, houses in a society that gives its political police WEST EUROPE, Amnesty is granted Ban on protest show over murder against arrest of premier From Our Corresponder of Barcelona ajgtirs j Madrid, Jan 20 n'\:.* ''".- From Harry Debelius 3> years . in : jail,. for Señor The Madrid provincial court Beadella and 12 years for the ruled today that all suspects in Madrid, Jan 20 o tiier four. che case of the assassination in For the second timi Els Joglars presented La 1973 oí Admiral Luis Carrero authorities in Barcelona have Torna, a mime about the execu• Blanco, a former Prime Minis• banned an all-day variety show tion of a. Polish murderer in ter under General Franco, in which scores of entertainers 1974, staged .at a Barcelona should be granted full amnesty planned to express support for theatre last December. After under a law passed in October five fellow troupers facing court the. twelfth performance the The court also ruled that sus• martial, on charges of insulting Army intervened. The prose• pects in the case of the 1974 the armed forces. cutor is asking for 12 sentences explosion opposite the central The spectacle, • entitled For of one to one and a half years' police headquarters in Madrid Freedom of Expression, was to jail each—one sentence for each were also entitled to full am• call attention to the plight of of the 12 performances. nesty because they had acted Senor Albert.- Boadella, the from political motives. Twelve manager of a mime troupe Among those who were to people were killed and about known as Els Jbglars, and four take part in tomorrow's show 70 injured by the explosion. of his actors. They were arres• was Luis Llaeh,. a singer. A ted by order of the Army on filmed, interview in which he There were 14 suspects in the December 16,. under laws, in criticized the arrest of Señor assassination case and nine in force since General Franco's Boadella was. removed f rorri that of the explosion, but four regime and giving the armed newsréels shown in Barcelona >-s.ames appeared on both lists. ( ) Among those benefiting from forces the authority to hold and : cinemas this week apparently by r"fne count ruling is SeñoT try civilians in certain cases. order of. the new reinstalleEspañolad l Pedro Ignacio Perez Beotegui, The planned spectacle was to Genaralitat. the Catalan regional alias Wilson, a Basque who have taken place in Barcelona's government. studied in Britain. The police Montjuich Park tomorrow. Others who planned to take alleged that he had prepared The event, had originally been part . in the show included the assassination plot. planned for January 7, but, Manuel - Getena and Raimon, Others include Dr Genoveva under pressure from the Army,, both singers who were repeat- Forest Tarat. who is alleged to the authorities refused permis- edly arrested, fined and banned have written the ETA book sion^on the grounds that the under General Franco. about Admiral Carrero's assas• application for the permit was - The trial is expected, to be sination Operation Ogre. She is improperly drawn tip. . held in' Barcelona before the . the wife of Alfonso Sastre a in explaining the second pro• end of the month. Even if the playwright. 'Most' of those affec• hibition, the Barcelona Civil court accepts the prosecutor's ted, bv. the court ruling, includ• Governor said .in a statement demands,. none of the five will ing Dr Forest, have alreid;/ that the decision, to ban the have to . serve more than four been provisionally released. show was based on fears " of and a half years.at most. Others have been in hiding new provocations by radical A provision in the code, of until today. groups which might try to take military justice says that when Members of the family of advantage of the noble aims of multiple sentences are imposed, Eduardo Moreno Bergar'ecbe. the organizers of the festival, the prisoner should not serve alias Pertivr, the late ETA in order to commit new criminal more than three times the leader, allege that he was killed acts". This was a reference to length of the longest single by members of his own organ• a fire in a Barcelona night club sentence. ' ization in a dispute in San in which four people died last Thus, if the longest single Sunday. Sebastian in IS/6. The ETA sentence, meted, out to the claimed that be had been killed . A military prosecutor has manager turns out to be ode by the secret police. filed, a pre-trial brief in the and one-half years, he will not ease of the- mime troupe, have to serve .more than three demandinTRANSICIÓNg sentences totalling O times that period.

Fundación WEST EUROPE. Terrorists murder former mayor of Barcelona and wife by strapping bomb to his chest From Harry Debelius bomb taped to Dr Sauret's chest went off prematurely. His hands Madrid, Jan 25 were found intact, indicating Terrorists forced their way that he had not attempted to into the home of the former remove it. Furthermore one of major of Barcelona today and the terrorists was seen fleeing murdered him and his wife in from the scene of the crime, a particularly cruel bomb his face splattered with blood. attack. The case was similar to a The former mayor, Dr bomb attack on a wealthy Joaquin Viola Sauret, who was Catalan industrialist, Señor 64, and his wife, Montserrat, José María Bulto Marqués, also were killed in their bedroom by in Barcelona, on May 9. That the explosion of a bomb taped murder was believed to be the to his chest. work of the leftist terrorist Within hours of the murder organization known as ERAP Radio Nacional reported from (Revolutionary Anti-fascist Barcelona that a spokesman for Patriotic Forces). the International Spanish Com• Dr Viola Sauret, a member of munist Party, a Maoist group the Cortes under General not to be confused with the Franco for several years before Spanish Communist Party, being appointed mayor of claimed responsibility for the Barcelona, left the mayorality Española attack. The Maoist group took to become director general of part in a number of violent local administration in the attacks on police in Barcelona Dr Joaquin Viola Sauret: A Ministry of the Interior under on January 15. note from the attackers. the first Government formed after General Franco's death. The police said that a note When a maid opened the door, was found next to the couple's they threatened her with a He was also president of remains containing instructions machine-gun and tied her up. several companies and was at from the attackers. The police They then ordered one of Dr one time a member of the did not specify what they were. Sauret's sons and his fiancee Council of the Realm. A group of four or five not to leave one of the rooms, The couple were the fifth people, including a woman, while they made their way to and sixth people to be mur• rang the doorbell at the his father's bedroom. They dered by terrorists in Barcelona luxurious Sauret flat in found the former mayor and in the past nine days. Four Barcelona's Generalísimo bis wife still in bed. people died in a night club fire Avenue shortly after 8 am. The police believe that the on January 15

Minister taunted at BarcelonTRANSICIÓNa funeral From Harry Debelius murder on behalf of Maoist, Madrid, Jan 26 Marxist-Leninist and anarchist organizations. Right-wing , demonstrators Among those attending the jostled and insulted Señor funeral was Senor Josep Tar- Rodolfo Martín Villa, the Mini• radellas, president of the ster of the Interior, today at the Generalitat, the Catalan funeral in Barcelona of a former regional government. News• mayor of the city and his wife, papers and statements from who were murdered by terror• political parties all over the ists in their home yesterday. country roundly condemned the Of the estimated 4,500 people killing of the prominent Fran• at the funeral, several hundred cois t and his wife, the ninth took part in the incident, shout• and tenth people to die in ing " the Army to power" and political violence this year. calling the minister a " traitor ". Spanish news agencies have Uniformed police escorted the distributed a resumé of docu• minister away from the scene ments said to contain orders to and there were no arrests. members of the Basque sepa• FundaciónDr Joaquin Viola Saure t and ratist organization ETA urging his wife were killed when a them to " continue the execu• bomb taped to Dr Viola Sauret's tions ". chest went off. Madrid, Jan 26.—Police fired The technique was similar to rubber bullets and smoke that used last May when a bombs to put down a mutiny at wealthy Barcelona industrialist Madrid's Carabanchel jail today, was killed. In both cases extor• prison sources said. tion as well as political motives Spanish prisoners have been appeared to play a part. Sus• protesting in recent months pects arrested in the first case about living conditions and the were set free last year under Government's refusal to grant an amnesty. them the amnesty terms by A number of anonymous tele• which hundreds of political phone callers have variously prisoners were freed last year. claimed responsibility for the —Reuter. Señor Areilza confident of success without concessions to left by speaking for expanding middle class c Bourgeois party founded in Spain From Harry Debelius . announced the formation of " Yet they have a very im• Madrid, Jan 30 Liberal Citizens' Action under portant say in every high Pollsters' predictions of vic• the presidency of . Señor decision which is taken, tory for the Socialists in Areilza, through the fusion of whether in the oplitical, Spain's coming municipal elec• five smaller organizations, the economic or social field. tions have started a leftward Liberal Party, the Progres• Growing general discontent scramble by politicians of the sive Liberal Party, the Inde• about the soaring crime rate, right and centre, all hoping to pendent Liberal Party, . the continuing political violence improve their individual or Catalon People's Party, and the and the prolonged economic party positions. But Señor José Gall dan Democratic Party. slump may swell the ranks of María de Areilza, the former The manifesto published in the new party but it seems des• Foreign Minister, is not one of these advertisements offered tined to draw its supporters . them. v "a universal alternative,^ in largely from the Centre Demo• He has just formed a new order to overcome the climate cratic Union of Señor Adolfo political party with which, he of confusion, disillusionment Suárez, the Prime Minister, told The Times in Madrid, and fear". It added: "We thus fractionalizing the centre. " we. hope to fill the vacuum want to restore confidence and Such a development, which in the centre and the vacuum security in the future to mil• would improve the relative

in part of the right". The new lions of Spaniards." ;; . strength of a unified Socialist party, Liberal Citizens' Action The aristocratic president of movement, does not seem to be (LCA), "appeals to a sector the new party (Señor Areilza an immediate concern of Señor which. for the left has a very is the Marquis of Santa Rosa Areilza, and he obviously does bad name, a sector which is del Rio and Count of Motrico) not believe in the kind of com• always being attacked by the evolved during his long career promises which Señor Suárez left: the bourgeoisé ". from a loyal supporter of the makes. Unabashedly bourgeois him• Franco regime into an out• "It is one thing", Senor self, the businessman and spoken and heavily fined advo• Areilza told The Times, " to let former diplomat believes that cate of democratic freedom in them (the left) participate General Franco's latter years. Española Spain's industrial development and have their say and their has given most Spaniards com• A prominent monarchist as vote and somehow get their mon goailis and interests. well as a Liberal, he was an consensus on the general line " We have today a majority obvious choice to form part of which we are going to take as of people who really share a the first government under the a government. But it's another way of life, of consumer newly reinstated monarchy. to lose in two ways—one habits, of attitudes, of educa• Now, after a year and a half because the people who are tion", hie said. "These people on the sidelines, he returns to making concessions to you are include the I. middle class— the political arena. hostile, and secondly because which . is strong today but " Millions of people who you lose your own world of which was proportionately very voted for the Government support.'* small in 1936 when the civil party on June 15 are today in Defining the "frontiers" of war began—the members of a state of confusion and great his party as " the Socialist and the liberal professions and the frustration ", he remarked. Communist parties and the higher level of the working " They feel that the policy of extreme right-wing nucleus class, the white-collar workers the Government, the image of who do not voluntarily accept and many blue-collar workers. the Government, have changed. the democratic system", he "Of course this majority in• The Government has let itself continued: "We believe we cudes industrialists, exec• be pushed into making a de have the possibility of rallying utives, tradesmen and so many facto agreement with the left. a great mass of centre opinion, segments of Spanish society. I So we have today in Spain a incorporating a liberal and think it is a great mistake to government of the centre with democratic philosophy that split this group into pieces. I the collaboration of a Socialist would give these people the think that these people today Party and a Communist Party. sensation that we know what have the feeling that they will "But the latter two have no we want to do and where we lose the standing that they respe sibiity and therefore are going. ... We want to have achieved, and they do not suffea no erosion or degrada• change everything that needs want to go down on the scale." tion TRANSICIÓNof their own prestige. All changing in Spanish society but we do not want to change Full-page advertisements in that fals only on the Govern• the society itself. all' Madrid newspapers ment party.

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