Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
October 2, 2014
Prepared for: Prepared by: Washington Headquarters Services AECOM Timmons Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Table of Contents
Executive Summary...... ES-1
Introduction ...... 1-1
1.1 Purpose ...... 1-1
1.2 Planning Factors...... 1-2
1.3 2005 Master Plan ...... 1-4
1.4 2014 Master Plan Goals...... 1-5
1.5 Coordination with Other Pentagon Initiatives ...... 1-5
1.6 Coordination with External and Review Agencies...... 1-6
1.7 Planning Methodology ...... 1-7
Existing Conditions...... 2-1
2.1 Introduction...... 2-1 2.1.1 Size and Vistas...... 2-2 2.1.2 History...... 2-7 2.1.3 Regional Context ...... 2-10
2.2 Land Use...... 2-14
2.3 Natural Features ...... 2-18
2.4 Security...... 2-20
2.5 Circulation...... 2-24 2.5.1 Vehicular Circulation and Parking...... 2-24 2.5.2 Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation...... 2-30
2.6 Helipad...... 2-34
2.7 Environment and Sustainability...... 2-36 2.7.1 Environment...... 2-36
2.8 Utilities...... 2-40
Master Plan...... 3-1
3.1 Plan Concept...... 3-1
Table of Contents i 3.2 Land Use...... 3-6
3.3 Security Projects...... 3-8
3.4 New Facility Projects...... 3-10 3.4.1 Pentagon Support Operations Center (PSOC)...... 3-10 3.4.2 North Village Modifications...... 3-10 3.4.3 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station...... 3-12 3.4.4 Pentagon Motor Pool - Location TBD...... 3-14 3.4.5 Center Courtyard Stage ...... 3-14 3.4.6 Corridor 8 Exterior Bridge Canopy...... 3-14 3.4.7 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade...... 3-15 3.4.8 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power ...... 3-15 3.4.9 Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel)...... 3-15 3.4.10 Classified Waste Destruction Facility ...... 3-16 3.4.11 Relocate Impound Lot/MACC Trailers...... 3-16 3.4.12 West End Safety Upgrade...... 3-17 3.4.13 Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center...... 3-17
3.5 Circulation Projects...... 3-18 3.5.1 South Parking Lot Improvements ...... 3-18 3.5.2 North Parking Lot Improvements (SWM & LED Lamping)...... 3-21 3.5.3 Transit...... 3-22 3.5.4 Parking...... 3-24 3.5.5 Pedestrian and Bicycle...... 3-26
3.6 Environment and Sustainability Projects...... 3-28 3.6.1 Sustainability Strategies...... 3-32
3.7 Utilities...... 3-38
3.8 Project Phasing...... 3-39
Design Guidelines Summary ...... 4-1
4.1 Introduction...... 4-1
Environmental Assessment Summary...... 5-1
ii Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Appendices...... A-1
Appendix A - List of Contacts ...... A-3
Appendix B - List of References...... A-7
Appendix C - Plant List...... A-9
Table of Contents iii Figures
Figure ES.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Projects ...... ES-4 Figure 1.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Study Area ...... 1-3 Figure 1.2 2005 Pentagon Master Plan ...... 1-4 Figure 1.3 Master Plan Process Diagram...... 1-7 Figure 2.1 Aerial View of the Pentagon Reservation...... 2-1 Figure 2.2 Relationship between the Pentagon and the Monumental Core and Topographic Bowl of the Capitol...... 2-2 Figure 2.3 Key Views of the Pentagon Reservation...... 2-3 Figure 2.4 View (1) of the Pentagon Building from Arlington National Cemetery...... 2-4 Figure 2.5 View (2) of North Parking from Arlington House, Arlington National Cemetery. . 2-4 Figure 2.6 View (3) of the Pentagon Reservation from I-395...... 2-5 Figure 2.7 View (4) of the Pentagon Reservation from I-395...... 2-5 Figure 2.8 View (5) of the Pentagon Reservation from the Air Force Memorial...... 2-6 Figure 2.9 View (6) of the Pentagon Reservation from Humpback Bridge...... 2-6 Figure 2.10 Pentagon Reservation Historic Resources ...... 2-9 Figure 2.11 Pentagon Reservation Urban Design Framework...... 2-11 Figure 2.12 Key External Projects...... 2-13 Figure 2.13 Pentagon Reservation Land Use...... 2-15 Figure 2.14 Pentagon Reservation Natural Features...... 2-19 Figure 2.15 Pentagon Reservation Security Elements...... 2-21 Figure 2.16 Regional Roadways around the Pentagon Reservation ...... 2-25 Figure 2.17 Pentagon Reservation Vehicular Circulation...... 2-27 Figure 2.18 Pentagon Reservation Transit Circulation...... 2-29 Figure 2.19 Pentagon Reservation Parking ...... 2-31 Figure 2.20 Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation...... 2-33 Figure 2.21 Pentagon Reservation Helipad ...... 2-35 Figure 2.22 Surface Temperature vs. Air Temperature...... 2-36 Figure 3.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update...... 3-1 Figure 3.2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Projects...... 3-5 Figure 3.3 Pentagon Reservation Planned Land Use...... 3-7 Figure 3.4 Planned Security Features...... 3-9 Figure 3.5 North Village Modifications...... 3-11 Figure 3.6 Fire Station / Control Tower Site with Helipad...... 3-13 Figure 3.7 Center Courtyard Stage site ...... 3-14 Figure 3.8 Corridor 8 Bridge Covering ...... 3-14 Figure 3.9 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade site...... 3-15 Figure 3.10 HRP, Site for COGEN/CHP...... 3-15 Figure 3.11 HRP, Site for Classified Waste Destruction Facility...... 3-16 Figure 3.12 Impound Lot/MACC Trailers Relocation...... 3-16
iv Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.13 West End Safety Upgrades and Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center. 3-17 Figure 3.14 South Parking Lot Area Plan...... 3-18 Figure 3.15 Planned Vehicular Circulation ...... 3-19 Figure 3.16 South Parking Lot Reconfiguration Elements ...... 3-20 Figure 3.17 Illustrative of North Parking Area...... 3-21 Figure 3.18 Tour Bus Drop-Off along Army-Navy Drive ...... 3-22 Figure 3.19 Tour Bus Drop-Off (1) Pedestrian Connection to West End (2)...... 3-22 Figure 3.20 Planned Transit Circulation ...... 3-23 Figure 3.21 Planned Pentagon Reservation Parking ...... 3-25 Figure 3.22 Planned Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation ...... 3-27 Figure 3.23 Pedestrian and Signed On-Street Bike Route Concept...... 3-28 Figure 3.24 South Parking Lot Pedestrian Walkway - North Rotary Road...... 3-29 Figure 3.25 Pentagon Exterior Standards South Parking Lot LID Project...... 3-33 Figure 3.26 Pentagon Reservation LID Projects...... 3-36 Figure 3.27 Short-term Project Phasing...... 3-40 Figure 3.28 Long-term Project Phasing...... 3-41
Table of Contents v Tables
Table ES.1 Master Plan Update Projects ...... ES-3 Table 2.1 Key External Projects ...... 2-12 Table 2.2 Sentry Program Projects...... 2-23 Table 2.3 Primary Roadways Surrounding the Pentagon Reservation...... 2-24 Table 2.4 Pentagon Reservation Parking Areas...... 2-30 Table 3.1 Master Plan Update Projects...... 3-4 Table 3.2 Sentry Program Projects...... 3-8 Table 3.3 PSOC Functional Space Requirements ...... 3-10 Table 3.4 Fire Station/Control Tower Functional Space Requirements...... 3-12 Table 3.5 Motor Pool Space Requirements ...... 3-14 Table 3.6 Planned Parking Areas ...... 3-24 Table 3.7 Sustainability Performance Requirements Framework...... 3-31 Table 3.8 LID Projects...... 3-37 Table 3.9 Project Phasing...... 3-39 Table A.1 WHS Stakeholder List...... A-4 Table A.2 External Agency List...... A-5
vi Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update List of Acronyms
ACP Access Control Point ANC Arlington National Cemetery BMP Best Management Practices CBRN Chemical, biological, radiologic and nuclear CFA Commission of Fine Arts CHP Combined Heat and Power COR8 Corridor 8 DoD Department of Defense EA Environmental Assessment EISA Energy Independence and Security Act FAA Federal Aviation Administration FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FOB 2 Federal Office Building 2 HOV High Occupancy Vehicle HRP Heating and Refrigeration Plant I-395 Interstate 395 ISMP Integrated Security Master Plan LED Light-Emitting Diode LEED Leadership in Energy and Environment Design LID Low Impact Development MACC Multiple Award Construction Contract MEF Metro Entrance Facility MOU Memorandum of Understanding NCPC National Capital Planning Commission NHL National Historic Landmark NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NPS National Park Service PAC Pentagon Athletic Center PENREN Pentagon Renovation PERC Pentagon Emergency Response Center PFPA Pentagon Force Protection Agency PLC2 Pentagon Library & Conference Center POVs Privately Owned Vehicles PSOC Pentagon Support Operations Center PTC Pentagon Transit Center RDF Remote Delivery Facility RRMC Raven Rock Mountain Complex SAL Secure Access Lane SHPO Virginia’s State Historic Preservation Office SOP Standard Operating Procedures SSPP Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan TMP Transportation Management Plan UFC Unified Facilities Criteria USGBC United States Green Building Council VA 27 Washington Boulevard VDHR Virginia Department of Historic Resources VDOT Virginia Department of Transportation VSMA Virginia Stormwater Management Act VFR Visual Flight Rules WHS Washington Headquarters Service WMATA Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
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viii Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Executive Summary
The 2014 Master Plan Update for the Pentagon Reservation is intended to improve security, enhance the quality of life for employees, and address accommodations for visitors to the Pentagon and to the other public facilities located on the Reservation grounds . The Master Plan Update also incorporates the current facilities program and establishes a long-term vision for the Reservation that integrates the natural and built environment to enhance environmental sustainability and balance various planning factors on the Reservation . The most recent Pentagon Reservation Master Plan was completed in 2005 . Since that time, a number of changes have occurred at the Reservation necessitating a revised and updated plan .
Executive Summary ES-1 Existing conditions on the Reservation provided the framework for developing the master plan . The Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Area, situated along the Potomac River in Arlington County, Virginia, is approximately 238 acres, consisting of administrative, public transit, parking, support, and industrial land uses, and green/open space . The Pentagon building, a National Historic Landmark, is the most pronounced feature on the Reservation, covering roughly 35 acres . With approximately 23,000 employees commuting to the Pentagon on a daily basis, as well as a significant number of regional commuters using the Pentagon Transit Center and visitors to the Pentagon building and Memorial, circulation is an important issue on the Reservation .
The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 on the Pentagon resulted in changes to the Reservation, including increased security measures, the construction of temporary facilities, the inclusion of a memorial for those killed in the terrorist attack, the realignment of Route 110 from beneath the River Terrace, and the construction of a Truck Inspection Facility for the Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) . Security at the Pentagon Reservation is in place to protect the Pentagon Building, Reservation functions and facilities, and Pentagon Reservation employees and visitors .
The goal of the Master Plan Update is to maintain, enhance, and optimize the DoD Headquarters/Pentagon operations, to include:
• Improve DoD Headquarters / Pentagon security; • Enhance the safety and quality of life of employees and visitors; • Enhance environmental sustainability on the Reservation; and • Balance the various planning factors / development pressures on the Reservation, including funding, security, safety, public access, historic preservation, being a good neighbor, and sustainability . The Master Plan Update includes specific projects as well as individual component plans for land use, security, circulation, environment and sustainability, and utilities . The plan also reflects many of the same features of the 2005 Master Plan but attempts to achieve a more “green” and sustainable campus through the use of surface parking combined with stormwater management techniques versus structured parking with green roofs, which is more expensive and difficult to execute in the present funding environment.
The Master Plan Update improvements and projects (shown in Table ES.1 and Figure ES.1) are intended to be implemented over a twenty-year timeframe. Planned projects are distributed among two phases of development: short-term (0-5 years) and long-term (6-20 years) .
New facilities are included in the Master Plan Update to replace or renovate functions associated with the Pentagon . The Sentry program to replace temporary screening and inspection facilities constructed after the 9/11 terrorist attack will be completed to enhance security .
A major change in the South Parking Lot will improve the safety, security, and efficiency of the vehicular and pedestrian circulation system; create a strong pedestrian network; and improve sustainability features .
The Master Plan Update improves the overall pedestrian and bicycle circulation on the Pentagon Reservation by connecting the external trails surrounding the Reservation with routes on the Reservation in order to provide Pentagon employees a clear and direct route from the external trails to the employee bicycle racks and pedestrian entrances on the Reservation .
ES-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update The Master Plan Update focuses on Low Impact Development (LID) strategies for improving stormwater management practices on the Reservation to reduce the negative impact on waterways within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and to comply with the Pentagon Reservation’s Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit through the Reservation’s Chesapeake Bay TMDL Action Plan, which is currently under development . The TMDL Action Plan will determine necessary total pollutant load reductions and the methods that will be implemented to achieve the reductions . The Master Plan Update incorporates sustainable strategies to enable the Reservation to progress towards meeting the targets established in the DoD Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) .
Table ES.1 Master Plan Update Projects
Map ID Project 1 Secure Access Lane (SAL) (Sentry) 2 West End Safety Upgrade 3 South Parking Improvements (includes LED lamping) 4 Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project 5 MEF Visitor Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) 6 MEF Employee Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) 7 Classified Waste Destruction 8 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power 9 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade 10 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station 11 Center Courtyard Stage 12 Corridor 8 Exterior Bridge Canopy 13 Corridor 8 Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) 14 Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel) 15 Boundary Channel Drive Vehicular and Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) 16 North Parking Lot Improvements (SWM & LED lamping) 17 Relocate Impound Lot/MACC Trailers 18 North Village Modifications 19 Pentagon Security Operations Center (PSOC) 20 Pentagon Motor Pool - Location TBD (not shown on Figure ES .1) 21 Stormwater Quality Improvements to meet TMDL Action Plan (not shown on Figure ES .1) 22 Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center
Executive Summary ES-3 Figure ES.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Projects
ES-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Chapter One Introduction
Pentagon Reservation, Arlington County, Virginia
1.1 Purpose
The most recent Pentagon Reservation Master Plan was completed in 2005. Since that time, a number of changes have occurred at the Reservation necessitating a revised and updated plan responding to these influences. These changes have included new functions, such as the completion of the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial, as well as changes to the Reservation grounds including new security measures, screening facilities, and vehicular and pedestrian circulation patterns. Furthermore, new facilities are now planned to replace or renovate functions associated with the Pentagon. Elements in the 2005 Master Plan were re-examined to create a plan that better reflects the funding constraints of the next 20ears y and delayed implementation for many 2005 elements past the 20-year planning horizon.
The Master Plan Update is intended to improve security, enhance the quality of life for employees, and address accommodations for visitors to the Pentagon and to the other public facilities located on the Reservation grounds. The Master Plan Update also incorporates the current facilities program and establishes a long-term vision for the Reservation that integrates the natural and built environment to enhance environmental sustainability and balance various planning factors.
Introduction 1-1 1.2 Planning Factors
The 2014 Master Plan Update has been prepared for the Washington Headquarters Service (WHS) within the Department of Defense (DoD). The study area addressed by the Master Plan Update includes the main Reservation property bounded by I-395 to the south, Virginia State Route 27 to the west, and the Pentagon Lagoon and Boundary Channel waterway to the east (see Figure 1.1). The study area also includes the Hayes Street, Fern Street, and Eads Street parking lots along Army-Navy Drive that are currently used for Pentagon employee parking. The Master Plan Update does not include the interior of the Pentagon building itself, which was addressed by the Pentagon Renovation and Construction Program (PENREN). The Master Plan Update also does not address the former Federal Office Building 2 (FOB2) site which was a non-contiguous Reservation parcel west of Route 27 and was addressed by separate planning and environmental assessment studies.
A number of planning factors have influenced the development of the plan and were important considerations during the master planning analysis. These include the following:
• Security – Security is one of the major factors influencing planning decisions at the Pentagon Reservation. This is in large part due to the terrorist event that targeted the iconic Pentagon building on September 11, 2001 (9/11) as well as security guidelines being implemented across DoD over the last decade. The Master Plan Update incorporates strategies to protect the employees, properties, and visitors to the Pentagon Reservation to the maximum degree possible while balancing this need with other factors, such as public access to certain portions of the Reservation, sustainability, and historic preservation considerations. • Transportation/Circulation – Transportation and circulation to and from the Pentagon, as well as the Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) and Pentagon 9/11 Memorial, is another major influencing factor for the Master Plan Update. Approximately 23,000 employees work on-site at the Pentagon Reservation. Numerous additional visitors come from across the country to visit the Memorial and Pentagon building itself. The Pentagon is also located in a busy urban environment that is more dependent on transit, bicycle and pedestrian circulation than ever. For these reasons, a Transportation Management Plan (TMP) was prepared in parallel with the Master Plan Update to provide a comprehensive set of actions to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality affecting the Reservation study area. While the Transportation Management Plan (TMP) focused on identifying actions to facilitate employee multimodal transportation, the Master Plan ensured transportation considerations were integrated into the wider context of the Reservation Master Plan. The Master Plan and TMP planning processes jointly determined circulation improvements in order to facilitate safe, secure, and efficient vehicular and pedestrian movement on the Reservation for employees and visitors alike. • Environmental Protection and Sustainability – There are increasing requirements for federal agencies to accept greater accountability for their impacts on energy consumption, water quality, and overall sustainability. Many legislative orders and policies have established goals relating to the conservation of natural assets and protection of water resources. In August of 2010, DoD released the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) that outlines goals and performance expectations for DoD facilities, establishing the path by which DoD will serve as the model of sustainability for the nation while enhancing its ability to achieve mission objectives. The SSPP, updated annually, sets targets that are intended to meet the legal requirements in areas such as water and energy intensity reduction as outlined in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, EO 13423- Strengthening Federal Environmental Energy and Transportation Management, and EO 13514- Federal Leadership in Environmental Energy and Economic Performance. The Master Plan Update incorporates sustainable strategies to enable the Reservation
1-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 1.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Study Area
to progress towards meeting the targets established in the SSPP and to reduce environmental impacts. • Historical Context – The Pentagon was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1992 under criteria established by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) as administered by the National Park Service and the Commonwealth of Virginia’s State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The building’s outer facades, the Central Courtyard, the terrace fronting the Mall entrance, the terrace fronting the River entrance, and the Pentagon’s distinctive five-sided shape are considered the historic elements. One of the major factors influencing the Master lanP Update was to develop projects that meet the twenty-first-century needs of the Reservation while at the same time enhancing, protecting, and respecting the historic significance of the Pentagon building as established by its NHL designation. • Community Coordination - The Pentagon Reservation is unique in that it does not have a traditional fence line around the entire perimeter of its boundary as is customary at other DoD installations. However, the full extent of the Reservation property is monitored 24 hours a day by sophisticated technologies and procedures. Another unique aspect is that the Pentagon Transit Center (PTC), one of the largest regional transit hubs in the metropolitan area, is located within the Reservation boundary, serving not only the employees of the Pentagon but other commuters throughout the region. The Pentagon 9/11 Memorial is a major visitor destination that is also located within the Reservation boundary. In addition, there are other close-by visitor destinations such as the U.S. Air Force Memorial and Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) Memorial Grove. Therefore, in developing the Master Plan, it is critical there is close coordination with the Pentagon’s surrounding neighbors and jurisdictions which include, but are not limited to, Arlington County, the National Park Service, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), Virginia Department
Introduction 1-3 of Transportation (VDOT), Arlington National Cemetery (ANC), and others. Close coordination will ensure projects in the Master Plan Update are aligned with these and other agencies’ existing facilities and future plans. • Stormwater Management – Stormwater management is an additional driver related to Environmental Protection and Sustainability. Surface water quality is directly impacted by stormwater runoff. Stormwater impacts as a result of land disturbing activities (i.e. construction, renovation, excavation) exceeding 2,500 SF are regulated by federal, state, and/or local stormwater management requirements that stem from the Clean Water Act. These regulations are in place to ensure that waterways and water sources are protected from pollutants carried by stormwater runoff. Due to the Pentagon’s location near the Potomac River and within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, land disturbing activities on the Reservation are subject to additional regulations. Stormwater quality/pollutant reduction requirements must be met for the Pentagon Reservation, whether land is disturbed or not. The DoD SSPP tracks progress toward meeting the DoD policy goal to “maintain pre-development hydrology to the maximum extent technically feasible” for development and redevelopment projects over 5,000 SF. The Master Plan Update incorporates strategies, projects, and plans to minimize the impact of stormwater runoff and to comply with these regulations.
1.3 2005 Master Plan
Since the 2014 plan is an update to the 2005 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan, the former plan is considered a baseline for the plans contained in this study. The 2005 Master Plan, shown in Figure 1.2, addressed changes and requirements that had occurred at the Pentagon since the previous plan for the Reservation was completed in 1991. These changes were significant, and primary among them were the new security elements established after the 9/11 terrorist attack on the Pentagon building.
Figure 1.2 2005 Pentagon Master Plan
1-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Other major features of the 2005 Master Plan included the following:
• Establishment of a permanent secure perimeter around the Pentagon to control access and egress; • Construction of an improved, Heliport incorporating all standard flight and operational requirements; • Consolidation of parking to provide additional open space. Parking structures with green roofs were recommended to consolidate parking and increase green space on the Reservation; • Improvements to vehicular and pedestrian circulation to create a safer and more secure circulation system around the Reservation; • Enhanced sustainability strategies to promote the long-term environmental health of the Reservation and its surroundings; • The creation of an industrial zone for like uses, centered on the Heating and
Transportation Refrigeration Plant (HRP); Management Plan • A set of design guidelines to enhance and protect the aesthetic character and original design intent of the Pentagon and the Reservation grounds. Many of these features are still appropriate and have been included in the 2014 Master Plan Update.
1.4 2014 Master Plan Goals
David B. Gleason, Flickr Creative Commons October 2, 2014 The goal of the 2014 Master Plan Update is to maintain, enhance, and optimize DoD Headquarters/Pentagon Operations, to include:
• Improve DoD Headquarters/Pentagon Security; • Enhance the safety and quality of life of employees and visitors; • Enhance the environmental sustainability of the Reservation; and • Balance the various planning factors /development pressures on the Reservation, including funding, security, safety, public access, historic preservation, being a good neighbor, and sustainability.
1.5 Coordination with Other Pentagon Initiatives
Many concurrent initiatives that affect the Reservation’s built environment are underway. During the Master Plan Update process, the Master Plan Team coordinated with these initiatives to ensure consistency with the Master Plan Update. These initiatives included the following studies:
• Transportation Management Plan (TMP) – The purpose of the TMP is to promote more efficient commuting patterns by minimizing single occupancy vehicle (SOV) trips to the Pentagon Reservation site. The plan focuses on reducing traffic congestion, improving air quality, and facilitating employee multimodal transportation. The plan addresses the complete transportation infrastructure at the Pentagon Reservation including vehicular, pedestrian, transit, and bicycle circulation systems. • Pentagon Area Information Technology (IT) Master Plan – The Pentagon Area IT Master Plan addresses IT requirements responding to technology advancements and Pentagon Reservation tenant requirements. This plan provides the development of an IT architecture ensuring value-added capabilities for both Pentagon and the affiliated Raven Rock Mountain Complex (RRMC) tenants. The modernization and evolution of the Pentagon Common IT Enterprise began with the Pentagon Renovation program, starting in the early 1990s. From the successful transformation brought about by the PENREN Program, the IT Master Plan develops a framework [top] TMP Cover [middle] IT Master Plan Cover [bottom] ISMP Cover Introduction 1-5 of technology based on established IT goals and a IT Service Vision (Authorized User, anywhere, any device can obtain an authenticated IT service) for the Pentagon community. • Integrated Security Master Plan (ISMP) – The ISMP provides a lexicon of applied security principles to meet the desired security strategy for the Pentagon Reservation. The ISMP serves as a security guide for design and construction professionals by combining current Government-mandated policies, security industry standards and compliance, as well as to ensure security measures are consistent on the Pentagon Reservation. The objectives for the ISMP are to document the basic protective elements protecting the Pentagon’s key assets and to ensure that stakeholders and planners have a reference to apply these security principles to meet the ISMP specifications which ultimately leads to improving protection for the people, facilities, functions, and infrastructure on the Reservation. • Washington Headquarters Services Low Impact Development (LID) Reference Manual (June 2012) – The LID Reference Manual outlines potential stormwater treatment improvement areas for the Reservation and includes the Pentagon Reservation LID Opportunities Map. LID is a stormwater management technique that uses small-scale practices designed to mimic the natural hydrologic cycle and manage runoff close to its source. It focuses on preserving and infiltrating rainwater, which provides environmental and economic benefits beyond traditional stormwater management practices. Implementing LID practices at the Reservation will help DoD strengthen its stormwater management and reduce its negative impact on waterways within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, as required by the Federal government under Executive Order 13508, Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, and Section 438 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), and Arlington County.
1.6 Coordination with External and Review Agencies
As part of the Data Collection process, several coordination meetings were conducted with external agencies that have a stake in the Pentagon Reservation Master Plan. The Master Plan team held a meeting with the agencies National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) and Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) to inform them of WHS’ intent to update the 2005 Master Plan. In addition, the team met with other external agencies, such as VDOT, Arlington County, WMATA, Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission (PRTC), and Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation (DRPT) to facilitate a discussion focused on transportation and circulation issues around the Reservation. Another meeting was held with Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) and National Park Service (NPS) to discuss environmental and cultural aspects of the Master Plan. Arlington National Cemetery representatives were consulted as well to inform them of planned changes at the Reservation. In addition, meetings were held with consulting parties (including VDHR, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), and others) as part of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 consultation process. As master plan concepts were refined, the Master Plan Team met with these and other review agencies to present concepts and incorporate their input into the final plan.
1-6 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 1.7 Planning Methodology
Preparation of the Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update followed a typical master planning process for a federal campus like the Pentagon Reservation (see Figure 1.3). The intent of WHS was to complete the Master Plan Update, along with the supporting plans described above, to provide a complete set of planning documentation for all facilities and land areas at the Pentagon Reservation.
The master planning process is shown in Figure 1.3 and includes the following seven steps:
Figure 1.3 Master Plan Process Diagram
1. Project Initiation The project was initiated by introducing the core project team to key stakeholders, conducting site visits to Reservation facilities and grounds, and establishing the schedule and methodology for the study.
2. Data Collection The data collection phase included gathering the necessary project information and relevant planning and technical data and preparation of base maps for the Reservation study area.
3. Existing Conditions Analysis After conducting project interviews and collecting relevant background data, the Master Plan Team was able to move onto the next phase, Existing Conditions Analysis. The planning factors that were reviewed in this analysis included:
• Existing Land Use • Vehicular Circulation and Transit • Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation • Security Features • Natural Features • Utilities System Network • Historic Resources • Urban Design Framework • External Projects (projects surrounding the Reservation being conducted or proposed by other agencies)
Introduction 1-7 4. Pre-Draft Concept Plan Development Once the existing conditions analysis was completed, the Master Plan Team began developing preliminary concepts for the Master Plan Update. The preliminary concepts were presented to both internal DoD and external stakeholders, including WHS Integrated Project Team (IPT) members, expert consultants, and the South Parking Reconfiguration team, to obtain comments before proceeding with the development of the Draft Master Plan Update.
5. Internal Draft Master Plan Update The Draft Master Plan Update was developed after receiving preliminary support for the concepts developed in a Pre-Draft Concept Plan phase. This document represents the Internal Draft Master Plan Update and describes the short and long-term plans for the Reservation for the next 20 years.
6. External Draft Master Plan Update The External Draft Master Plan Update incorporates comments received on the Internal Draft Master Plan and will be submitted to NCPC for final review. The External Draft Master Plan Update is intended to meet the planning requirements for federal facilities as documented by NCPC in their master planning guidelines for federal facilities within the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The External Draft Master Plan Update is accompanied by a TMP, Environmental Assessment (EA), and National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 consultation documentation.
7. Final Master Plan Update The Final Master Plan Update will incorporate comments received on the External Draft Master Plan Update and will complete the master planning process.
1-8 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Chapter Two Existing Conditions
Figure 2.1 Aerial View of the Pentagon Reservation
2.1 Introduction
The Pentagon Reservation and surrounding area can be seen in the aerial view in Figure 2.1. Chapter Two describes the existing conditions at the Reservation. These existing conditions provided the framework for developing master plan projects that are described in Chapter Three.
Existing Conditions 2-1 2.1.1 Size and Vistas
The Pentagon Reservation Master Plan area is approximately 238 acres, consisting of administrative, public transit, parking, support, and industrial land uses.
The Pentagon Reservation is situated along the Potomac River in Arlington County, Virginia. It sits within the Monumental Core and ‘topographic bowl’ of the Nation’s Capital. The Reservation is bounded by Route 27 (Washington Boulevard) and Arlington National Cemetery (ANC) to the west, Boundary Channel Drive and the Pentagon Lagoon to the east, and Interstate 395 (I-395) to the south. Route 110 bisects the Reservation in a north-south direction, necessitating vehicular and pedestrian bridge connections between the eastern and western portions of the Reservation. Three small parking areas exist along Army Navy Drive that are separated from the rest of the Reservation by I-395. Figure 2.2 illustrates the Pentagon’s position within the Monumental Core and ‘topographic bowl.’
The Pentagon building itself is, by far, the most pronounced feature on the Reservation, covering roughly 35 acres. The Pentagon is adjoined by the Remote Delivery Facility (RDF) to the north and the Metro Entrance and Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) to the southeast. The majority of the remaining areas of the Reservation are comprised of surface parking and roadways with a number of smaller, support structures situated throughout.
The Pentagon Reservation is relatively flat, exhibiting little topographic relief. A number of small, landscaped areas, which consist primarily of turf grass and small trees, are found throughout the site. Overall, very little native vegetation exists on the Reservation, with the exception being the shore of the Pentagon Lagoon.
The primary vistas into the Reservation are from Arlington National Cemetery (ANC) from the west, the Humpback Bridge (George Washington Parkway) from the east and I-395 from the south. Views are also possible from the adjacent roadways: Route 27, Route 110, and Boundary Channel Drive. Figure 2.3 shows the primary vistas into the Pentagon Reservation from these roadways. The most significant view from Arlington National Cemetery originates from the Arlington House site, which reveals the majority of the northern portion of the Reservation. Views from other areas within the Cemetery, and from roadways along the western side, are partially screened by topography, vegetation and the barrier wall along Route 27. As I-395 is elevated near the Pentagon Reservation, views from both the southwest and southeast from this roadway are completely unscreened. The Pentagon building is directly visible, as well as parking and transit areas, the Heating and Refrigeration Plant (HRP), River Terrace, and other landscaped areas. Boundary Channel Drive and the George Washington Memorial Parkway both offer views of the Pentagon building and River Terrace from the east. More distant views are possible from Washington, D.C. to the east but they are mostly obscured by the tree canopy along the Potomac River and Pentagon Lagoon shoreline. Photos of the primary views are shown in Figure 2.4 through Figure 2.9.
Figure 2.2 Relationship between the Pentagon and the Monumental Core and Topographic Bowl of the Capitol (Source: National Capital Planning Commission’s Monumental Core Framework Plan)
2-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.3 Key Views of the Pentagon Reservation
Existing Conditions 2-3 Figure 2.4 View (1) of the Pentagon Building from Arlington National Cemetery
Figure 2.5 View (2) of North Parking from Arlington House, Arlington National Cemetery
2-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.6 View (3) of the Pentagon Reservation from I-395
Figure 2.7 View (4) of the Pentagon Reservation from I-395
Existing Conditions 2-5 Figure 2.8 View (5) of the Pentagon Reservation from the Air Force Memorial
Figure 2.9 View (6) of the Pentagon Reservation from Humpback Bridge
2-6 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 2.1.2 History
The Pentagon is one of the most recognizable United States government buildings in the world. It has been inseparably linked with the United States military since its construction during World War II. On August 25, 1941, President Roosevelt signed the bill appropriating funds for construction of an office building to house 40,000 people. Shortly thereafter, the present site was chosen. The first occupants moved in on April 29, 1942, with the building only partially completed. During the course of construction, the building came to be known as “the Pentagon” due to its distinctive five-sided shape. It was completed on January 15, 1943, becoming the world’s largest office building at that time. Because of the sedimentary soils at the building’s chosen site, the Pentagon’s foundation was erected on top of concrete piles. During the course of the work, the Boundary Channel and Pentagon Lagoon were dredged to provide sand and gravel for the construction.
Directly associated with the Pentagon construction were major improvements to the Reservation’s roadway access. These included a realignment of the eastern part of Columbia Pike, and construction of the Henry G. Shirley Highway (I-395) and the segment of Washington Boulevard (Route 27) between I-395 and Memorial Bridge.
Other significant changes to the Reservation have included the addition of the Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority’s (WMATA) Pentagon Metro Station; addition of the Remote Delivery Facility (RDF); modernization and addition of the Heating and Refrigeration Plant (HRP); and addition of the South Entrance bridges, Metro Entrance Facility (MEF) and Pentagon Transit Center (PTC). The Pentagon building has recently completed a major interior renovation (PENREN) to upgrade the structural system, modernize the utility infrastructure, improve vertical and horizontal transportation systems, enhance functionality, and consolidate services. All of these facility modifications will effectively serve to carry the headquarters of the Department of Defense through the twenty-first century. The terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 on the Pentagon has resulted in additional changes to the Reservation, including increased security measures, the relocation of the helipad from the west side of the Pentagon to the roof of the RDF, the inclusion of a memorial for those killed in the terrorist attack, the realignment of Route 110 from beneath the River Terrace, and, more recently, the construction of a temporary Truck Inspection Facility for the RDF, as well as other temporary screening facilities for vehicles and pedestrians.
Pentagon Designers Early Model of the Pentagon Reservation
Existing Conditions 2-7 National Historic Landmark
In recognition of its historic significance, the Pentagon was placed on the Virginia Landmark Register and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1989. The Pentagon was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1992 under the criteria established by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) as administered by the National Park Service and the Commonwealth of Virginia’s State Historic Preservation office (SHPO). National Historic Landmarks are nationally significant historic places designated by the Secretary of the Interior because they possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. The contributing historic elements of the Pentagon, as defined in the NHL nomination, include:
1. The five outer facades of the Pentagon building, 2. The building’s Central Courtyard and its surrounding facade, 3. The terrace fronting the Mall Entrance, 4. The terrace fronting the River Entrance, and 5. The Pentagon’s distinctive five-sided shape.
The boundaries of the NHL designation are depicted in Figure 2.10.
Early Aerial View of the Pentagon Reservation View of the north side of the Pentagon, 1964
2-8 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.10 Pentagon Reservation Historic Resources
Existing Conditions 2-9 2.1.3 Regional Context
Urban Design Framework
The urban design framework for the Pentagon Reservation is displayed in Figure 2.11. The diagram illustrates the key elements that must be respected and will inform the design of future development on the Reservation. The key elements illustrated in the adjacent diagram are described below:
1. National Historic Landmark The Pentagon building is, and will remain, the most prominent feature on the Reservation. As a National Historic Landmark, the building and its immediate surroundings, including the River Terrace, is to be preserved to maintain historic integrity. 2. Security and Access The Pentagon Reservation is characterized by layers of increasing levels of security resulting in restricted and Pentagon Setting unrestricted zones. This, to a large extent, defines the mobility patterns on the Reservation and thus the character of specific areas. These are conceptually displayed as restricted areas and unrestricted access areas on the adjacent diagram. 3. Pentagon Reservation Boundary The Pentagon Reservation is bounded by what are characterized as hard edges and soft edges. Hard edges include roadways, bridges, walls, and other structures. In some cases, these hard edges not only create a boundary but bisect portions of the Reservation, the most significant being Route 110 and I-395. Soft edges include natural features such as green space and water bodies. 4. Physical Setting The Pentagon Reservation is located within close proximity to a number of significant natural features, recreational amenities, and national monuments and memorials. Adjacent water bodies include the Potomac River, Pentagon Lagoon, Boundary Channel, and Roaches Run. Parks and recreation areas nearby include the George Washington Memorial Parkway, the Columbia Island Marina and Long Bridge Park. Monuments and memorials Pentagon Memorial near the Pentagon Reservation include Arlington National Cemetery, the Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) Memorial Grove, and the Air Force Memorial. Existing formal and informal green spaces on the Reservation serve as a link to the surroundings, integrating with natural features to the extent possible. 5. Significant Viewsheds Significant views of the Pentagon Reservation from nearby locations are described in detail in Section 2.1.1. These viewsheds, by their nature, are highly visible areas that warrant a certain degree of sensitivity when planning for future development on the Reservation.
Community Context and External Projects
The larger community surrounding the Pentagon Reservation consists of open space, commercial areas, mixed-use developments, federal properties, and major transportation hubs. These elements, as well as planned projects within these areas, are described below. Table 2.1 and Figure 2.12 identify planned projects external to the Reservation.
Extending west of the Reservation down Columbia Pike are Arlington National Cemetery (ANC), the Air Force Memorial, the former Federal Office Building 2 (FOB 2) site, and Joint Base Fort Meyer – Henderson
2-10 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.11 Pentagon Reservation Urban Design Framework
Existing Conditions 2-11 Hall. ANC is roughly 612 acres of historic landscape. The ANC Real Property Master Plan includes future development to add burial capacity, facilitate cemetery operations, enhance family services and visitor experience, and promote sustainability. Plans are underway to realign Columbia Pike through the former FOB2 area, connecting directly into Joyce Street. To the north and west of the Pentagon, modification and repair to the Route 27 overpass over Route 110 is being planned to provide space for a shared-use path and a wider sidewalk. Improvements to the existing Route 110 Trail are also being planned.
South of the Pentagon Reservation lie Pentagon City and Crystal City, mixed-use districts consisting of high-density residential, retail, and commercial office complexes. Although I-395 creates a significant barrier between Pentagon City and the Pentagon Reservation, there are multiple pedestrian and vehicular connections between the two areas. Improvements to the I-395 and Eads Street interchange were recently completed to better accommodate local traffic. Two future streetcar lines are being planned for the area, connecting Columbia Pike, Pentagon City, and Crystal City. Additional roadway improvement projects, including Army Navy Drive multimodal improvements, 12th Street Corridor improvements, Columbia Pike multimodal improvements, South Clark and South Bell Streets reconfigurations, and Pentagon City multimodal improvements are also being planned.
Southeast of the Reservation, a former vacant industrial area is being converted into Long Bridge Park, a significant community recreation area. Phase I of the park was completed in 2011 and includes three synthetic turf lighted athletic fields, a network of alkways,w a rain garden, public art, and public green space. Additional phases including an Aquatics, Health and Fitness Center are planned. Beyond the park lie Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport.
To the east of the Reservation are Boundary Channel, the Pentagon Lagoon, Columbia Island, and the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Improvements to the Humpback Bridge and a new shared-use path underpass have recently been completed. Modification of the Boundary Channel Drive/I-395 interchange is planned to serve the proposed Long Bridge Park Regional Aquatics Center and the recently completed Long Bridge outdoor recreation park. The proposed project would provide improved pedestrian and bicycle access to Boundary Channel Drive and the Pentagon building for Pentagon employees.
Table 2.1 Key External Projects
Map ID Project Primary Agency 1 Columbia Pike Multimodal Improvements Arlington County 2 Columbia Pike Streetcar Arlington County 3 Columbia Pike Realignment Arlington County 4 Pentagon City Multimodal Improvements Arlington County 5 Army Navy Drive Multimodal Improvements Arlington County 6 12th Street Corridor Improvements Arlington County 7 South Clark Street/South Bell Street Project Arlington County 8 Crystal City Streetcar Arlington County 9 Long Bridge Park Arlington County 10 Boundary Channel Drive/I-395 Interchange Arlington County 11 14th Street Bridge Corridor Projects FHWA 12 Route 27 Overpass Sidewalk Widening (over Route 110) VDOT 13 Route 110 Trail Improvements Arlington County 14 ANC Real Property Master Plan ANC
2-12 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.12 Key External Projects
Existing Conditions 2-13 2.2 Land Use
The Reservation’s existing land use map is shown in Figure 2.13. The Reservation is divided by Route 110 along the northeast edge of the boundary. Southwest of Route 110, the Pentagon building is prominently centered with parking and other support areas surrounding the building. Other land uses such as parking and support areas are located northeast of Route 110.
Seven types of land uses can be found within the Reservation:
1. Administration Land Use For the purposes of the Master Plan Update, the Pentagon building is designated as the only administration land use on the Reservation, which includes all professional and administrative functions that occur in the building. The Pentagon is one of the world’s largest office buildings with Pentagon Building - Administration Land Use approximately 6,500,000 SF. It serves as the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. The building footprint is approximately 30 acres; the building’s Center Courtyard contains five acres. In total, the Pentagon is nearly 35 acres in size.
The building has five concentric rings and five floors, a partial basement, and a partial mezzanine. Its five facades form the geometric shape of the Pentagon, and each façade has two entrances numbered 1-10, which are as follows:
• Corridors 1 and 10 – The Metro Entrance Facility (MEF) is located on this façade and is the most used entrance of the Pentagon. The Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) which provides bus stops and the Metro entrance is located just east of the MEF. • Corridors 2 and 3 – The South Parking lot entrances are located by this façade with pedestrian access stairs connecting them to the South Parking lot area. • Corridors 4 and 5 – The 9/11 Memorial site and the delivery truck inspection station are located at the southern end of this façade. Heating and Refrigeration Plant - Industrial/ Utilities Land Use • Corridors 6 and 7 – The David O. Cooke Terrace, Remote Delivery Facility (RDF), Pentagon Athletic Center (PAC), the Mall Entrance, and the helipad are located on this façade. • Corridors 8 and 9 – The River Entrance and River Terrace are located on this façade. 2. Industrial/Utilities Land Use Two areas of the Reservation have industrial/utility land uses. The first area is the Heating and Refrigeration Plant (HRP), which includes an incinerator and is located on the southeastern edge of the Reservation. The second area is next to the Pentagon Lagoon and is an industrial land use.
3. Support Land Use Support Land Use areas include auxiliary functions that support the Pentagon mission and are located on the Reservation grounds. The North Village, the area below the River Terrace, and the Remote Delivery Facility Secure Access Lane (SAL) Inspection Station and truck delivery entrance at the RDF located on the western edge of the Reservation are the three functions categorized as Support Land Use.
2-14 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.13 Pentagon Reservation Land Use
Existing Conditions 2-15 4. Green/Open Space Land Use Green or open space areas take up approximately 79 acres on the Reservation. In addition to landscaped areas adjacent to the Pentagon building and other small areas on the Reservation, the major green areas include:
• Center Courtyard, • 9/11 Memorial, • David O. Cooke Terrace (RDF Roof), • River Terrace, and • Green space along Boundary Channel Drive around the Pentagon Lagoon. 5. Public Transportation Land Use The Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) is a major intermodal transit node located next to the Metro Entrance Facility by Corridors 1 and 10. The PTC includes the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metro system area and the public bus service area for Metrobus and several regional bus services. The Pentagon Metro Station, located below grade, provides access to both the Blue and Yellow lines.
Center Courtyard - Green/Open Space Land Use North Village - Support Land Use
2-16 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 6. Parking Land Use Parking represents the largest land use on the Reservation. Only surface parking is available on the Reservation with approximately 8,494 parking spaces located on lots throughout the site. Each lot is permit-controlled.
7. Construction Laydown Areas Several temporary construction laydown areas are present on the Reservation grounds, resulting from previous construction or other on-going facility improvements, such as security enhancements, roof replacements, etc. These areas are planned for new long-term uses as described in Chapter 3.
Pentagon Transit Center - Public Transportation Land Use Parking Land Use
Existing Conditions 2-17 2.3 Natural Features
The Pentagon Reservation is mostly flat, with no major slopes or significant natural grade changes. Most of the land has been altered by the built environment. The existing and adjacent natural features of the environment are heavily impacted by the buildings, traffic, roadways, and parking lots on the property. Surface water runoff from the Reservation directly affects water quality in the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watershed. Lack of consolidated open space and mature vegetation provides minimum amelioration of heat island effect and little in the way of amenities to users of the Reservation.
The Pentagon Reservation is located within the Atlantic Coastal Plain geologic province. The geological formations of the Reservation include the Cretaceous sedimentary units of the Potomac Formation, common to the Washington Metropolitan area. The soils in the Reservation area are Vegetation along Boundary Channel mostly alluvial fill with some alluvium and lowland terrace deposits, (see Figure 2.14). Much of the original soil on the site has been disturbed and covered with fill material during construction of the Pentagon.
The entire Pentagon Reservation is within a Resource Management Area (RMA) and the 100-foot border along Boundary Channel Drive and the Pentagon Lagoon is a Resource Protection Area (RPA) per the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act. The RPA is outlined in Figure 2.14. Because of these land designations, disturbing 2,500 sf or more on the Reservation triggers land development requirements.
Figure 2.14 also shows the tree cover on the Reservation, which is minimal except along Boundary Channel/Pentagon Lagoon and a few other locations. Much of the vegetation on the site consists of grass, groundcovers and trees planted during the development of the site and subsequent building projects on the Reservation grounds. The Chesapeake Bay Preservation Ordinance of Arlington County requires that all development and redevelopment with the RPA and RMA provide for the planting or retention of trees so that at a maturity of 20 year, the minimum tree canopy coverage is 10%. Landscaped area near the MEF/Corridor 1 Entrance
According to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designations, the Reservation is within the flood zone of the Potomac River, but because extensive fill was used to raise the site during construction of the Pentagon in the 1940s, the Study Area is not subject to serious flooding. Areas next to the Pentagon Lagoon including Boundary Channel Drive are located in the 100-year flood zone; the northern portions of the Reservation are within the 500-year flood zone which has a 0.2% chance of annual flooding.
Storm surges caused by a combination of high tides, low barometric pressure, and wind from hurricanes and major storms have historically caused more extensive flooding than downstream flows. While this flooding does not generally result in major impacts at the Pentagon Reservation, the effects of climate change may result in more severe flooding incidents in the future.
Boundary Channel/Pentagon Lagoon is the only wetland on the site as indicated by National Wetland Inventory Maps of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Some wetland areas are found to the east of the Reservation at the Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary in Arlington County and along the banks of the Potomac River. According to the Arlington County Natural Resources Department wildlife inventory, the wetland at Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary is one of the most ecologically significant parcels remaining in Arlington. It contains rare plants, as well.
2-18 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.14 Pentagon Reservation Natural Features *Note that all areas outside of the Resource Protection Area are within the Resource Management Area.
Existing Conditions 2-19 This page is redacted in the public version. 2.4 Security
2-20 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update This page is redacted in the public version.
Figure 2.15 Pentagon Reservation Security Elements
Existing Conditions 2-21 This page is redacted in the public version.
2-22 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update This page is redacted in the public version.
Table 2.2 Sentry Program Projects
Existing Conditions 2-23 2.5 Circulation
With approximately 23,000 employees commuting to the Pentagon on a daily basis, as well as a significant number of regional commuters using the Pentagon Transit Center and visitors to the Pentagon building and Memorial, circulation is a major issue on the Reservation. Recognizing that circulation is a challenge, WHS initiated the Transportation Management Plan (TMP) project to thoroughly analyze transportation issues at the Reservation. The TMP and the Master Plan Update were prepared concurrently. A more detailed analysis of transportation issues at the Pentagon Reservation can be found in the TMP.
2.5.1 Vehicular Circulation and Parking
The Pentagon Reservation is located in the vicinity of a number of major regional commuter roadways that provide access to points within Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia (see Figure 2.16). Table 2.3 lists the major and minor roadways that provide access to the Reservation. Direct access to the Reservation is available to and from the I-395 High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes. Pentagon employees and visitors who arrive by vehicle must access these roadways.
Table 2.3 Primary Roadways Surrounding the Pentagon Reservation
Major Roadways Minor Roadways I-395 Army-Navy Drive* Route 110 Eads Street Route 27 Fern Street Columbia Pike Hayes Street* George Washington Parkway* Joyce Street* Boundary Channel Drive
* These roadways do not provide direct access to the Reservation.
View of Pentagon South Parking
2-24 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.16 Regional Roadways around the Pentagon Reservation
Existing Conditions 2-25 The existing vehicle and truck routes on the Pentagon Reservation are illustrated in Figure 2.17. As the figure shows, there are complex patterns of circulation on the Reservation, especially around the South Parking Lot. Vehicular circulation on the Reservation is broken into two major zones, centered on the South Parking and North Parking Lots.
South Parking Lot
The South Parking Lot area provides access to vehicles, trucks, buses, and pedestrians. Traffic circulation in South Parking has been designed as a one-way loop system with North Rotary and South Rotary Roads (see Figure 2.17). The Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) and the informal rideshare lanes are also located in this area, contributing to the complexity of the circulation patterns. Rideshare areas are not clearly signed, confusing the already complicated circulation patterns. A general lack of informative signage is an issue for visitors and employees alike. The existing circulation pattern has many areas of conflict raising Pentagon South Parking Area concerns over safety of pedestrians and drivers. Intersections that do not operate effectively contribute to traffic congestion within the area. Additional issues include:
• Lack of vehicle and pedestrian signalization, at North Rotary Road and Fern Street and at South Rotary Road and Fern Street, results in traffic congestion and dangerous pedestrian crossings (PFPA currently provides manual traffic control during peak hours) • Narrow sidewalks, including at the pedestrian tunnel exit, which Pentagon South Parking Lot Existing Intersection Level of Service (LOS)* cause pedestrians to stand in vehicle travel lanes • Narrow crosswalks widths, resulting in inefficient and potentially unsafe pedestrian crossings • Difficulty seeing pedestrians exiting the pedestrian tunnel • Inadequate corner radii making turning movement difficult for large vehicles • Pedestrian, vehicular, and bus conflicts which result in “close calls” and erratic driver maneuvers Pentagon North Parking Area • Lack of signage directing visitors or lost drivers to their destination; non-standard and unnecessary signs; and lack of lane use control signage • Inefficient traffic signal operation, lack of pedestrian accommodations, and faded/missing pavement markings at the Army Navy intersections • Lack of delineation (pavement markings, roadside hazards) • Inadequate or missing sidewalk connections
North Parking Lot
The North Parking Lot area is primarily utilized by employees and some visitors for vehicle parking (see Figure 2.17). The parked vehicles in the North Parking Lot restrict sight distance for drivers traveling on Boundary Channel as they approach the curve on the northeast corner of the lot. In addition to this issue, there are problems with speeding on this section of the road, which adds to the danger of pedestrians crossing and cars exiting the parking lot.
2-26 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.17 Pentagon Reservation Vehicular Circulation
Existing Conditions 2-27 Transit
The Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) is located on the southeastern side of the Pentagon and provides access to the Metrorail (Blue and Yellow Lines) and several regional bus systems. The PTC serves as a major intermodal transfer point for the Metrorail and the bus systems. The PTC is highly utilized during peak morning and afternoon travel periods where all of its 24 bus bays accommodate eight different providers. Based on estimates from the TMP, nearly half of all the PTC trips are non- Pentagon-related passengers. The majority of the buses access the PTC via Eads Street (see Figure 2.18). This circulation route causes congestion and confusion for drivers and pedestrians at the intersection of Eads Street and South Rotary Road.
Rideshare
The Reservation has two rideshare programs. One is a formal program in Pentagon Transit Center which Pentagon personnel participate in specific groups for ridesharing in carpools. Participants ride with the same group every day, which allows the driver of the vehicle to use the HOV lanes to and from I-395.
The second is an informal program where a driver will pick up people waiting for a ride in order to qualify to use the HOV lanes. This method of ridesharing is commonly referred to as ‘slugging.’ The Reservation has designated locations or ‘slug’ lanes for picking up riders for the afternoon commute. However, during the morning commute, drivers drop off riders in various locations around the Reservation. Some of the riders are not Pentagon employees; they are dropped off at the Reservation and use the PTC Metrorail to get to their destinations during the morning commute and use the slug lanes in the afternoon commute to return to their residences. Issues identified with the slug lanes include:
• Poor and inconsistent signage in the slug lanes • No shelter for riders in south slug lanes • Slug lane is very narrow and allows for limited passing, therefore increasing congestion at the North Rotary and Fern entrance Pentagon Rideshare Lane • Small shelters in the southeast parking lot that are set back from the actual wait line Tour Buses
A significant number of tour buses bring visitors to the Reservation for the Pentagon building and Memorial on a regular basis. Tour buses are not allowed access to the PTC. Buses currently enter South Parking at Eads Street and park around the outside of the Rotary Road loop in the eastern-most section of the south parking lot. Visitors then walk through the heavily congested North Rotary Road and Fern gate area to get to the Memorial or Pentagon building. Confusing and inconsistent signage along this route makes it difficult for the visitors, especially those with disabilities, to reach their destination.
Pentagon Tour Bus Parking
2-28 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.18 Pentagon Reservation Transit Circulation
Existing Conditions 2-29 Parking
All of the parking areas on the Reservation are surface lots. As shown in Table 2.4 and Figure 2.19, there are currently 8,494 parking spaces on the Reservation. The National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), the Federal Government’s planning agency for the National Capital Region, sets forth goals on what are referred to as parking ratios. The NCPC recommended ratio is 1 to 4, which is one parking space for every four employees. With approximately 23,000 employees at the Pentagon, the existing parking ratio is 1:2.7.1
The Pentagon has worked to minimize dependence on the use of single-occupant vehicles. One method is to provide reserved parking spaces for vehicles with passengers who commute to the Pentagon in pre-arranged carpools. Currently, reserved rideshare (carpool) spaces on the Reservation account for 613 parking spots, which equates to approximately 8% of the total number of spaces. Additional strategies for increasing the parking ratio to 1:4 to meet NCPC’s guidelines are being explored and are discussed in the TMP and Chapter 3.
Table 2.4 Pentagon Reservation Parking Areas
Map ID Parking Area Parking Spaces 1 Zone 1 2,662 2 Zone 2 1,754 3 Zone 3 349 4 Zone 4 2,858 5 Zone 5 871 Total 8,494 Parking Ratio1 1:2.7
1 Based on NCPC parking ratio criteria, only employee parking spaces (including carpool/vanpool spaces) are included in the ratio. Spaces for official vehicles (212), visitors (208), motorcycles (200), and the impound lot (65) are not included.
2.5.2 Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation
The major pedestrian thoroughfare on the Pentagon Reservation runs between the Pentagon Memorial and the Metro Entrance Facility on the southern side of the Pentagon Building (see Figure 2.20). This route follows the sidewalk along North Rotary Road and turns north towards the building at the North Rotary and Fern Street screening area. The South Parking areas feed into this route via connections to the easternmost lot and a dedicated walkway that connects to the pedestrian tunnel running under I-395 to Pentagon City. The main pedestrian entrance from the south is at the MEF. However, a significant number of employees enter the building from the Corridor 3 Bridge directly opposite the South Parking lot area.
From the North Parking area, pedestrians can cross over Route 110 using the North Parking Connector Bridge and enter the building at the Pentagon Athletic Center (PAC) or utilize one of the two River Terrace pedestrian bridges and enter the building through Corridor 8.
2-30 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.19 Pentagon Reservation Parking
Existing Conditions 2-31 Pentagon service members fulfilling their physical training (PT) requirements follow an informal jogging route that starts from the PAC, crosses the North Parking Connector Bridge, heads north along the eastern edge of the North Parking area and links up with two Arlington County Multi-Use Trails. The preferred connection is to the trail running along the eastern edge of Route 27 leading to the Memorial Bridge and the National Mall. The other trail connection follows the Boundary Channel Bridge to the LBJ Memorial Grove, heads through the marina parking lot and joins the Mount Vernon Trail through a new underpass at the Humpback Bridge. Pedestrians have also been observed using an informal footpath from the end of the paved path south of the Humpback Bridge along the Pentagon Lagoon to the shoulder of Boundary Channel Drive near the HRP fence line.
Cyclists utilize both of the Arlington County Multi-Use Trails as well as vehicular roadways. A number of bike racks are situated around the Numerous parking aisle crossings create the potential Reservation; the most heavily used are near the Corridor 3 Bridge and at for vehicle - pedestrian conflicts the PAC.
Currently, a number of vehicular-pedestrian conflict areas exist on the Reservation. These include:
• The intersection of pedestrian and vehicular circulation at the North Rotary and Fern screening area. • The numerous parking aisle crossings along North Rotary Road in South Parking and along Boundary Channel Drive in North Parking • The inadequate pedestrian crossings along South Rotary Road and across the Eads Street Connector Road. In addition to conflict areas, there are also a number of inadequate or missing pedestrian connections. These include:
• Missing sidewalk segments along the Connector Road. • Slanted sidewalk segments in the northeastern portion of the North Parking area, which force runners off the sidewalk into the parking lot. Missing sidewalk segments along the Connector Road • Poor pedestrian environments under I-395, primarily the pedestrian tunnel and the Fern Street underpass. • Less than ideal pedestrian routes through North Parking, limiting the options to either the extreme west or east sides of the lot. • Lack of painted bike lanes.
Lack of painted bike lanes
2-32 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 2.20 Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation
Note: Controlled Pedestrian Circulation routes are accessible only after passing through an Access Control Point.
Existing Conditions 2-33 2.6 Helipad
The terrorist attack on the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 forced the relocation of the helipad from its position on the west side of the Pentagon building just east of Route 27. Initially, the helipad was moved to the lower parade ground east of the River Terrace. That location proved unsatisfactory for safety and security reasons and so the helipad was moved to the David O. Cooke Terrace deck, on the north side of the Pentagon above the Remote Delivery Facility (RDF), for flight operation and emergency rescue operations (as illustrated in Figure 2.21). Due to updated flight regulations, the existing RDF Truck Inspection Facility and the Route 27 security wall, as well as the 9/11 Memorial, the helipad is prevented from returning to its west side location.
The current ‘Clear Zones’ for landing and take-off, based on the current helipad location on the RDF, extend across Route 27 to the west and Helicopter departing the Pentagon Reservation Route 110 to the east, as illustrated in Figure 2.21. The Approach- Departure Areas stretch over Route 27 and adjacent Arlington National Cemetery to the west of the helipad, and over Route 110 and the north parking lot to the east. The configuration of these areas, and relevant regulations, are defined in UFC 3-260-01, Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design, 17 November 2008. According to the regulations, Clear Zones are not to be encumbered by publicly traveled rights-of-way, or any other land use except open agriculture or open space areas. Similarly, land use is controlled within the Approach-Departure Areas, although there is more latitude than within the Clear Zones. The current, predominant operation orientation is to take-off and land from the east, approaching or departing over the north parking lot. Take-offs or landing approaches over Arlington National Cemetery are infrequent and limited so as not to create a disturbance to cemetery operations or visitors.
Flight operations at the helipad are supported by a small air traffic control tower and fire station. The control tower for the helipad is currently located to the west of the RDF, approximately 700 feet southwest of the helipad. The control tower is a structure on the backside of the current emergency fire truck vehicle shed and does not have an optimum view of the helipad. Both the control tower and fire truck shed are temporary construction structures now beyond their useful operational life. In addition, the existing structures do not have adequate interior space to support the control tower/fire station requirements.
2-34 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Approach/Departure Zone & Glide Slope
Accident Potential Zone
Clear Zone
Landing Zone
Figure 2.21 Pentagon Reservation Helipad
Existing Conditions 2-35 2.7 Environment and Sustainability
2.7.1 Environment
As the Pentagon Reservation began to develop in the 1940s, buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replaced previous developments. Surfaces that were once permeable were replaced with impermeable surfaces. The Pentagon Reservation has 79 acres of green space but often these areas are neither sufficiently vegetated, nor are they vegetated with sustainable plants. The Pentagon Reservation has a significant amount of impervious surface area, primarily from paved parking lots.
Heat Islands
The large amount of impervious surface area in the parking lots, the sidewalks, the Pentagon roof, and other built entities around the Reservation produce ‘heat islands.’ The term ‘heat island’ describes the phenomenon whereby urban regions experience warmer temperatures than their rural surroundings due to trapped heat within hard surfaces.
Heat islands cause negative effects by increasing summertime peak-energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness, and poor water quality. On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry, exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and pavement, to temperatures 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air, while shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings—remain close to air temperatures (see Figure 2.22).
Strategies for reducing the negative effects of heat islands range from planting trees, increasing the amount of native vegetation, and implementing green and/or cool roofs. Increased tree and vegetative cover can help to lower surface and air temperatures by providing shade and through evapotranspiration. Trees and vegetation that provide shade to directly adjacent buildings can also help to reduce air conditioning energy demands. In addition, increased trees and vegetation can help to remove air pollutants, store and sequester carbon dioxide, and help to absorb stormwater runoff. Green roofs and cool roofs help to reduce temperatures of the roof surface and the surrounding air. Green roofs absorb heat and act as insulators for buildings, which can help to reduce the
Source US Environmental Protection Agency Surface and atmospheric temperatures vary over different land use areas. Surface temperatures vary more than air temperatures during the day, but they both are fairly similar at night. The dip and spike in surface temperatures over the pond show how water maintains a fairly constant temperature day and night, due to its high heat capacity.
Note: The temperatures displayed do not represent absolute temperature values or any one particular measured heat island. Temperatures will fluctuate based on factors such as seasons, weather conditions, sun intensity, and ground cover.
Figure 2.22 Surface Temperature vs. Air Temperature
2-36 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update amount of energy needed to heat and cool the building. Green roofs also create additional vegetative surface and provide benefits associated with increased vegetation. Cool roofs use reflective surfaces to help reflect sunlight and heat away from the building, which can reduce roof temperatures and the amount of heat that transfers from the roof to the building, lowering building energy use during hot summer weather. These strategies are incorporated into the Master Plan projects in Chapter Three.
Stormwater
In addition to the ‘heat island’ effect, the large amount of impervious surface affects the stormwater management on the Reservation. Stormwater is rainwater and melted snow that runs off streets, sidewalks, and other sites. Stormwater on natural or undeveloped land gradually infiltrates into the soil, replenishing groundwater supplies and slowly discharging excess runoff to local creeks. In developed areas such as the Pentagon Reservation, however, impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent stormwater from naturally soaking into the ground. Instead the large amount of impervious surface on the Reservation requires a complex network of surface drainage structures and underground stormwater lines to discharge the stormwater into the Pentagon Lagoon. As stormwater runoff flows over pavement, it picks up pollutants like oils, sediment, trash, and chemicals that are left on streets and walkways. Eventually, all those pollutants make their way down through the watersheds to the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay.
Stormwater pollutants are monitored according to Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) requirements. TMDL pollutants for the Pentagon Reservation are phosphorus, nitrogen, and total suspended solids.
The primary method to control stormwater discharges is the use of established Best Management Practices (BMPs). Low Impact Development or LID is another approach that works with nature to manage stormwater as close to its source as possible. Because drainage conditions vary within the Reservation, different LID measures will be appropriate at different parts of the Reservation.
Stormwater Regulation Requirements
Stormwater management control measures can vary depending on the requirements of federal, state, and local laws. These requirements stem from the Clean Water Act and are in place to ensure that waterways and water sources are protected from pollutants carried by stormwater runoff. As land is renovated on the Pentagon Reservation (the Reservation is essentially fully developed) adherence to state and federal regulations that govern all renovation projects for stormwater management will be required.
EISA Section 438 requires that federal projects with a footprint of 5,000 SF or greater to maintain or restore the pre-development hydrology of the property to the maximum extent technically feasible. UFC 3-210-10, Low Impact Development directs DoD components to implement Section 438 using LID techniques. To accomplish this objective, each individual project must capture, treat and recycle/infiltrate/evapotranspirate the design storm runoff. The design storm can be calculated by either historically comparing the site before modern development (woods in good condition in most cases) to the proposed development or using a calculated 95th percentile storm (1.7 – inch storm for Washington, D.C.). Vegetative roofs, infiltration technologies in Type A/B soils, and rainwater harvesting are several of the key technologies to fully achieving the stated EISA Section 438 requirements.
EO 13508- Chesapeake Bay Protection and Restoration directs federal entities to strengthen stormwater management practices on federal lands within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Per EO 13508, the EPA established Chesapeake Bay TMDL, or watershed limits, on three criteria pollutants- nitrogen, phosphorous, and sediment. The Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act was enacted to enhance water quality but partnering with state and local governments to reduce and prevent nonpoint source pollution. Compliance with the Chesapeake Bay Act is required.
Existing Conditions 2-37 As noted earlier, per the Chesapeake Bay Act, the entire Pentagon Reservation is within an RMA and the 100-foot border along Boundary Channel Drive and the Pentagon Lagoon is a RPA. The RPA is outlined in Figure 2.14 Per the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Ordinance of Arlington County, for any land disturbing activities exceeding 2,500 sf, the Pentagon Reservation is required to submit a plan of development with a landscape conservation plan, stormwater management plan, and an erosion and sediment control plan to Arlington County. Compliance with this and all other Arlington County stormwater regulations is required.
New development and redevelopment on the Reservation is subject to the requirements of the Virginia Stormwater Management Act (VSMA), which focuses on removal of pollutant particulates. Recent revisions to the Virginia Stormwater Act have resulted in technical criteria revisions to the Virginia Stormwater Management Program (VSMP) Stormwater Regulations (9VAC25) dealing with renovation projects1. Land disturbing activities that obtain an initial state permit on or after July 1, 2014, must Storm drain in South Parking Lot meet the water quality requirement in 9VAC25-870-63.
To meet the quality requirements, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) has directed that each project be evaluated using the Virginia Runoff Reduction Method (VRRM). There are two elements that must be evaluated.
1. Land Conversion – Conversion of existing impervious area to pervious area must be considered first on all projects – or – when not feasible or practicable to meet requirements using land conversion. 2. Installation of one or an approved combination of DEQ-approved Best Management Practice (BMP) technologies. Many of these BMPs are also classified as LID technologies (i.e. stormwater management strategies designed to maintain site hydrology and mitigate adverse impacts of stormwater and non-point source pollution). As part of the VSMP, the DEQ administers MS4 permits to discharge stormwater related to construction activities and conveyance systems. The Pentagon MS4 permit, issued on July 1, 2013, and the Phase II Example of LID measure - bioretention Virginia Watershed Implementation Plan (WIP) require WHS to reduce pollutant loads (phosphorus, nitrogen, and total suspended solids) over 15 years.
The MS4 permit requires that land pollutant levels are met whether land is disturbed or not. The permit requires WHS to develop an action plan to identify the required stormwater pollutant reductions for existing land and new development on the Pentagon Reservation and the methods to be implemented to achieve the required reductions. This will require an analysis of the current conditions, required reductions, and potential future and planned reductions that can be achieved through construction projects at the Reservation. Compliance with the Pentagon’s MS4 permit is required, and in meeting the requirements the Pentagon Reservation will also meet the Chesapeake Bay TMDL requirements and comply with the VSMA.
Site-specific engineering design will be required to determine the most appropriate LID techniques. Large parking lots on the Reservation will also require detailed site-engineering because of the flat conditions, low elevations and existing drainage systems. 1 Specifically 9VAC25- Chapters 830, 840, 850, 870, 880, and 890. Water quantity/flood protection criteria also apply in accordance with 9VAC25-870-66. Projects within the RPA must comply with more stringent standards.
2-38 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Sustainability
Sustainability is defined as “design, construction, operations, and maintenance practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This definition was first put forward by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, and its content is directly relevant in the development of the Master Plan Update.
New development at the Reservation can significantly contribute to the sustainability of its site through the conservation and wise use of the site’s natural land, water, and energy resources. Sustainable design and construction methods can reduce the environmental impacts associated with conventional development practices and can also reduce construction and operating costs for new and existing buildings and landscapes.
The federal government is leading by example in encouraging sustainable development practices among its agencies through a variety of mandates and sustainability initiatives. The DoD developed the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) in 2010 which outlines goals and performance expectations. The SSPP is updated annually to document and track performance, goal achievement, and new initiatives. The overall goal is to change the manner in which DoD agencies obtain energy for their operations and infrastructure in order to leave the smallest impact possible on environmental resources. The SSPP incorporates performance targets from Executive Orders, federal mandates, and sustainability initiatives, including:
• Federal Leadership in High Performance and Sustainable Buildings Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and Guiding Principles, • DoD Instruction 4170.11 Installation Energy Management, • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, • EPAct 2005, • Executive Order 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy and Transportation Management, • Executive Order 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy and Economic Performance, and • 25 October 2010 Memorandum on DoD Sustainable Buildings Policy. As part of the effort to achieve DoD’s sustainability goals, a new set of building standards, Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 1-200-02, High Performance and Sustainable Building Requirements, was issued in March 2013 to ensure DoD compliance with all federal requirements on high-performance, sustainable buildings. The UFC provides minimum unified requirements and coordinating guidance for planning, designing, constructing, renovating, and maintaining, high performance and sustainable facilities. These requirements will help to reduce ownership costs, improve energy efficiency and water conservation, promote environmental stewardship, and enhance facility and installation performance.
In May 2012, DoD issued UFC 2-100-01, Installation Master Planning, which provides direction and guidance on planning at an installation level that provides a means for sustainable and energy-efficient development that supports mission requirements. The UFC also provides guidance on connected transportation networks that support vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians; sustainable landscape elements including a requirement to incorporate regularly spaced street trees on roadways (25’-30’ on center); LID and Integrated Management Practices; energy and water conservation; and waste management.
Existing Conditions 2-39 2.8 Utilities
The current utility infrastructure is arranged in numerous underground tunnels and direct line burials, which provide services to the Pentagon building and connect to various private utility trunk lines which cross the site. This system has been built up over the life of the Pentagon and lies below a significant portion of the Reservation land. The utility systems at the Reservation include water, sanitary sewer, stormwater sewer, natural gas, electrical power, steam and chilled water, telephone, and communication lines. The existing utilities vary in age by type and according to when and what replacements have occurred.
Water - The Potomac River is the source of potable water for the Pentagon Reservation, including the Master Plan Area. Water is drawn from the Potomac River at Great Falls and directed to the Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant (WTP). A 30-inch diameter primary water main connects the WTP with the Pentagon; this water main was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1941 during the construction of the Pentagon and has been systematically replaced in sections. It is separate from the Arlington County Department of Environmental Services water supply and distribution system. The USACE (Washington Aqueduct System) owns and operates the looped distribution system on the Reservation. They system piping continues eastward to serve Ronald Reagan National Airport and is connected to the Arlington County system east of the Reservation.
Sanitary Sewer - Wastewater from the Pentagon is collected and transported by gravity flow through a sanitary sewer system that terminates at East Sewage Lift Station, located north of the North Parking Lot. Wastewater is pumped from the East Sewage Lift Station to the Arlington County sewage lift station located south of I-395, where it is conveyed to an Arlington County owned and operated wastewater treatment plant. Isolated point of collection treatment is provided near the Pentagon Athletic Club north of the main building (Stormceptor hydrodynamic separators), in the both the North Parking Lot and the HRP parking lot (Filterra manufactured bioretention filters, a LID solution).
Stormwater Management - Within the Master Plan Area, the Reservation has been issued a General Permit (VAR 040103) for Stormwater Discharge from Small MS4s (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System). Generally, stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces, and on occasion from saturated soils under heavy storm conditions, occurs as overland sheet flow that gravity drains to stormwater catchment areas. Drop inlets located within the stormwater catchment areas drain subgrade into a network of storm sewer piping that collects and typically discharges untreated stormwater runoff into Boundary Channel and the Pentagon Lagoon (three discharge points).
Steam and Chilled Water - The Pentagon receives steam and chilled water for heating and cooling purposes from the Heating and Refrigeration Plant (HRP), located in the southeastern corner of the Reservation. Steam and condensate return, and chilled water supply and return piping connect the plant with the Pentagon via a combination of direct burial pipe and pipe installed in an underground tunnel. Condenser supply water is pumped from the Pentagon Lagoon to the HRP and is returned to the Roaches Run Waterfowl Sanctuary in a network of underground piping.
Natural Gas - The Pentagon receives natural gas supplied by Washington Gas Company from a 12-inch, high-pressure force main from Columbia Pike. The main passes along the south side of the Pentagon and crosses I-395 at the Fern Street underpass. A service line from the 12-inch Washington Gas main connects to the HRP, which uses natural gas as the primary fuel to produce saturated steam.
Electrical Power - The Pentagon receives electrical power from Dominion Virginia Power Company. Two substations are located in the southeast corner of the Reservation near the HRP. Underground electric lines run through the Reservation area. Major utility power lines run under the North Parking lot.
Telephone and Communications - The Pentagon has a complex telephone and communications system.
2-40 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Chapter Three Master Plan
Figure 3.1 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.1 Plan Concept
Chapter Three describes the projects included in the 2014 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update along with individual component plans such as land use, security, circulation, etc. The chapter also includes phasing to implement the plan over the short and long-term.
Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 provide an illustrative drawing of the ultimate, long-term plan for the Pentagon Reservation. The goal of the Master Plan Update is to maintain, enhance, and optimize the DoD Headquarters/Pentagon operations, to include:
• Improve DoD Headquarters / Pentagon security; • Enhance the safety and quality of life of employees and visitors; • Enhance environmental sustainability on the Reservation; and • Balance the various planning factors / development pressures on the Reservation, including funding, security, safety, public access, historic preservation, being a good neighbor, and sustainability.
Master Plan 3-1 The plan also reflects many of the same features of the 2005 Master lanP but attempts to achieve a more “green” and sustainable campus through the use of surface parking combined with stormwater management techniques versus structured parking with green roofs, which is more expensive and difficult to execute in the present funding environment.
The overall concept for the Master Plan Update centers around three key planning features or elements, as follows:
1. Security The first key feature of the plan is the updated security system planned for the Reservation. As mentioned previously, security has already been a major focus of change in the exterior grounds of the Reservation following the 9/11 terrorist attack. The relocation of Route 110 away from the Pentagon was the largest of these changes and was reflected in the 2005 Plan. However, many of the screening and other security Pentagon Police Department facilities constructed after 9/11 were temporary in nature, and new permanent facilities are required for the long-term. These security features were packaged in an implementation initiative called the Sentry Program, and all permanent fences, barriers and entry control points included in it are reflected in the Master Plan Update. A major objective of the Sentry program is to establish a secure and controlled perimeter around the Pentagon building, as well as augment the protection of other key support areas such as the HRP and a new Pentagon Support Operations Center (PSOC) facility. The perimeter fence/barrier system with controlled entry points for all vehicles and pedestrians will achieve a modernized security system for the Pentagon building and all other areas needing security for the foreseeable future.
2. Enhanced Safety and Quality of Life The second key feature of the plan is the planned improvements to enhance safety and quality of life for employees and visitors. These include vehicular and pedestrian circulation improvements around the Reservation and the renovation or replacement of the exterior Pentagon Transit Center Pentagon facilities, many of which are temporary buildings or past their expected life and need improvements to meet current mission requirements. Exterior Pentagon facilities include a new Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station (included in the 2005 Plan) and a new Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) facility called the Pentagon Support Operations Center (PSOC). In addition, the Master Plan Update plans several new functionally and aesthetically improved buildings and sites, including a renovated stage in the center courtyard of the Pentagon, electrical and power facility upgrades, and a covering for pedestrians using the Corridor 8 bridge.
The existing circulation system is a complex system with more than 23,000 employees, as well as non-Pentagon employees, traveling to and from the Reservation each day. The Master Plan Update is focused on improving the safety and security of the employees and visitors coming to and going from the Reservation, whether by car, bus, Metro, bicycle or walking. In addition, the Master Plan Update projects are intended to significantly improve the overall efficiency and operations of the vehicular, pedestrian, and bicycle circulation systems, particularly in LID Initiatives to Aid Pentagon Sustainability the South Parking Lot area, to reduce vehicular-pedestrian conflicts and Efforts improve the commuting and visitation experience for all employees and visitors, respectively. The projects will also ensure emergency vehicle access. These same improvements are described and included in the Transportation Management Plan which was prepared in parallel and coordinated with the Master Plan Update.
3-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3. Enhanced Environmental Sustainability Another key planning element is environmental sustainability. As mentioned in Chapter 1, the federal government is leading by example in encouraging sustainable development practices among its agencies through a variety of mandates and sustainability initiatives. DoD developed the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) in 2010, which is updated annually and it outlines the goals and performance expectations for all agencies within the Department such as WHS. The Master Plan team reviewed and analyzed many sustainable strategies to help WHS identify opportunities to meet the targets established in the SSPP from a site perspective. Using site recommendations from a previous WHS study, the Master Plan includes a number of specific measures to improve stormwater management to include reclaiming green areas, creating bioretention areas, constructing vegetated roofs on new structures, and other strategies. These measures will help WHS will comply with the stormwater management requirements, including pollutant load reductions, in the new MS4 permit for the Reservation. The 2005 Master Plan also addressed the same issue by proposing five new parking garages with green roofs to replace much of the existing surface parking at the Reservation. As mentioned previously, the 2014 Plan takes a different approach and pursues a ‘green’ and more sustainable Reservation by integrating environmentally prudent stormwater management measures into the existing parking lots and projects to help mitigate the adverse environmental impacts associated with large amounts of impervious surfaces. These measures will help protect downstream water bodies, including the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay, and improve overall water quality in the region. Master Plan Update projects such as energy efficient light-emitting diode (LED) lamping, the Classified Waste Destruction Facility, and the Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power project are targeted at reducing energy use at the Reservation.
In addition to these focus areas, the Master Plan Update as shown attempts to strike an equitable balance among the numerous planning influences affecting facility development at the Reservation, as described in Chapter 1. These planning factors are: security, transportation/circulation, environmental protection and sustainability, historical context, community coordination, and stormwater management. Other factors affecting the Reservation that were also considered within the Master Plan Update include: development pressures on the Reservation, funding, safety, public access, historic preservation, and being a good neighbor. All of these factors were considered with a deliberate attempt to balance these sometimes competing concerns with the overall plan objectives to achieve a realistic and forward-thinking plan for the future of the Reservation.
Pentagon Memorial
Master Plan 3-3 The complete list of Master Plan Update projects is provided in Table 3.1. More detailed explanations of individual projects can be found in the component plans that comprise the Master Plan Update in the following sections of this chapter.
Table 3.1 Master Plan Update Projects
Map ID Project Project Category 1 Secure Access Lane (SAL) (Sentry) Security 2 West End Safety Upgrade Security 3 South Parking Improvements (includes LED lamping) Safety/Quality of Life & Environmental Sustainability 4 Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project Safety/Quality of Life 5 MEF Visitor Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Security 6 MEF Employee Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Security 7 Classified Waste Destruction Environmental Sustainability 8 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power Environmental Sustainability 9 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade Safety/Quality of Life & Environmental Sustainability 10 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station Safety/Quality of Life 11 Center Courtyard Stage Safety/Quality of Life 12 Corridor 8 Exterior Bridge Canopy Safety/Quality of Life 13 Corridor 8 Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Security 14 Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel) Safety/Quality of Life 15 Boundary Channel Drive Vehicular and Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Security 16 North Parking Lot Improvements (SWM & LED lamping) Safety/Quality of Life & Environmental Sustainability 17 Relocate Impound Lot/MACC Trailers Safety/Quality of Life 18 North Village Modifications Safety/Quality of Life 19 Pentagon Security Operations Center (PSOC) Safety/Quality of Life 20 Pentagon Motor Pool - Location TBD (not shown on Figure 3.2) Safety/Quality of Life 21 Stormwater Quality Improvements to meet TMDL Action Plan (not shown on Figure 3.2) Environmental Sustainability 22 Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center Safety/Quality of Life
3-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Projects
Master Plan 3-5 3.2 Land Use
The land use plan for the Reservation retains most of the existing land uses without major changes (see Figure 3.3). Many of the projects are planned as renovations or replacements of temporary facilities located within compatible land use zones. The land use plan will result in six types of land uses within the Reservation:
1. Administration The Pentagon building will continue to represent the primary administration land use on the Reservation with approximately 35 acres.
2. Utilities Two areas of the Reservation house utilities. They include the Heating and Refrigeration Plant (HRP) located on the southeastern edge of the reservation and an area just north of the HRP site providing a utility connection from the Pentagon Lagoon to the HRP. A third utility area is planned in the North Secure Parking Lot.
3. Support Support land uses will increase with the conversion of the North Village area at the northernmost portion of the Reservation, which has been used for Pentagon Renovation contractors, to a new PSOC facility and designated future buildable land. In addition, a motor pool function will be located on the Reservation. The temporary Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station will be replaced with a permanent facility. The existing Pentagon Library and Conference Center below the River Terrace and the truck inspection area/ Secure Access Lane (SAL) will continue to be support land use areas, as they are today.
4. Green/Open Space The green or open space on the Reservation will increase slightly from 79 acres to approximately 85 acres. Some of the initiatives that contribute to the increase in green space on the Reservation include the following projects:
• Conversion of existing laydown areas near the Pentagon building into green space; • Conversion of certain parking areas into green space with landscape areas and bioretention systems for stormwater management. In addition, the existing green areas on the Reservation are included in the green/open space land use category as they were on the existing land use map. They include the Center Courtyard, 9/11 Memorial, David O. Cooke Terrace, River Terrace, and the green space along Boundary Channel Drive adjacent to the Pentagon Lagoon.
5. Public Transportation The existing public transportation land use, which includes land designated for the PTC and a ridesharing area will remain the same. Additional public transportation area will be added to the Hayes Street Parking lot with the relocation of the tour bus drop-off and additional bus bays.
6. Parking Land Use With the implementation of the Master Plan Update and TMP, the parking land use area on the Reservation will be reduced by approximately 3.5 acres. This reduction in parking slightly reduces the amount of impervious surface at the Reservation. Decreasing the amount of impervious surface and increasing green space and vegetation will help to reduce the heat island effect and increase landscaped amenities and areas for employees and visitors working at or visiting the Reservation to enjoy.
3-6 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.3 Pentagon Reservation Planned Land Use
Master Plan 3-7 This page is redacted in the public version. 3.3 Security Projects
Table 3.2 Sentry Program Projects
3-8 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update This page is redacted in the public version.
Figure 3.4 Planned Security Features
Master Plan 3-9 3.4 New Facility Projects
To respond to the need to modernize and consolidate Pentagon support facilities, several new facility projects are included in the Master Plan Update. It should be noted that these projects are still under development and could change based on further review and/or funding limitations. To maintain consistency in design across the Reservation, the exterior design and development of these facilities and site elements, particularly with respect to material palettes and façade, shall refer to the guidelines established in the 2010 entagonP Reservation Exterior Standards Manual. The planned projects include the following:
3.4.1 Pentagon Support Operations Center (PSOC)
The PSOC will provide updated and permanent space for three functions for the Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) in the northern most part of the Reservation property at the North Village formerly used for temporary contractor operations associated with the Pentagon Renovation (PENREN) project (see Figure 3.5). The PSOC facility will be a one- story, approximately 25,825 net SF facility housing a permanent indoor firing range, a K9 facility, and Court Liaison and Evidence Room facilities (see Table 3.3). The PSOC will be a low-scale facility. The K9 facility will accommodate a military working dog kennel and support facilities. The three outdoor K9 areas associated with the K9 facility (obedience course, exercise area, and break area) will be located south of the PSOC facility within the North Village. The outdoor K9 areas will include three separate fenced, grassy open areas comprising a total of approximately 23,500 square feet. Parking for government vehicles will be provided on-site.
The North Village location is a constrained site when the AT/FP standoff requirements are taken into consideration. The PSOC functions will be co-located in one building so that the support spaces can be shared between each of the functions. These facilities will be sited within the North Village to leave space available for future development beyond the 20-year planning horizon.
The PSOC building is planned to meet United States Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED®) Silver certification.
Table 3.3 PSOC Functional Space Requirements1
Function Space Requirement (SF)2 Court Liaison and Evidence Room 2,444 K9 Facility 5,407 Indoor Firing Range 17,974
Indoor Function Subtotal 25,825 Outdoor Dog Areas 23,500
Total 49,325
1 Square footage space requirements are subject to change dependent on final DoD and Congressional approvals.
2 Space requirements are listed in net square feet.
3-10 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.4.2 North Village Modifications
The North Village will be redeveloped to accommodate the PSOC and outdoor K9 facilities, as well as reserve land to meet the Pentagon Reservation’s future development needs, as would be identified and assessed in future planning phases.As future space requirements beyond the scope of the Master Plan update are unknown, the North Village Modifications could accommodate future low-scale, compatible growth at the North Village area.
Many of the current functions at the North Village, as well as unused infrastructure, will be removed to create space for the PSOC. The functions and infrastructure to be removed include temporary modular buildings, the north and south sewage settling tanks no longer in use, and a small storage building. Three functions will be retained, including: the Landscape Operations, Building 104 (an office building in the center of the site), and a munitions bunker (see Figure 3.5). A new vehicular and pedestrian access point (ACP) will replace the existing temporary ACP at the entrance to the North Village. After demolition, areas not utilized for the PSOC will be converted into open space reserved for future development beyond the Master Plan planning horizon.
Existing Building
Planned Building
Existing Parking
Building 104
Landscape Operations PSOC
K-9 Outdoor Areas
Figure 3.5 North Village Modifications
Master Plan 3-11 3.4.3 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station
The existing fire station and control tower are located in temporary facilities near the Remote Delivery Facility (RDF). These temporary facilities, constructed after 9/11, are exhibiting various states of wear and tear. A new combined fire station and helipad control tower will be located on the southwest side of the RDF at the site of the existing temporary facility (see Figure 3.6). The existing facility will be relocated and will continue to operate while the new facility is being constructed to ensure continuity of operations. The current facility will be removed once the new facility is completed. The location gives the control tower a clear view of the helipad and aircraft flight path. The Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station requirements are based on the findings of the Pentagon Heliport Study, which will be used to help guide the detailed design process. The project’s exact siting and design will be determined during the detailed design process.
The Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station will only service the helipad operations (fire and emergency services for the Pentagon Building are provided by Arlington County). The fire station will be a one-story fire truck garage with space for two fire trucks and equipment and a one-story support space with accommodations for staff and a dispatch office. The attached control tower will provide space and equipment for personnel to oversee helicopter operations using the helipad. The control tower will be four stories tall, with the ground floor housing the fire station and control tower support space (see Table 3.4). As with all other new construction projects at the Reservation, the building is planned to meet the USGBC’s LEED Silver certification. The design of the building will need to be reflective of the Pentagon’s historic architecture and in accordance with the 2010 Exterior Standards Manual.
The helipad will remain in its existing location on the David O. Cooke Terrace deck on top of the RDF (see Figure 3.6). Emergency and VIP access to the helipad will continue via the pedestrian path extending out from the Mall Terrace and via restricted vehicular access from the Mall Terrace. In addition to the landing pad, the existing area for three to four standby parking spaces for waiting helicopters will remain.
The existing helipad site allows screening from general public views, primarily from Route 27 and Route 110 via the existing wall and vegetated berm between the roadway and the Reservation along the western side of the helipad. Given the elevation differences between the helipad and the roadway on the east side, proper evergreen vegetation located there would not grow high enough to be a flight hazard yet could suitably screen operations activity.
Table 3.4 Fire Station/Control Tower Functional Space Requirements1 Function Space Requirement (SF)2 Apparatus Bay 2,640 Living Quarters/Fire Station Support Spaces 1,685 Control Tower and Support Spaces 1,057
Total 5,382
1 Square footage space requirements are subject to change dependent on final DoD and Congressional approvals.
2 Space requirements are listed in net square feet.
3-12 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Emergency Equipment Access to the Helipad
Safety standards require that fire and rescue personnel and equipment have ready access to the helipad landing area. In accordance with DoD Instructions, the Aggregate Response Time (ART), which is the time elapsed from the receipt of an emergency alarm to when the first units arrive on the scene of an aircraft incident, is five minutes or less. For a structure incident, the ART is seven minutes or less. The Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) equipment response time is one minute or less for equipment which is “pre-positioned” near aircraft operations. The emergency fire and rescue equipment, co-located in the permanent Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station building with the control tower, will meet the response time requirement. All roadways leading to the helipad from the emergency vehicle structure and staging areas will need to meet standard roadway and turning radii required for emergency vehicles.
Security Criteria
The planned fire station control tower location meets three important security criteria that govern Helipad operations:
1. Visual screening of the aircraft and passengers on the landing area from surrounding roadways, which can be achieved with evergreen vegetation planted between the helipad and Route 27 to the east and Route 110 to the west. 2. Convenient access to the landing area for PFPA personnel. 3. Restricted vehicular and pedestrian access into the helipad area.
2
Control Tower/Fire Station Location 1 - Existing Facility Site 1 2 Helipad Location
Figure 3.6 Fire Station / Control Tower Site with Helipad
Master Plan 3-13 3.4.4 Pentagon Motor Pool - Location TBD
The motor pool function is currently located off site. The Pentagon Motor Pool will be used to provide space for a dispatch area, waiting areas, and a secured parking area (fenced) for 20 motor pool vehicles. The motor pool function space requirements are shown in Table 3.5. The location will be determined during the detailed design process after the completion of the Master Plan.
3.4.5 Center Courtyard Stage
The existing stage in the Pentagon center courtyard is a temporary structure and not sufficient for ceremonial and other events that take place in this location. For this reason, a project is planned to replace the stage with a new facility. Figure 3.7 highlights the planned project location. The project will require design coordination with the historic Figure 3.7 Center Courtyard Stage site preservation review agencies (VA SHPO, ACHP, NPS, etc.) since the Central Courtyard is one of the five contributing elements of the Pentagon NHL designation as described in Section 2.1.2.
3.4.6 Corridor 8 Exterior Bridge Canopy
A canopy project is planned for the pedestrian bridge connecting Corridor 8 with the Pentagon Library and Conference Center and North Parking Lot. Figure 3.8 shows the location of the Corridor 8 Bridge.
Figure 3.8 Corridor 8 Bridge Covering
Table 3.5 Motor Pool Space Requirements 1
Function Space Requirement (SF)2 Waiting Area 400
Dispatch Area 200 Parking Spaces (fenced) 5,100 and Circulation Total 5,700
1 Square footage space requirements are subject to change dependent on final DoD and Congressional approvals.
2 Space requirements are listed in net square feet.
3-14 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.4.7 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade
The Pentagon Power Security Upgrade is planned to provide back-up power to the Pentagon Reservation. The project includes diesel-powered emergency generators and associated fuel storage space to provide back- up power. The plant is being planned to operate in conjunction with the Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power project that includes natural gas-powered steam turbines to help meet Pentagon Reservation heating and cooling loads and generate electricity.
Figure 3.9 shows the location of the Pentagon Power Security Upgrade project at the East Loading Dock site near the easternmost point of the Pentagon. The facility is planned as an underground or bermed facility, covered with a green roof. The project’s exact size and design will be determined during the detailed design process after completion of Figure 3.9 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade site the Master Plan. The planning and design of this project will also be coordinated with the Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power project.
3.4.8 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power
The Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power (COGEN/CHP) project is a combined heat and power plant project planned to increase the Pentagon Reservation’s independence from the commercial power grid, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce energy consumption, and improve energy efficiency.
The project will be located in the existing power plant building in the HRP area (See Figure 3.10). It will replace three existing boilers with multiple gas turbines fitted with heat recovery steam generators to generate electricity on site and meet Pentagon steam loads during the winter. During the summer, excess steam heat will be directed to steam- powered chillers to provide chilled water to the Pentagon. The three remaining boilers will provide redundancy and supplemental steam when necessary. Low nitrous oxide-emitting gas turbines will be used to minimize onsite emissions. By generating electricity onsite, the COGEN/ CHP facility will increase the Pentagon’s grid independence. Figure 3.10 HRP, Site for COGEN/CHP The size of the new equipment will be determined during the detailed design process after completion of the Master Plan and may require expanding the footprint of the existing power plant to accommodate the new equipment. The planning and design of the project will be coordinated with the Pentagon Power Security Upgrade project.
3.4.9 Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel)
The Pentagon Electric Upgrade is a project on the east side of the Pentagon that will install an electrical substation enclosure set partially inside an existing grassy hill at the Corridor 8 Bridge to accommodate major electrical equipment that will enhance the Reservation’s electrical systems and increase reliability to support the Pentagon mission. The 10,000 square foot, one-story structure will be approximately 26 feet in height.
Master Plan 3-15 3.4.10 Classified Waste Destruction Facility
The Classified Waste Destruction Facility is planned to provide an alternate, more sustainable method to destroy classified waste by installing an additional system to dispose of classified waste at the existing incinerator plant within the HRP (See Figure 3.11).
The size of the new disposal system will be determined during the detailed design process after completion of the Master Plan, and may require expanding the footprint of the existing incinerator plant.
3.4.11 Relocate Impound Lot/MACC Trailers
In order to make room for the Boundary Channel Access Control Point, the impound lot and the MACC trailers (currently located near the HRP) will be relocated to the northwestern corner of the North Parking Lot Figure 3.11 HRP, Site for Classified Waste (Figure 3.12). Destruction Facility
Impound Lot
MACC Trailers
Figure 3.12 Impound Lot/MACC Trailers Relocation
3-16 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.4.12 West End Safety Upgrade
The West End Safety Upgrade project is planned to install an entrance plaza for the 9/11 Memorial to provide for events related to the 9/11 Memorial and to better accommodate visitors coming to see the Memorial. The pedestrian plaza will be added adjacent to the Memorial next to the South Parking Lot. The area will be accessed using new walkways and crosswalks within and adjacent to the South Parking Lot (see Section 3.5.1), including the pedestrian tunnel under I-395, to reduce pedestrian and vehicular conflicts and provide a safer pedestrian experience for visitors to the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial. The pedestrian tunnel under I-395 connects to the tour bus parking drop off area that is part of the Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project, described in Section 3.5.3 Transit. Figure 3.13 highlights the West End Safety Upgrade project location and adjacent pedestrian connections.
3.4.13 Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center
The project will develop a visitor education center to educate visitors about the memorial and the events that took place on September 11, 2001. It will serve to complement the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial. The Pentagon Memorial Fund is currently raising funds for this project. Figure 3.13 shows the currently planned location for the project.
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1
1 Pedestrian Plaza
Pedestrian Connection to 2 West End Safety Upgrade (Walkway from I-395 Pe- destrian Tunnel) 2
Pentagon Memorial Visitor 3 Education Center
Figure 3.13 West End Safety Upgrades and Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center site
Master Plan 3-17 3.5 Circulation Projects
The Master Plan Update includes significant improvements to the complex circulation systems on the South Parking Lot of the Reservation, in terms of vehicular, parking, pedestrian, and bicycle systems. Detailed analysis of the existing transportation and circulation conditions are available in the TMP.
3.5.1 South Parking Lot Improvements
The Pentagon Reservation and the Pentagon Transit Center (PTC) accommodate more than 23,000 employees traveling to and from the site every day, while also serving regional commuters as a major regional transportation node.
A major change is planned in the South Parking Lot to improve the safety, security, and efficiency of the vehicular and pedestrian circulation system; create a strong pedestrian network; and improve sustainability features. Figure 3.14 illustrates the planned vehicular circulation for the Reservation in the South Parking Lot and Figure 3.15 shows the circulation around the Reservation.
The South Parking Lot reconfiguration components are as follows (see Figure 3.16):
1. Direct access to the PTC for transit vehicles - Buses entering and exiting the PTC will be separated from passenger vehicles at the intersection of South Rotary Road and Eads Street, and directed into a two-way dedicated bus lane on Rotary Road along the outside perimeter of the eastern end of the South Parking Lot. This deconflicts bus and passenger traffic by eliminating bus traffic on Eads Street to provide safer pedestrian crossings and passenger vehicle travel along Eads Street. 2. Ridesharing area - A dedicated rideshare lane and waiting area will be incorporated in the parking lot on the east side of the South Parking Lot (commuter plaza) to accommodate the significant informal carpooling that occurs on the Reservation. 3. Taxi stand - A taxi waiting area with a layby for taxicabs will be incorporated into the eastern side of the South Parking Lot.
Figure 3.14 South Parking Lot Area Plan
3-18 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.15 Planned Vehicular Circulation
Master Plan 3-19 4. Pedestrian gateways and signalized crosswalks - Walkways will be defined and sidewalks and crosswalks increased to improve pedestrian safety. Raised crosswalks with advanced pedestrian warning systems will be installed on North and South Rotary Roads that connect to the I-395 pedestrian tunnel and the pedestrian walkway through the South Parking Lot. 5. Signalized intersections and crosswalks - Signalized intersections will be implemented along North and South Rotary Roads at Fern Street and Eads Street/ Connector Road. 6. Realign roadways and sidewalks to improve traffic flow - The Connector Road, North Rotary Road, and Eads Street intersection will be re-aligned to create a four-leg intersection and two-way access will be provided on Fern Street. 7. Parking circulation - Some parking lanes on the western side of the South Parking Lot area will be reconfigured to provide more efficient internal circulation and limit the number of vehicle access points onto South Rotary Road. 8. Tour bus drop-off - Tour bus drop-off points will be relocated from the South Parking Lot to Army Navy Drive, as described in the Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project (see Section 3.5.3). 9. Pedestrian and bicycle connectivity to Columbia Pike - Pedestrian and bicycle circulation systems currently connect and will continue to connect to Columbia Pike. 10. Wayfinding signage - Signage will route non-Pentagon employees between the Metrorail station and the bus bays at the PTC, as well as to the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial and the Metro Entrance Facility (MEF) Visitor Access Control Point. 11. Bicycle routes on North and South Rotary Roads - Signed on-street bike routes will be incorporated on North and South Rotary Roads. 12. Stormwater management measures - Several LID measures and techniques are planned for the South Parking Lot area to help manage stormwater, reduce the ‘heat island’ effect, and improve the overall aesthetics of a public area where numerous employees and visitors walk through on a daily basis. 13. LED Lamping - The existing lighting will be replaced with energy efficient light- emitting diode (LED) fixtures.
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3 7 2
Figure 3.16 South Parking Lot Reconfiguration Elements* * Numbers correspond with list above; not all items listed are shown.
3-20 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.5.2 North Parking Lot Improvements (SWM & LED Lamping)
Stormwater management and pedestrian safety improvements are planned in the North Parking Lot and along Boundary Channel Drive to reduce vehicular-pedestrian conflicts in the area and provide for a more comfortable and aesthetically pleasing pedestrian experience (see Figure 3.17).
1. Boundary Channel Drive Pedestrian Improvements - A new and improved sidewalk for pedestrians is planned along Boundary Channel Drive curve to better provide for pedestrian connections. In addition, regularly spaced street trees will be added along the roadway and existing canopy trees will be retained. These improvements will better accommodate Pentagon employees, including those who use the route for running during the day as part of their exercise regimen. The new Boundary Channel Drive ACP will facilitate pedestrian and vehicular screening. 2. Pedestrian Connection - A pedestrian path is planned to run through the North Parking Lot from the Circulator stop near the North Village ACP to the North Parking Connector Bridge and the Boundary Channel Vehicular ACP/Boundary Channel Drive. The tree-lined walkway will provide a shaded pedestrian connection through the North Parking Lot that incorporates LID measures. The walkway design maintains vehicular circulation through the lot while providing a designated space for pedestrians. 3. LID Measures - Similar to the South Parking Lot, several LID measures and techniques are also planned for the North Parking Lot area (See Section 3.6). 4. Special Events - Many organizations use the Reservation surface parking lots for special events, such as the Presidential Inaugural Parade, Rolling Thunder, and the Marine Corps Marathon. The North Parking lot will continue to host special events. The stormwater management features planned for the lot retain large parking bays to accommodate these types of events. 5. LED Lamping - Energy efficient light-emitting diode fixtures will be added.
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Rolling Thunder in North Parking Lot Figure 3.17 Illustrative of North Parking Area
Master Plan 3-21 3.5.3 Transit
The Master Plan Update includes projects to better accommodate buses to the PTC, as well as personnel informally car-pooling to the Pentagon 2 (which includes both Pentagon and non-Pentagon employees). As described in Section 3.5.1 South Parking Lot Improvements, a dedicated two-way bus lane will be installed on the outside perimeter of the eastern portion of the South Parking Lot. An existing underpass beneath Connector Road will provide direct access to the PTC for transit vehicles. A ridesharing area (‘slug’) with a dedicated lane and waiting area are provided in the eastern parking lot, along with a taxi drop-off (see Figure 3.20).
Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project
The project will locate the tour bus drop-off area from the South arkingP Lot to the Hayes Street Parking lot. A drop-off area for visitors to the Pentagon arriving by tour buses will be provided within the Hayes Street parking lot adjacent to Army Navy Drive. The project will include a total of eight bus bays, four tour bus drop off bays and four WMATA bus bays (see Figure 3.18). The project is funded by a Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) Grant and is being planned in collaboration with Arlington County and WMATA. In addition, Arlington County is planning a streetcar stop in the median of Army Navy Drive. Pedestrians will access both the 9/11 Memorial and the Pentagon Building through the pedestrian tunnel under I-395 and the 1 new walkways provided within and adjacent to the South Parking Lot (see Figure 3.19). Clear signing will be provided for passengers to access Figure 3.19 Tour Bus Drop-Off (1) Pentagon Tours and the Pentagon Memorial. Public bike parking will be Pedestrian Connection to West End (2) provided.
Tour bus parking can also be accommodated in Pentagon City and Crystal City, where buses can park for a fee.
Figure 3.18 Tour Bus Drop-Off along Army-Navy Drive
3-22 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.20 Planned Transit Circulation
Master Plan 3-23 3.5.4 Parking
All of the parking areas on the Reservation will be surface lots. The Pentagon’s efforts to minimize dependence on the use of single-occupant vehicles, the circulation improvements from the South Parking Lot Improvements, and the addition of low impact development and stormwater management measures from the Master Plan Update have combined to reduce the overall number of parking spaces on the Reservation. The total number of employee parking spaces will be reduced from 8,494 parking spaces to 7,199 parking spaces (see Table 3.6 and Figure 3.21). The National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) has established the parking ratio goal to be 1:4, which is one parking space for every four employees. While the Master Plan projects will reduce the number of parking spaces on the Reservation, the actual parking reduction is dependent on the final design of Master Plan improvements. With the Pentagon population anticipated to remain at approximately 23,000 employees, the parking ratio will likely be slightly lower than the 1:4 target ratio. The 1:3.2 ratio could decrease in the future as other commuting alternatives besides single occupancy vehicles are promoted in accordance with the 2014 Transportation Management Plan. As previously mentioned, the parking lots on the Pentagon Reservation serve as staging areas for many special events throughout the year such as the Presidential Inaugural Parade, Rolling Thunder, and the Marine Corps Marathon, and will continue to do so.
Table 3.6 Planned Parking Areas
Parking Area Parking Spaces Zone 1 2,410 Zone 2 1,754 Zone 3 349 Zone 4 2,022 Zone 5 664 Total 7,199 Parking Ratio 1 : 3.2
*Spaces for official vehicles (212), visitors (208), motorcycles (200), and the impound lot (65) are not included.
3-24 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.21 Planned Pentagon Reservation Parking
Master Plan 3-25 3.5.5 Pedestrian and Bicycle
One objective of the Master Plan Update is to improve the overall pedestrian and bicycle circulation on the Pentagon Reservation by eliminating conflict areas, improving connections, and adding new connections where needed (see Figure 3.22). The Master Plan Update connects the external trails surrounding the Reservation with routes on the Reservation in order to provide Pentagon employees a clear and direct route from the external trails to the employee bicycle racks and pedestrian entrances on the Reservation.
Pedestrian Improvements
The planned vehicular circulation improvements (see Section 3.5.1) will alleviate a number of the existing pedestrian conflict areas through the following measures: Shaded Walkway • A dedicated bus lane to and from the PTC on the outside perimeter of the South Parking Lot commuter plaza will eliminate conflicts between pedestrians and buses accessing the PTC. • A dedicated rideshare lane with a waiting area will allow for the smooth circulation of rideshare vehicles and minimize conflicts between pedestrians and cars in the parking lot. • The signalization of intersections along North and South Rotary Roads will allow for safer pedestrian crossings. • A reduced number of access points to parking areas at South Rotary Road to improve traffic flow and enhance traffic and pedestrian safety. The Master Plan Update projects improve a number of inadequate or missing pedestrian connections. These include:
• Increased sidewalk and crosswalk widths to allow for safe pedestrian queuing and more efficient crossing. • The installation of raised crosswalks and a walkway through the South Parking Lot and advanced pedestrian warning systems at the Signed On-Street Bike Route (sharrow) crosswalks along North and South Rotary Roads will allow for safer pedestrian crossings and provide a better connection to the I-395 pedestrian tunnel. • Improvements, as part of the West End Safety Upgrade, to the South Parking Lot pedestrian walkway that connects the PTC and the Metro with the Pentagon Memorial on the north side of North Rotary Road will provide a more inviting pedestrian environment that incorporates canopy trees and perimeter security elements with site amenities (Figure 3.24). • Improved sidewalk segments in the northeastern portion of the North Parking Area to keep runners on the sidewalk and out of the parking lot. • Increased green space and landscaped islands in the South Parking Lot to improve pedestrian comfort. • The provision of a tree-lined pedestrian route through the center of the North Parking area to allow for shorter trips for those who park in the middle of the lot. Bicycle Parking • Regularly spaced street trees on roadways, following the new Installation Master Planning UFC guidance (UFC 2-100-01).
3-26 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.22 Planned Pedestrian and Bicycle Circulation Note: Controlled Pedestrian Circulation routes are accessible only after passing through an Access Control Point. Pentagon Employee Bike Routes are signed for Pentagon/DoD badge holders only.
Master Plan 3-27 Bicycle Improvements
The reduction of conflict areas will also improve the overall bicycle circulation on the Reservation. Plans to further improve bicycle circulation on the Reservation include:
• The provision of signed on-street bike routes (sharrows) on selected roadways (North and South Rotary Roads, Boundary Channel Drive, and Connector Road - see Figure 3.23). • Coordination with Arlington County to facilitate the County’s installation of a fence and a multi-use trail connection along Boundary Channel Drive and the Pentagon Lagoon that will connect to a signed public bike route from the proposed roundabout on Boundary Channel Drive to Long Bridge Park. Areas north of the multi-use path intersection with the roundabout will be signed as restricted to DoD/Pentagon badge holders only. • Two new Pentagon employee bike racks in addition to the existing 46 racks. • A public bike rack in the Hayes Street Parking Lot, south of I-395, in addition to the existing public bike rack at the Pentagon 9/11 Memorial. A recurring comment from the Pentagon Transportation/Commuter Survey was that more employees would be willing to bike to work if shower facilities were available for general use inside the Pentagon. WHS analyzed the feasibility of providing additional showers for bicycle commuters in restrooms near several of the main building entrances. Locker and shower facilities for bicyclists and pedestrians will be added within the Pentagon Building at the bike rack entrances (Corridors 2, 3, and 8), pending space availability. Communicating implemented bicycle and pedestrian circulation improvements is a priority, and will occur as described in the TMP to promote alternative means of transportation to, from, and around the Reservation.
Figure 3.23 Pedestrian and Signed On-Street Bike Route Concept Two-way Road Cross Section Two-Lane One Way Road Cross Section
3-28 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3’Raised AT/FP Planter
Figure 3.24 South Parking Lot Pedestrian Walkway - North Rotary Road
Master Plan 3-29 This page is intentionally blank.
3-30 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.6 Environment and Sustainability Projects
In August of 2010, the DoD released the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) that outlines goals and performance expectations for DoD facilities, establishing the path by which DoD will serve as the model of sustainability for the nation while enhancing its ability to achieve mission objectives. The SSPP is updated annually. The Master Plan Update incorporates sustainable strategies to enable the Reservation to progress towards meeting the targets established in the SSPP to leave the smallest impact possible on environmental resources. Table 3.7 summarizes the goals and objectives of the FY 2013 SSPP and notes which targets are addressed by projects included in the Master Plan Update. The SSPP also includes goals that are operation specific, and the WHS Sustainability Program is working towards addressing those goals.
Table 3.7 Sustainability Performance Requirements Framework
Number Requirement Base Year 2015 2020 Addressed in Master Plan
Goal 1: The Use of Fossil Fuels Reduced 1.1 Energy Intensity of Facilities 2003 -30.00% -37.50% * 1.2 Renewable Energy Component 2005 12.00% 18.00% * 1.3 Fleet Petroleum Use 2005 -20.00% -30.00% Goal 2: Water Resources Management Improved 2.1 Potable Water Use Intensity 2007 -16.00% -26 .0% 2.2 Industrial and Irrigation Water Use Intensity 2007 -10.00% -20.00% * 2.3 Projects Over 5,000 SF – Stormwater Retention n/a 100% 100% * Goal 3: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with DoD Operations Reduced 3.1 Scope 1 & 2 Green House Gas Emissions 2008 -16.00% -34.00% * 3.2 Scope 3 Green House Gas Emissions 2008 -4.00% -13.50% * 3.3 Telework Participation 2008 20.00% 30.00% addressed in TMP 3.4 Employee Air Travel Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2011 -2.00% -7.00% Goal 4: DoD Climate Change Vulnerability Assessed and Resiliency Improved* Goal 5: Solid Waste Minimized and Optimally Managed 5.1 DoD Components with Printing Paper Policy by 2014 n/a 18 29 5.2 Non-Hazardous Waste Diversion from Waste Stream 2008 50.00% 50.00% * 5.3 Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion 2011 60% 60% Goal 6: The Use and Release of Chemicals of Environmental Concern Minimized 6.1 Toxic Chemicals Reduction 2007 -5.00% -15.00% 6.2 Personnel Certification for Pesticide Application n/a 100% 100% 6.3 Integrated Pest Management Plan n/a 100% 100% Goal 7: Sustainability Practices Become the Norm 7.1 Sustainable Procurement n/a 95% 95% 7.2 Electronic Stewardship and Data Centers** n/a 95-100% 95-100% 7.3 HPSB^ Requirement 2003 15.00% 15.00% * 7.4 Environmental Management System n/a n/a n/a
Source: Executive Order 13514, DoD Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP) *There are no sub-goals for Goal 4 at this time. **Multiple metrics included ^HPSB: High Performance and Sustainable Buildings By implementing the projects in the Master Plan Update, WHS is progressing towards meeting these targets.
Master Plan 3-31 3.6.1 Sustainability Strategies
The Master Plan team has identified sustainable strategies to enable WHS to progress towards meeting the targets established in the SSPP from a site perspective. The Master Plan Update focuses on Low Impact Development (LID) strategies for improving stormwater management practices on the Reservation to reduce the negative impact on waterways within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
Stormwater Management
To meet federal stormwater requirements, as implemented by Virginia and Arlington County, conversion of existing impervious area to pervious area (land conversion) must be considered on all projects. Where land conversion is not feasible or practicable, installation of Best Management Practice (BMP) technologies will be utilized. Many of these BMPs are also classified as Low Impact Development (LID) technologies.
The Pentagon Reservation’s stormwater management system is regulated by the Virginia Stormwater Management Program and is operated under the Pentagon Reservation’s Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit issued by VDEQ. To meet the requirements of the Pentagon Reservation’s MS4 permit to control the discharge of pollutants from the storm sewer system to the maximum extent practicable, a wide variety of BMPs can be implemented to improve the quality of stormwater discharge. The Pentagon’s Chesapeake Bay TMDL Action Plan is currently under development to determine the total pollutant load reductions necessary to reduce the annual nutrient and sediment loads and the methods (i.e., BMPs) that will be implemented to achieve the reductions. See Section 2.7 in Chapter 2 for further information on these requirements.
Stormwater Quality Improvements to Meet TMDL Action Plan - The project will implement water quality improvement measures in order to meet TMDL pollutant load reduction requirements associated with the Pentagon Reservation’s MS4 permit. The project will need to be implemented if total necessary pollutant load reductions are not achieved through the implementation of stormwater management requirements associated with other Master Plan projects. A LID Reference Manual was prepared by WHS in June 2012 addressing LID improvements to stormwater management and treatment on the Pentagon Reservation grounds. The LID Reference Manual provides suggested locations and LID measures, which are included in the Master Plan Update. These potential locations and measures are listed in Table 3.8 and shown in Figure 3.26. The exact location and type of Stormwater Quality Improvement projects will be determined after further study during the detailed design process and completion of the TMDL Action Plan, and could be in multiple locations throughout the Reservation.
The South Parking Lot Improvements - This project is subject to the Virginia Stormwater Act (VSMA) and Section 438 of the EISA of 2007 due to the scale of the planned development. As part of the South Parking Improvements project, stormwater management measures will be incorporated into the design (see Figure 3.16). However, the types of BMPs that can be used for the South Parking Improvements project to meet permitting requirements are limited, as is the case with other projects like it involving large disturbed areas. If there is remaining treatment volume after land conversion analysis, approved BMPs must be selected to meet permitting requirements. BPM selection for the South Parking Improvements project will require a project specific in- depth engineering evaluation of geology, topography and existing infrastructure, to be performed during project design.
Previous Reservation-wide studies indicated that the predominant nature of the soils is Type C and Type D (fine particle clays and sandy clays) which infiltrateery v poorly and were used for fill material. The shallow elevations of existing storm sewer infrastructure in many locations also reduce the BMP options. The selective use of vegetated filter strips, dry swales, bioretention, and other appropriate methodologies offer green alternative LID solutions, if adjacent land areas can be graded to provide the necessary open area. Vegetative roofs, infiltration technologies in Type A/B soils, and rainwater harvesting
3-32 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update are several additional technologies to fully achieve the EISA – Section 438 requirements. Vegetated roofs will be investigated for all new projects. Geotechnical investigations will be conducted to confirm the impervious soils investigations results (Type C and Type D predominance).
North Parking Lot Improvements - Stormwater management improvements are also planned in the North Parking Lot to increase stormwater management in compliance with the VSMA and Section 438 of EISA. Modifications to the North Parking Lot have similar challenges to those described in the South Parking Lot. The primary difference is the impact of both high water table conditions and more stringent existing hydraulic grade conditions. Additional geotechnical investigations may define areas where infiltration technologies can be used or where existing elevations of surface and ground water allow for additional strategies that require separation from groundwater to be used. As described in the South Parking Lot Improvements above, specific BMPs will be explored via an in-depth engineering evaluation during the project design.
Figure 3.25 Pentagon Exterior Standards South Parking Lot LID Project
Master Plan 3-33 LID BMP Techniques
The Master Plan team coordinated with the WHS ESEB group in developing LID BMP recommendations. Figure 3.26 and Table 3.8 show LID projects for the Reservation. Many of the original recommendations from the WHS LID Reference Manual have been incorporated into the Master Plan Update and others are added as part of the new projects included in the Plan. LID projects included in this section are representative of the variety of measures feasible at sites within the Pentagon Reservation. The list is not exhaustive; other LID measures could be incorporated in the design of new projects whenever and wherever possible and as feasible based on site constraints, project budgets and other considerations. In addition, BMPs will comply with the Pentagon Reservation’s MS4 permit and the design standards and specifications of BMPs approved for use in Virginia by VDEQ to control the quality and/or quantity of stormwater runoff. Bioretention Area LID Measures
The WHS LID Reference Manual selected 11 different LID measures and techniques to develop specific LID project recommendations for the Reservation. (The letter designations correspond to the letter references in Table 3.8 and Figure 3.26.) The LID measures are potential BMP options, subject to site-specific testing prior to implementation, and include:
A. Bioretention - uses mulch, soils, and plants to remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, oil and grease from storm water runoff. These systems collect and filter the runoff before it is infiltrated into the ground below or discharged into a traditional storm water sewer system
B. Vegetated Swales/Filter Strips - are open channels used to transport stormwater runoff. They are often used in place of, or in addition to, storm sewers. The plants slow the flow of water down and remove pollutants before infiltrating into the soil below. Vegetated Roof C. Curbless Parking Lots - send storm water runoff to bioretention areas in the parking lot instead of directing water into the storm sewer system. The bioretention areas retain and filter the runoff before it infiltrates into the ground and provide aesthetic appeal.
D. Stormwater Planters - are small, contained planting areas that collect and treat storm water runoff using bioretention. The plants typically used are native, water-loving flowers, grasses, shrubs and trees. Stormwater planters do not require a lot of space, provide aesthetic appeal and wildlife habitat, and are often used in urban settings along city streets and commercial areas.
E. Rooftop Disconnection/Downspouts - reduce the amount of rain water sent into storm sewers when they are disconnected from storm those systems and instead direct runoff into a bioretention area where it is filtered and can infiltrate the ground. Downspouts can also be connected to cisterns and the water they hold can be used to irrigate plants and gardens.
3-34 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update F. Permeable Pavement/Pavers - are engineered concrete, brick and asphalt products that allow water to pass through them and infiltrate into the soil below which reduces stormwater runoff. Permeable pavers are concrete and brick blocks that, when installed, have spaces between them where storm water can penetrate and infiltrate the soil.
G. Native Landscaping - uses plants that are indigenous to the local area or region. Native plants are tolerant of the area’s climate and growing conditions. They usually require less maintenance and fertilizer to grow and provide food and habitat for wildlife like birds and butterflies. However, monoculture should be avoided. (Note, a low-maintenance grass/lawn seed that appropriate for this climatic zone is recommended in areas close in to the Pentagon building, designated as Zones 1, 2A, 2B and 3A per the Exterior Design Standards, in accordance with the original historic design intent.) Curbless Parking H. Tree Box Filters - are mini bioretention areas installed beneath trees that help control storm water runoff. The runoff is directed to the tree box, where it is filtered by vegetation and soil before entering a catch basin. The filters usually include an engineered media which also treats runoff. The runoff collected in the tree-boxes also helps irrigate the trees.
I. Vegetated Riparian Buffer - are planted areas next to bodies of water that protect water resources from non-point source pollution, such as fertilizer and parking lot runoff, and provide bank stabilization and aquatic and wildlife habitat.
J. Vegetated Roofs - use plants to reduce and filter runoff, insulate the building below, reduce the temperature of the surrounding area (also known as the heat island effect), reduce building waste, and prolong the lifetime of the roof. Two types of vegetated roofs are available: extensive and intensive. Extensive vegetated roofs use a thin layer of soil, up to six inches, to grow small, drought-tolerant plants. These vegetated roofs are usually used to gain the benefits of the vegetated roof and are not intended for people to observe them other than from a window Permeable Pavers above. Intensive vegetated roofs have a deeper soil depth that may be 24 inches, or more, and can grow larger plants and grasses. These types of vegetated roofs are usually designed for people to enjoy, in addition to the environmental and economic benefits they provide.
K. Rainwater Harvesting - captures stormwater runoff during a rain event in order to use it later for plant irrigation or other use. Rainwater reuse also reduces the amount of runoff sent to the storm sewer system. Two types of rainwater storage are rain barrels and cisterns. Rain barrels capture the runoff from roofs via a disconnected downspout and are a good option for residential uses. Cisterns are above or below ground storage tanks that hold water for future use. They work in the same way as rain barrels but are larger and better suited for a larger development or complex.
Overall Greening
The Master Plan Update calls for additional greening on the Reservation, including areas landscaped with native species and tree-lined roadways. Overall, green space on the reservation will increase by 7.5%. It should be noted that the incorporation of additional trees on the Reservation will be subject to security considerations, and the presence of any invasive, exotic species may necessitate removal of some plant material to reduce this problem on the Reservation grounds.
Master Plan 3-35 Figure 3.26 Pentagon Reservation LID Projects
3-36 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Table 3.8 LID Projects
Map ID Project Name LID Measures Required Planned Phasing Included in the LID / BMP Master Plan Measures Short-term Long-term 1 Corridor 5 Parking Lot A, B, C, F, G, H x 2 Utility Area near Corridor 4 A, B x 3 West End Safety Upgrades A, B, D, F, H x 4 South Parking Lot A, B, C, D, G, H x x 5 Corridors 2 and 3 Bridge Area D, E, H x 6 Vegetated Swale at New Metro Entrance B x 7 Turf along I-395 Hill G, H x 8 South Parking Area for Taxi and Carpool Area C, D, G, H x x 9 Secretary of Defense Drive A, C, F, G, H x 10 South Parking Pedestrian Walkways B, D, G x x 11 Riparian Buffer Area along Pentagon Lagoon G, I x x 12 North Parking A, B, C, D, G, H x 13 HRP Area F, G, J, K x 14 Corridor 6.5 Green Roof Demonstration J x 15 PSOC Area A, B, D, G x x 16 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station A, B, G x x 17 Permeable Paving between Corridors 2 & 3 F x
In addition to the overall greening located on the Reservation, in the area surrounding the Pentagon Reservation green space has been increased due to the demolition of FOB2 at the Navy Annex. The 42 acre parcel formerly housed over one million square feet of office space and associated parking areas. The site is now being restored to open space for use by Arlington National Cemetery.
Climate Change
The potential change in climatic conditions resulting from greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels has global implications and requires that emissions be assessed at a local scale. By implementing the Master Plan Update projects, the Pentagon will reduce its carbon footprint through a variety of measures. Implementation of Master Plan projects including the Classified Waste Destruction Facility, the Cogeneration/ Combined Heat and Power project, and the Pentagon Power Security Upgrade will help to improve the Reservation’s energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve air quality. The increased greening of the Reservation will increase the capacity for carbon sequestration. The implementation of the TMP measures to reduce single- occupancy vehicles and the parking space reductions will decrease the number of vehicles traveling to the Reservation and thus reduce overall CO2 emissions generated by Pentagon personnel and help to improve air quality.
It should be noted that in the short term, there will be temporary negligible increases in greenhouse gas emissions from construction activities related to the Master Plan projects. In the long term, however, the overall carbon reductions should be achieved as described above. In addition, WHS is utilizing currently available data and working with other federal and regional partners to take appropriate climate mitigation planning actions.
Master Plan 3-37 3.7 Utilities
The utility systems at the Reservation generally have enough capacity to support the Master Plan Update projects. During the planning and design of each project, a detailed analysis is conducted to determine how the required utility systems will be provided to the new facilities. In addition, a Utility Master Plan was recently completed for the Pentagon Reservation. The plan addresses overall utility needs for the Pentagon Reservation and will be used to guide the detailed design, development, and implementation associated with the projects included in the Master Plan Update.
The Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel) is a project on the east side of the Pentagon that will install a switch house set partially inside an existing grassy hill at the Corridor 8 Bridge to accommodate major electrical equipment that will enhance the Reservation’s electrical systems and increase reliability to support the Pentagon mission. Several other Master Plan projects also have utility components. These projects include the Pentagon Power Security Upgrade and the Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power project. As described in Section 3.4 New Facility Projects, these projects are aimed at reducing the Pentagon Reservation’s reliance on the commercial power grid. These projects, along with the Classified Waste Destruction Facility, each include energy conservation elements that will reduce utility loads.
There is sufficient water supply and pressure for all planned projects. Adjustments to the Washington Aqueduct will not be required for individual projects. With respect to sewage systems, there is capacity in all lift stations and treatment facilities to accommodate the anticipated projects, since building related projects are generally renovation and upgrades not involving population increases.
3-38 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update 3.8 Project Phasing
The Master Plan Update improvements are intended to be implemented over a twenty- year timeframe. Planned projects are distributed among two phases of development: short-term (0-5 years) and long-term (6-20 years). Currently, there are 14 projects that are deemed short-term, falling within the next five years. Of these, one project is already underway: the Pentagon Sentry program project Secure Access Lane (SAL). Eight projects are identified in the long-term phase.
Chesapeake Bay TMDL Action Plan
WHS is currently developing a TMDL Action Plan in order to meet the requirements of the Reservation’s MS4 permit and reduce the discharge of pollutants to the maximum extent practicable, to protect water quality, to ensure compliance with water quality standards, and to satisfy the appropriate water quality requirements of the Clean Water Act. The Reservation’s TMDL Action Plan will address the requirements stated in the MS4 permit, including: an estimate of pollutant loads discharged from existing sources, a determination of the total pollutant load reductions necessary for existing and new sources, and the means and methods that will be utilized to address discharges into the MS4 and meet required reductions from existing and new sources during the first permit cycle. The exact location and type of Stormwater Quality Improvement projects will be determined after further study during the detailed design process and completion of the TMDL Action Plan, and could be in multiple locations throughout the Reservation.
The planned projects and the associated timeframes are listed in Table 3.9 and illustrated in Figure 3.27 and Figure 3.28.
Table 3.9 Project Phasing Map ID Planned Project Timeframe 1 Secure Access Lane (SAL) (Sentry) Short 2 West End Safety Upgrade Short 3 South Parking Improvements (includes LED lamping) Short 4 Pentagon South Pedestrian Safety Project Short 5 MEF Visitor Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Short 6 MEF Employee Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Short 7 Classified Waste Destruction Short 8 Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power Long 9 Pentagon Power Security Upgrade Long 10 Helipad Control Tower/Fire Station Short 11 Center Courtyard Stage Long 12 Corridor 8 Exterior Bridge Canopy Long 13 Corridor 8 Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Short 14 Pentagon Electric Upgrade (East Utility Tunnel) Short 15 Boundary Channel Drive Vehicular and Pedestrian ACP (Sentry) Short 16 North Parking Lot Improvements (SWM & LED lamping) Long 17 Relocate Impound Lot/MACC Trailers Short 18 North Village Modifications Long 19 Pentagon Support Operations Center (PSOC) Short 20 Pentagon Motor Pool - Location TBD Long 21 Stormwater Quality Improvements to meet TMDL Action Plan Short 22 Pentagon Memorial Visitor Education Center Long
Master Plan 3-39 Figure 3.27 Short-term Project Phasing
3-40 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Figure 3.28 Long-term Project Phasing
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3-42 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Chapter Four Design Guidelines Summary
shalom baranes associates + HSMM joint venture
PENTAGON RESERVATION EXTERIOR STANDARDS MANUAL
WA SHINGTON HEADQUARTERS SERVICE - Pentagon
March 3, 2010
Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010
4.1 Introduction
Design guidelines are included to quantify and expand on the key concepts, elements and planning intentions set forth in the Master Plan. Although there is flexibility within the Master Plan for future implementation, certain basic relationships and standards should be considered to ensure that the desired functional characteristics and qualities for the Pentagon Reservation are achieved. These design guidelines remain in place for the Master Plan Update. Refer to the Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 for more detailed Design Guidelines and performance criteria.
Exterior Standards 4-1 The design guidelines set forward the following goals to shape development on the Reservation into a unified whole, where each element fits, and all blend together to create a coherent setting: • Enhance the historic and symbolic nature of the reservation as the headquarters of the Department of Defense. • Integrate security infrastructure to sympathetically provide security requirements, while maintaining the open, semipublic nature of the Reservation. • Incorporate sustainable design strategies using established and innovative “green” standards and technologies to improve overall environmental performance of the site, reduce operating costs, and increase occupant well-being. • Define the various types and levels of activity, functions, and circulation that occur across the Reservation as contextual zones and establish design guidelines to govern the quality and character of development in each zone.
The following Executive Summary and Zones represent an excerpt from Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010.
4-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
A.1. Executive Summary
The Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual has been developed for the Washington Headquarters Services (WHS) for the purpose of defining future standards for the design of exterior building and site elements on the Pentagon Reservation in Arlington, Virginia. The Pentagon Office Building Complex is a designated National Historic Landmark originally constructed in 1943. Various exterior repairs, design, and construction activities in subsequent years have not always achieved results that satisfactorily blend with the historic preservation criteria mandated for the Pentagon Reservation site. A set of reference guidelines is required for future work, to provide clarity as to how to conform to the historic elements set forth by National Register of Historic Places documents approved on behalf of the Pentagon Reservation buildings and grounds.
The Reservation includes the exterior envelope of the Pentagon Building itself, as well as all contiguous and associated site areas, including the central courtyard and surrounding landscaped and hardscaped areas owned by the U.S. Department of Defense and used to support Pentagon functions.
These standards have been developed taking into consideration
• Aesthetics and appropriateness to the Pentagon’s historic context • Functional requirements • First cost • Maintenance requirements • Sustainability and energy usage
In addition to conducting reviews of existing drawings, reference documents, and applicable standards, the study team has conducted extensive site survey of existing conditions. The team has further solicited input from a variety of stakeholders at the Reservation, including the Director of the Defense Facilities Directorate; WHS Engineering and Technical Services Division (ETSD), WHS Pentagon Building Management Office (PBMO); WHS Safety and Environmental Management Branch (SEMB); Pentagon Renovation & Construction Program Office (PENREN); and Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA). Guidance and feedback have been utilized to inform the standards development.
This manual is an outgrowth of, and should be used in conjunction with, the Pentagon Reservation Master Plan, 2005. The guidelines contained herein are based on an overview of existing conditions and patterns of use, but anticipate the implementation over time of the recommendations made in the Master Plan.
The Master Plan established a zoned approach to the Pentagon Reservation, with general guidelines for the visual character of each zone. The Exterior Standards Manual refines the Master Plan zones and further assigns a hierarchy based on proximity to the Pentagon’s National Historic Landmark boundary. Areas within the NHL boundary are to receive the highest level of preservation Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 5
Exterior Standards 4-3
care, with original features retained and restored, and missing features replicated to the extent possible. Outside of the NHL boundary, areas closer to the building are generally to be treated with higher quality and more replicative materials and designs, whereas areas farther from the building may be treated with somewhat greater flexibility. This approach provides a balanced strategy to deal with historic preservation, cost, and constructibility issues across the Reservation.
In general, a palette of materials and site furnishings is recommended that is consistent with the subdued, yet dignified, original design intent of the Pentagon. A more “historic” group of elements is recommended at the Central Courtyard and River Terrace. At all other areas of the Reservation outside the Pentagon envelope, elements are more contemporary in nature. The elements are summarized in the Exterior Materials Control List, including detailed product specifications and standards requirements for each item. An additional palette of recommended colors and finishes for exterior building and site elements on the Reservation is also provided.
This Exterior Standards Manual does not mandate design solutions, nor is it intended to serve as a maintenance manual or a comprehensive or detailed assessment of existing material or structural conditions. Rather, its purpose is to ensure that a cohesive and pertinent guide recommends appropriate aesthetic language for all development within the Pentagon Reservation.
The Manual addresses predominant elements that can be reasonably expected to be required at the Pentagon Reservation throughout the term of the Master Plan implementation. It cannot address unique or atypical conditions, or specific requirements of building types. Rather, the Manual focuses on prototypical, representative, and/or significant features that contribute in a meaningful way to the identity of the Pentagon Reservation.
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 6 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C. ZONES
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 23
Exterior Standards 4-5
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Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 24 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-6 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C.2 Reservation Zoning
Overlayment of the Historic Preservation Baseline on the site plan established in the 2005 Master Plan results in a refinement of the Character Zones identified in that document. In particular, Character Zone A of that plan is further subdivided in response to the hierarchy established by historic significance and proximity to the landmark Pentagon Building.
The Pentagon Building itself is considered Zone 0. Additional zones, beginning with Zone 1, the Central Courtyard, radiate outward from the building. In general, the lower the Zone number, the higher degree of restoration, design care, and quality of materials is desirable.
A description of each zone and its characteristics follows.
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 29
Exterior Standards 4-7
C.2.1. Zone 0 - Pentagon Building The Pentagon Building itself is designated as its own zone, as special consideration must be given to the historic structure itself, independent of other site features. This zone includes the entire building envelope, including exterior facades, roofs, and porticos, as well as elements directly engaged with the building such as steps and railings. The courtyard façades and the outer, or E- Ring, facades are specifically listed as contributing elements in the National Register nomination of the Pentagon. As such, they may not be significantly altered without having undertaken Section 106 Review of the proposed changes.
Historic Aerial View of Pentagon Building
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 30 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-8 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C.2.2. Zone 1 - Central Courtyard Located at the center of the Pentagon, this zone is characterized by its simple but monumental concrete facades, the geometric pattern of its concrete circulation paths, and the contrasting picturesque landscape that includes many large specimen trees in an informal layout. Always intended to be a place of relaxation for building employees, the Central Courtyard remains essentially intact in its original condition, although a variety of site furnishings have been added or replaced. Existing concrete light standards are not original, although they closely replicate the original design. The café building at the hub of the courtyard has recently been rebuilt. The Courtyard is central to the efficient functioning of the Pentagon Building.
Central Courtyard, 1945
Central Courtyard, 2008
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 31
Exterior Standards 4-9
C.2.3. Zone 2A - River Terrace This zone is the most formal and monumental of any on the Reservation. It has a strong axial focus, centered on the massively proportioned portico of the building entry. That axis extends out over the terraced parade ground and terminates in a promontory that looks over the Potomac River basin to the monumental city core beyond. Its edges are defined by stone and concrete retaining walls and clipped Hornbeam hedges, and its landscape reflects the spare formality of the Pentagon itself. The parade ground remains essentially intact to its original form, with some non-original site furnishings. Other areas of the terrace have been modified through the realignment of Route 110 and insertion of conference facilities.
River Terrace Parade Ground, 1964
River Terrace Parade Ground, 2008
Views of River Terrace, 2008
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 32 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-10 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C.2.4. Zone 2B - Mall Terrace/RDF Similar to the River Terrace, this zone is also axially focused and centered on its portico, but the original picturesque landscape has been infilled by the low profile of the Remote Delivery Facility. The roof of that facility is a more modern evocation of the formal terrace at the River, and its plantings are a precedent for the greening of roofs on vehicular facilities within the Reservation. The landscape concept in this area was altered to accommodate helicopter landings on a long-term but ultimately temporary basis. When the heliport is relocated to a more functional location nearby, that original landscape plan should serve as a guide to the completion of these terraces, so that it can function more like an urban park.
Aerial View of Pentagon, date unknown
Remote Delivery Facility, 2006
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 33
Exterior Standards 4-11
C.2.5. Zone 3A - Inner Building Perimeter The building perimeter on all areas other than Mall and River Terraces was originally left substantially empty save for scattered specimen trees, a simple green lawn terminating at the building edge and deferring to the stern monumentality of the massive facades. Over time a number of functions have intruded into this zone, but the original concept is still evident, particularly at the west side of the site between the Pentagon and the new Memorial, and at the east side of the site flanking the new Metro Entry Facility. Over time the restoration of this zone to its original uncluttered and spare aesthetic would serve to heighten the power of the Pentagon Building itself within the landscape of the Reservation.
C.2.6. Zone 3B - Outer Building Perimeter While similar to Zone 3A, this Zone can and must accommodate a range of functional requirements, most significantly vehicular circulation for buses, fire trucks, service vehicles, executives, and vehicles operated by handicapped persons. This zone should be used to relieve pressure on Zone 3A, pulling intrusive elements away from the base of the building. At the same time it is directly in the line of sight of the building and careful insertion of those functions is appropriate so that the overall environment is deferential to the original Pentagon.
Aerial View of Pentagon, 1964
Aerial View of Pentagon, 2006
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 34 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-12 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C.2.7. Zone 4 This zone is the most remote of the areas immediately surrounding the Pentagon, wrapping around it on the north, east and south. Its current use is largely for parking, and that use is anticipated to remain over time. However, the Master Plan foresees the consolidation of that parking function into new low- profile green-roofed structures, which should serve to heighten the view of the building as an object in the landscape, evoking the original concept. Between these parking structures the focus must be the reinforcement of the parkland imagery and views to the building beyond, while still accommodating pedestrian and vehicular circulation paths, security controls, and other functional needs. Buffered by Zones 3A and 3B, this zone is the most flexible of those surrounding the building.
Pentagon South Parking, 1964
Pentagon South Parking, 2009
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 35
Exterior Standards 4-13
C.2.8. Zone 5 This zone lies largely across Route 110 from the remainder of the Pentagon Reservation. It is primarily open land with a major parking lot in its northern portion and a compound of temporary buildings at its apex. In the near future, the parking function is anticipated to remain, while the temporary structures will be removed upon completion of the Wedge 2-5 renovation. The Master Plan anticipates converting this part of the Reservation to parkland. In this scenario, it would become, in effect, an extension of the George Washington Parkway landscape seen across the Boundary Channel and Pentagon Lagoon, with recreational facilities set into a natural environment. Its transformation would heighten the primary approach to the Pentagon from the Capitol and integrate the Pentagon into the picturesque landscape that extends along the banks of the Potomac facing the monumental core. While new parking structures would be located at the termination of the pedestrian bridges that flank each side of the River Terrace, they would be recessed into the ground and planted with green roofs.
Pentagon North Parking, 1951
Pentagon North Parking, 2009
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 36 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual
4-14 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
C.2.9. Zone 6 This zone is occupied by various service functions and has an industrial/utilitarian character. It is physically isolated from the Pentagon by the major Route 110 highway. It has a number of tall elements that are very visible from the main reservation. Recent studies have included preparing Design/Build Specifications for a new facility in Zone 6, the PFPA Hazardous Material Response Facility and CBRNE Headquarters. It would be located on the site of the existing solar farm, which is a demonstration project that will be displaced by the new facility.
The Master Plan recommends relocation of the Motor Pool to a new building north of the HRP complex. The schedule for this is undetermined, but it is a use sympathetic to the character of the Zone
Pentagon Heating and Refrigeration Plant, 1964
Pentagon Heating and Refrigeration Plant, 2009
Source: Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2010 Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual 37
Exterior Standards 4-15
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4-16 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Chapter Five Environmental Assessment Summary
Environmental Assessment Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update
October 2, 2014
Prepared for: Prepared by: Washington Headquarters Services AECOM Department of Defense Timmons Group
Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Environmental Assessment
The Department of Defense (DoD), Washington Headquarters Service (WHS) completed an environmental assessment (EA) to address the potential environmental consequences associated with implementing the Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update. The EA was prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) as implemented by the regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) and DoD. The Master Plan Update addresses new facilities, circulation improvements, security enhancements, and site improvements for the Pentagon Reservation. The Master Plan projects would be implemented independently of each other over the next 20 years in two phases of development: short-term (0 to 5 years) and long-term (> 5 years). All of the projects would occur within the boundaries of the Pentagon Reservation in Arlington County, Virginia near the western shoreline of the Potomac River.
The EA analysis for the Master Plan Update Alternative and the No Action Alternative, which would not implement any of the projects, focuses on the following environmental resources: socio-economic resources, cultural resources, circulation systems, physical and biological resources, and utilities and infrastructure.
EA Summary 5-1 The implementation of the Master Plan Update Alternative would have short-term, construction-related adverse impacts on circulation systems, physical resources, water resources, air quality, noise, and utility and infrastructure systems. Based on their temporary nature, limited extent given the small to medium size of the projects, and distribution over up to 20 years, such impacts would range from negligible to minor. The use of mitigation measures applicable to each resource would further minimize such impacts. Thus, short-term construction-related adverse impacts would remain less than significant.
In the long term, the selected alternative would have negligible to moderate adverse impacts on the Pentagon National Historic Landmark (NHL), parking, air quality, noise, and utility and infrastructure systems, with some beneficial impacts on socio-economic resources, circulation systems, cultural and historic resources, water resources, and biological resources. Considering both their context and intensity, none of these long-term adverse or beneficial impacts would be significant.
When considered with past, present and reasonably foreseeable actions, the selected alternative would have beneficial cumulative impacts on land use, historic and cultural resources, transportation systems, biological resources, and stormwater management.
5-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Appendices
Appendix A List of Contacts
Appendix B List of References
Appendix C Plant List
Appendix D Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Environmental Assessment (under separate cover)
Appendix E Pentagon Reservation Transportation Management Plan (under separate cover)
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A-2 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Appendix A - List of Contacts
Appendices A-3 Table A.1 WHS Stakeholder List
Organization Primary POC Perspective Office of the Secretary of Defense Michael Rhodes Vision / Overview Washington Headquarters Services (WHS) William Brazis Vision / Overview WHS / Sajeel Ahmed / Bradley Provancha Vision / Overview Facilities Services Directorate (FSD) FSD Leadership
WHS FSD / Engineering & Construction Hal Creel / Paul McMahon / Bradley Master Plan Overview Management (ECM) / Operations / Mission Provancha Support WHS FSD ECM / Engineering & Dr. Georgine Glatz, PE Master Plan Overview Architecture Division (EAD)
ECM / EAD Elizabeth Lenyk, AIA Master Planning Pentagon Building Management Office (PBMO) Michael Bryant / Robert Candido Facilities / Maintenance Pentagon Force Protection Agency Todd LaRoe Pentagon Force Protection (PFPA) / PID Liaison PFPA / PID Colby Meshey PFPA Sentry ECM / EAD Wayne Stone Construction Management ECM / EAD Dr. Ali Bakhshi, PE Mechanical Engineering ECM /EAD Kyung Choi Electrical Engineering ECM / EAD Dr. Georgine Glatz, PE / Civil and Transportation Dares Charoenphol, PE Engineering FSD / Integrated Services Division (ISD) Alton Cheaves / Lisa Passagaluppi Transportation MSD/SCD Joe Eichenlaub Environmental ECM / EAD Cameron DeLancey, AIA Military Construction Programming ECM / EAD Martin Mamawal Utilities/Civil Engineering MSD / SCD Bill Fries Fire Protection OPS /FFD Tom Boardman Pentagon Landscape OPS / FFD Curtis Houston Configuration Management PFPA / SSD Lamar Jones Security Services PFPA / ATFP Gregory Shepard ATFP PFPA / PPD Major Gerald Plummer Pentagon Police PFPA / SSD Tonya Tobe Pentagon Parking MSD/SCD Crystall Merlino / Angeline Cione Sustainability MSD/SCD Mark Abels Codes / ADA OPS / FFD David Mayberry Real Property WHS / OGC John McCarthy, Esquire General Counsel OPS / SPMD David Rose Space Portfolio Management ECM/EAD Shyan-Young Pan, PE Structure/Bridges/Pavements ECM / EAD Jean Barnak Pentagon Memorial Fund HQDA ITA OPS Evelyn King PR Information Technology Black & Veatch / Gensler / The Traffic Group Jamare Bates / Carl Wilson South Parking Lot Reconfiguration
A-4 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Table A.2 External Agency List
Organization Primary POC Perspective National Capitol Planning Commission Carlton Hart Review agency (NCPC) Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) Fred Lindstrom Review agency National Park Service (NPS) Alex Romero / Matthew Virta Neighboring land agency Virginia Department of Historic Resources Marc Holma Review agency (VA-DHR) Virginia Department of Transportation Andrew Beacher / Bob Moore Transportation (VA-DOT) Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Aaron Overman / Jim Hamre Transportation Authority (WMATA) Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Chuck Steigerwald Transportation Commission (PRTC) Virginia Department of Rail and Public Amy Inman Transportation Transportation (VA-DRPT) Arlington County Fusarelli / Bruccoleri / Vignes / Transportation / Planning Goodman / Youngbluth / DelGuidice / Roberts / Smith / Hartman / Leach Kirschner / Stout USACE Baltimore Alice Pool MILCONs Arlington National Cemetery (ANC) Rebecca Stevens Neighboring land agency Pentagon Memorial Fund Andrew Ammerman Memorial Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall Suzanne Hren Neighboring land agency Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Katharine Kerr Historic/Cultural Section 106 Consulting Parties Various Historic/Cultural
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A-6 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Appendix B - List of References
1. 14th Street Bridge Corridor EIS - Alternatives Analysis Report, 2010 2. Arlington County Bike Map, 2010 3. Arlington County Simplified Geologic Map, 1999 4. Arlington County Stormwater Master Plan, 1996 5. Bioretention Basin Practices Minimum Standards 3.11 and 3.12 6. Configuration of the Bedrock Surface of the District of Columbia and icinity,V 1950 7. DOD 60559-STD Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards, 1999 8. DoD Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan, 2012 9. EPA Climate Change Fact Sheets, 2009 10. EPA Urban Heat Island Basics, 2008 11. FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map Arlington County, Virginia, 2013 12. General Permit for Discharges Under the Virginia Stormwater Management Act Program and the Virginia Stormwater Management Act - MS4 Permit (VAR040103). Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, 2013. 13. Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) for Washington Headquarters Services (WHS), The Pentagon Reservation, 2010 14. Integrated Security Master Plan (ISMP), 2011 15. ISEFMS Cultural Resources Management Plan, 2008 16. Monumental Core Framework Plan, 2009 17. Pentagon Area Information Technology (IT) Master Plan, 2011 18. Pentagon Greening Project Status Report, U.S. Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program, April, 2001 19. Pentagon Heliport Control Tower and Fire Station Feasibility Study November, 2013 and January, 2014 (Black & Veatch Gensler Joint Venture) 20. Pentagon Low Impact Development (LID) Plan, 2011 21. Pentagon Motor Pool Study, 2006 (Ritter Architects) 22. Pentagon Reservation Construction and Laydown Plan August, 2010 23. Pentagon Reservation Emergency Power and Lighting Upgrade, 2010 (SBA) 24. Pentagon Reservation Exterior Standards Manual, 2009 25. Pentagon Reservation Master Plan, 1991 26. Pentagon Reservation Master Plan, 2005 27. Pentagon Support Operations Center Feasibility Study (Draft), US Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, February, 2011 28. Pentagon Support Operations Site Location Analysis September, 2013 (Black & Veatch Gensler Joint Venture) 29. Preliminary Assessment Screening Report, Pentagon Reservation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, 1994
Appendices A-7 30. Secure Access Lane (SAL) Remote Screening Facility Final Charrette Report, US Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District, Louis Berger Group, 2011 31. Technical Guidance on Implementing the Stormwater Runoff Requirements for Federal Projects under Section 438 of the Energy Independence and Security Act, 2009 32. UFC 1-200-02 High Performance and Sustainable Building Requirements, 2013 33. UFC 2-100-01 Installation Master Planning, 2012 34. UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design, 2008
A-8 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Appendix C - Plant List
Enhanced open space and landscape is an important element of the Master Plan. Open space and natural vegetation improve the quality of the Reservation for employees, visitors, and neighboring uses. Plants and landscape elements create a sense of scale, define streets and site circulation, protect and shade pedestrians, mitigate noise and unsightly uses, increase energy efficiency, improve stormwater and air quality, and provide the basis for a high-quality, attractive environment. Appendix C details the plant list developed and approved in concurrence with the Pentagon Reservation Master Plan, 2005. This list includes existing and proposed non-native species and should be reviewed prior to use.
Appendices A-9 Deciduous Shade Trees
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’ Norway Maple Acer platanoides ‘Emerald King’ Norway Maple red, SP/samara sun to part shade, fall color Acer rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ Red Maple samara, F sun to part shade, fall color Acer saccharum ‘Green Mountain’ Sugar Maple poor soil Acer ginnala Amur Maple drought tolerant Acer griseum Paperbark Maple Aesculus x carnea poor soil Betula populifloia Grey Birch Carpinus betulus ‘Columnaris’ European Hornbeam catkins/seeds part shade, slow grower, drought tolerant Carpinus caroliniana American Hornbeam seeds Carya alba Mockernut Hickory seeds part shade Carya cordiformis Bitternut Hickory seeds sun to part shade, deep taproot Carya ovata Shagbark Hickory purple drupe sun to part shade, poor soil Celtis occidentalis Hackberry Chioanthus virginicus Chinese Fringe Tree poor soil Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive nut sun to part shade, leaves persist Fagus grandifolia American Beech samara sun to part shade, purplish fall color Fraxinus americana White Ash samara sun to part shade, yellow fall color Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall’s’ Green Ash drought tolerant Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo pods yellow fall color Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Thornless Common Honeysuckle drought tolerant, poor soil Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenraintree winged seed balls sun to part shade, fall color Liquidamber styraciflua Sweet Gum yellow, SP sun to part shade, yellow fall color Liriodenderon tulipifera Tulip Poplar white, SP/rose, F sun to part shade, not native to Virginia Magnolia grandiflora ‘Brown Beauty’ Southern Magnolia white, S/rose fruit sun to part shade, fragrant, broad Magnolia macrophylla Bigleaf Magnolia white, S/rose fruit coarse Magnolia tripetala Umbrella Magnolia drought tolerant Platanus x acerfolia London Planetree sun, dry to well-drained soil Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar white/black berries sun Prunus serotina Black Cherry Quercus acutissima Japanese Oak acorns sun, red fall color (many spp. drought tolerant) Quercus palustris Pin Oak acorns sun, yellowish fall color Quercus phellos Willow Oak poor soil Quercus prinus Chestnut Oak acorns sun, red fall color Quercus rubra Northern Red Oak white, late SP, pods sun to part shade, fragrant, thorns Robinia pseudoacadia Black Locust blue berries sun to part shade, autumn color, poor soil Sassafras albidum Sassafras white, S sun to part shade, fragrant, drought tolerant Tilia americana American Linden, Basswood Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’ Little Leaf Linden Zelkova serrata ‘Village Green’ Janaese Zelkova
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
A-10 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Deciduous Ornamental Trees
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Amelanchier arborea Downy Serviceberry white, SP/ purple berries sun to part shade; multi-stemmed Amelanchier canadensis Serviceberry white, SP/berries sun/shade; multi-stemmed Amelanchier laevis Allegheny Serviceberry white, SP/berries sun to part shade; multi-stemmed Asimina triloba Pawpaw purple, SP/fruit sun/shade Cercis canadensis Eastern Redbud pink, SP/pods sun to part shade Cladrastis kentukea (lutea) American Yellow-wood white, S/pod, F orange-yellow fall color, smooth gray bark not native to Virginia Cornus alternifolia Pagoda Dogwood white, late SP/berries sun to part shade, fragrant Cornus kousa Japanese Flowering Dogwood Cornus mas Cornelian Cherry Crataegus phaenopyrum Washington Hawthorn drought tolerant Crataegus viridis ‘Winter King’ Winter King Green Hawthorn white, SP/red drupe sun/shade, interesting bark, fall color Hamamelis virginiana Common Witchhazel yellow, F-W sun/shade; poor soil; slightly aromatic Lagerstromia indica ‘Comanche’ Crepe Myrtle Lagerstromia indica ‘Natchez’ Crepe Myrtle Lagerstromia indica ‘Tonto’ Crepe Myrtle Lagerstromia indica ‘Tuscarora’ Crepe Myrtle Magnolia soulangiana Saucer Magnolia Magnolia stellata Star Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Sweetbay Magnolia white, SP-S/berries sun to part shade; multi-stem, fragrant Ostrya virginiana Hop-Hornbeam nutlet sun to part shade, slow grower Oxydendrum arboreum Sourwood white sun/shade, slow grower, scarlet fall color Prunus cerasifera at. ’Thundercloud’ Cherry Plum Prunus pensylvanica Fire Cherry, Wild Red Cherry white, SP/red drupe sun, fall color Prunus serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ Japanese Cherry Prunus virginiana stem Common Chokecherry white, SP/red berries sun to part shade, yellow fall color, multi- Prunus yedoensis Yoshino Cherry Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac scarlet drupe, S-SP yellow to scarlet fall foliage, poor soil Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac crimson drupe, S-SP yellow to scarlet fall foliage, poor soil Vaccinium arboreum Farkleberry white/black part shade, well-drained soil, fall color, gray-or- ange-brown bark exfoliates, 15’-20’ g. Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly-ash tiny black fruit thorns, barrier plant
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
Appendices A-11 Evergreen Trees
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Cedrus deodora Deodor Cedar Ilex x ‘Nellie Stevens’ Ilex opaca ‘Greenleaf’ American Holly red berries sun to part shade Picea glauca White Spruce cone sun to part shade, not native to Virginia Pinus echinata Short-leaf Pine cone dry upland slopes, deep taproot Pinus rigida Pitch Pine cone sun, well-drained soil Pinus strobus White Pine cone sun to part shade Pinus thunbetgii Japanese Black Pine Pinus virginiilna Virginia Pine cone sun, well-drained soil, poor soil Tsuga canadensis Canadian Hemlock cone sun/shade Tsuga catoliniana Carolina Hemlock cone part shade
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
A-12 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Deciduous Shrubs
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Abelia grandi flora Glossy abelia poor soil Aucuba japonica Japanese Aucuba Amelanchier stolonifera Running Serviceberry white/black, sweet berries forms thickets, 4’-6’ ht. Aralia spinosa colonizes Devil’s Walking Stick white, S/red berries sun to part shade, thorns, coarse Aronia spp. Chokeberry drought tolerant Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurpurea Crimson Pigmy Barberry poor soil Nana’ Buddleia daviddii Butterfly bush drought tolerant, poor soil Callicarpa americana American Beautyberry lavendar-pink, S/magenta sun to part shade Comptoria peregrina Sweetfern sun to part shade, wispy, colonizing Cotoneaster spp. Cotoneaster drought tolerant Dondonaea viscosa Hop bush Euonymus americanus Strawberry bush red & orange fruit part sun to shade Euonymus astropurpureus Eastern Wahoo purple, S/crimson fruit part shade to shade Forsythia suspensa Weeping Forsythia yellow, SP Fothergilla gardenii Dwarf Fothergilla white, SP sun to part shade, fragrant, fall color Fothergilla major Large Fothergilla white, SP sun to part shade, fragrant Hydrangea quercifolia Oakleaf Hydrangea white, late SP part shade to shade Hypericum frondosum Golden St. Johnswort yellow, S sun to part shade, not native to Virginia Hypericum prolificum Shrubby St. Johnswort yellow, S/capsule sun to part shade, dry soil Ilex decidua Possumhaw orange-scarlet fruit part sun to shade Ilex laevigata Smooth Winterberry orange-red fruit sun/shad, yellow fall foliage Ilex laevigata ‘Hervey Robinson’ Hervey Robinson Winterberry yellow drupe yellow fall foliage Ilex verticillata ‘Chrysocarpa’ Chrysocarpa Winterberry yellow drupe Ilex verticillata ‘Sparkleberry’ Sparkleberry red berries sun to part shade; multi-stemmed Itea virginica Virginia Sweetspire drought tolerant Lindera benzoin Spicebush yellow/red berries sun/shade, fragrant Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry waxy berries sun to part shade Neviusia alabamensis Alabama Snow-Wreath white, SP sun/shade, not native to Virginia Physocarpus opulifolius Eastem Ninebark white, S/reddish capsules sun to part shade, somewhat coarse Rhododendron atlanticum Coast Azalea white-pink, SP sun to part shade, blue-green foliage Rhododendron arborescens Sweet Azalea purplish pink fragrant, red fall color Rhododendron calendulaceum Flame Azalea yellow, orange-red late SP sun to part shade, slow grower, fall color Rhodo. periclymenoides (nudiflorum) Pinxterbloom azalea pink, SP sun to part shade, slow grower, fragrant Rhododendron prinophyllum (roseum) Roseshell Azalea pink, SP sun to shade, fragant Rhododendron viscosum Swamp Azalea white, late SP sun to part shade, slow grower, fragrant Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac red drupes sun/shade, red-purple fall color, suckers Rosa carolina Pasture Rose pink, S/red fruit sun, forms dense thicket, red fall color
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
Appendices A-13 Deciduous Shrubs (Cont.)
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Rosa virginia tolerant Virginia Rose pink/bright red fall color, red twigs in winter, drought Spiraea latifolia Meadowsweet white, slightly pink, S hardy, drought tolerant Symphoricarpos albus Common Snowberry pinkish/white shade Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus Laevigatus Snowberry pink, S/white drupe sun/shade, suckers Symphoricarpos x chenaultii Chenault Coralberry pink,pink fruit sun/shade, does not occur in the wild Viburnum acerifolium Mapleleaf Viburnum white, S/ black drupe drupes Sept., pink-purple fall color Viburnum carlesii Korean Viburnum Viburnum cassinoides color Witherod Viburnum white, S/black drupe multiple color changes in drupe, fall Viburnum dentatum Arrowwood Viburnum white, late SP sun to part shade, drought tolerant Viburnum nudum Smooth Witherod white, late SP/red berries sun to part shade, red fall color Viburnum opulus ‘Sterile’ Guelder Rose Viburnum plicatum tomentosa ‘Mariesii’ Viburnum prunifolium Blackhaw Viburnum white, SP/blue berries sun to part shade, red fall color Viburnum rhytidophylum Leatherleaf Viburnum
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
A-14 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Evergreen Shrubs
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Gaylussacia brachycera Box-huckleberry rare, slow-g1owing, bronze in fall Ilex glabra Inkberry Ilex glabra ‘Compacta’ Inkberry Ilex x meserveae Merserve Holly drought tolerant Juniperus chinensis ‘Sargentii’ Chinese Juniper sun Juniperus communis Common Juniper blue-black cones adaptable Juniperus horizontalis Creeping Juniper blue cones Juniperus sabina ‘Tamariscifolia’ Savin Juniper Kalmia latifolia Mountain Laurel Leucothoe fontanesiana Leucothoe white, SP shade Myrica cerifera Wax Myrtle waxy d1 upes sun to part shade Myrica pensylvanica Northern Bayberry waxy drupes suckers Pieris floribunda mounded habit Mountain Andromeda, Fetterbush white, SP shade, fragrant, neat Prunus caroliniana Carolina Cherrylaurel white, SP/dark black fruit sun to part shade, very fragrant, prolific Rhododendron carolinianum Carolina Rhododendron lilac-rose not native to Virginia Rhododendron catawbiense Catawba Rhododendron lilac-purple, SP sun to part shade Rhododendron maximum Rosebay Rhododendron pink-purple, white, S part shade to shade, for naturalizing Taxus baccata ‘Rependens’ English Yew Taxus cuspidata ‘Capitata’ Japanese Yew Taxus x media ‘Angelica’ Taxus x media ‘Brownii’ Taxus x media ‘Densiformis’ Taxus x media ‘Greenwave’ Taxus x media ‘Hicksii’
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
Appendices A-15 Perennials & Bulbs
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Agastache nepetoides Yellow Giant Hysop yellow Anamone canadensis Meadow Anemone white, S sun, spreading Anemone virginiana Virginia Anemone white, S sun, dry or rocky soil Antennaria plantaginifolia Plantainleaf Pussy-toes white, S sun, dry or sandy soil, spreading Aruncus dioicus Goatsbeard white, S part shade to shade, 4’ht., reseeds freely Blephilia ciliata Downy Woodmint blue, S Boltania asteroides ‘Snowbank’ Snowbank Boltania white, pwple, S-F sun/shade, native to plains states Cassia hebecarpa Wild Senna yellow sun to parts shade, grows to 6’ tall (Chasmanthium latifolium) see Uniola lalifolia Cimicifuga racemosa Bugbane, Black Snakeroot white spikes, S part shade to shade, 6’-8’ ht. Dicentra cucullaria Dutchman’s Breeches white, SP part shade Dicentra eximia Wild Bleeding Heart pink, S sun to part shade Dichanthelium clandestinum Deer Tongue sun/shade Dietes spp. Wild Iris poor soil Eupatorium purpureum Bluestem Joe-Pye-Weed purple, white, S sun to part shade, moist soil, vanilla scent, 5’ Euphorbia corollata Flowering Spurge white, S sun Galanthus nivalis Common Snowdrop white, SP plant 4” o.c; broadcast Gaura lindheimeri White Gaura pinkish-white, S-F sun, not native to Virginia Gaura lindheimeri ‘Siskyou Pink’ Siskyou Pink Gaura pink, S-F sun, not native to Virginia Gentiana andrewsii Bottle Gentian purple part shade Goodyeara pubescens Downy Rattlesnake-plantain greenish -white, S dry, acid soil, evergreen leaves w/ white veins, very difficult to establish Hepatica acutiloba Sharp-lobed Hepatica white, early SP shade, 9” ht. Heuchera villosa Hairy Alum Root white, S sun/shade, 3’ ht. Hosta albo marginata Hosta ‘Royal Standard’ Hosta undulata varigata ‘Aibo Marginata’ Plaintain Lily Hosta venticosa Hypericum calycinum St. - John‘s - Wort yellow, S sun to part shade, reseeds freely, 1’-1 1/2’ ht. Hypericum prolificum Shrubby St.- John’s-Wort yellow, S sun to part shade, brown winter twigs, 4’ht. Iris cristata Dwarf Crested Iris pale lilac part shade, do not cover with soil, 3”- 4” ht. Lavendula spp . Lavender Lilium philadelphicum Wood Lily yellow, orange, red, S sun to part shade Mertensia virginica Virginia Bluebells pink-blue, S part shade to shade Nepeta spp. Catmint drought tolerant, poor soil Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern, Bead Fetn sun/shade Oenothera biennis Evening primrose Opuntia humifusa Eastern Prickly-pear yellow, S sun Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue white, pink, SP not native to Virginia, 3”-5” Polemonium reptans Jacob’s Ladder blue, SP 2’ ht., mildly fragrant
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
A-16 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update Perennial & Bulbs (Cont.)
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Polygonatum biflorum Solomon’s Seal white, SP/blue berries part shade to shade Salvia farniacea Mealycup Sage blue sun, not native to Virginia, drought tolerant Salvia lyrata Lyre-leaved Sage lavendar sun Sanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot white, SP shade, Native Americans used for war paint Saxifraga pensylvanica Pennsylvania Saxifrage greenish 3’ ht., biennial Saxifraga virginiensis Early Saxifrage greenish white sun/shade Sedum x telephium ‘Autumn Joy ‘ Autumn joy Sedum rust red, F holds form through winter; plant 18” o.c. Sedum ternatum Wild Stonecrop blue-white, S part shade to shade, creeping, drought Silene virginica Fire Pink scarlet, late SP sun to part shade Silphium perfoliatum Cup Plant yellow, S Stokesia laevis Stoke’s Aster blue, S-F Thermopsis caroliniana Carolina Bush Pea yellow, S 5’ ht. Thunbergia alata Black-eyed Susan poor soil Verbena canadensis Rose Verbena rose violet sun Veronicastrum virginicum Culver’s Root white sun to part shade, not native to VA, 5’-6’ ht. Viola fibriatula Fringed Violet violet w/ dark blue, SP 6”ht. Viola pedata Bird’s Fot Violet deep blue, SP-S sun to part shade, 6”ht. Viola sororia Butterfly Violet, Woolly Blue Violet deep blue, SP-S part shade, 6”-8”, self sows Yucca filamentosa Common Yucca sun
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
Appendices A-17 Covers & Vines
Botanical Name Common Name Flower/Fruit Description/Remarks Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry white, SP sun/shade; plant 24” o.c. Aristolochia durior Dutchman’s Pipevine pipe-shaped flower vigorous, large leaves, no fall color Asarum arifolium Heart-leaf Wild Ginger brown jugs, SP shade, evergreen Asarum canadense Wild Ginger maroon, SP shade Asarum virginicum Virginia Wild Ginger brown jugs, SP shade, evergreen, 7” ht. Celastrus scandens American Bittersweet white, S/orange capsule sun, poor soil, aggressive, will girdle trees, need both males & females, not native to Virginia Chimaphila maculata Striped Prince’s Pine white-pinkish, S white-mottled leathery leaves Clematis texensis Scarlet Clematis scarlet, S-F not native to Virginia Clematis virginiana Virgin’s Bower white, late S fluffy fruit Cornus canadensis Bunchberry white, SP-S/scarket drupe part shade to shade, moist soil, not Virginia native Decumaria barbara Climbing hydrangea white, S sun/shade; 3 leader min. Gaylussacia baccata Black Huckleberry Gaylussacia brachycera Box Huckleberry white-pink, SP-S sun, evergreen, bronze in winter Lantana montevidensis Trailing lantana Liriope muscari Liriope muscari ‘Gold Banded’ Liriope muscari variegata ‘Sunproof’ Lonicera sempervirens Trumpet Honeysuckle orange, scarlet, yellow twining 50’ Menispermum canadense Common Moonseed part shade to shade, twining, 12’ ht. Mitchella repens Partridgeberry white, S/red berries shade, evergreen, can take light foot traffic Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia Creeper sun to part shade Sagina subulata Scotch Moss shade; plant 8”o.c. Smilax glauca Sawbrier, Catbrier blue-black berry impenetrable mass, dry soil, prickles Smilax laurifolia Laurel Greenbrier black berry prickly, evergreen, fruit take 2 years to develop Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry white, late SP/red fruit sun to part shade, evergreen, not native to Virginia Xanthorhiza simplicissima Yellow-root yellow fall color, spreads rapidly, 24” (2’) ht.
Notes: Botanical and Common names in bold denote recommendations of existing plant material on the Reservation from the Pentagon Horticulturalist SP= Spring, S= Summer, F= Fall, W= Winter, SP-S= Spring through Summer, or Spring and Summer
A-18 Pentagon Reservation Master Plan Update