1 3

.1910. Source: collection. private c

E PARK LANDS & SQUARES ds St Peter’s Cathedral, ds

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH THE & SQUARES

Figure: Tinted postcard entitled ‘Sheep on ’, near the present Light’s Vision lookout, looking north-east towar north-east looking lookout, Vision Light’s present the near Hill’, Montefiore on ‘Sheep entitled postcard Tinted Figure:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF

2 3

word for section in that discusses Kaurna d Tindale’s whole notion of the (red kangaroo river) (Hemming, 1998, (Hemming, 1998, (red kangaroo river) Plains Aboriginal School opened in migration between the estuary and hills migration a difficult place to live in summer, and there me that the abundant marine and bird life of pied this landscape is unclear; certainly it has k 26), whereas the latter has been identified foothills of the ranges, offering different foods , therefore, derives from the has been recent research into the reconstruction urna and or Aboriginal associations

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES a particular ecological resource. Some Kaurna Most likely the waterholes of River st-Contact Associations

ubt that all the people living over such a large ussed specific to each Park Land block and has recently adopted the dual nomenclature of nge of environments to the Kaurna people, Island have been carbon dated to 21,000 years d as the traditional name for the indigenous society, but since the 1970s there has been general society, The /Karrawirra Parri is variously Parri is variously The River Torrens/Karrawirra Tandanjapari is a suffix frequently found in Kaurna place is a suffix frequently perhaps embody a high level of importance in the following European colonization commencing in ngga in those movements (Ellis, 1976). Tarndanyangga , and some have also questione ('rock'), - ('rock'), Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations kanya Kaurna (red gum river) or in the Adelaide area. The Kaurna Historical Overview: Po Kaurna land extending from Cape Jervis in the south to River Broughton Karrawirraparri Kaurna (‘red kangaroo’) and names to denote location. Amery was commissioned by the Corporation in 1997 to provide a discussion paper and recommendations as to suitable toponyms of Ka showing north. Many historians and anthropologists do territory called themselves ‘tribe’ as the organisational unit of Aboriginal use of the name 1986, and the name is now universally accepte people of what is now metropolitan Adelaide. The actual length of time Kaurna people have occu been thousands of years as sites on Kangaroo ago. Undoubtedly the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri was an important resource, providing the most reliable water supply on the . Throughout Australia, river estuaries usually supported a fairly large population, and we can assu the lower River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri wetlands and the would have been a valuable asset to the Kaurna people. The locality lacks a convenient and reliable supply of surface fresh water, however, and would have been was probably a cyclical—perhaps annual—pattern of (Jones 2006). The Adelaide plains offered a ra extending from the coast across plains to and water sources at different times of the year. conjunction with the and Aboriginal activities on the subject land late 1836. 2.1.3 Kaurna Places Place and place nomenclature carries multiple meanings and associations to the Kaurna. Many place names resonate with an ‘event’ in time, or vocabulary was recorded in the 1840s, and there of some placenames in the . identified as p. 18; Amery, 1997, 1) and the Corporation the watercourse and as part f its reconciliation Parri’ to identify ‘River Torrens/Karrawirra commitment. Central to name is myth and cultural meaning. Imbedded within this are the stories that explain ‘histories’, ‘events’, ancestral and curatorial endowments and obligations, as well the special nature of places. Of these, two places Squares: the site of red kangaroo ‘dreaming or ‘Tarnda Kanya’, and Park Lands and Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. The former has been identified as a now-excavated rock located possibly on the site of Festival Centre which held a key role in Red Kangaroo ‘dreaming’ of the Kaurna (Tarndanya Womma/Par as a ‘central’ camping location of the Kaurna and today carries the designation (Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square). tarnda and Squares. This meanings that could be applied to tracts of the Adelaide Park Lands Torrens/Karrawirra Parri played a part Where possible, this information has been disc Square when composing each

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

Kaurna that Cowandilla and Kaurna (pronounced Gar-na) ificance of the Adelaide Park

The Kaurna People of the Kaurna sections for each Park Land (1974) published a map de Parklands and Squares – Aboriginal for the local people in the nineteenth d post-colonial Government and or religious of Aboriginal and or Kaurna residency on 2005, 2006), Jones (2005), Gara (1990, 1998), , suggests that the words the “Adelaide Tribe”, as opposed to the such as Poonindie, Point Pearce, and Raukkan. Missionaries and others who studied Aboriginal emselves before Europeans arrived in 1836. emselves before Europeans arrived in 1836. e subject land following European colonization n Maland and Pemberton with Hemming (2005) and individuals have been drawn upon when il the early twentieth century that the word e country was colonised by non-Kaurna on the Indigenous Cultural Sign three thematic layers of Aboriginal ‘history’ three thematic layers of Aboriginal Cowandilla 1836 and post-1836, are discussed in the reports by 1836 and ive examinations of Aboriginal and Kaurna d phonetically. For example, early written Kaurna who had lived in the immediate vicinity of its pre-1836 born members were dead, but some Kouandilla Aboriginal Tribes of Australia Historical Overview: Post-Contact Associations um published Robert Edwards’ e Adelaide Plains call themselves Community Land Management Plans: Adelai Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations (1972), a work that helped to establish the name in the public mind. Two years Tarndanyungga Kaurna Yerta: A Report the pre-1836 layer when landscape, ‘country’, was curated by Kaurna communities; the post-1836 to today layer where the country has been curated by the Kaurna within the constraints of colonisation; and, the post-1836 to today layer where th policies and or simply normal migration settlement activities in Adelaide. Aboriginals as a consequence of colonial an (2005) respectively. Further, Harris (1999, (1997) and

• • • Hemming with Harris (1997) and Draper Molla entitled Lands Heritage Amery (1997), and Williams (2002), Rigney (2006), Aitken Jones & Morris (2006), and Sumerling (2004) discuss specific facets the Park Lands and Squares. These references composing each and Square in conjunction with the discusses Kaurna and Aboriginal activities on th first appeared in writing to mean the clan metropolitan Adelaide. By then most of descendants were returning from outlying places In 1972, the South Australian Muse Adelaide Plains later Norman Tindale’s monumental 2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES 2.1 ABORIGINAL HISTORY OF THE SITE 2.1.1 Introduction This section summarises the main Aboriginal and Kaurna historical associations with the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares. It is a cursory summation only, does not purport to be definitive, and more detailed and authoritat associations and places of significance, pre- commencing in late 1836. It is important to understand that there are 2.1.2 The Kaurna People Today the Aboriginal people of th associated with this place, as follows: just called the descriptions of Aboriginals Most early Europeans simply referred to Aboriginals by the nearest European placename they were located or where first contact occurre but we are unclear what their ancestors called th “Murray Tribe” or the “Encounter Bay Tribe”. languages more closely, recorded the name century. Another version of this name, may in fact be more closely related than they appear at first glance, perhaps variants of one word (Hemming, 1990, pp.128–29). It was not unt

3 3

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH (2006) Historical Historical et al and itage’ of Aboriginal (2005), and Aitken (2005), and et al. . underpin the formal adoption of dual , and Sumerling (2004) but these are cursory , and Sumerling (2004) but investigations has quantified the location of al activities in the Park Lands and Squares is landscape. Place, place name, place meaning and Squares by the Corporation as part of its s. Her thesis, investigating principally ‘The et al 35), Krahenbuehl (1996) and Long (2003) have Notwithstanding this, it is very evident that the lonisation vegetation extant and introduced to the archaeological ‘her an anthropological understanding to identify vents’ to the places they occurred, but a thorough ussed specific to each Park Land block and d incidents, than patterns of occupancy. Harris major venue for food and material resource (1999) and Jones (2006) whom have sought to evident that the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri evident that the River Torrens/Karrawirra section. Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations

Overview: Post-Contact Associations still wanting. Notwithstanding this, it is very conduit was a major venue for social activities. Where possible, this information has been disc Square when composing each translate this scientific information woven with and post-1836 Aborigin social ‘history’ of pre-1836 occupancy in the Adelaide Park Lands and Square Location’ site in Piltawodli/Park 1, and subsequent encampments, together with ‘The Location’ and its structures and associated structures in 1999, 2006). Piltawodli/Park 1 and Tulya Wodli/Park 27 (Harris While Pulleine (1933-34), Fenner and Cleland (19 the Adelaide Plains landscape, it is only Heyes Kaurna occupancy patterns and the seasons of harvesting activities. Post-contact Aboriginal activities in the Park Lands and Squares are considered social histories undertaken by Morton (1986), Linn (2006) references often to political events, protests an (1999), Jones (2003), Hemming with Harris (1997), Draper have sought to identify the specifics of these ‘e sought to document the pre-contact and post-co were identified as integral to realizing this thesis. was a Parri conduit River Torrens/Karrawirra names for many of the Adelaide Park Land blocks documented in Amery (1997), and reconciliation commitment. This research is largely Williams (2002), and Amery Rigney (2006). Harris has sought to investigate and document research and subsequent investigations by Amery

4 3

mounted by the Corporation as Corporation by the mounted was also ‘dressed-up’ in floral in floral ‘dressed-up’ was also 1901. The statue was 1901. donated to the de, Decorated,” as featured in a

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES , flags and floral displays as , flags and floral Figure private collection. private collection. deration celebrations. The statue deration celebrations. Statue, King William Street, Adelai King Statue, h of Queen Victoria (1819-1901) on 22 January Queen Victoria h of win Smith. Source: .1901, displaying colonial crests colonial .1901, displaying c part of the January 1901 Commonwealth fe January 1901 Commonwealth the part of deat tributes following the Corporation by [Sir] Ed watercolour postcard watercolour postcard Statue of the “Late Queen Statue Victoria’s of the “Late Queen

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

influence the historical evolution of , development and management actions. 2.2 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES 2.2.1 Introduction This section reviews the main temporal phases that Adelaide Park Lands and Squares, including the main actors in this evolution together with their key summarised documents, and planting The sections correspond with the periods of tenure , City Town Clerks, Mayors, Lord and related persons and legislation that have directly had, and the their influence and contribution is discussed in summation. It should be noted individual and that the periods often overlap and some are condensations, and this is deliberate.

5 3

s (north, north-east, east, s ent House’, ‘Hospital’, ‘Cemetery’, ‘Cemetery’, ‘Hospital’, House’, ent surrounding pastoral district surrounding pastoral E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure ged circulation system of curvaceous carriage drives carriage of curvaceous circulation system ged , as prepared by Colonel dated 1837, that dated 1837, that William Light Colonel by , as prepared so depicted. Source: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC Source: depicted. so are sites indicated for the ‘Governm the for indicated sites are Plan of the , water-coloured tinted water-coloured City of Adelaide, the Plan of But poster. estate real like a much Adelaide North and Adelaide of layout and road the depicts depiction included in this survey ‘Barracks’, ‘BotanicGarden’, together with an envisa through the Park Lands and detailed pedestrian pathways through the Squares. Main road routes out of out routes road Main Squares. the through pathways pedestrian detailed and Lands Park the through and (south-west), Bay (north-west), Port the to Adelaide south, south-east, and north-west) are al

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Adelaide in 1836 serving as the inaugural tions of the City, with various Squares, and so the role it played and continues to play in ions of the same plan model. Thus, there is City thought to the topographical constraints re resigning in frustration 1838 to establish the colony of was seeking to eory both in South Australia and internationally, Kingston, whom laid out much of the survey of the actual concept of the Plan but this is on of the City Adelaide Plan, dated 1837, and the origins of the settlement, value in its ralia and undertaking the survey of Adelaide A soldier and surveyor, he travelled Co. r the City as well numerous other settlements lic expression of the spirit new colony and imperatives at hand. The Plan embodied the 1838. The Plan was simple yet powerful in its 1838. The City that it encircles and symbolises. sion upon which it was based. The Plan is a significant spatial and aesthetic spiritual value to the at hand and addressed the urgent real estate concept of a Park Land encompassing the two por triangular parks within according to survey alignments, and a clear intent chart new physical form to match the new philosophical realm that achieve. A question exists as to the authorship minor to the actual form and spirit of design executed. a significant symbo The role of this Plan is as the essence of Wakefieldian vi design, in terms of its town planning legacy, but al articulating a design and planning character fo throughout South Australia that reside within vers symbology value with the Plan associated contribution to town planning and settlement th the later survey of Adelaide plains in configuration that meshed contemporary surveyor-general for the colony of South Aust (1836-37) and the Adelaide plains (1837-38) befo the private surveying firm of Light, Finniss & served in the Mediterranean region including Crimea before being appointed to position by the South Australian Colonisation Commissioners. Within his survey party was surveyor, later architect and politician, George Strickland Adelaide and had an unclear role in the theoretical and practical creation of the survey layout. Light was instrumental in the survey and creati 2.2.2 William Light survey (1836-37) (1786-1839) migrated from to William Light

6 3

areas (which includes the includes areas (which 1837 depicting Light’s survey of the of survey Light’s 1837 depicting also apparently the post-settlement post-settlement the apparently also pping of hydraulic, vegetational, and and vegetational, pping of hydraulic, d lands, streamlines, swampy d lands, streamlines, swampy ision of a racecourse at Bakkabakkandi/Park 16 and 16 Bakkabakkandi/Park at racecourse of a ision E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure Ranges Ranges escarpment and gullies, but road establishment, including the ma including establishment, road prepared by Colonel William Light in William by Colonel prepared ‘Plan of the District of Adelaide’ as District of Adelaide’ ‘Plan of the and Plains for subdivision Adelaide of inundate as to the locations information topographical South the Mount Lofty Park Lands), prov the including the Park Lands through road network Archives. ACC 23. Source: Wirranendi/Park at Cemetery

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

ed in this plan together with this plan together in ed Figure Figure and vegetation representations of where the the of where representations and vegetation aide’ as prepared by Colonel William Light in 1837 in William Light Colonel aide’ as prepared by for the Squares are also incorporat are Squares the for Surveyors uncoloured ‘Plan of the City of Adel the City ‘Plan of Surveyors uncoloured Archives. ACC Source: Port. and Bay the to routes road and drives carriage envisaged the of several that is partially embellished with topographical with topographical embellished that is partially the of Some survey. of time the at present were respectively vegetation extant and escarpments system ideas circulation pedestrian

7 3

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure cluded in Best (1986, p. ii). cluded in Painting of George Francis as in Painting of George Francis as

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

Ficus ant nurseries of the ), and Moreton Bay Figs ( and his landscape design work was formal tion of trees in the pl ngs regularly speaking and contributing articles at Boulogne, France (1844-46). Francis was his own private leasehold nursery on the banks Adelaide. He actively and successfully tendered s for Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, Pangki Brien, while also serving as a valuator and Brien, while also serving as europaea s, Francis was an advocate of establishing a en (1855-65). A botanist, horticulturist and

ougham , that were subsequentially h Francis’ advocacy that the position of City ngki/Palmer Gardens, Tandotittinga/Brougham His tree palette was both Australian natives and vely supporting the establishment of various ion enabling the appointment of O’Brien (Best cieties in the early years of Adelaide and South Olea raddled over Warnpangga/ and ). Australia. He was also an advocate of civic planti to the local newspapers. In terms of the Adelaide Park Lands and Square quality series of civic urban parks and gardens in for the planting and management of Pangki Pa Gardens and Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square gardens to the Corporation of the City Adelaide Council. He often propagated tree specimens in of the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri st 2.2.3 George Francis years (1849-65) 2.2.3 George London to Adelaide in 1849 becoming the Francis (1800-1865) migrated from George William inaugural director of the Adelaide Botanic Gard literary, horticultural, agricultural, scientific so enabling the propaga Tainmundilla/Park 11, before botanic gardens director, trained in and in London he travelled through France, Spain and Italy in his twenties and taught instrumental in advancing the establishment and development of the and the Adelaide Zoological Gardens, and acti Botanic Garden to be provided to the Corporation for street tree and garden planting. His passions were economic botany, propagation, European with intricate patterns and displays. introduced exotic species including Olives ( macrophylla His important role and contribution to the Park Lands Squares is in establishing foundational tree plantings and landscape design Pangki/Palmer Gardens, and Tandotittinga/Br William O’ modified by inaugural City surveyor for the Council. It is probably throug Gardener was first established in the Corporat 1986).

8

3

), 4

; 6],

Populus Cassia ssp; Melia ssp), ssp), Crataegus Laurus heterophylla ssp; 100], ssp) from

macrophylla Fraxinus ssp; 48], Elms

Bambusa Morus ). In contrast, Populus Ficus ) and 6 Cassia ( Araucaria ; 18], also, about one Platanus ; 2], Ash [ Gardener, William Pengilly, sativa

; 24], Whitethorn [ ; 24], Whitethorn macrophylla populneus

ssp; 24], White Cedar [ ssp; 24], White

ssp; 280], Laurestinas [sic; ilex

ssp), bamboo ( granatum

Ficus Castanea ; 78], Native Pines Salix Quercus Quercus Cupressus Punica pinea ssp; 4,450], Poplars [ ssp; 4,450], ), and five mulberries ( ), 6 Thuja (species unspecified), 6 White

Brachychiton ; 48], Sycamors [sic; wnsend advising of extensive tree planting wnsend advising of from Albert Bridge to the Weir; along East, ; 216], Moreton Bay Figs [ Unley Road through the Park Lands; along Pinus E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES robusta

an pathway systems often in formal lines similar often receiving plaudits from Councillors and the ssp] cuttings, making a grand total of about whom was resourceful and skilled to create the Corymbia watereri babylonica donations of an unspecified number poplar ( ld Botanic Gardens” (Letter from W O’Brien to ent left in-coming City /

x various locations throughout the municipality ction to strategically appease the Corporation. oleander

ssp; 99], Oaks [ Populus Salix Grevillea ), 6 Kurrajongs ( ssp; 14], Ches[t]nuts [ Ficus comprising: 2 Norfolk Island Pines ( comprising: 2 Norfolk Island ; 24], [ Pomegranates Eucalyptus Nerium ), 6 ( Laburnum ssp; 1,627], Cupressus [ ssp; 1,627], Cupressus ) (Town Clerk’s Docket 714 of 1874). The sources of these trees ) (Town Clerk’s Docket 714 of 1874). regia 21], Stone Pines [

Robinia ssp; 74]. Evergreen Oaks [ / australasica 1863). In 1873 he tabled “a list of Ornamental Trees 1863). In 1873 he tabled “a list of Ornamental suitable for macrophylla Juglans

Acacia var ssp] and poplar [ ; 12], Gums [ candolleana

Allocasuarina ; 10,600], Ficus [ Ficus Register Aristolochia / Salix ssp), weeping willows ( Cassia ssp), herbaceous and bulbs, willow ( ; 149], Laburnums [ azedarach Ligustrum lucidum;

australisca ssp) ( europaea

Rosa tinus syn. Casuarina

var ; 30], Acacias [ ; 30], Melia Olea Ligustrum ssp; 6], Walnuts [ ; 249 in number], Oleanders [ Allocasuarina Ulmus ( planting in the Squares of City” Moreton Bay Figs ( Cedars ( thousand willow [ ssp), rose ( 19,249 plants.” In addition, O’Brien records privet ( various individuals. These were planted in of the River Torrens” “Both sides including along West, North and South Terraces; along the “North Terrace Esplanade”; in the East Park Lands; in Victoria, Hindmarsh and Light Squares; along Slaughterhouse Road; behind the Cattle Yards in North Terrace adjoining the River; and, “19 native pines” to surround the house at “o ACC Archives). the Mayor, 19 August 1867; His role and contribution is in bringing to the Corporation a high quality of horticultural expertise needed at the time, and an individual foundations of the present Squares in the City of Adelaide today. Each Square was developed as a display space for the growth of trees, pedestri green’ designs, and plantations were established square or ‘village to conventional English urban along major roadways through the Park Lands within fenced shelterbelt enclosures. This 12 years of busy planting and garden establishm with an established landscape to simply build upon within needing a solid appreciation of landscape design or horticultural expertise (Jones 2002). bicapsularis are not stated but it would be probable that the Botanic Garden through directors Francis and Schomburgk assisted, especially with the Moreton Bay Figs ( O’Brien clearly excelled at flower bed displays, media, and this activity was a clear policy a In August 1867 O’Brien wrote to Mayor William To works that were carried out over the previous autumn planting season under his care in the Squares and Park Lands. The list is extensive the specimens included “Laurels [ nobilis China Privet [ [Callitris/ azedarach Olives [ Viburnum [ 50], Aristolochias [ monogyna

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ],

junceum

South

Eucalyptus Spartium [

e advocacy of Francis’ gums ), and Sheoak

], ), of which a representative and some bulbs”

ssp] and others, laburnum europaea Spanish broom in 1858 becoming the inaugural in 1858 becoming

), River Red Gum (

macrophylla

ssp] Olea [ ssp],

Ficus Utopia Rosa Cupressus [ europaea

s it is clear that he was using a lot of long- Ficus macrophylla Salix olive ontrol as later articulated by colonial public [

species in the Park Lands road shelterbelt

], rdens manager that was resourceful in gaining enade. The latter is despite the Terrace not Olea ecies thereby echoing th y discussed in the literature at time. This ing the patronage of Francis as a job referee. On the former he was exceedingly successful in in the principles of Picturesque or Gardenesque in the principles of Picturesque favoured species together “with sweet briar ents as they tended to be linear, parallel and in blished the horticultural and design frameworks often in semi-union jack configurations for each ucive to the Adelaide environment, rainfall, anya Womma/Park 26) areas are examples of a North Terrace as manager of the ‘Government Adelaide Council in 1861. This was a position ident that O’Brien was using species from the d tree donations to enable him create and cypress [ ars to have been a successful appointment given ee species in the Squares. In the 1870s O’Brien ee species in the Squares. In 1870s O’Brien ley Road, Bartels Road and Peacock Road. upon the landscape often with minimal species , dulcis h were once planted extensively along Wakefield

ssp], roses willows , ), Olive ( ssp] ontinued mass tree planting but located specimens Prunus [ ssp]

), Moreton Bay Fig ( Geranium Populus [

[

leucoxylon etailed inventories of what plant species he was planting in the suber

almond Melaleuca , [

poplars

Quercus geraniums ssp?]

Eucalyptus ssp], .1812-84) migrated to Adelaide on the c Acacia eet tree plantings. [

honeysuckle

), Cork Oak ( Corymbia ssp], cactus, / ssp], Aloe [ ssp] acacia

Rosa Eucalyptus Laburnum Interestingly O’Brien planted only Australian native a mixture of exotic and native tr corridors, and shifted this planting strategy to one that c along pedestrian routes that he was establishing, regimented strategy was also applied in the Park Lands where opportunity arose to established plantation lines adjacent to roadways such as Glen Osmond [] Road, Anzac Highway [Bay Road], Rundle Street, Un Square, and in promenades for North Terrace; the latter disappeared from his jurisdiction in 1872 when Schomburgk formally took charge of Plantations’. Thankfully O’Brien left several d Form these inventorie Corporation during his tenure. choosing and establishing trees perennial garden bedding plants, although there appears to be little design expertise in the planting arrangem lines aligned to roadsides and occasionally pathways. Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square and the pre-Pelzer era Pennington Gardens West (Tarnd planting design style that imposed formal lines garden and public park design that were commonl lived tree species but also that were cond climate and soils. It was also clear that while there a preference towards northern hemisphere deciduous tree species it was also ev Mediterranean regions as well Australian tree sp sample now exists in , and whic and Grote Streets, were perhaps one of his most [ works superintendent Owen Smyth. task was the laying out of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, and thereuponO’Brien’s immediate the rest of Squares including North Terrace. diversity, that indicated little skill and knowledge These included the prolific use of Moreton Bay Figs ( He appears as a thorough, competent parks and ga political support, internal Corporation funds, an manage the parks and gardens he was entrusted to. During his tenure as City Gardener, O’Brien esta for the Squares, including North Terrace prom being the prerogative of Corporation management c preferences in str the expertise and experience O’Brien brought to position the way he executed his tasks. trained as a horticulturist in Dublin and London, O’Brien was born in Dublin, Ireland, and working on several estates and parks, before migrating to Adelaide. In Adelaide he obtained several positions in the horticultural industry, gain City Gardener to the Corporation of the City probably instigated by George Francis. It appe [ 2.2.4 William O’Brien years (1861-74) William O’Brien ( [ aloes Australian Blue Gum ( camaldulensis

9 3

1874, reporting on proposed reporting 1874,

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES cillors, dated 19 August cillors, Figure to undertake. Source: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC Source: to undertake. A letter from William O’Brien to the Mayor and Coun Mayor to the William O’Brien A letter from seeking approval is he planting activities

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

cluding the regimented regimented the cluding ce: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC ce: ted 14 February 1865, prepared by the City Engineer City Engineer the by 1865, prepared February ted 14 Figure with Pennington Terrace in is locality. Sour is locality. Extract of a ‘Plan of the City of Adelaide 1865’, da 1865’, Adelaide City of the Extract of a ‘Plan King William that details intersection Road the plantations established by O’Brien in th O’Brien established by plantations

0 4

et 10 Figure 1990, pp. 50-51, 1990, pp. 50-51, Extract from the from Extract Sketcher Australasian July 1875, in Marsden July 1875, in Marsden al an aerial depicting City of panorama of the North and Adelaide the Note Terrace. plantation of trees the north indicated along Terrace North of side Street from the Pulteney to Frome intersection the fenced Road and plantation enclosure. of tract the This was was land Schomburgk laced in charge of as manager of ‘Government Plantations’. ty Surveyors Office,dated

under O’Brien created along the

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure Figure ed by the Corporation’s Ci Schomburgk assumed the role as manager of the ‘Government of the ‘Government manager as the role assumed Schomburgk the tree plantations established established plantations the tree 11 February 1865, that indicates that indicates 11 February 1865, before Promenade Terrace North Archives. ACC Source: Plantations’. Extract of a ‘Plan of City of Adelaide’, as prepar Adelaide’, Extract of a ‘Plan City

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

), Pinus Quercus ), Rusty ssp), procera

x Ulmus ), Sugar Gum Platanus macrophylla

ssp), River Red Washingtonia Ficus ) and Holm Oak ( Pinus leucoxylon ), Canary Island Pine ( ssp,

the planting activities of the robur

ssp, Phoenix Picea halepensis

), London Plane ( Eucalyptus Quercus ssp, Pinus ntific expedition to British Guiana (1847-48). k often assisted with advice upon and eagerly ling a ready free supply of tree specimens to Abies macrocarpa

King William Road to the Hospital but was King William Road Schomburgk sought to establish “avenues” of rsery to assist the Corporation in planting aide Botanic Garden, following the death of rseburg and worked at the Sanssouci Gardens ), English Oak ( ), and to a lesser extent English Elm ( While Francis started this practice, Schomburgk Cupressus ), Aleppo Pine ( ), various palm species ( planting advice that serviced orientalis

australasica europaea

canariensis ), South Australian Blue Gum (

var ), various pine species ( Olea Platanus Phoenix ), Monterey Cypress ( dactyifera azedarach

), Olive ( camaldulensis

Melia Phoenix cladocalyx

rubiginosa

) and Palm ( ), Oriental Plane ( Eucalyptus Ficus ). As manager of ‘Government Plantations’ Eucalyptus Fig ( continued the practice but he was more a secondary source to the Forest Department through Conservator of Forests John Ednie Brown as the principal source for trees. His preferred species, distributed to the Corporation, included Moreton Bay Fig ( Francis, and he served in this position until his death in 1891. During 1872-82 he was appointed 1872-82 Francis, and he served in this position until his death 1891. During manager of ‘Government Plantations’ that made him responsible for the planting and management of the North Terrace Plantations; probably most frustrating task he was given by the colonial government. During his tenure as director (1865-91) Schomburg provided tree specimens from the Garden’s nu activities in the Park Lands and Squares. acerifolius 2.2.5 Richard Schomburgk years (1865-91) 2.2.5 Richard Dr Richard Moritz Schomburgk (1811-91) was a botanist, horticulturist and botanic gardens director whom migrated to Adelaide in into a scientific family in Freyburg, 1849. Born Germany, he trained as a horticulturist at Me appointed director of the Adel In 1865 he was regularly thwarted by vandalism leading to his frustration. in establishing a formal and Squares, Schomburgk was influential In terms of the Park Lands treescape in the North Terrace plantation and enab before joining a British government-sponsored scie canariensis ( be planted in the plantation and throughout the Park Lands generally. The latter was his more important contribution, coupled with Corporation’s City Gardeners (Payne 1992, 2002). Gum ( White Cedar ( ilex trees along the North Terrace plantations from Date Palm (

1

4

, 18 November 1911, p. 1911, p. , 18 November looking south from the St Peter’s from the south looking The Observer The

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES obituary in his O’Brien had established in this vicinity which Willaim this vicinity which established in had O’Brien Figures ly as included in e of the Pennington Gardens precinct Gardens precinct Pennington e of the Above: a photograph of William Pengil of William a photograph Above: that tree plantings the lines of Cathedral, indicating collection. private Source: maintained. Pengilly simply 41a. imag Below: a watercolour postcard

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH e planting activities, ) and Sugar Gum

hment activities along It is possible that camaldulensis

Eucalyptus ien, Pengilly continued th awned settings in the Squares, and continued ger as his Departmental staff sided with him been competent in garden establishment and anted only deciduous trees. In the Park Lands 1849. Despite having no formal qualifications wing a series of confrontations with the tree plantations in the Park Lands remembering establishment, and tree spatial arrangement that y in the west Park Lands Bonython nd tree plantation establis Cornwall-born gardener, horticulturist and tion of the Park Lands. continuing the valuable work set in place by understanding the Adelaide environment, tree Park Lands including practice, species, design Pengilly continued the quality appearance and ong the roadsides through Park Lands using mason, he was appointed City Gardener to the the Squares his preference was towards flowering ) which appear to have been supplied from the Forest Department’s cladocalyx

Eucalyptus 2.2.6 William Pengilly years (1867-83) William Pengilly (Pengelley) (1825-1911) was a amateur geologist whom migrated to Adelaide in in horticulture, and also working as a stone Corporation (1867-83) before being sacked follo Corporation’s Conservator of the Plantations (1882) John Ednie Brown and Mayor [Sir] Edwin Smith about his tree planting approach in the competency, and spatial configurations. During his tenure as City Gardener, following O’Br Square floral garden establishment, and Park La road corridors instigated by O’Brien. In he sought to establish plantations of trees al mainly Australian species including River Red Gum ( annuals and perennials he appears to have pl ( nurseries under Brown. While Pengilly may have maintenance, it was his lack of competency in selection, tree-hole preparation, fertilising, post- appears to have brought his downfall at a time when the Corporation was seeking to shift its priorities from to the civic beautifica Pengilly established the first Corporation nurser (Tulya Wodli/Park 27) today. Despite the sacking, Pengilly was influential in O’Brien, and was apparently a skilful human mana during the later fractious years of his tenure. maintenance of gardens and formal Gardenesque-l a program of planting shelterbelt and perimeter that at the time the Park Land block were being actively used for depasturing of sheep and cattle often prior to sale or slaughter (Morton 1998; Jones 2002).

2 4

ng the Adelaide Park Adelaide ng the Parks 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, now part of Piltawoldi/Park 1, part of Piltawoldi/Park 5, now 1, 3, 4, Parks E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES illa/Park 4, respectively left to right, including including to right, left illa/Park 4, respectively port on a System of Planti port on Figures Figures and pedestrian circulation systems. systems. circulation pedestrian and Brown. Source: ACC Archives. Source: ACC Brown. Above: Photograph Above: of John Ednie Photograph Re Ednie Brown’s (1880) 16 from John Below: Plan for old his planting design proposals depicts Lands, that Kangatt 3, and Kandarilla/Park Padipadinyilla/Park 2, plantings, clump internal peripheral and

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH to ) (1881) procera (1880) that

(1880) (1880) that Report Ulmus Annual Reports Report – 1 June 1883) in an Report (1880) completed under xcludes consideration of the e mated in Adelaide historical literature. 108). Brown, in terms of the Park Lands, gust 1882, August 1882 (1880) vator of Plantations’ or enabled its planting vator of Plantations’ e Department of Forests, later renamed the c from a very strong scientific and economic 7, together with some 5,000 secondary school ting activity by O’Brien in the late 1860s. This (1880) is a major precedent of landscape st and forest conservator, he was a passionate tercourse and the former carriage-drive. A n, with several other prominent Adelaide ‘tree- following day the Governor and the rest of l Australian site for Arbor Day that first occurred Brown into the newly devised Corporation planting design document articulating, in a ee planting days throughout Australia (Refshauge pon his appointment at City Gardener in 1899 to s of each Park Land block and thereupon making ond Conservator of Forests (1878-90) to South Lands and parks gardens in the Corporation. (1890-95) and thence Western Australia (1895-99) Report ng the Adelaide Park Lands Report nt references to the document in his to the Corporation by Mayors whom often cited vities of the Corporation’s City Gardeners. anting of the significant English Elm ( cy that Mayor William Buik (1879-79) commissioned A Practical Treatise on Tree Planting in South Australia (1882). He was the leading advocate of tree planting, on his tenure in South Australia. t Arbor Day planting in Australia, that was officiated by state (1880). The Annual Reports (1880) as justification for the expenditures on improving the Park Report Report Report Report on a System of Planti Flora of South Australia Flora of South (1880) and Brown have long been under-esti Report through the free supply of tree specimens from th Woods & Forests Department, nurseries to the Corporation. It was also a Australia before shifting to New South Wales Australia before shifting to as their Conservator. A Scottish-born silviculturi advocate of tree planting and approached the topi botany perspective, as evidenced in his effort to implement the set forth plans and reasoning that successive City Gardeners and Mayors used to articulate their visions for the civic beautification of the Park Further, Brown continued to indirectly influence the implementation of this August Pelzer read and sought to implement u the Corporation as evidenced in his freque avenue in Tuttangga/Park 17 1882 while ‘Conser 2.2.7 John Ednie Brown years (1878-90) John Ednie Brown (1848-99) served as the sec although it might also have been a conscious plan 2002, 2005). On the 1969; Jones 1998a, 1998b, dignitaries were involved in the opening of the 1887-88 Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition in the former Hall on North Terrace. Brown to prepare a Mayor Edwin Smith whom thereupon enticed position of ‘Conservator Plantations’ (April – Au architecture in Australia. It is a very important scientific manner, the attributes and constraint recommendations as to the spatial formation and species suitable for plantation and tree establishment on each Park Land block. The Squares. The Despite his short tenure as ‘Conservator of Plantations’, Brown had a major influence upon the planting design approach taken by the Council in the 1880s as it was clearly 2002, pp. 107- Lands and Squares (Morton 1998; Jones was also influential in enabling a ready free supply of tree specimens to be planted throughout the Park Lands to service planting acti It is possible that Brown organised the pl major landscape feature also led to the inaugura in Bakkabakkandi/Park 16 between the lower wa concept first devised in Nebraska 1872, Brow advocates’, was party to the firs Governor Lord and Lady Kintore on 20 June 188 children, that was the fore-runner to present tr properties and in streets, during It was because of this profile and advoca paragraphs from the and his major the Corporation and similar

3 4

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure . Source: ACC Archives. Edwin Thomas Smith. Source: Photograph of Mayor [Sir] Photograph of

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH (1880) by Brown 1887-88) residing in his later years at ‘The d with the Elder Bandstand, creation and acquire the Norwood Oval as a public asset, the Squares. Smith was knighted in 1888 for Pelzer to have a strong and well financially e City of Adelaide, working diligently to philanthropist and politician. Near his death Australia. He served as Mayor of Kensington tion of kerosene street lighting, the opening a Southern Districts (1894-1902), vice-president Districts (1894-1902), vice-president Southern ored 1887-88 Adelaide Jubilee International ored 1887-88 Adelaide Brown and later Pelzer whom completed the in the sacking of Pengilly (1883), donated 87-88 Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition, es and facilities in the Park Lands Squares rryatville which in its own right was a major rryatville Womma/Park 26), and promoted the installation Brown and Pelzer. Thus, Smith provided the Smith largely personally providing the vision and Adelaide. Edwin Smith Avenue honours his as a permanent recreational water-body with a (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26) from a derelict ught the transformation and re-fencing of e civic improvement and beautification of first tion transformation of the Corporation from 1879 rndanyangga/Victoria Square (1894), and directed (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26). With ‘Conservator of Plantations’ (1882), was on the ‘Conservator of Plantations’ gga/Victoria Square, immediately sought the period the Corporation experienced a major ate (Morton 1996; Pearce 1976). Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park Lands public baths in King William Street (Tarndanya of a horse-drawn tramway system throughout contribution and service to the City. Smith was instrumental in the civic beautifica to 1888 as Mayor. Over this nine year transformation in civic and infrastructure with leadership to create many of the landscape spac that are taken for granted today, in particular this vision, Smith was obviously adept in obtaining the most competent individuals to aid in the fruition of these projects enabling the hiring political vision and support to enable the Gardenesque transformation of most the Park Lands and Squares in the 1880s under Pengilly, Lands and a renovation of most remaining Park his civic contribution to the st supported hand in creating parks and gardens generally as well planting streetscapes, the asphalting of most streets in the City, installa together with the engagement of Brown as interview panel for Pelzer (1899), was involved statue of Queen Victoria for placement in Ta the transformation and creation of Elder Park wasteland into a Gardenesque-lawned space crowne formation of Victoria Drive arising from the 18 was pivotal in the success of the privately spons Exhibition, the development of Lake Torrens landscaped edge, ensured solid encouragement for Squares, the beautification of Tarndanyan implementation of the Kensington & Norwood council area, and then th improve the quality of Corporation’s services and amenity of the parks and gardens for both councils. For the City of Adelaide he so he was known as the ‘Grand Old Man’ of South & Norwood (1867-70, 1871-73), donating funds to MLC for as a MLA for East Torrens (1871-93), of the South Australian Horticultural & Floricultural Society, chair of the National Park Commission, Mayor of the City Adelaide (1879-82, example of landscape design and horticulture much of which remains today. Smith was instrumental in taking charge of th 2.2.8 Edwin Smith years (1879-88) Smith years (1879-88) 2.2.8 Edwin England, and migrated to was born in Staffordshire, Sir Edwin Thomas Smith (1830-1919) Adelaide in 1853, becoming a prominent brewer, Acacias’ now the Loreto College campus in Ma

4 4

of certain colonial lands and buildings to the was relinquished to the Corporation. But, it

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES opening. Of public to its in 1887 prior Building Lands today, which resulted in protracted Smyth, who, serving as the South Australian the state and Corporation; a situation that Figure the North Terrace promenade, including timber slat slat timber including promenade, Terrace North the interest is the completed street tree plantation in plantation tree street completed the is interest treearrangedguards, as by Smyth. Owen Source: ACC Archives. Photograph of the near completed Adelaide Exhibition Adelaide completed the near Photograph of fashionable tree species today. It was Pelzer that shifted North Terrace away from this once this land atmosphere in 1911, progressively, representative, proposed and enabled the transfer Grounds and Buildings all the Torrens Parade Commonwealth in 1906 including Commonwealth land within the Adelaide Park negotiations to re-transfer this land back continues today (Dungey 1990; Owen Smyth 1923). should also be remembered that it was Owen

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ), procera

that spp, Ulmus ) trees outside the Phoenix House-Building in New macrophylla ), palms ( Journal of

Ficus acerifolius ) in the yet to be named Prince Henry ), the public service medal (1925), and died x e tree species still, also, characterise many of rrace. Schomburgk returned the care of when management of the land was formally a wing of the General Post Office, wings August Pelzer quickly set about transforming lection of trees species in both landscapes that e colonial public service and was articled under ent head of the colonial Works & Buildings remained under the equivalent of they h Australia that, when they were erected in the rted by acts of vandalism destroying the young exotic deciduous and evergreen, native, South Australia, Magill Home, Bedford Park public buildings throughout South Australian throughout public buildings onial Light Memorial Executive Committee. of typical High Victorian preferred and ite a civil commission that found him ‘vindictive, in between, into a “pleasance” with major , he was instrumental in enabling the quality Buildings Department reclaimed the planting and tanic Garden, Richard Schomburgk, to curate; a to the public service, so transfer of from the Corporation and City Gardener William Parkside Lunatic Asylum together with the e activities of the Royal Agricultural Society, design of many public housing and schools in Platanus cladocalyx

8 Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition Davenport. Owen Smyth transformed the e colonial Government. The plantation was spp) to which Owen Smyth had a preference towards. Eucalyptus Phoenix ), London Planes ( robur

Quercus ssp) that still feature in the North Terrace promenade and the Torrens Parade (1909), reprinted from the December 1908 issue of management of the North Terrace plantations architect Edward J Woods, serving as Woods’ chief of staff when Woods became colonial Woods’ chief of staff when architect Edward J Woods, serving as Architect-in-Chief, and he was appointed perman Department in 1886. He was involved the South Australia, including the Exhibition Building, the and Art Gallery of & Industries, Sanatorium, Thebarton Police Barracks, the South Australian School of Mines additions to the , and Adelaide Military Headquarters at Keswick in 1912, and served on numerous statue celebration-related committees including the Col Owen Smyth retired in 1923, receiving a CMG (1920 in 1925. He maintained a strong interest in th housing and building construction matters, and education, publishing Districts promoted asbestos building design in South Australia. It appears that in 1872 the colonial Works and O’Brien, re-vesting their management in th thereupon given to director of the Adelaide Bo task he achieved in part but was continually thwa saplings. In 1876 Owen Smyth was appointed colonial/state Public Works Department until 1911 hospital and mature Sugar Gums ( Garden, with a deteriorating mixture of species pedestrian promenade and extensive plantings of trees including use of palms ( hasty in his temper, impulsive and overbearing’ aesthetic appearance and design on innumerable English Oak ( Washingtonia Ground (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26) today. Thes the public and school building landscapes in Sout 1886-1923 period, tend to be mature specimens 2.2.9 Owen Smyth years (1886-1923) 2.2.9 Owen Smyth years (1886-1923) Charles Edward Owen Smyth[e] (Owen-Smyth) (1851-1925) was born in County Kilkenny Ireland and settled in Adelaide in 1876 after travelling the world as a sailor, builder, building foreman, and house painter. In 1876 he joined th management precedes his involvement in North Te North Terrace plantations to Smyth in 1882, and transferred to the Corporation and City Gardener Owen Smith was an ardent Imperialist and patriot, strived for value money and quality in deference to political interventionism, and desp between 1886-1923. His role in the Adelaide Park Lands and Squares was seeking resolution to quality future of the North Terrace plantations and enabling the landscaping of the Torrens Parade Ground (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26). Both were particular interests for Owen Smyth albeit most of his time was spent in managing the colonial/state building works projects, and both reflect his Imperialist and patriot fervour in the se and replanting the Promenade. The 1887-8 prompted Owen Smyth to commence a major renovation of the North Terrace plantation, largely on the encouragement of Sir Samuel were English or symbols of High Victorian culture, including Elms ( somewhat bleak expanse, that had lush Moreton Bay Fig (

5 4

ents contained A Report on a System of of System a A Report on isted in 1880. The plan in 1880. isted tion of where tree plantings had tree plantings of where tion e vegetation assessm e vegetation nnual Reports to the Corporation Corporation the to nnual Reports tions and pathways through and around around through and and pathways tions

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES the Park Land blocks ex the Park the Surveyor-General in 1880. The map depicts in depicts map The in 1880. Surveyor-General the established, pedestrian routes through the Park Park the through routes pedestrian established, Figure d accurately correlates with d accurately correlates th with information contained in the A contained in the information possibly the most accurate representa accurate most possibly the (1880). Source: ACC Archives. Source: ACC (1880). ents prepared by Brown per Park Land block in his Land block per Park Brown ents prepared by shelterbelt, avenue, and general planta general and avenue, shelterbelt, each Park Land block. This is Park Land block. each statem site analysis in the Adelaide Park Planting the Lands occurred, enclosed shelterbelt plantations had been been plantations had shelterbelt enclosed occurred, through what roads formalised, and Lands had been Extract of a ‘Military Map of Adelaide’ prepared by by prepared Adelaide’ Map of Extract of a ‘Military and Pengilly O’Brien, where locations exact the Lands, Park the through system road extant the detail established Brown had validates the general substance of Pengilly, an and O’Brien prepared by

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH 24 December 1883, The Register culturist in England, came to the position with of Park Lands Gardener (1885-86) and Head e and experience. There is a marked difference formal London-styled garden with pathways, ntal in transforming the rough Gardenesque ed suddenly in 1884, enabling the promotion of creasing visual deterioration of the Squares that at Francis and O’Brien had established with comprehensive management curatorship regime. establishing situation across all the parks and s sudden death meant that the continuation of included better fencing, straightening and re- maintain the established gardens, plantations, and anting that Patterson had also conceptually Lands Gardener Richard Patterson was appointed perennials and annuals but there were no further d had advanced through the Council’s parks and opment and management, was apparently the pertise and action, thus credibility with technical competence, ceased. Instead, Hayes derman, Councillor, and public alike. of tree-lined avenues, encouragement for the installation of Interregnum (1883-99) Interregnum st Interregnum was marked by the tenure of two individuals who directed parks and st 2.2.10 1 The 1 gardens activities of the Corporation. Park after a thorough selection process in 1883 but di his foreman, John Wood Hayes, to the positions Gardener (1886-99). Patterson, trained as a horti solid experience in garden and estate devel tree avenues and flower beds. Unfortunately hi this program, strength of endeavour, and somewhat finished the Victoria Square renovations and undertook no major garden creation or planting activities thereafter seeking to simply parks and to continue the program of tree pl envisaged. It was probably this approach, the in prompted the Hayes’ resignation in 1899 amidst considerable criticism and concern of the visual appearance of these places by Mayor, Al landscape of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square th trees, with flower beds, and semi-informal pathway systems by the latter, into a formal English-city style Square. This transformation surfacing of pathways, planting ‘Garden Foreman’ at the Carlton Gardens for the Melbourne Exhibition complex City of Melbourne Council, before being engaged by the Corporation ( between the two individuals in terms of ex Councillors and Mayors. Under Patterson plans were prepared for renovations to various Squares, and in particular Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square when he commenced design, renovation and planting implementation activities seeking to craft a more Patterson, despite his short tenure, was instrume sculpture and feature accent plants, a more Hayes, in contrast, simply sought to sustain the p. 6g). In contrast Hayes was untrained an gardens department staff on the basis of expertis gardens, continuing to park trees and plant plans, renovations, or major works forthcoming under his tenure.

6 4

sold to the public to raise funds. raise funds. to public to the sold ), a species often usedWattlethe byLeague.Day

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figures Acacia baileyana badge, dated 1919, that was one of many many of badge, dated 1919, that was one Above: foliage from a Cootamundra Wattle ( Above: from a foliage Cootamundra League Below: A Wattle Day Source: Hitchcock 2004, p. 296. 296. 2004, p. Hitchcock Source:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH written by , (Sir) William Australia Register

The cantly, this was the first war memorial September of each year, and the sales st ssp) were also planted around this English by Torode in 1915 as a ‘war memorial , on behalf of the Wattle Day League, planted of the Australian Natives Association (ANA), th journalist William Sowden, horticulturist and 1931) who first propagated the Claret Ash 1931) who first zetted on 23 June 1992, but the movement to inent sites included the ‘Wattle Grove’ in Minno inent ggestion that the wattle should be the floral on. ‘The Wattle Blossom League’ was thereupon Acacia in 1887, proposed the establishment of a ladies in 1887, proposed ve society promoting the wearing of a sprig then Vice-President of the Australian Natives prominent men and women in Adelaide. The 647-648; Hitchcock 2004, pp. 294-298). 2004, 647-648; Hitchcock were first held on 1 September 1910. ‘Raywoodii’), landscape designer Elsie Marion Cornish (1870- Adelaide from 1911 onwards into the 1940s. The Park Lands ) in Creswell Gardens (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26) to honour the spp) as a national symbol dates back to the 1838s (Bede 2002, p. 632; robur

oxycarpa 1915’, planted by the League, and officiated by Governor-General Sir th Acacia var ) but they do not remain today. Signifi Quercus spp.) on all official occasions and memorial events. The song robur

angustifolia

Acacia Quercus Fraxinus and use of sprigs at many official events ceremonies in Adelaide. Even the state Governors and their wives of the period embraced the concept. The strength of the movement in Adelaide should not be under-estimated. It undertook regular plantings of wattle trees in the Corporation agreed to support this initiative and granted several sites in the south Park Lands for the League to undertake its activities. Prom plantation’ together with a now-shifted granite obelisk inscribed with “Australasian soldiers, Dardenelles, April 25 29 with Sir Henry and Lady Galway. Further, on Ronald and Lady Munro Ferguson together August 1914 the state Governor, Sir Henry Galway an English Oak ( fallen of the First World War. Eight Wattles ( tree planted in Australia for the fallen of this war. Both sites therefore hold special significance to Australia’s social development and identity making. Australia’s National Wattle Day was officially ga enshrine the wattle ( 2.2.11 Wattle Day League Movement (1898-1940s) Day League 2.2.11 Wattle The Wattle Blossom League, a women’s auxiliary Wirra/Park 21W by Lewis Cohen Drive, redesigned 2002, pp. 24-25; Jones Bridge, nd, pp. was founded in Adelaide 1898-1900. The su and newspaper editor with symbol of Australia came from journalist John Sowden (1858-1943), in 1889. Sowden, Association, an organisation he helped found auxiliary to the then male-only ANA organisati found a public meeting chaired by Lady Mayoress Mrs AW Ware in 1898, and formed following strength in Adelaide and Melbourne as an acti wattle ( Oak ( Adelaidean’s CC Presgrave and M Heuzenroeder was born out of this movement. The first national Wattle Day celebrations The movement in Adelaide found enthusiasts wi opal dealer Tullie Cornthwaite Wollaston (1863- ( 1946), builder Walter Torode amongst other 1946), builder movement instigated an annual wattle planting on the 1

7 4

ACA 674; Moreton 1986, p. 80. p. 80. 674; Moreton 1986, ACA

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figures Figures [Sir] Lewis Cohen in 1921. Source: Lewis Cohen in 1921. [Sir] honours Sir Lewis Cohen, looking north as planted in 1928. Source: in looking north as planted Sir Lewis Cohen, honours . p n , of Adelaide 1928 of Adelaide y Above: photograph of Lord Mayor Lord Mayor photograph of Above: Below: Lewis Cohen Drive, which Cit

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH .1853, worked as .1853, worked c at the state did not value. In many respects projects he set in place the City, felt that King William Street, asphalting of numerous Gardens (Wirranendi/Park 23), East Terrace Gardens (Wirranendi/Park 23), East nce, often providing mayoral patronage that nce, often providing mayoral He was knighted in 1924 and died 1933. h was created under his administration, the Squares and his creating on an extensive and if the state was not going to do it he

of personal interest and knowledge in landscape -91, 1901-04, 1909-10) and Lord Mayor (1921- 1909-10) 1901-04, -91, s, squares, roads, and the general municipal ) and West (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26), West (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26), ) and astructure and amenity perceiving that they were mill Park/Park 14), and Lewis Cohen Drive veral businesses. In 1886 he was elected to the r the significant parks and gardens created by particular Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square under Adelaide (1902-06) articulating a ardent ffence to negative comments about its aesthetic in 1876 upon medical advice. Prior to his shift in 1876 upon medical advice. Prior to his shift velopments around the Terraces and between the Melbourne-based London Loan & Discount Liverpool migrating to Sydney in regenza 1986; Morton 1998; Richards 1981). regenza 1986; Morton 1998; Richards Prince Henry Garden, North Terrace promenade, laneways, and poor town planning. City of Adelaide Council, rising to Mayor (1889 City of Adelaide Council, rising to Mayor merchant in Fiji, before shifting to Adelaide merchant in Fiji, before Cohen had established a solid merchant trader reputation, had served on the Levuka Council (Fiji) (1872-73), before opening a branch of Bank in Adelaide together with establishing se (1887-93) and 23), MLA for protectionist and civic improvement philosophy. Cohen, exceedingly proud of the civic beautification the City had “no compeer in the matter of park improvements” that included the wood-blocking of streets, the renovations of the Squares and in Pelzer, and facilitated often took credit fo Pelzer in the 1899-1923 period including Angas Gardens (Karrawirra/), Creswell (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26), Pennington Gardens East (Karrawirra/Park 12 Osmond Gardens (Wita Wirra/Park 18), Kingston Gardens (since removed) (Mullawirraburka/Ry (Walyo Yerta/Minno Yerta Parks 21/21W), whic honours his contribution and service to the City which he ironically opened. He was passionate about the Corporation, his ‘City’, and took o appearance, slums and poverty stricken The role of Cohen was instrumental in carrying forth the series of projects that (Sir) Edwin Smith had commenced, enabling a second renaissa series of Gardenesque and formal garden de Adelaide and North Adelaide. Despite his lack design, horticulture, and civic amenity beautification, Cohen saw keenly understood the need for investment to be placed into such infr Cohen years (1890-1923) 2.2.12 Lewis Sir Lewis Cohen (1849-1933) was born in enabled Pelzer to carry out his transformation of essential to the cultural advancement of the City, perceived that the Corporation must demonstrate wh he possessed a similar vision to Sir Edwin Smith but lacked the vision, deferring to his senior he possessed a similar vision to Sir Edwin Smith but lacked the vision, deferring his senior Pelzer and Town Clerk (1899-1915) City Gardener (1899-1932) management staff including (T Torrington George Ellery (1872-1923)

8 4

(1898) and (1898) and

Lights Vision that records the first first the records that Vision Lights Tomorrow: a peacefulto real path reform ation and state hosted in 1917. state ation and eestone 1989, p. 57. 57. eestone 1989, p.

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figures Figures rear of the Colonel Light statue at statue Light the Colonel of rear (1902). Source: Fr Source: (1902). in Australia that the Corpor that the in Australia Garden Cities of To-Morrow Cities of Garden Below: Wreath encircled plaque on the on plaque encircled Wreath Below: Above: Plan of Adelaide as first published by Howard in his by published as first Adelaide Plan of Above: held Town Planning Conference reprinted in reprinted

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Town for South for South (1946), becoming ustralia (1916-18), and e Adelaide Park Lands. Rather, his role was t Australian Town Planning Conference in 1917 to Garden Cities of To-morrow nner to the state in 1916-18. This included a ronment. Despite this clash of personalities (1898). This model was eagerly embraced lusters of new town-country magnets to chart a bate between the two that continued even adlines of ‘No Slums in Adelaide’ gained the ire (1898) that included an abstract graphic of contemporary international town planning s ‘disciples’, Reade carried forth the ideals of

nt position of ‘Government Town Planner’ that the town planning discipline. This includes the ty layout and used the City of Adelaide model as town planning issues and the right of the wn Planner to South A temporary town planning practice. This text was (Tregenza 1986; Morton Mayor (1923-25) d Lord cates including Charles Compton Reade (1880- ons used in articulating a justification for the by Howard celebrates the town planning theory Park Lands as demonstrating a key town planning wn planning legislation in Australasia -

r (1915-17) and his successor Charles Glover al metropolitanism” (Freestone 2002, p. 246). al metropolitanism” (Freestone 2002, p. 246). by Colonel William Light, the Corporation has Tomorrow Town Planning and Development Act 1920 (1902) and eestone 1989, 2002; Garnaut 2002). ng topics for Australasia. Garden Cities of To-morrow Tomorrow: a peaceful path to real reform

embodied in the ‘Plan of Adelaide’ prepared ‘better and brighter civilisation’ than industri He published representation of the City Adelaide and its theoretical model that should be applied in con republished as the philosophical charter for Garden City advo Australia. Howard had no direct role in the development of th influential in articulating a vision for healthy ci his primary text and graphic exemplar in internationally by town planning advocates and propagandists of the time and continues to serve today as an important theoretical model in the town planning discipline. In terms of Park Lands, this precedent is one of the pivotal reas Corporation to determine and ‘plan’ its urban envi and ideals, Reade was passionate about playground establishment and designed playgrounds in Port Pirie and on the West Terrace (Wirranendi/Park 23) finding support for this agenda within Isaac Isaacs (1858-1935) who served as Mayo an (1870-1936) who served as Mayor (1917-19) 1996). While the ‘Model’ plan of Adelaide published played host to several other Australian ‘firsts’ in establishment of the first Australasian governme Reade was engaged under, the first specific to Planning and Development Act 1920 – and hosting the firs discuss town and city planni 2.2.13 Ebenezer Howard years (1890s-1940s) years (1890s-1940s) 2.2.13 Ebenezer Howard Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) was an English planning advocate known for advancing the concept of a Garden City that sought to create “c 1933) who served as inaugural Government To World Heritage significance for the Park Lands as model contributed to informed contemporary ideas of town planning reform and theory. Thus, the Plan the accompanying Park Lands are today considered a major symbol Despite this lack of direct involvement one hi when Reade was appointed Government Town Pla fierce debate between the state and Cohen over whom encouraged the use and re-use of model including advance playground establishment and drafted the inaugural thought (Hutchings & Bunker 1986; Fr Howard and his Garden City philosophy when Reade undertook a lecture tour through Australia in 1912 and 1914. The latter tour, with media he Cohen provoking a vehement deof Mayor Lewis

9 ) 4

The ), ), ) and Ficus Ficus ), False ), with the Sophora japonica cinnamomum

soil to their roots when Platanus orientalis ng, so that the stem may that they may withstand Allocasuarina glauca Camphora Ailanthus altissima ), Moreton Bay Fig ( lose their leaves in the winter and Koelreuteria paniculata )being a problem due to their ), and he grafted False Acacia he branches; it should be easily ), Oriental Plane ( ‘Umbraculifera’ [Mop-head Acacia] syn. australasica Park 17A triangle that was originally part ) stock. Of evergreen species: Carob n be transplanted without Erythrina indica Pelzer; a bronze plaque that was laid by the tic rather than brittle, so him graphic skills as there is often references d not throw up shoots (suckers) from the roots or an Association in front of English Elm the colouring of their foliage in autumn add to Populus alba it should not be low-spreadi magazine literature in his discipline. There is var pacity until his retirement in 1932. His length pacity until his retirement in 1932. His The latter resulted in many requests for him found the following species most suitable: ), Tree of Heaven ( E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES ), Camphor Laurel ( ing in Australia” in 1929 and an obituarist ing in gardens, Pelzer found the following deciduous m respect in Adelaide, around South Australia his skill and artistic sense” (Jones 2005; Anon his skill and artistic to prepare several papers that reviewed the grammar and evidence of an advanced amples of his ink and watercolour graphics still Celtis australis ) with the Blue Casuarina ( ga/Victoria Square, Glover Playground described him as “one of the leading authorities suitable for street planting. They Robinia pseudoacacia Ulmus procera Melia azedarach Robinia pseudoacacia owth is generally short-lived. the free circulation of air below t ) and the Golden Vanish Tree ( ) was trialled but discarded because of leaf scorch. Of trees Herald ‘Umbraculifera’ [Mop-head Acacia] syn. ‘Inermis’) being poor ), Indian Coral Tree ( ) having shorter leaf periods than the fore-going trees. The Ficus rubiginosa ), Nettle Tree ( Jacaranda mimiosifolia ) being ideal on “limestone and brackish conifer soils”. Of ) and the White Poplar ( americana

(Pelzer 1927, p. 2). aphylla

‘Bessoniana’ and [Melbourne] Celtis occidentalis Fraxinus ), Jacaranda ( Gleditsia triacanthos The Robinia pseudoacacia Fraxinus excelsior ) specimen in Prince Henry Garden on North Terrace. Tamarix Brachychiton populneus ), Port Jackson Fig ( recorded that “Many of Adelaide’s municipal gardens were laid out under his Robinia pseudoacacia A good street tree should be of symmetrical growth; transplanted, of moderate vigorous growth, and shoul lower portion of the stem. The braches should be elas heavy storms. A tree of rapid gr In general, deciduous trees are more admit sunshine; their tender green in the spring and their appearance. Further, large-size deciduous trees ca reach a sufficient height to allow in a dormant state Ulmus procera Robinia pseudoacacia Ceratonia siliqua applications, Pelzer was successful in gaining the position of Corporation’s City Gardener commencing in August 1899 and served this ca of tenure, expertise and knowledge, brought hi Honey Locust ( and interstate. , and landscape garden Advertiser supervision, and will remain a lasting tribute to 1929, 1934). There is only one physical memorial to Descendents Group of the South Australian Germ ( Pelzer was skilled at drawing, writing and oration. to speak at engagements in Adelaide but also in Melbourne. His Annual Reports to the Corporation demonstrate a clear and coherent horticultural and arboricultural knowledge expertise. This also occurred in his daily memorandums to staff and the Corporation. His use of references in his writings also demonstrates that he read the latest technical and also evidence that his Geisenheim education taught to “plans” that he has prepared and several ex exist for Prince Henry Garden, Tanyandang the Tuttangga/Park 17 for 20), and (Kurrangga/Park 19. of Pityarrilla/Park Over the course of 1927-29 Pelzer found time successes and failures he had experienced with tree species in the Corporation. Pelzer believed that: Golden Ash ( False Acacia ( due to suckering, the White Cedar ( berries on pavement surfaces preventing its planting in streets, and the Pagoda ( Acacia ( ( ‘Inermis’, stock onto False Acacia ( ( For street tree planting in the Corporation Pelzer and Hackberry ( American Ash ( suitable for use in the Corporation’s parks and species most suitable: English Elm ( Kurrajong ( macrophylla Athel Tree (

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Report on a System of (1880). This (1880). This uld then be prepared and which in so many localities make room for Oriental, Report , 1901, p. 42). , 1901, , was a member of the Board es are planted their position is marked on the lian climate is particular suitable for them, and replaced with others. In my opinion a tremendous the majority of trees about park lands consist Ponder, a compositor by occupation, rising available. Errors of past years will have to be a harmonious whole. I hope that the Council will not submit to cultivation and civilization, it is 5-1933) who was thereafter appointed to done with the park lands, g. Gum trees about the plains of Adelaide will, in rk lands and the river banks cannot be taken in ected, but it is the length of his tenure and Annual Report the first essential; plans sho (1880) and its plans recommendations Pelzer’s job selection panel, and possibly also fore shifting to England work in the nursery ( Pelzer’s activities as evidenced in often quoted of its roadside shelterbelts, that is under- [Neumann] and his staff, and submitted a letter culture gum trees will have to training and experience in Germany and England uld be achieved if funds and staffing were College in Geisenheim, Nassau. He obtained an The Advertiser Lands but also educate successive Town Clerks, In 1886 he arrived in Adelaide and was In nhancement of the municipality’s park lands and oherent Gardenesque landscape to be designed, /Park 12 for Departmental and tree propagation manent’ Tree Planting Committee. Ponder and rialta, and engendering a strong professional Report onths of his tenure, Pelzer came to a clear ll as Labour MHA for Adelaide (1905-15), North North ll as Labour MHA for Adelaide (1905-15), d arboriculture in Adelaide. Prior to his , so that whatever tre and then 1985, p. 183) (1880) as this et al The Register .1862-1934) was born in Bremen, Germany, and gained his early c August Pelzer years (1899-1932)

approved before planting is commenced Mediterranean and South American species. The Austra they have come to stay. Whatever is attempted be are so ugly and neglected, a small permanent staff is plan and determined for all time, thus forming part of allow me to make a start in this direction 1902 of gum trees, and most them are decaying dyin time to come, be trees of the past. The Eucalypts will my candid belief that with the progress of Arbori mistake has been made in planting too many gum trees; The systematic layout out and improvement of the pa hand until a Park Lands Staff of at least six men is undone, and all dying trees will have to be removed and 2.2.14 horticultural training at the Royal Horticultural apprenticeship at IC Schmidt’s Nursery in Erfurt, Saxony, and thereupon worked Borsig’s Garden in Berlin and Baur’s Park Hamburg, be employed by RC Baker at his property Mo relationship with nurseryman Charles Newman of reference from Newman as part his application to the Corporation. Following a call for August Wilhelm Pelzer ( of F Sanders & Co in St Albans, Hertfordshire. Adelaide (1915-21) (Coxon Adelaide Botanic Garden for 17 years, as we document provided him with the plan – the vision—in clear English and well-graphically illustrated to plant various sections of the Park City Engineers and Lord Mayors about what co forthcoming. Pelzer obviously succeeded in this political strategy as the establishment of a new and larger Corporation Nursery, in Karrawirra use, was quickly agreed to by the Corporation following his appointment. It appears that future Mayor Edwin Smith was on David Ponder (185 Councillor (1898-1904) William chair the Corporation’s newly established ‘per Pelzer were “indefatible” allies in seeking the e squares with tree planting and garden establishment. to become a journalist for Planting the Adelaide Park Lands clearly inspired and guided the next 5-10 years of passages in his reports to the Corporation that are cited from Brown’s And within his office files he obviously found a copy of John Ednie Brown’s The selection of Pelzer as City Gardener in mid 1899 was a significant decision for the Corporation. Pelzer brought with him years of appointment he was already well regarded and resp appreciated today. Within the first twelve m but also a solid grounding in horticulture an ability to create a large autonomous Parks & Gardens Department reportable directly to the Town Clerk and Mayor that enable a visually c planted and created in the City, including much managerial decision:

0 5

andscape architect’ in the 1910s s Park Lands improvements together with

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES architecture’ had arrived in Australia and was rra as its use a professional title only came rden improvements amongst councillors, mayors, ecognition of the landscape designer. The latter mentation plantations in the Corporation’s Nursery the Corporation’s plantations in mentation Pelzer, c.1920s. Source: Moreton 1986, p. 167 & 1986, p. Moreton Source: c.1920s. Pelzer, Figures Figures ley Griffin’s use of the title ‘l Source: Moreton 1986, p. 168 & ACA 14a 1986, p. 168 Moreton Source: Above: Undated photograph of August Wilhelm August Wilhelm of Undated photograph Above: ACA 13. ACC Archives experi tree Pelzer’s of photograph Below: Undated c.1920s. in Karrawirra/Park 12, the recognition that the new discipline of ‘landscape about to lift the formal role and professional r probably owes more to Walter Bur to design Canbe his arrival and 1920s following commonplace in the mid-late 1960s Australia. Pelzer found much support for his park and ga lord mayors, town clerks and the general public. Sir Edwin Thomas Smith and John Lavington Bonython were strong supporters of hi mayors Cohen and Glover, Town Clerk Ellery.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ) ) and ) in ), Sugar Cedrus Quercus ilex ), Indian Coral ), Indian and thereafter ty, or of festivity, ), Stone Pine ), and Platanus orientalis terebinthifolius ) in streets as well ) as well a less

Fraxinus angustifolia scape, it is positively veloped. Years ago there Herald ) given its use in Eucalyptus cornuta Schinus ), Holm Oak ( oxycarpa ) with the latter good on Pinus cembra var s attitude to landscape design ) dependent upon “a deep rich nitida Pinus canariensis Jacaranda mimosifolia ), Claret Ash ( nding of style, his knowledge the Platanus orientalis [Melbourne] syn. (Pelzer 1929, np). ) that was more resilient to Adelaide’s The adjacent to the Victoria Park Racecourse or less vague—feeling of beau d have its subject, theme or motive. In certain types itions. To this end Pelzer appears to have he formal garden on the one hand, and of the natural ssp Pelzer found the Lemon-scented Gum have achieved a full freedom in these matters. Every ther the formal or natural style. Indeed, one te motive be adopted and de design. This appears to have been taught composition in informal land curls the leaf thereby protecting it from ), Austrian Pine ( e, Adelaide 1895” for his designs, submitting submitting his designs, e, Adelaide 1895” for on skills and “preparing plans”. He commonly occurred in Australia the 1920s, but also propagated in Adelaide and today arrive from ntly Pelzer appears to have been seeking ) also displayed worth and acclimatisation capacity Adelaide including the Sandarack Gum Tree lar basis to illustrate new park, garden and Fraxinus angustifolia lzer occasionally remarks about an Oriental Plane (Lawry pers comm. 2006; Spencer Brachychiton populeo-acerifolius s appointment to the Corporation and also won Eucalyptus gomphocephala Ficus microcarpa his retirement prevented full announcement and Corymbia Corporation [sic.]. Following his appointment he Eucalyptus camaldulensis Platanus orientalis ), Canary Island Pine ( Camphora cinnamomum and creasing use of Jacaranda ( rent parts of the same project Docket 3089 of 1899, p. 1). Hi 3; Pelzer 1929, pp. 57-58). Araucaria heterophylla Eucalyptus Pinus halepensis Brachychiton acerifolius ) and Tuart Gum ( . It indicates Pelzer’s clear understa ), Camphor Laurel ( ) in Wellington Square, the Brazilian Pepper Tree ( ) in Wellington Square, ) ideal in “good deep soil”, and that the Yate Gum ( cladocalyx ) suite of street trees in his Nursery that have ore resilience to the poor Adelaide

The Advertiser ‘Raywoodii’) and the Desert Ash ( articulata ), Aleppo Pine (

ssp. Of Australian Eucalyptus A garden is a work of art, and every art shoul of gardening it may be possible to give a general—more courtliness; but when one essays the larger flights of necessary to artistic success that some definite, concre was a violent controversy raging between advocates of t style on the other. Nowadays we may fairly claim to well-trained landscape “architect” designs freely in ei frequently uses both styles in diffe Erythrina indica oxycarpa Pinus pinea Corymbia citriodora Platanus orientalis Tetraclinus “limestone soil” and the River Red Gum ( soil.” Pelzer also noted that the Laurel Fig ( ( Cupressus ( Gum ( and Illawarra Flame Tree ( reprinted in gardening debate about informal and formal that species: Norfolk Island Pine ( in Adelaide (Pelzer 1927, pp. 2- direct sun rays as distinct from conventional Oriental Plane ( several as part of his job application to the ‘prepared plans’ for the Corporation on a regu playground layouts (Town Clerks Behind this knowledge was also a desire to propagate and select tree species that were relevant and appropriate for Adelaide’s soil and climate cond trials were successful in the early 1930s but speckled or mottled trunk bark colouration. It is quite possible that a hybrid was developed, and planted in several of the Corporation’s streets 2006). Pelzer also understood and appreciated landscape him at Geisenheim including graphic representati prepared ‘plans’ for private clients prior to hi “three awards at the Exhibition of Art & Industri in 1929 was: been undertaking trial propagation work in the Corporation’s Nursery in Warnpangga/Park 10 been undertaking trial propagation work in the Corporation’s Nursery Warnpangga/Park on tree species. It is most likely that these experiments resulted in the planting of several obscure and unique species around the City of writing of this research, as during time Pe ( ( 21W, and the in Minno Wirra/Park var as the apparently successful Pink Kurrajong ( Tarnyandangga/Victoria Square and on Fullarton Road buildings in Bakkabakkandi/Park 16.. Significa propagate a hybrid of the Oriental Plane ( environment than the specimens that were first Melbourne in truck loads. There is some evidence that these Oriental Plane ( soils and rainfall have a leaf characteristic that This is an interesting quotation as it was first written for Tree (

1 5

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES .1928 c ) Gleditsia triacanthos lzer with Glover sponsorship. Glover sponsorship. lzer with -iron drinking fountain. It would would It drinking fountain. -iron and details the spatial location of the details and Figures the first Glover Playground as the first re Mop-top Gleditsia ( re Mop-top Gleditsia

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Above: The approved plan for plan for approved The Above: 20 by Pe Kurrangga/Park in developed authorship carries Pelzer’s The plan plantings. furniture and playground 20 in Kurrangga/Park in the Glover Playground in scene a Left: matu three depicts that children’s cast a plantings surrounding and shrub tree mature Playground the into brought Pelzer the appear 12 to Karrawirra/Park in Nursery Corporation’s the from specimens its official and playground the for setting ‘instant’ landscape provide an opening.

2 5

1931. Source: Linn 2004, Linn 2004, Source: 1931.

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Adelaide City Council Yearbook City Adelaide c.1920, as featured in the c.1920, as featured in Figure Glover, Lord Mayor Charles p. 32.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ark 10); a passion that his wife, Elizabeth, bly suggested to him by Pelzer, and sought A history of the first fifty years Freemasonry in ustralian following the First World War, for autification of the Park Lands as well cities around Australia were pursuing similar to the Corporation of City Adelaide. aming existing roadways, planting avenues of ared to other Australian capital cities. While born in Surrey, England, and migrated to Report on a System of Planting the Adelaide Park enity features to the Park Lands and Squares; /Park 20) and Glover Road (Tambawodli/Park were linked in name to serve as a ‘war the Park Lands; Glover Playground on South the poration’s civic amenity. His main projects rd Mayor (1919-20, 1923-25, 1930-33) serving 1930-33) 1923-25, rd Mayor (1919-20, aceutical chemistry, hostelry and share broking as Memorial Drive (Piltawodli/Park 1, Tarndanya Memorial Drive (Piltawodli/Park 1, Tarndanya directorships with various banks, building with various banks, building directorships and philanthropy. In 1906 he was first elected to frequent visits to England between 1891-1933 one playground could be viewed as a philanthropic “design plans” and constructed these facilities, eneral (Kurrangga/Park 20); East Terrace , they drew from the philosophical Garden City ed servicemen’s construction project but also The decision to construct a War Memorial Drive danya Womma/Park 26, Karrawirra/Park 12, (1916), and established his residence at ‘St Andrews’ in North Adelaide. (1880) that had never been implemented, proba 2.2.15 Charles Glover years (1917-33) Charles Richmond John Glover (1870-1936) was Adelaide in 1855 establishing a career pharm well as establishing a reputation in civic affairs the Corporation serving as Mayor (1917-19), Lo Mayor (1917-19), the Corporation serving as also on the boards of the Royal Adelaide Hospital, Metropolitan County, Botanic Garden, and Municipal Tramways Trust, as well has holding example the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, none memorial’ in their own right (Hankel 1983). societies and infrastructure companies. He authored something that was a lineal ‘war memorial’ feature. While returned servicemen road employment projects were somewhat common in A South Australia, 1834-84 memoriam and intensive recreation at a time when developments but not at such a scale. While gesture, three were very generous. Although Glover initiated and ensured their creation. was equally unique in its scale and intention comp other capital cities were erecting monuments, re-n Lands to construct a new parkway or carriageway through the Park Lands, from Rose Terrace to Bundeys Road (Piltawodli/Park 1, Tarn Warnpangga/Park 10), creating it as a return Remembered as tolerant, meticulous, generous, considerate, honourable, he was a quiet high civic ideals, but was never formally honoured for his bespectacled individual with endeavours. The Glover Playground (Kurrangga Playground (Ityamaiitpinna/Park 15); and, Lefevre Terrace Playground (Nanto Womma/Park 6); all of which were exceedingly popular and continue today. His role was to introduce two important civic am ideals of Charles Reade, and Pelzer prepared trees, Glover took an ideal embodied in Brown’s 24 Narnaungga/Park 25) honour his contribution Glover was personally concerned about the civic be enhancement of recreational facilities, and his provided exemplars for how to advance the Cor became the creation and establishment of War Womma/Park 26, Karrawirra/Park 12, Warnpangga/P also shared and engaged in with the women of Adelaide; and, the personal donation of funds to enable the development of three playgrounds in Terrace that was opened by the Governor-G

3 5

.1930 as designed and and .1930 as designed c

pathway, young trees, stone walling young trees, stone pathway, hedge along the edge of the Garden Garden of the edge the along hedge with his obituary on 17 March 1939. 17 March 1939. his obituary on with The Advertiser The

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figures Figures destrian pathway. Source: privatecollection. tcard of the side of Grundy Garden in Grundy the side of tcard of hedge planting behind, and a mature and planting behind, hedge e completed landscape works including works including landscape e completed ley as published in as Orchard ley separating the Garden from the Victoria Drive pe from Garden separating the constructed under Orchard. Note th Orchard. constructed under recesses with stone on staircases and Above: Photograph of A Stan of Photograph Above: pos P9479 black and white Below: Rose series

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ), and Moreton Bay Corporation’s Nursery. d preferred. Evidence the Nursery. Accordingly, tree Corymbia citriodora spp), and establishing particular the Oriental Plane of which ted to Sydney, Australia, in 1912. Prior Prunus d re-structuring. In particular, its political d re-structuring. In particular, a friendship with locally prominent landscape ing placed “in charge of what was generally rsery as previously established and propagated ly “one of the best in Sydney”. Following ition with the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney Parri edge, Orchard was charged with creating ham, England. His shift to Sydney was a result e and his preferred tree specimens here were rather than have a direct relationship with the re being employed for three years under the would have been Orchard’s first choice given had orchestrated in the planted along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri tree species that Orchar fell and grub Australian native trees, including wealth of practical experience; his last two years ting to Melbourne in 1916 to work for Mr Ben for Mr Ben Melbourne in 1916 to work ting to Abbey’, and a further three years under Mr RH Gardens, and A Stanley Orchard was successful. r apprenticeship at Messrs James Cypher & Sons’ ting program of this species in ting program of this ), Lemon-scented Gums ( ), flowering cherry trees ( ) in favour of exotic replacements Populus alba Eucalyptus cladocalyx Ficus macrophylla and planting the new Grundy Gardens landscap White Poplars ( of his engagement by Sir Hugh Dixon of ‘Abergeldie’, Summerhill in Sydney, who sought out of ‘Abergeldie’, by Sir Hugh Dixon of his engagement Orchard to care for his orchid collection, reputed three years at ‘Abergeldie’, Orchard gained a pos and remained there for nine years before shif acknowledged to be the finest garden in the southern hemisphere”. In April 1935 Orchard arrived in Adelaide to serve as Curator, with a was in poor health (Anon 1939). There is little documentation as to the specific points to the use of a mixture Australian native and exotic street tree species given what was in the Nursery and what Orchard sought to be and in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. It is evident that Orchard sought to use much of the advanced tree specimens in the Corporation’s Nu by Pelzer. Along the River Torrens/Karrawirra beds. In other situations he made decisions to Sugar Gums ( Pelzer had established a large plan 2.2.16 A Stanley Orchard years (1935-39) 2.2.16 A Stanley Following the death of Pelzer Corporation undertook a major review of the Parks & an Gardens Department resulting in its dismantling his arrival in Australia he served a five yea Measures at his estate ‘The Woodlands’ in Streat Nathan at his significant ‘Rippon Lea’ property be position in the Corporation’s organisational structure appears to have been cut and reduced position in the Corporation’s organisational making it very subservient to the City Engineer Town Clerk and Lord Mayor. Finally in 1935 the Corporation called for applications newly titled position of Curator Parks & Orchard (1881-1939) was born in England and migra Exotic Nurseries in Cheltenham, England, befo Duke and Duchess of Portland at ‘Welbeck Figs ( species mentioned as being Pelzer’s preference their availability in the Corporation’s Nursery in Warnpangga/Park 10. There is some cursory evidence that Orchard had designer and gardener Elsie Marion Cornish as evidenced in her Pioneer Women’s Garden adjacent to the Torrens Parade Ground, in Karrawirra/Park 12, that Orchard had to accommodate and assist in its creation (Bird 2006). His contribution to the Park Lands and Squares is not very clear but it is evident that he sought to use the advanced tree specimens that Pelzer But it is clear that he quickly gained the respect of gardening community in Adelaide, personally designed and commenced the creation of the Grundy Gardens landscape from Frome Road to Jolley’s Boathouse on the south and north sides of River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri, enabled Cornish to complete her Pioneer Womens’ , and was politically drawn into tree removal and replacement works in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. His impact appears to have been directed and stifled by Veale as his supervisor in the City Engineer’s Department.

4

5

),

], ), Bald

Ceratonia ), Brush ], Virgilia Jacaranda Populus ], 1954, p. 1954, [ Ficus Melaleuca Fraxinus Acacia [ Acacia decora Corymbia Pittosporums Annual Report ), Carob ( ], ) ( ), Golden Wattle Fraxinus angustifolia Pistacia chinensis 1957, p. 26). 1957, p. 26). Annual Report ), Cape Chestnut Corymbia intermedia Cinnamomum camphora longifolia [ 1958, p. 31). 1958, p. 31).

Hymenosporum flavum [ ), Silver Wattle ( Syzygium paniculatum t, garden redesign. There are Celtis sinensis ), and Claret Ash ( Melaleuca Pubescens Melaleuca [ Jacaranda Mimosaefolia ), , Acacia Annual Report ) by Bone ( ssp), and “flowering Eucalypts of Eucalyptus botryoides ) ( ), and Hill’s Weeping Fig ( ), Western Silver Wattle ( ), Western Silver Wattle ssp), Eastern Cottonwood ( Acacia elata Exocarpos cupressiformis [ Annual Report Hakea ), Chinese Pistachio ( nts of the health trees and quality ( by this supervisory position, as well Lord s but nothing often came of these attempts. Lands and Squares. Thirdly, the lists reflect ence but even here Bone appears to have had design of the Square that was largely directed sophora Sterculia Alba Angohora Intermedia and Pelzer had been using as well the use of on of Australian natives appears in successive to have been mainly used as street trees and personality whom could be little challenged. Araucaria cunninghamii knowledge. Second, this was a wide eclectic list Camphora Officinalis E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES ions occurring throughout Adelaide in the 1950s t, Bone was not adept at scientific nomenclature gement and maintenance, appearing to have Euginia Myrtifolia ], clature that had occurred prior to the 1950s Podocarpus ], var ], a marked shift towards Australian native species ], ), Native Frangipani ( ), Sallow Wattle ( Platanus orientalis rally accepted by the horticultural community and Liquidambar styraciflua Araucaria cunninghamii ), and Portuguese Elm ( ), “Hakeas” ( [ costata Eucalyptus melliodora ), Cedar Wattle ( by Lord Mayor Bonython. Thus, while Platanus orientalis Pittosporum crassifolium ), Southern Mahogany ( ssp ), Hoop Pine ( 1956 p. 28). Erythrina indica Callistris Cuppressiformis Acacia longifolia [ pe tree selection, park developmen ], Acacia decurrens many varieties of Eucalypts list increased the diversity of Australian native species adding the Brachychiton acerifolia ), Karo ( Callistemon viminalis ), Liquidamber ( Calodendron capensis [ [ [ Araucaria bidwillii included much of the 1950 list as well Spotted Gum ( ‘Raywood’) indicating the acceptance of Claret Ash ( Quercus robur Pittosporum undulatum Annual Report ), Oriental Plane ( Angophora costata Araucaria Cunninghami ) ( Cinnamomum camphora ssp], [and] Eucalyptus calophylla Erythrina Indica ], Virgilia capensis ), Coast Wattle ( Annual Report ], oxycarpa [ hillii ‘Raywood’)and Oriental Plane ( ssp var Annual Report Taxodium distichum Syzygium paniculatum ), Marri ( ), Early Black Wattle ( Pittosporum ), Bunya ( [ Capensis pubescens Callistemon Viminalis Calodendron Capensis Brachychiton Acerifolia mimosifolia ), English Oak ( oxycarpa Acacia pycantha Calodendron capensis There are several insights from this listing. Firs and changes of nomen given his spelling errors demonstrating his lack of rigour in horticultural Camphor Laurel ( dealbata ( Sweet Pittosporum ( 1953, p. 27). Interestingly, this list represents that is echoed in successive lists. His 1954 ssp 34). His 1958 Sydney Red Gum ( macrocarpa that possessed many of the species that O’Brien more period fashionable tree species that appear occasionally ornamental specimen trees in the Park the changes in street trees and tree planting fash maculata ( Cypress ( angustifolia Cherry ( This change of preference towards and explorati years. In 1957 he included the “Podocarpus” ( deltoides seven varieties” including Yellow Box ( His Annual Report of 1958 contained only the following species: so is an excellent guide as to what was gene council Parks & Gardens staff in metropolitan Adelaide these years. Given this Interregnum, Bone is but a minor player in the parks, gardens and streetscapes of the Corporation. He was placed in charge of mana little if not no role in streetsca occasional instances that clearly Bone was frustrated Mayors and Councillors, but Veale was a strong For example, Councillors started asking for assessme infrastructure in squares such as Whitmore, Wellington, and Hurtle, with Bone being asked to provide evaluation reports and renovation proposal Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square was the one differ little say or involvement in the design and planting by Veale with ardent political support siliqua

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ], ] ),

], ], ],

[Western acerifolius - ], and Black Jacaranda [Norfolk Populus Alba ), Irish Populus monilifera ], [ Harpephyllum caffra Pinus radiata [ [ Sterculia Acerifolia Pinus Canariensis (Canary ], ], [Jacaranda, Araucaria Excelsa (Norfolk Pine) Corymbia citriodora Grevillia robusta [ ], Eucalyptus Globulus Quercus ilex h were normally short and Allocasuarina verticillata Eucalyptus Ficifolia ( Eucalyptus Ficifolia [ Lagunaria Petersoni ], [ Brachychiton populneo , ], Eucalyptus leucoxylon Ficus Macrophylla (Moreton Bay Fig) ], [or Radiata] ], Silky Oak [ Eucalyptus diversicolor (Karri Gum) sor, JT Smith, described Bone as “a first- Tamarix aphylla ], In contrast, Bone was able to ‘design’ and Lophostemon confertus [ Sterculia Alba Department for eight years rising to the to have a direct role in were renovations to Jacaranda Mimosaefolia ) [ ], park and garden development as nearly all of rly near senescent trees and establishing the wn Clerk William Veale. This conclusion is have been initiated by Councillors rather than ], through the Engineering Department with Bone Benjamin Bone following an interview and visit Casuarina cunninghamiana Orchard’s untimely death, the Council sought rka/Park 14), River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri ion in the Corporation but Bone was very much [ ition from 1939 to 1966. Ironically this was a ition from 1939 to 1966. Ironically Eucalyptus cladocalyx Populus Monilifera (Spreading Poplar) [ Eucalyptus camaldulensis rator on several private gardens and estates in Ulmus procera Quercus Ilex (Holly Oak) Harpephyllum Caffra (Kaffir Plum) ], Erythrina indica Erythrina to the Corporation whic [ ], [ ], Casuarina Stricta (She Oak) ], Corymbia ficifolia overseas and in Australia” (Anon 1939). 1951, pp. 25-26). [ Pinus Insignis (Monterey ], Aphylla (Athol Tree) patersonii Red Gum)

(River She Oak) Populus alba Eucalyptus globulus

Coral Tree) [ Brachychiton acerifolius [ ), South Australian Blue Gum ( Eucalyptus Citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum) ( Annual Reports heterophylla

Conferta (Queensland Box ‘Italica’) avenue that characterises the Square today. ],

1950, p. 26.) [River] ), “Sterculia Hybrida” (Pink Kurrajong, Bone requoted his 1950 tree list and added specimens of Red Ironbark he used the same list but added “… Populus Bolleana Alba, Lombardy rosea Paulownia fortunei Tamarix canariensis Poplar) [

Lagunaria Annual Report ], [Indian] nigra

(

var Blue Gum) ]” ( ‘Italica’], English Elm [ Pinus Araucaria Tristania .1900) was born in England before migrating to Melbourne 1924. Prior Flame Tree) Red Flowering Gum) [ [ b ], Populus Annual Report Arbutus unedo [or White] Annual Report Annual Report Interregnum (1939-79) Interregnum Eucalyptus Cornynocalyx (Sugar Gum) Juglans nigra nd Populus nigra Interregnum comprised a transition phase within the Parks & Gardens Department and Eucalyptus diversicolor [Tasmanian] [Illawarra] Ficus macrophylla Island Pine) … Australian] [ Eucalyptus Rostrata ( ( mimosifolia (Silver Paulownia Fortunii [sic.] ( ( Island Hibiscus, [ Island Pine) Casuarina Cunninghamiana Erythrina Indica nd Eucalyptus sideroxylon Veale with Hurtle Square never being implemented. renovate grubbing many of the elde Italian Poplar ( We have several glimpses of what tree species Bone was planting in the 1950s Park Lands and Squares provided in his Strawberry ( class man with first-class experience The only park land and squares that Bone appears Hurtle Square and Light Square. Both appear to England including Lord Rothchild’s property ‘Clinton’ at Aston. In Melbourne he served with & Gardens the City of Melbourne Council’s Parks position of Deputy Foreman Propagator. His supervi lacking substance of detail. In 1950 Bone reported planted 525 trees comprising: 2.2.17 2 The 2 City Gardeners of the Corporation. Following applications for the position, selecting Victorian his arrival in Australia he had served as a cu to Melbourne, and Bone remained in this pos period of major Park Land and Square renovat subsumed under the authoritarian strength of To Gardens (Walyo the projects, including (Tulya Wodli/Park 27), Veale Yerta/Park 21), Rymill Gardens (Mullawirrabu renovations were orchestrated directly by Veale simply placed in charge of managing what was being created. Benjamin Bone ( very evident in the minor way that Bone played in In his 1953 ( Walnut [ Poplar [ In his 1951

5 5

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

d in Light Square as part of his Light d in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, Veale was little e gardens previously development under Pelzer Figure Ellis became Director of Parks & Recreation; a ‘Italica’) avenue that Bone plante that avenue ‘Italica’) Populus nigra Populus The elderly Italian Poplar ( Poplar Italian elderly The renovation of the landscape of Light Square. the landscape renovation of improvements proceeded in the Park Lands and concerned about the rest of Squares and th and Orchard enabling their deterioration that is evident today. Bone retired in 1966 and Val Bertram Harold position he held until 1983 when Andrew Taylor obtained the position.

6 5

cts extant of the Park Lands and and Lands Park of the cts extant the Corporation’s Engineering Department, Corporation’s the

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Figure pedestrian pathway systems in 1935 that Pelzer had pedestrian pathway er on 21 October 1935. The plan depi The plan October 1935. er on 21 ’ of the City of Adelaide, prepared by by prepared Adelaide, of of the City ’ ‘Plan of the Ward Boundaries Ward ‘Plan of the Engine Veale as City by and signed Squares formal development, including gardens and including development, Squares formal established. Source: ACC Archives.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

The Advertiser 23 November 1965; The Advertiser in Bendigo and apprenticed to an engineer iatives, the reclaiming of Torrens Parade nt that “no man since Col. Light has left his nt that “no man since Col. Light has initiatives, and services of some 40 cities. Park 14), Bonython Park (Tulya Wodli/Park Park 14), Bonython g, and was a regular walker through the parks r, and was hard on his staff. Relations with atical tour of North America and Europe to s involved with the of the October 1923 at a salary of £450/annum. In Tulya Wodli/Park 27), introduction of modern neer in 1929 and Town Clerk in 1947, serving Town Clerk in 1947, serving neer in 1929 and partment that he managed enabling a major activities such that Bone was very much a in London, he returned to Victoria serving as fore serving in the AIF and the RAE. Working management [that] made him difficult to work de, or so transformed its character.” With ted of the Grundy Gardens (Karrawirra/Park 12) rmonious … [and] he frequently drove around pprehensive of the presence Veale in any of 39) and Bone (1939-66). Indeed both Orchard jor Park Land renovation and development apart in World War II rising to temporary Brigadier. /Karrawirra Parri banks between Adelaide and uth Australia (1948-54), federal president of the renovations to the weirs along River in Veale’s manner that was shy, prodigious, on landscape (Tarndanya Womma/Park 26), before that authored the Metropolitan Adelaide Development Plan, f exactly what was going on” (Thornton 2002, p. 446). f exactly what was going on” (Thornton 2002, p. 446). This tour, and the reports accompanying, provided the policy agendas that the Corporation next 10 years resulting in a ma pursued for the from numerous other projects. During his tenure with the Corporation he served on numerous town planning related state and local committees inquiries, including deputy chair (1956-57) of the State Planning Committee 2.2.18 William Veale years (1947-1965) William Charles Douglas Veale (1905-1971) was born at Stoke-on-Trent and the Ministry of Transport Engineer to the Kowree Shire Council at Edenhope before being appointed Assistant City Engineer & Surveyor to the City of Adelaide on 8 review the structures, programs, civic improvement state president of the Planning Institute So and gardens he supervised the creation of. He was appointed a CBE in 1954 Veale Gardens (Walyo Yerta/Park 21) was named in his honour. Veale was within the Corporation during two important periods of park and garden development in the Park Lands and Squares. His presence 1926-40 1947-1965 years coincided with these periods when the Parks & Gardens departments and City Gardeners were subordinate to the Corporation’s Engineering De and Bone appear to have been very wary a at the Whittlesea Council in Morang, Victoria, be 1926 he became Deputy City Engineer, Engi with the Militia rising to Colonel, service During 1957 the Corporation granted Veale a sabb (Royal) Australian Planning Institute (1954-55), wa Arts from its inception in 1959, and was prominent the Institute of Engineers. retirement Veale continued his passion of gardenin influence over the activities of Orchard (1935- their daily management and garden development imprint so ineffacably [sic] on the City of Adelai junior to the Park Land and Square developments that occurred when Veale became Town Clerk in 1947. This caution was justifiable concluded on 23 November 1965, upon his retireme concluded on 23 November 1965, upon meticulous, possessing “an authoritarian style of with; he was blunt and abrupt with a violent tempe the city to see for himsel Despite this, Veale quietly orchestrated the crea as designed by Orchard for the River Torrens Albert Bridges, the creation of Light’s Visi assuming a prominent role in the late 1950s and 1960s when he personally directed development of Rymill Gardens (Mullawirraburka/ Thornton 2002). lord mayors and councillors were not always ha 27), Veale Gardens (Walyo Yerta/Park 21), Torrens/Karrawirra Parri (Piltawodli/Park 1 and playground equipment and places amongst other init Ground (Karrawirra/Park 12) from the Commonwealth (

7 5

sunken with conservatory, the absence of a of absence the conservatory, with garden rose sunken

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES th the works. Note the circuitous stream system, the the system, stream circuitous the Note works. the th

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Figure by the Corporation t proceed wi Corporation t proceed by the ens, prepared following approval following prepared ens,

Original plan of development for the as yet un-named Veale Gard Veale yet un-named as for the development Original plan of Archives. ACC Source: strategy. planting tree idealised the and Garden, in the restaurant

8 5

ade as designed entations about Adelaide and about Adelaide entations rth Terrace Promen the State government. government. State the ncement if not welcome ‘sign’ of Adelaide and South and of South welcome ‘sign’ Adelaide if ncement not

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES uredregularly in media pres Figures a grand vision that have been coupled with the Corporation and completed streetscape works in the No works in the streetscape completed South Australia, that has become the iconic symbolic annou become has that South Australia, Oval. Adelaide the service to erected were that towers light of the existence the of irrespective Australia recently Below: a photograph of the by co-funded and Lethlean Cullity by Taylor Above: the classic vista from Lights Vision that is feat is Vision that Lights from vista classic the Above: The period is more an interregnum as the activities and works are minor, less North Terrace, and focused upon subtle interventions, improvements, additions, rather that major works, planting master plans, and features possessing charismatic political convictions to execute such visions.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH 18, Pityarrilla/Park 20, rry Bechervaise sought to replant parts of , Narnpangga/Park 10), and more recently taken to execute the strategy plan although it ntly by the Council and state government, ifted into a corporate management structure, have succeeded Jones in various capacities kaparndo/Park 22). But, while these works ic domain, and the creation of a green ‘lattice’ ther than traditional zones, all of which drew increasingly impending dilemma. Planting was first stage, renovating Kintore Avenue to the ilions that repeated the modernist architectural ons to fencing, establishment of cycle paths, a major reconsideration of its town planning gns for the future of Tarndanyangga/Victoria timely death by landscape architects Roger anning and design agendas of Chief Executive k 21, Wita Wirra/Park s, using similar roof lines and Carey Gully Jones sought to continue the philosophical etirement in 2004. Born Adelaide, Jones t approach to park and garden management t approach to park and garden rk 14), Bonython (Tulya Wodli/Park 27)and urban design sensitive development planning way system (Piltawodli/Park 1, Tulya Wodli/Park which articulated a strong vision with urban Hassell in 1998-99 to devise a management tempt to renovate public facilities in the Park ted Director of Parks & Recreation succeeding Taylor. Ray Schoebuek, Neil Ward, Sam Cassar, s been the North Terrace Urban Design study, y managed by landscape designer Bruce J.

same time the Department of participated in Parks & Gardens .1937) joined the Council’s Parks & Gardens Department under the Council’s Parks & Gardens .1937) joined b the South Park Lands cycle trail (Tuttangga/Par executed by Taylor Cullity Lethlean of which the and completed in 2005. Work on the second stage commenced in late 2006. Despite this, the Council again reconsidered desi the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri linear path the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri linear 12 27, Tarndanya Womma/Park 26, Karrawirra/Park strategy to direct the future of the Park Lands, design undertones, but little formal action has been relies in part on subtle interventions and the continued application of indigenous planting policies, reclaiming semi-private spaces to the publ draped over the City. The largest project ha Bonython Building frontage was undertaken conjoi Square, as proposed by KBR, and political intransigence has deferred a needed decision on the future of the landscape amenity of the Square. Mann and Ray Sweeting. Included were renovati were occurring in the Park Lands, little work occurred Squares. The future of the Park Lands was entrusted to Whitbread, who was later succeeded after his un Walyo Yerta/Park 21, Minno 21W, Wi 2.2.19 3rd Interregnum (1979-2004) Bone upon his retirement. Ellis held this position until retirement in 1983 when Andrew Taylor was appointed, and at the lines established in Rymill (Mullawirraburka/Pa Veale Parks (Walyo Yerta/Park 21) and Garden sandstone facia rendering; these were largel In 1966 Val Bertram Harold Ellis was appoin a management renovation overall as the Council sh in appointed a Chief Executive Officer, engaged systems employing George Clarke to devise an scheme unique in Australia based upon systems ra the Park Lands and Squares into this rethinking proposing their renovation, reinvigoration, additional recreational facilities, and a modernis overall. Jones ( In 1984 Graham Andrew Taylor and succeeded until his r worked in Lasscocks Nursery, trained horticulture at Lincoln College New Zealand returning to work at Lasscocks, Massey Hill, Hodge & Sons, the Adelaide Botanic Garden, Mines Department, before joining the Council. directions for the Park Lands established by Katherine Brooks and Martin Cook more recently and the management of the Park Lands and Council’s parks and gardens. The period is marked by recognition of the deteriorated condition of the Park Lands and Squares and the desire to resolve address this a key agenda. Taylor, in conjunction with the pl Officer Michael Llewellyn-Smith and City Planner Ha the Park Lands with native and indigenous grasses, shrubs trees; a philosophical agenda that continues to today. Secondly, there was an at Lands and Squares necessitating the demolition of old toilet facilities and a few pavilions the design and erection of a suite facilities pav

9 5

Adelaide Park http://www.adelaide- politicians and senior administrators as they Park Lands (Daly 1987, pp. 48, 97, 151, 155- 1987, pp. Park Lands (Daly tised the need to return excised and temporary E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES development about Club protesting Jockey h Australian of excisions of land from public access and of excisions land actions of colonial/state parliaments and s to serve as a valuable community ‘watchdog’ eservation Association, led by Ian Gilfillan MLC and Gilfillan MLC eservation Association, led by Ian Figure 19 May 1903; Penick 2003). 19 May 1903; Penick 2003). The Register 15 August 2007. kkabakkandi/Park 16). Source: kkabakkandi/Park 16). Source: and World Heritage recognition for the Photograph of members of the Adelaide Parklands Pr Parklands Adelaide members of the Photograph of Sout of the headquarters the outside Daly, Jim President Park (Ba Victoria proposals for parklands.org/html/hot_topics.html

As a community-based organisation the Association has been influential since its establishment in keeping a watchful eye over the management Corporation administrations especially in terms promoting the larger qualities and importance of tract land as a major open space for the City and community. In recent years it has priori leased land to the park lands from their public uses including Government House Domain, the Clipsal 500 use of Park Lands, as well promoting advance an Lands Act served and continue 156, 159, 181, 183). It has assessing and mentoring the actions policies of relate to the Adelaide Park Lands (

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH .1920- c .52) and c .57, .57, c 19 May 1903). d public reserves; to use The Register ( a manner that enhances their special place in the rk lands, or to utilize them for purposes foreign to l beauties, and to assist co-operate with the es in and about the City of Adelaide, and to preserve the Parklands that have been removed form general the City of Adelaide from the suburbs should be dedicated – namely, public recreation, amusement, s to improve the park lands, squares, and public of chair [Sir] Eustace Beardoe Grundy (chair TH Grundy after whom the Grundy Gardens park lands and the squares an e management, care and development of the w lawyer Charles Hargrave later took over the r public recreation, leisure and enjoyment; and Charles Townsend Hargrave (chair have free and unrestricted access to the Parklands ation has been through phases of activity and EB Grundy KC. Born in Manchester, elaide in 1879 thereafter became a prominent der the chairs of Sir James Gosse (1948- 1987 with landscape architect Damien Mugavin an attorney and solicitor. He was appointed an ice Sir Richard Hanson whose daughter he married ers and an Executive Committee including Sir se by the people of South Australia; ssociation, re-drafted in 1987, are: y the greatest benefit from their use (Daly 1987, pp. 155-156) (Daly 1987, pp. 155-156) .1952-57) with HH Austin, F Kenneth Milne, D Waterhouse, L c the Parklands [will] be available for u the public should have so far as is practicable, the Parklands should be reserved as a place fo use; the character of the Parklands as a place dividing design of the City of Adelaide continuing efforts [will] be made to restore areas of preserved the Parklands should be preserved and maintained in to protect the park lands, public squares, and reserv them for the purposes to which they were originally health, and enjoyment; to oppose all attempts alienate any portion of the pa those for which they were originally designed and to foster a spirit of patriotism in reference to the every endeavour to conserve and enhance their natura reserves, so that the public may enjo Corporation of the City Adelaide in their effort

.1920) (not to be confused with Alderman

c (a) (1) (2) (3) (b) (c) (e) (d) (f)

Adelaide Park Lands and Squares. The Associ in the Parklands Preservation League 1903-24, 1948- existence, having its origins 24) and “declared [the] objects of the league …” as: Central to this League, and its instigation was migrated to Adelaide in 1874 after training as George C Morphett ( McCubbin, CC Deland, FJW Swann, Noel Lothian and CH Bright being the principal committee members. The third Association (1987-) was formed in and politician Ian Gilfillan (1996-) MLC as chairs. (1987-89), David Morris (1989-96) The current stated objectives of the A 2.2.20 Adelaide Park Lands Preservation Association (1903-) The Adelaide Parklands Preservation Association is a community-based organisation formed as a voice to articulate community concerns about th Lancelot Stirling, G Dutton Green, WB Wilkinson, AW Piper, Dobie, J Chittleborough, FJ Eyre, JH Horwood, WL Ware, WO Archibald, associate to the Judges in 1875 by Chief Just fluctuating in activity according to community perceptions of the management erosion of the Park Lands, and was reformed in 1987 at a public meeting as the Adelaide Parklands Preservation Association Inc. The first League was created under the leadership 1903- are named) with a influential list of memb in 1876. He established a legal practice Ad member of the Adelaide legal profession. Fello chair of the League until his death. The second League (1948-57) was formed un

0 6

A Report into a System of e an innovative strategy, supported with sought higher level acceptance. In the more

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES strong public participatory process, where none sustainable future for the Park Lands recognising (1880). In both reports there were clear principles and graphic (1999) has been to set forth a comprehensive strategy statement Report (1999), Hassell has been able to propos Report The contribution of the for the Park Lands and Squares, informed by a existed previously. Perhaps the last holistic vision, linked to guiding principles, of what the Park that its recommendations do not appease all political and community desires for the Park Lands and Squares. Lands could and should be was articulated by John Ednie Brown in his Planting the Adelaide Park Lands representations that the Corporation adopted and recent graphic representations, that seeks to chart a

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH , if (1999) to our State. They will ll being of the whole community and en space system which creates a Adelaide (City) Development Plan and unique natural asset’ but in devising its d to identify significant features, places and The environmental and recreational landscapes of the (Hassell 1999, p. ii). with the Park Lands landscape. All three were h Australia and visitors ates (1999) were engaged to review the cultural block and Square. It also provided a cursory tions for Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 tage qualities and features causing friction onsultation process, that there was ‘strong r the provision, maintenance and development of: ted by the Corporation in 2000. The study th Harris (1998) were engaged to review and atements of cultural, environmental, and principles’ and a suite of ‘arrangements’. It rtunities and cultural experiences; ngham was engaged to assess the environmental

tegy Report: Directions for Adelaide’s Park Lands the Squares, form a unique op d enhanced for the enjoyment and we Metropolitan Planning Strategy indigenous, European and other landscapes an integrated open space system; environmental sustainability; a diverse range of recreational oppo

(1999) • • • • required (Hassell 1999, p. 4). required (Hassell 1999, p. Park Lands Management Stra statements of cultural and environmental significance direction and guiding principles for management of the Park Lands strategy for activities, movement and structures landscape, built character and maintenance standards management and operational arrangements fund arrangements forward programmes for enhancement property tenure and lease provisions ancillary legislative adjustments, if required amendments to the The Adelaide Parklands, along with distinctive image of Adelaide and South Australia. Parklands are highly valued by the citizens of Sout therefore be protected, nurtured an for future generations. The Parklands will be a model of excellence fo

Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Direc • • • • • • • • • • As stated above, the report set forth ‘guiding provided the framework in which to go forward by not micro- and medium- level detail to inform specific planning judgements as to the management of features, assets, qualities, vegetation, and infrastructure in each Park Land summation of the cultural and Indigenous heri between respective sub-consultant authors. 2.2.21 The community consensus that the Parklands represent a heritage of the Park Lands, Dr Hugh Possi specifically requested to prepare respective st Aboriginal/Kaurna significance of the Park Lands an themes. The Lord Mayor, Dr Jane Lomax-Smith, wrote in the Preface: confirmed, through an extensive community c future management ‘there should be as much diversity of use as possible to ensure greater community accessibility’ (Hassell 1998, p. 1). During the course of study Donovan Associ heritage of the Park Lands, and Hemming wi establish the Aboriginal and Kaurna relationships The management strategy devised sought to achieve: 2000-2037 was released by consultants Hassell and adop

1 6

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES tegy Report (1999). tegy Report nds Management Stra

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH Figure prepared by Hassell in the Park La Hassell in prepared by Adelaide Park Lands Concept Plan as Lands Concept Park Adelaide

2 6

section 9). 2005

and its Authority s and the need to ensure licence or other form of grant unt, and that community that relates to any part of the protection of the Adelaide Park hority and the state e comments, advice or reports in rk Lands Management Strategy in Adelaide Park Lands Act plan prepared by the Adelaide City Council or a ( protect or enhance the Adelaide Park Lands, or in he strategic management of the Adelaide Park Lands; ve, to provide advice the Adelaide City Council or of the Adelaide Park Land Adelaide Park Lands Act 2005 E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES management issues affecting the Adelaide Park Lands; licy future and strategy for the Park Lands and licy future and strategy for the Park Lands lians are taken into acco Park Racecourse and Bakkabakkandi (Park 16) opinion between the Aut Local Government Act 1999 relation to the operation of any lease, tor and, as appropriate, to provid with respect to the management and operation of any such plan; and rpose on the part of the Authority. ate, to revise, the Adelaide Pa ements of this Act; and , an Adelaide Park Lands Authority is established charged with the functions: Act (a) to undertake a key policy role Lands; and (b) to prepare and, as appropri accordance with the requir (c) to provide comments and advice on any management State authority under this Act or the Adelaide Park Lands, and to moni relation to, the implementation or (d) to provide comments or advice in occupation of land within the Adelaide Park Lands; and (e) on the basis of any request or its own initiati to the Minister on policy, development, heritage or and (f) to promote public awareness of the importance that they are managed and used responsibly; and (g) to ensure that the interests of South Austra consultation processes are established, in relation to t and (h) to administer the Adelaide Park Lands Fund; and (i) to undertake or support other activities that will any other way promote or advance the objects of this Act Squares. However the recent conflict of government over the future of Victoria points to a lack of strength and pu As part of the We have yet to witness the contributory role the will make in articulating and implementing a po

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH , Waterworks Act National Wine certain uses of the Park for their management as a Highways Act 1926 de and contribute to the d future generations; to , the Roads (Opening and , the and the l heritage of the Adelaide Plains cognised and enhanced; eservation of the Adelaide Park , the itiatives involving the Park Lands section 4 (1)). is reasonably appropriate, correspond ect and enhance the Adelaide Park preamble). was assented on 8 December 2005, rse range of environmental, cultural, recreational blic benefit of the people South Australia, and Act of those park lands and otes the special status, attributes and character of enjoyment (recognising that ies, and the Adelaide City Council, should actively ure to the City of Adelai establishing the first Plan of Adelaide in 1837; ical decisions as to the future of the Hackney r the benefit of present an lands Preservation Association, regular public Wine Centre, and at the same time a quiet ompted by representations by state Australian affect the Park Lands should be consistent with Development Act 1993 manner that should be re Park Lands Management Strategy Report: Directions for Local Government Act 1999 , the ental, cultural, recreational and social heritage status of the Park given to the extent which in , the ainability of the Adelaide Plains; should be protected and enhanced; ralian community in ensuring the pr Adelaide Park Lands Act 2005 de Park Lands should, as far aide Park Lands make to the natura 2005 with each other in order to prot

( arose from continued political debate and friction between the Adelaide Park Lands Act 2005 (1999). ( South Australian Motor Sport Act 1984 served as an urban park fo , the includes both the Park Land blocks as well the Squares including the Act City of Adelaide Act 1998 ; and for other purposes Local Government Act 1934 s Statutory principles include: Adelaide Park Lands Act was drafted in 2004-05. The majority of the can improve the biodiversity and sust (f) the State Government, agencies and authorit should be recognised, and consideration seek to co-operate and collaborate Lands; (g) the interests of the South Aust (e) the contribution that the Adel economic and social well-being of the City in a Lands are to be recognised, and activities that may 1932 (a) the land comprising the Adelai to the general intentions of Colonel William Light in (b) the Adelaide Park Lands should be held for the pu should be generally available to them for their use and Lands may restrict or prevent access to particular parts of the Park Lands); (c) the Adelaide Park Lands reflect and support a dive and social values activities that (d) the Adelaide Park Lands provide a defining feat Centre (Restructuring and Leasing Arrangements) Act 2002 Closing) Act 1991 An Act to establish a legislative framework that prom the Adelaide Park Lands; to provide for the protection world-class asset to be pre amend the maintaining or enhancing the environm Lands for the benefit of the State the Act’ Act Adelaide Park Lands Act 2005 The The North Terrace promenade. The legislation was pr Democrat member Ian Gilfillan, the Adelaide Park expressions of concern especially arising from polit community and political recognition that the Park Lands warranted World Heritage status; a point also highlighted in the Hassell prepared Adelaide’s Park Lands 2000-2037 part gazetted on 1 February and 14 December 2006, with amendments thereto on 26 April 2007. The preamble to the Act states that it is: Tram Barns and the development of National state government and Corporation about the management, identity and role of the Park Lands. The scope of the 2.2.22 The

3 6

.

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES Adelaide Park Adelaide Adelaide Park Lands Act 2005 Adelaide Park Lands Figure . Source: Lands Act 2005 Plan of the land prescribed for inclusion under the the under inclusion for prescribed the land Plan of

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

4 6

ting of the extant with the dedication of for the incorporation of litical, social, and cultural litical, social, particularly where such olic town planning model and as the overall City of Adelaide plan y of specimen trees and the jewel- fest in the layout of Botanic Park enth-century British and European ltural significance, especially for: her significant aspects of this pally demonstrated in the spatial elaide Botanic Garden from its in providing the High Victorian quality to as, symmetrical plantings, statuary, and location t of designed vistas and ralian plants, initially demonstrated by Francis (in styles, to an Australian context, remnants of lm House, the Museum, and Araucaria Avenue. Garden devoted to differing horticultural, botanical Schomburgk (with the plan he inception of the Garden twentieth-century Romantic design principles within ition of a Gardenesque character; and the concept discuss and debate issues, ideals, rhetoric and Lily, which gave the Garden a signature focus in ent of Adelaide Botanic Garden from its earliest r subsequent directors, Ground, Experimental Garden, and Rose Garden); an education program promoting native plants for s played as a venue for po the Garden, a tradition maintained by all directors of buildings and embellishments (Palm House, Museum, maldulensis and for the significant commitment to the hetic significance in an Australian context. The e itself as well as the activities that it generates. in Lake, including Fig Tree Avenue, individual in the Western Wild Garden and Mallee Garden. E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES ysical and conceptual framework of the Garden. al Significance proposed as it implications the of exceptional cultural significance for: ndilla/Park 11A Frome Road specifically. ndilla/Park 11A Frome of high cultural significance for: k’s design contribution is princi n qualities of the Garden, making it an exceptional example a this building type worldwide. Ot of diverse and steadily evolving cu translation of early to mid-ninete d the Adelaide Parklands as a symb es, principally apparent in the displa ion the Garden and the Park play in r glass, a prominent feature of Ad e Bicentennial Conservatory. ds), and continued by pean design concepts. These were mani House, and statuary). a green belt to the city. propagation and planting of Australian flora since t specific garden areas for the exclusive growth of Aust his planting of four circular be Australian Forest) and Lothian (with the establishment of the Mallee Garden). influences, particularly the rococco and Gardenesque which are the Main Walk (including its planned vist of the Owen Fountain); Francis Lawn; the trad for, and initial formation of, a system of lakes. mid-nineteenth-century Euro and scientific concerns. Schomburg arrangement of the Garden to the north of Ma compartment gardens (including the former Class the Australian , the Palm Grove, Pa box like placement of Schomburgk’s individual location of the Victoria earliest years, is of exceptional historic and aest surviving landmark Palm House has an integral role Garden and is a rare example of tradition survive from the flowering of Victoria 1860s to the construction of th years, enhances the High Victoria botanic garden in this decorous style. the Garden, and for the concerted effort placed in domestic and civic use. the established layout of the Garden, manifest of survey as prepared by Light an gatherings for both Kaurna and European alike, to developments have evolved within the strong ph and the creation of discrete compartments within the • For the historically instrumental role the Park ha Such qualities are imbued in the fabric of the plac In particular, Adelaide Botanic Garden is • Retention of mature specimens Eucalyptus ca • The Francis plan, with its unique • Schomburgk’s 1874 master plan, for its reinforcemen • Retention of Gardenesque qualiti • The tradition of gardening unde • The tradition of ornamentation, an integral compon • Use of Australian plants generally throughout of • The accomplished implementation of Modernist and • For the significant role and posit 5.6 STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Adelaide Botanic Garden is a place • Development of its initial design from 1855–65; and • Extension and embellishment from 1865–91; • Maintenance and complementary development unde Additionally, Adelaide Botanic Garden is It is relevant to quote the Statement of Cultur Adelaide Park Lands generally and Tainmu

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

(2007) ltural Landscape Assessment Study (2006) was prepared and adopted by the Board of its overal master planning process. Adelaide Park Lands & Squares Cu Adelaide Botanic Garden Conservation Study During the course of the the Adelaide Botanic Gardens as part of 2.3 ADELAIDE BOTANIC GARDEN AND BOTANIC PARK

5 6

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

(2006) anniversary size, habit, and size, habit, and th Botanic Gardens of ures, the structure of ures, the structure

tanic Garden (2006) by Jones Adelaide Park Lands Park Lands Adelaide ic links with those rdens, and continues to the continuing scientific lly in concert with kindred trees, vistas within the the within vistas trees, nks with natural features, mmissioned to prepare advancing and communicating colour, foliage an important hinge to the city’s ing eucalypts and general location (2007). Thereby, there is (2006) by Aitken Jones & Aitken Jones by (2006) unt Lofty Bo , that informs the milar methodological framework, (2006) to the Park Lands and rms and constructed feat en Conservation Study 2006, 5.6, pp.206-207). (2007) as part of the 150

ems having close histor ic botany), and botanical research (including the ctures), contrast of furniture and statuary exemplary of the period in as a colonial city, especia other Australian botanic ga nsultants, and with the same level of rigour as n within the scope of the has played in directing, appropriate to the central place Garden holds in es; such attributes include li include attributes es; such clumped planting, specimen clumped planting, uth Australian history, recalled through continuing m and library, exemplifying , and Aitken was later co ing the high public regard for place. day as a venue for quasi-religious and socio-musical ornamental lake system within the Garden that rden and Botanic Park, Mo and Botanic rden water or lack of as a theme. nservation assessment nservation ination of natural landfo es, as well as through several surviv represented by many it located along North Terrace, formed Mount Lofty Botanic Gard Lofty Botanic Mount that has been prepared in a si prepared been has that (Aitken Jones & Morris & Jones (Aitken story of Adelaide Botanic Garden Adelaide Botanic Garden Conservation Study Conservation Garden Botanic Adelaide Squares Cultural Landscape Assessment Study Landscape Assessment Squares Cultural also noted in its inclusio rpose which is valuable as the Garden is spatially an integral part of the l approach, with similar co Adelaide Botanic Garden Conservation Study Conservation Botanic Garden Adelaide formation. The ing a comprehensive co doctrine, a role that it continues to perform entertainment and critique; importance of the institution and botanical education, experimentation (including econom prominent in South Australian botany and horticulture. cultural and scientific institutions ‘cultural boulevard’. links with contiguous parkland, comb State Herbarium) to the community; botanical and aesthetic settings. distinguishes its design and spatial character from display a keen sense of engagement with South Australia’s cultural heritage and reflect meanings to local Aboriginal peopl of water courses and other bodies of water (see below). of plants appearance seasonal landscape forms (including paths, lawns, beds and stru and works significant by made contribution Garden, . Adelaide Park Lands & • For the historically instrumental role the Garden • As an integral part of the development Adelaide attribut landscape of its beauty outstanding the • For • For continuing to engage in and display ornamental • For the creation and conservation of a major • For its continuing high standard of maintenance, • For its links with the pre-European phase of So • For its integral link with an associated herbariu in this with a similar philosophica

of the Adelaide Botanic Garden celebrations. The contribution of the provid is in Squares Adelaide Master Plan Report: Adelaide Botanic Ga prepared by Taylor Cullity Lethlean cohesion of thought and pu of thought cohesion Act 2005 Adelaide Park Lands a point Lands Park Adelaide The reader should consult the Morris for further in Aitken & Morris was undertaken at the same time Seeds of Change: An Illustrated Hi

6 6

(Rick (Rick

(Rick rete by the Society from its work competently given the establishment of the the confidence that South It was a matter of civic pride, lling to the Frome Road Entrance corative masonry pattern typical of d in its contribution to the breeding and its future. was iest extant structure at the Zoo (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 41). stralia. It speaks of acement of reinforced conc principal public entrance throughout the life of he neteenth century that does wever, contain many buildings from the nineteenth Adelaide. Buenos Aires is perhaps the most intact oo design, there are other zoos in the world that are ens and planting date from ents of Cultural Significance for components E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES established in 1857, was created before Adelaide, le seems destined only to increase in importance

pattern typical of Victorian architecture he Frome Road boundary is significant because: and culture and an indication of wealth. cities in the civilised world had one. ably the yellow footed “kangaroo”. For most part, Adelaide Zoo

residence they reflect a distinctive de century citizens had in the State d serpentine polychrome brickwork wa ick entrance gateway is the earl portant role in its educative function an significant in that it: substantial examples of the use this material within the Zoo this early period - it is one of the few remaining Bzowy Architects 1993, pp. 32-33). are culturally significant because: - they date from 1882-1883 and have remained as the Zoo - together with the Superintendent’s Victorian architecture. The rendered reinforced concrete wall to t - it dates from 1912 and is typical of the extensive embr - together with the polychrome br Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 36). 6.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The main entrance gates, piers an 7.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The Superintendent’s House (Lodge) is significant in that it: - is the original keeper’s residence built n 1883 on the Zoo site - reflects a distinctive decorative masonry 8.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The Head Keeper’s House is significant in that it: - was the former refreshment house at the Zoo built in 1898 9.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The Adelaide Zoo Rotunda is birds and marsupials mentioned, not is one of a number of world zoos established in the ni its limitations. As a representative example of nineteenth century z more intact and contain exotic buildings than example of this kind zoo. Adelaide Zoo does, ho century and much of the basic layout of paths, gard Zoo. In Australian terms only Melbourne Zoo, Taronga Park was moved to its current site in 1916. Adelaide Zoo is very important to the state of South Au Australia’s prominent nineteenth established because all large and major a representation of solidity, permanence At present the Zoo plays an im of endangered native and exotic species. Its ro Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 28). Gates and Fencing Frome Road Superintendent’s House (Lodge) Head Keeper’s House Rotunda

The assessment also produced a series of Statem within the Zoo as follows:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

Study

(1993) Assessment Assessment (1993) have aviaries, public amenities ion to breeding Australian Plan ralian native animals and releasing animals that are not well represented hend and realise the spatial design to be established. e of this development, the Adelaide Zoo is to Adelaide Zoo Conservation Plan de Zoo site to enable an informed assessment of its new enclosures, compounds, mentioned and its contribut made. In addition, an asset management strategy for s best zoos for the reasons that it is located on a statement of cultural significance. Instead,

the only Australian zoo to be presented is Taronga from the ongoing development of animal care and the design, and the horticultural merit of prior to this during the course of (1993) was prepared by Rick Bzowy Architects. It (2005). The its boundaries was een excluded from the scope of this world. As a consequenc (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 2). has a good record of breeding Aust ood collection of native Australian Assessment Study (1993) unfortunately failed to compre Plan Adelaide Zoo Conservation Plan

… to produce a conservation for the whole of Adelai cultural, historic and architectural significance to be the significant structures contained within The genesis for this conservation plan has evolved presentation within zoos around the establish a master plan for the future construction of and interpretive/education facilities In most of the literature written about world zoos, Park in Sydney. It is discussed as one of the world’ beautiful site, that it contains a g in other world zoos and because it them to the bush. In some sources Adelaide Zoo is (2007) the Conservation 2.4 ADELAIDE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS The Adelaide Zoological Gardens has b contextual relevance to this (2007), as defined by the Council. However, Study sought: is considered that conclusions and recommendations contained in this The and development of the Zoo and express it in the greater weight was placed upon the building and infrastructure components possessing heritage merit in the Zoo than appreciating the context, Zoo. The statement of cultural significance prepared states:

7 6

(Rick en spaces of the Zoo as s for the display of aquatic bird from the initial establishment of the ond major period (1900-1960) in the enclosures in the Zoo (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 76). and filled in for the existing native garden it

ciated with the display of animals adjacent to the he Legislative Council, have little cultural significance dicate those remaining paths and open spaces which [sic] hese principal pathways and op

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES remains intact. As a consequence this penguin pool and in has existed on this site since before 1887 he Zoo in the display and breeding of exotic bird life of any description dating from the 1880s hs and vistas in the Zoo, one pre-dating Zoo vely unchanged animal present during the 1930s and 1940 pical animal enclosures of this sec associated with a continuous activity e its date of construction in 1885 existing enclosure dates to pre-1887 ablishment and management of the Zoo early philosophy of animal display is significant because: is significant in that: ure for birds still extant (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 97). (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, pp. 88-89). 88-89). (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, pp. [sic.] (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 81). - it remains as one of the early landscape features asso main gate - the general area defined by - a collection of rocks mimicking small mounta Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 69). 15.2 Statement of Significance The rock wallaby enclosure 16.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The Directors’ House is significant in that it: - is associated with the early est - was the successive residence of the Zoo’s Directors from 1888 17.2 Statement of Significance Whilst the 1943 penguin pool has been partially demolished is believed that the majority of tiled pool itself 18.2 Statement of Significance As has been mentioned the early establishment of t 19.2 Statement of Significance The Flamingo pool and grotto 20.2 Statement of Significance These steps, whilst dedicated to a former Member of t (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 94). 21.2 Statement of Cultural Significance and tiger enclosures are significant in that: The 1925 lion - they are one of the few remaining relati - are a representative example of ty development of the Zoo its associated small rock grottos is significant in that it: - provides evidence of the philosophy life identified in the 1883 and 1898 drawings clearly are extant. These pathways and open spaces are significant in that: - they remain as evidence of the early pat - they lead to or past significant items with the Zoo - the area of elephant walk is Zoo - it is one of the few remaining enclosures - it is the earliest enclos - it is substantially unaltered sinc - it is a salient reminder of the - it is an important link with the early work of t Director’s House Pool Former Penguin Significant Pathways and Vistas Flamingo Grotto (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 91). Condon Steps Lion and Tiger Enclosures

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

(Rick Bzowy (Rick Bzowy (Rick Bzowy ures have been addressed anged their location and bird keeping and breeding (Rick Bzowy Architects nce they were first introduced in mely in a building style symbolic mely in a building style symbolic ffe house itself is of low significance (Rick Bzowy Architects collection and breeding of birds, he Zoological Gardens as a venue for se and the Pheasantry. Zoo from early in the Zoo’s development nkey house in 1891 has been for more than half es constructed on the Zoo, namely original These buildings have ch the time of this conservation study is low apart from and significant bird enclos unction of the act collection and breeding osophy and methodology of ion of birds has been housed since the very early honour of persons associated with the Zoo Parrot and Macaw Hou he largest of this kind in South Australia ys being regarded highly for its in this area of the Zoo probably si approach to housing zoo animals, na approach to housing zoo animals, na 36 expansion phase in the history of the Zoo der and the early development of t the old reptile house, however the gira rliest animal enclosur spensing of food and refreshments. catering facilities within the Adelaide public entertainment - dates from 1884 and is believed to be t Architects 1993, p. 47). Architects 1993, p. 49). of their place origin - the “Indian-style temple” is architecturally unique in South Australia 1993, p. 54). of their place origin - the “Egyptian-style” building s architecturally unique in South Australia particularly Australian parrots [sic.]. Its collect establishment of the Zoo in wide variety aviaries. construction substantially over the years as phil - is associated with Sir Thomas El 10.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The Adelaide Zoo kiosk whilst originally built as a mo it is illustrative of a major post 19 11.2 Statement of Cultural Significance The elephant house is significant in that: - it reflects a uniquely “Victorian” 12.2 Statement of Significance The hippopotamus house is significant in that: - it reflects a uniquely “Victorian” 13.2 Statement of Significance The giraffe enclosure is significant in that: - the giraffes have been accommodated 14.2 Statement of Significance Adelaide Zoological Gardens has alwa of its life associated with the di The kiosk and its associated facilities is significant in that it [sic]: - provides evidence of one the ea monkey house built in 1891 - represents the provision of 1993, p. 58). 1929 - the giraffe house contains part of (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 63). similar changed. As a consequence the few remaining separately within this report, namely the Architects 1993, pp. 67-68). Kiosk Elephant House Hippopotamus House Giraffe House Aviaries The cultural significance of the aviaries is more as a f birds rather than of housing the birds. The significance of the remaining aviaries as extant at their historical context in being named Rock Wallaby Enclosure

8 6

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

the establishment of the Adelaide was part of the Botanical Gardens (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. he Zoo since 1883 and 1908 in this other animals) in the Botanic Gardens prior to the unds and dates from well before its initial reference in n right because of the obvious age vines nsistent with other early buildings at the Zoo Arbour is culturally significant because: al Gardens are significant in that: al Gardens oximity to significant early exhibits monkeys on this site from before ishment of the Zoo when site the display of parrots and macaws keeping and display of pheasants at t [sic.] (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 100). (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 110). 22.2 Statement of Significance The pheasantry is significant in that it: - represents the continual 23.2 Statement of Significance Wisteria Arbour From the historic analysis the Wisteria 24.2 Statement of Significance The Monkey Houses are significant in that they: -represent a link with the display of monkeys (and 25.2 Statement of Significance The parrot and macaw house is significant in that it: - is the earliest remaining aviary at Zoo - displays a distinctive architectural style co location - it is a significant plant feature within the Zoo gro the Annual Report of 1909 - the wisteria plants are significant in their ow Significant Trees The significant trees within the Zoologic - they are in themselves rare and exotic species - many date from before the establ establishment of the Zoo - represent the housing and display of Zoo - has been used continuously for 113). Glory Vine Arbours The Glory Vine Arbours are significant because: - of their early association with and pr Pheasantry Significant Trees and Flora (Rick Bzowy Architects 1993, p. 104). Monkey Houses Parrot and Macaw House

9 6

dence, the grounds and of the representative in dence, the grounds and e enough to accommodate overseas dignitaries on ers and the land left behind as main reason for the visit to as an important venue for South as item 10873 with the following as item 10873 with the present day, resi it is also architecturally most significant as the t in 1840 and designed by George S Kingston the following statement of significance for nt House has been primarily the home of all the present day, resi he home of all Governors, except Governor have been sufficiently larg uth Australia, it is also architecturally most activities and the residence l Revival additions have created an imposing political history of South Australia. As well as y and the sovereign who ruled the British Isles. ng invited interstate and atic windows commissioned to commemorate the at the Domain overall is a symbolic place of post- atement of significance contained in the Government and political history of South Australia. lues extant in the Domain and its gardens, but does not lues extant in the Domain and its gardens, but does not for the Domain and its gardens accordingly needs to E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES ltural significance of the Domain and its gardens. e was a major venue for important South Australian age in a manner befitting of royalty. of York’s visit in 1901, whose a striking link between early settl a Georgian mansion in the State. gnificance of the Domain and its gardens. gnificance of the Domain and its gardens. ed on the State Heritage Register he Federation of Australia. he present day continues to perform 986) by Danvers Associates: significant as the finest example of Of much heritage significance are the emblem occasion of the Duke and Duchess As well as being the oldest public building in So Australia was to celebrate t well as being emblematic of the seat authorit its contents, figure prominently in the social The house and all it represents, is its contents figure prominently in the social and being the oldest public building in South Australia, finest example of a Georgian mansion in South Australia. Because Government House has been primarily t Hindmarsh since its completion in 1840, through to The original portion of Government House was buil in the Georgian/Regency style. Because Governme Governors since its completion in 1840 through to mansion, its extensive classica Initially a Regency structure befitting its role. the British monarch and accompanying entour its own right. Key conclusions therefore are: Apart from its political associations, the residenc functions. Government House in t Australians as well as accommodating and entertaini behalf of the State Government. The house and grounds This citation recognises the social and historical va draw any conclusion as to the cultural si Key elements of a statement of cultural significance recognise its aesthetic, social and historical values, th contact governance and is the setting for both This citation lacks any mention or credit to the cu The ‘Government House’ is register statement of significance, in part derived from the st House Conservation Study (1 This citation recognises the social and historical va draw any conclusion as to the cultural si Government House Conservation Study (1986) proposed House and grounds:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

entative of Australia's Government House Grounds, Adelaide, Adelaide Park Lands & Squares Cultural lia's twenty-seven Governors architecturally evokes from the scope of this Study, as defined by of the Governor as repres 03/1978) on the Register of National Estate 03/1978) the Grounds together rather than simply the with the following statement of significance: atement of Conservation Significance so that it Government House Grounds, Adelaide, Landscape Conservation Study

(2004) was undertaken. It is considered that recommendations (2005). This two-storey official residence of South Austra the colony's link with Britain and later the role Head of State, the King or Queen. GOVERNMENT HOUSE DOMAIN The ‘Government House and Grounds’ is listed (21/ 5.6 Statement of Cultural Significance 5.6 Statement as item 6328 (Place File No 3/03/001/0009)

(2004) was the modification of existing St 2.5 The Government House Domain has been excluded better reflected the significance of House and former. The recommendations were: the Council. However, during course of this study Landscape Conservation Study contained in this Study have contextual relevance to the Landscape Assessment Study A key recommendation of the

0 7

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ssing a dominant 1920s- itage significance of the place. of the place—that should be hetic, social and historical setting venue be revised to reflect and denote the Domain as character, and strongly complements the ance and heritage registration citations for in South Australia, posse ent of cultural significance the Domain: levant position in the overall her atures and tree items—the fabric that all heritage registrations for the place should the Domain overall is a place of state signific there are several architecture fe included in any detailed registration of the Domain; encompassing the House, and its re ‘Government House’ should reflect this conclusion; The Government House Domain is a significant aest for governance and symbolic vice regal activities 40s Adelaide gardenesque and landscape design architectural and historical significance of the House.

• • • The following statement is proposed as a statem

1 7

grassed mounds, Ficus shed character. Adelaide the 1930 period within t development, open space d, due to its setting and with famous sports people herited from the past, and grounds in Australia where periods of the state’s for the games of cricket, football Creswell Gardens are of landscape cket in the development of sport veloped from its relationship to the since 1871 to the present day. erlooking the setting of Oval’s buildings

e evolution or pattern of the State’s Score board, northern the criteria set out in the Heritage Act 1993 for time, with the Oval considered illustrative of e highly significant ‘arts & crafts’ style mechanical the open and ‘park setting’ character of place. gh integrity grandstand of statement of heritage value. The concise statement se of its setting and establi tionship of the Oval’s buil and its setting are of high cultural and landscape orts ground, one of five lopment of sport within South Australia since its al value which we have in ance due to its association tional and international significance as South formal development of the place, illustrated in the most picturesque in the worl E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES orts throughout successive he establishment of a cricket ground in the colony, the

the forty hour week and a temperate climate gave of a particular class places cultural tative the importance of game cri items. Significant buildings include: the Mostyn Evan / George in the world, with its character de monial entrance to the Oval complex. within the Park Lands of Adelaide acent Pennington Gardens West and cket – with matches held at the Oval the City of Adelaide sual significance include: al significance include: Internal view of the Oval itself, from all angles View from the Oval Grandstands towards the View from Montefiore Hill/ Light’s Vision – ov South-east view towards the Adelaide city skyline View east to Hills escarpment View along Victor Richardson Drive axis and Victor Richardson Gates

It demonstrates important aspects of th It is an outstanding represen • • sp. Trees, and Cathedral and spires • and tree complex, towards • • •

and other sports. The place is of high social signific what qualities a place may have - the special cultur which we intend to conserve and pass on future generations. both a concise and an extended The following provides summarises the extended statement; expressed in terms of the entry of a place in the State Heritage Register. Australia’s primary venue for cri has been the major focus for the deve inception, providing a central venue and events is held in high esteem by the community. The Oval’s history is reflected in the progressive, in buildings and the commemoration of Giffen / Sir Edwin Smith grandstand – the largest hi South Australia; several entrance gate structures and th Scoreboard. Within the Park Lands context, the Oval, its vistas value. The Oval is considered by many to be the open, informal character. The adj significance in design and as the cere Oval’s history illustrates the diversification of sp development, from establishment to today. A sense of public ownership of the Oval has evolved over Australian lifestyle in which public holidays, opportunities for leisure. Oval is renowned as Australia’s most picturesque sp and views from and through the ground all contribute to Adelaide Oval is considered unique surrounding landscape setting. Places that are of high visu Places that are of moderate vi Concise Statement: Adelaide Oval, established in 1871, is of local, na (a) history Historically, Adelaide Oval represents South Australia. As the first official site for t (d) significance The Adelaide Oval is a significant cricket venue becau test cricket is regularly played. The setting in Adelaide’s Park Lands, the scale, rela

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

(2000) that ’s (2000) content and State Heritage Significance are set Study eria are provided by the Act to assist in defining uded in the historical review and assessment nce for the Leasehold and it is relevant to elaide to enable consideration of expansion on with revisiting the Leasehold itself, and Adelaide Oval Conservation Review Study tects with various sub-consultants whom reviewed (2000) proposed the following Statement of cultural significance of Adelaide Oval and its setting within the he assessment criteria for places of (2007). This is despite the out in Section 16 of the Heritage Act, 1993. The crit Adelaide Oval Statement of Significance This Conservation Plan examines the City of Adelaide Park Lands. T Adelaide Oval Conservation Review Study Assessment Study 2.6 ADELAIDE OVAL The Adelaide Oval within Tarndaya Womma/Park 26 is conceptually included in the brief for this and development plans proposed by the Association. The latter recommendations have been revisited in conjuncti majority of recommendations and assessments incl of components for Tarndaya Womma/Park 26. The quote these conclusions in this section. No changes to the below are proposed. the cultural and indigenous heritage of the Leasehold for the South Australian Cricket Association and the Corporation of the City Ad Significance and Statement of Indigenous Significa was undertaken by Swanbury Penglase Archi

2 7

ople celebrated life ers of note. The Oval is e is of significance to the re involved in the staging hos of sport, presenting an ent of the Oval in 1871. people. Adelaide Oval is t. For Indigenous people, n indigenous and indigenous Visitors to Kaurna lands Indigenous groups continued their available opportunities. Indigenous re displaced from the area along the

of Adelaide Local Heritage ablished and progressively developed by

ate Heritage Register e Karra Wirra Parri (River Torrens). t at the Oval occurred during the valley, where Kaurna pe - It is recommended that the following be listed: - It is venue, Indigenous people we n be overcome though the et several revered Indigenous play us people have been able to interact through sport and which was formerly used for camping. After the arrival e Adelaide Plains and therefor ground before the establishm E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES eaming place of the Kaurna and other social activities. cultural relations between no Indigenous participation in spor

[/Karrawirra Parri] Park Lands as per table 5.5.1.1 Park Lands as per table 5.5.1.1 ed as places on the City

sted as places on the St was established, the Kaurna and other was limited due to settler attitudes and tors to the ‘country’. Kaurna people we events on the northern banks of th as the City and Park Lands were est me Indigenous participation in spor ntest, irrespective of race. - It is recommended that the following be listed: is of spiritual and cultural significance for Kaurna people. Moreton Bay Figs (north mound) War Memorial Oak in Creswell Gardens Score board Sir Edwin Smith, George Giffen and Mostyn Evan grandstands Victor Richardson Gates and sculptures Hercules Statue Captain Sir Ross Smith Statue in Creswell Gardens Colonel Light Statue Creswell Gardens Pennington Gardens West Creswell Gardens Fountain Other trees in surrounding

[/Karrawirra Parri] • • • • • • • • • • • • Adjacent Park Lands State Heritage Value State Heritage Local Heritage Value (City Significance) Adjacent Park Lands The following are already li The following are already list Register (City Significance) The City of Adelaide is located on the Red Kangaroo Dr The City of Adelaide through public ceremonies, games, religious observances settlers. Following the establishment of Adelaide Oval as a sporting of two corroborrees at the Oval. So Adelaide Oval is located on part of the Kaurna land th opportunity for participation and co Indigenous Statement of Significance Background part of this place and as such Adelaide Oval is located in the River Torrens witnessed and participated in ‘public’ Adelaide Oval stands on the banks of River Torrens, of Europeans and before Adelaide Oval traditions of public performance for visi River Torrens nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but involvement was most notable in the sport of football, with considered a forum in which indigenous and non - indigeno other events, contributing in part to the development of people. Significance of Statement Kaurna peoples. The Oval site was known as a camping The Oval is also of note, reflecting the local history of Adelaide Oval provides a place where racial stereotyping ca

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH ting activities of are closely associated inctive setting, location d mounds, Ficus sp. ardson, John Creswell, rating significant design series at the Oval is significant football matches and their acter of the Oval. The Oval still the State’s earliest and central the leisure and spor stadium, with buildings placed as he ground in 1871. A number of dings designed by notable South board, northern grasse John Reedman, and others ssive generations for its dist

resentative of particular construction logical significance, illust r Edwin Smith, Victor Rich ribution made by its setting in the Park Lands, with ion with the South Australian Cricket Association, Place of State Heritage Value, including identified of memorable cricket and s, gates, and other memorials in the grounds. l associations for the community or a group is & Victor Richardson Gates of creative, aesthetic or technical of creative, aesthetic

sculptures (currently listed) yline” incident during the 1933 Test sociations with Adelaide Oval as c characteristics of the period. elaide Hills and the green, open char the Oval have historically reflected rk Lands. Cricket, football, and other sports activities as well he State since the establishment of t the leasehold boundary Park Lands, rather than an enclosed tic value and contains several buil ts-minded South Australians. characteristics. characteristics. (equivalent to Local Heritage (City Significance) listing): : Score board The Oval site – within East entry gatehouse Clarrie Grimmett Gates Tea House (former) and Gates Richardson Victor Turnstiles, bench seats Sir Edwin Smith, George Giffen and Mostyn Evan Grandstand North and south grassed mounds High value views: Internal view/ vista of the Oval itself From the Oval Grandstands towards the Score Moderate value views: South-east view to cityscape East to hills escarpment Along Victor Richardson Drive ax

• • • • • • • - and secondarily It has a special association with the life or work of a person or organisation or • • • • • Trees, Cathedral and spires • • • •

- including primarily Australian architects of architectural and/ or techno merit, innovation or exemplar stylisti sports venue within the Adelaide Pa entertainment events associated with successive generations of spor Socially, the Adelaide Oval is a place revered by succe and use. It is held in esteem as the central site features of heritage significance within the Place. The Oval site is of high aesthetic value for the cont The community has strong cultural as It is proposed that Adelaide Oval be listed as a views to St Peters Cathedral, the Ad free standing pavilions, separated by open space. The Oval site is of high aesthe players - commemorated in part by the building Historically, Adelaide Oval has a special associat which has managed cricket within t retains its setting as a part of the famous sportsmen and administrators, including Si Mostyn Evan, Sir Donald Bradman, Phillip Ridings, in the Oval’s sporting history. (e) It demonstrates a high degree accomplishment or is an outstanding rep techniques or design (f) It has strong cultural or spiritua within it (g) an event of historical importance with the grounds. The infamous “Bod Heritage Register Listing Recommendations Adelaide Oval as a State Heritage Place

3 7

(McDougall he Barr Smith Library was from Sir John Langdon

. re built in 1932-1933, and other buildings d detailing, and its direct evolution from the original sity of Adelaide, and the Barr Smith Collection in orgian Revival style of t elaide, was built in 1933-1936 to meet the need for elaide, was built in 1933-1936 to reman stonecutter was H B Naylor. The design is iversities and is one of the more prestigious of the . Architect, of the firm Woods, Bagot, Laybourne- brary. The building is a concrete framed, brick clad Bagot of the firm Woods, Bagot, Laybourne-Smith of Robert Barr Smith. His philanthropy had helped the time. The building has both historical and nstructed between 1932 and 1933 using money which E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES ’s North Terrace campus. Source: McDougall & Vines & Vines McDougall Source: campus. Terrace North ’s nced by a large donation Figure h Terrace directly in line with Pulteney Street 2004, p. 8 Laboratories which we (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 10) (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. an assembly hall for the University. It was fina The historic Barr Smith Library Building was co was a gift from the Barr Smith family in memory establish and develop the original library at Univer the Mitchell Building is nucleus of this original li , the great hall of University Ad Bonython. It was designed by Walter Hervey Bagot, Smith and Irwin, built by H S C Jarvis. The fo based on the medieval structures of the old British Un Georgian Revival style designed by Walter Hervey and Irwin, who were the University Architects at architectural value represented in the building fabric an University Library in the Mitchell Building. The Ge continued in the Johnson Chemical along Victoria Drive University's buildings. It is located on Nort & Vines 2004, p. 12). Heritage listed buildings on the University of the buildings on listed Heritage

The summation Statement of Significance for the Barr Smith Library states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Bonython Hall states:

University has also commissioned Rob Linn to prepare a social and physical history of the North Terrace campus and work on this text is still in progress.

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

ning. The recommendations of this study, by gs themselves and little scope was paid to their not included in this report but early conclusions suite of significant and obviously significant mpus has been subject to a mixed level of ilding (Woodhead Australia, 1987; Flightpath ilding (Woodhead Australia, 1987; Flightpath ritage appreciation, but a landscape heritage Cornish-developed University Embankment (Jones ral tree inventories have been undertaken (Wilson University of Adelaide (North Terrace Campus) Cultural (pending 2007) was commissioned to inform planning processes as Barr Smith Library (original building) Barr Smith Library (original Bonython Hall Bragg Laboratories Elder Hall Hartley Building Mitchell Building Mitchell Gates and Victoria Drive Fencing Union Building Group

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ 2.7 UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE (NORTH TERRACE CAMPUS) 2.7 UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE (NORTH TERRACE buildings and spaces. Conservation studies have only been undertaken for the Hartley Building (Bruce Harry & Associates, 1992), Mitchell Bu curtilage (landscape setting) or context. Seve 1999; Arbor Centre 2002) lacking a cultural he assessment has been undertaken of the Elsie heritage assessment and management despite its Architects, 2001) and the Barr Smith Library (Bruce Harry & Associates, 2000), a summation inventory of the campus’ heritage assets was undertaken by McDougall & Vines (2004). These were investigations into the buildin 2006). The following structures and components are included on the State Heritage Register: During the course of 2006, however, a Landscape Assessment Study The University of Adelaide’s North Terrace Ca part of the University’s future redevelopment plan Jones (pending 2007), are yet to be tabled so are are that major recommendations as to cultural heritage values may be forthcoming. The

4 7

ificant also for the use ey Buildings in the early until his retirement in stitutional building in main façade. It is an early and

rst purpose-built Teachers al reference point for t for its rarity as an example of d there, the Craft and values they rong group social values for them. lia, in which role it was laid much of the foundation for ng is a significant example of the pal Dr AJ Schulz (from the official , the Hartley Building is of high ning programme since 1909 when he achers College was expanded by the earlier buildings. Sign teachers training institution in Australia, to in contrast to the usual asymmetrical form of nean Style in a large and the second Principal Dr HH Penny, a former (1962), Bedford (1966) and Salisbury (1968). It h developed a 'vernacular' adaptation of modernism. an community values, the Hartley Building can be y Building shortly after completion of the new 12 lz and remained Principal ated Scott Theatre and Madl h Australia from 1927-1992, the Hartley Building is h Australia from 1927-1992, the Hartley d South Australian architect, who imposed a unique t where the Adelaide Teachers College was joined by present, and an essenti as South Australia’s fi E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES who determined that it was appropriate for the level of building craftsmanship, Union House is mestic architecture in South Australia. buildings in the 1960s-70s by prominent South the symmetrical composition of its is embodied in the teachers traine d its relationship to the up the oldest continuing architectural composition, significan dents at the ago of 25 years. He Training College in South Austra building has won two Royal Australian Institute of Architects awards ce for the Hartley Building states: our teachers, and consequently has st a and was largely responsible for the development of a separate purpose- sfer to the University of Adelaide of South Australia’s teacher trai ed him, oversaw the expansion of the College after Second World ample of the type, Harley Buildi for the long tenure of its first Princi d on as they educated us. ign as Principal that the Adelaide Te for the quality of its internal spaces an considered to be the culmination of a series Australian partnership of Dickson and Platten whic (Register Assessment Report). The Dickson Platten section of the (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 29). continuous use until its recent tran historical interest. It is of further historical interest opening on 21 March 1927 to his retirement in 1948) pupil and lecturer at the College who succeeded Schu 1967. Schulz had been in charge was appointed Superintendent of Stu teacher training in South Australi built College. Penny, who succeed War and the growth of teacher training to the poin additional Colleges at Wattle Park (1957), Western was during Dr Penny’s re the Inter War Mediterranean Style and unusual example of the use Inter War Mediterra Adelaide, a style which was more common in do In addition to its rarity as an ex skills of its designer George Gavin Lawson, a note symmetry upon the buildings plan and tectonic massing Style. of timber in large-scale structures and in its high As the first purpose-built Teachers erection of the 12 storey Schulz Building and associ As the principal home of Teacher Training in Sout embedded in the psyche of many of The Hartley Building is a distinctive Historical Interest 1960s. The historical significance of the Hartley Building College was recognised by its renaming as the Hartle storey (Schulz) Building. It was Dr HH Penny individual buildings which then made be named after major figures in the State’s education system. Social Value Its relationship to the wider community learned there, and have passe Consequently, as a link between our past and our understanding South Australian social development said to possess significant social interest. Interest Architectural The detailed Statement of Significan

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH (McDougall of Adelaide and whilst appreciation of spaces and dings designed by Woods, (McDougall & Vines stralia and represents the he building, of high design, quality building was designed by architect chitectural attributes, as 'a first and design of Union House, noted and his son were awarded the Nobel organ, and replacement with a new Sir William H Bragg, one of the Laybourne Smith and Woods architecture of the International in the University's School of Music, founded rode, Builder, who completed the contract in mid architects. Subsequent phases of construction have ive. The gate design is an excellent example of t building of the University that externally the complex is homogenous and development for the Adelaide University Union to The earlier Georgian buil ersity. It retains an essential role within the boundary of the north terrace campus and are rst section of the building was work William Mitchell Building, as prepared by Woodhead Union Building group, that includes ng constructed in South Au o was appointed to the Elder Chair of Mathematics in 1940s have compromised the extant and would be revealed by the removal of later States. Designed by Hassell and McConnell, the e Mitchell Gates and Victoria Drive Fencing developments on the site and makes a significant gg Laboratories were built in the post war period 950s and early 1960s which arose from the Cold War State Heritage Register Assessment Report) influence that firm had on the built character of the university

campaigns between 1880 and about 1915 which have aching to a management focus. T 1978 (Hassell & Partners, Architects) the parameters for structure still retains a central function within the University. The growth of nstruction of Bonython Hall. The ate the centenary of the birth l, with the retention of all major ar to demolished it in 1973 and a feasibility study was undertaken which volved the removal of original d in 1900 and served for more than a third of Century as the gned by Walter Hervey Bagot, of after he left Australia in 1905, he presentative of twentieth century (McDougall & Vines 2004, p. 26).

rth Terrace streetscape. (McDougall & Vines 2004, pp. 23-24). Laybourne-Smith reflect the

class modern concert hall'. This in one. This redevelopment took place in 2004, p. 18). The Mitchell Building is the first University Buildi intellectual endeavours and achievements of the Univ and physical integrity established a style for later contribution to the No laboratories are significant as a re allowed for the adaptation of hal University, although changed from a te campus. These subsequently provided prize for physics. Constructed in 1962, the Bra associated with the 'science boom' of late 1 rivalry between the Soviet Union and United Movement in the style of Mies van der Rohe ( & Vines 2004, p. 15). 1884. Elder Hall was constructe University's great hall prior to the co F J Naish and the successful tenderer was Walter C To 1900. Note there was a proposal detail. However, the majority of original detail is temporary additions The Mitchell Gates and fencing mark the northern complementary to the formal streetscape of Victoria Dr Irwin the University's architects This group of buildings represents two major stages provide services and facilities for students on campus. Bagot, Jory and The building is named to commemor 1886 at the age of 23. Not long Thomas Elder bequeathed £20,000 in 1897 to mainta First opened in 1882, the Mitchell Building is firs decorative wrought iron work, desi University of Adelaide's most revered scientists wh the University is reflected in five building individual room uses have changed, it contributed to the complex as it now stands. The fi McMinn, one of Adelaide's most outstanding Colonial maintained design detail established by McMinn such formally complete. Internally alterations since the The summation Statement of Significance for the Australia (1987), states: states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Murray Building, The Cloisters, states: House, Lady Symon Building, George The summation Statement of Significance for the Bragg Laboratories states: The summation Statement of Significance for the Elder Hall states: The summation Statement of Significance for th

5 7

(Jones

incipally the Inventory garden similar to that al lamp post; maintain able public relations merit and cultural heritage merit of of its former stature. (Bruce Harry & Associates and plant palette to celebrate the res the removal of the Australian (Jones 2006, p. 14) te in the absence of plan or text he late 1970s-1985 period; or, ate the spirit and landscape design intent of the plant palette from pr populneus) specimen trees along the top of scape design practices to exhibit a garden that is Australian native plant (b) as it offers consider ue Mediterranean-style very exemplar of what is air railings and the origin and city, also to demonstrate its philosophical of the University has substantially eroded the Steps, Carey Gully low freestone walling character, Steps, Carey Gully low freestone titude towards the Inventory B list also, to ensure as a demonstration ‘Mediterranean’ landscape entally to the context of Lawsons original design ens are and have been an important element in the press (Cupressus sempervirens) adjacent to the better maintain the landscape and to integrate it with whether this requi also provide guidance as to historically relevant mation and creation, he facilitated the appointment of E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES e extant remnants today relevant to Adelaide’s climate and geology. ) Embankment Historical Landscape Assessment in respect of the embankment garden: tegies to highlight the sustainability bring back its original character e accent tree in this locality entry bridge created in t recognizing its heritage merit. ion of the University. ence of what Cornish sought to crea Renovate the existing embankment garden to celebr Cornish in creating this garden the 1920s; Renovate the existing embankment garden using a A list in section 4.0 of this report, with some la authenticity of species selection, irrespective of native plants less existing mature trees. Consider relevant interpretive stra and conserve the existing Kurrajong (Brachychiton embankment; and, Maintain and conserve the existing Italian Cy University Steps as a signatur the garden; Seek to conserve the extant red brick University the use and application of galvanized iron pipe st To transform and renovate it to a low maintenance below the Barr Smith Library To renovate the existing garden to role and contribution of Cornish to the University commitment to sustainability by using the garden garden while at the same time

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Australia, is so damaging aesthetically and environm concept, its removes any cultural significance they might otherwise possess 1992, pp. 40-44). It is very clear that the University embankment gard physical and cultural evolut not directly linked to their transfor While Bagot is Cornish to undertake this take. The result was a uniq being articulated today as where we should shift our land low water reliant, celebrates sustainability and is There is photographic evid documentation by her and Bagot. While the passage of years and development expansion original scope of the embankment garden, there ar The University has two choices to make (a) (b) The recommendation of this Report is towards scenario to the University but also offers a creative avenue to an education or interpretive strategy. The recommendations are: University of Adelaide (North Terrace Campus The 2006) study came about as a consequence of renovations to the Darling Building and universal access renovations to this Building and the Barr Smith Library entry forecourt. The scope was to assess the heritage values of landscape but plant material. The study’s recommendations state:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH heritage registers. They anning and architectural known as a skilful and (the original Adelaide s (the expanded Teachers an architect, the Styles’ rarity in ve architectural character (which providing a protected escape route ntore Avenue and as a consequence rtley Building, nor any scientific me of which are also on gical features in regard to fire protection planning large houses in Adelaide’s establishment suburbs. g the growth in teacher training South at the time of Hartley Building’s erection, and mmetry to the buildings’ pl Lister buildings. He was ation to educational buildings. For example, the , was also formed in concrete, presumable as an (open) side. It was probably grassed for much of its ues to make a positive contribution to the Kintore te an open, simply landscaped space at Ground whose life and work is commemorated by the award s landmark qualities, despite the construction of the ng, the precinct was largely open spaces until the ual. This feature adds some technological interest. when Kintore Avenue was subsequently extended to en loggias serving as transitional spaces between the d the principal circulation areas such as stairhalls, een the Hartley building rs in Adelaide, during the boom of 1920s, of its significance (externally) – was an integral mantic styles, spartan materials and finishes (which tre and Madley Building holarship to an architectural student at the University of Adelaide. s College a distinctive identity). ding is a prominent building in Ki concrete (walls, floors and ceilings), aeological significance to the Ha Combined with his noteworthiness as terest in understandin concept, as well as being a key element in the architectural style. requirements), and a new progressi table Adelaide buildings, so does have environmental significance. When constructed, it was the first large Adelaide building undertaken in the Inter War Mediterranean Style, and its landmark status was further enhanced join Victoria Drive. The Hartley Building retains it taller Schulz Building immediately behind, and contin Avenue streetscape. Teachers College) and the later Schulz, Scott Thea College complex), while of some in His works included several no would give the new Adelaide Teacher Lawson was a prominent South Australian architect of the annual George Gavin Lawson sc include the Burnside Council offices, Edments and progressive architect and his commissions included many The rigour with which Lawson applied his discipline sy massing is evident, and successful. interest. However, the Hartley Buil Lawson’s motives seem apparent and related to the buildings function. His choice of the Inter War Mediterranean Style was particularly apt for its applic The Hartley Building contains several interesting technolo There would appear to be little arch The original Courtyard – enclosed on two sides by op major additions of 1961-63. The relationship betw style is a balance of contemplative (Mission) and ro suit its higher circulation and use South Australia gives this building a high architectural significance. Internally, the building is spartan. and detailing. For example, the architect has encase entries, loggias and passageways, in rigours of study (internally), and the contemplation component of the architects design The drawings, and the few photographs located, indica Floor level, retained by a stone wall across the eastern life. Beyond the courtyard, and around the Hartley Buildi from the principal assembly rooms in the building to the exterior. The floor of the Assembly Hall though lined in jarrah was being extensively used in multi-storey skyscrape incorporation of concrete encased escape routes is unus Technical Interest additional fire precaution. While reinforced concrete technology was well-established Other Criteria The Precinct

6 7

2001, p. 4). (Swanbury be removed and stored et al ant trees on site – three setting of the Campus, as he conservation of its d in any future buildings on with the 1999 Brookman with the 1999 om outer retaining wall when so an architecturally significant g’ industrial technical professions in against the Brookman Building as the State Heritage Register and the minimise impact on setting of Charles Owen-Smyth, who is noted any future buildings on Campus, /Frome Road corner to e the pre eminence of the Brookman Building th stone on corner and along North Terrace to Brookman Building, through the conservation of tain and conserve signific nsidering the ‘inner city’ 2001, p. 32). 2001, p. 32). th of technical education in South Australia, t views, in accordance t buildings in Adelaide. The Brookman Building is s, eliminating intersecting roads, dramatic changes in and grass areas. Integrate and enhance Campus open [sic.] (Swanbury Penglase et al servation Plan has been prepared for the Brookman ookman Building, through t removed/relocated to suit URBAN DESIGN acknowledged heritage significance – the Brookman E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES in accordance with the 1999 Brookman Building n Building Conservation Plan. early twentieth century technical school summary, the Brookman Building is of heritage value vation Plan. Retain stone fr eth century. The building is al ental amenity in outdoor spaces an suit future entry levels and to rintendent of public buildings e of heritage significance on both (2001) concluded that: ing walls and associated staircases itage value and providing policy for the future development of tal amenity in outdoor spaces and he need to provide education for ‘emergin lar access and sun shading 2001, p. 31). 2001, p. 31). [sic.] (Swanbury Penglase . et al Urban Design Guidelines Campus. Maintain and enhance the heritage values of the its associated heritage cartilage and significan Buidling Conservation Plan. Maintain bluestone retain per the Brookman Building Conser Ensure a high level of environm corner entry constructed. Reconstruct external (stair) to Brookman Building – Refer Brookma Fence panels, north of Gate 1 should be objectives. Gate 1 pillars, palisade fence and plin be maintained, with 3-4 sections on North Terrace to allow for a pedestrian entry on the corner. Future development on campus should acknowledg on the site: The building illustrates the importance and grow building in response to t the late nineteenth and early twenti example of the work Supe for the design of several architecturally significan a well-executed example of Owen-Smyth’s work – in the manner of ‘Federation Gothic’ architecture, incorporating the needs of an Penglase

• • • • • • The City East Campus contains one building of Building – which is entered as a plac Adelaide City Council Heritage Register. A Con Buidling (1999) identifying its her building and its setting (heritage curtilage). In because: Ombu trees Ensure a high level of environmen a mix of pedestrian scale spaces with paved, planted space into focused, social/recreational landscaped area level and maximising solar access through the day. Main considering orientation, so Maintain and enhance the heritage value of the Br Develop a landscape master plan for the Campus site, co associated heritage curtilage and significant views, Conservation Plan Environmental Management/Landscape 5.4.2 Guidelines 5.5.2 Guidelines Specifically the Specific guidelines in terms of heritage proposed include: Specific guidelines in terms of ‘environmental management’ included:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

Brookman 2001, pp. 9-10). 2001, pp. 9-10). ssioned Jones to prepare et al (2001) to guide and facilitate (1999) had previously been completed by , as part of its ‘Blueprint 2005’ five year plan, and consider the heritage values of campus Jensen Design & Planning to prepare the City East Campus, University of South Australia

ritage values of the campus site. The Penglase Architects commi tage and environmental management/landscape mpus, University of South Australia Brookman Building Master Plan (2001) proposed a suite of urban design guidelines for the campus site, et al

Heritage City East Campus Heritage Landscape Assessment: (2001) to review and assess the landscape he including the following guideline as to heri the Building Conservation Plan, Swanbury Penglase Architects. Swanbury Penglase values: Included within consultancy was a brief to review site. As part of this consultancy, Swanbury 2.8 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA (CITY EAST CAMPUS) During early 2001 the University of South Australia commissioned Swanbury Penglase Architects and Urban Design Guidelines: City East Ca redevelopment and expansion of the campus site (Swanbury Penglase

7 7

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

latanus x acerifolius) (2001) report]. ge qualities of the landscape w fostering of a student Campus recreation and socialisation. of trees where driveways removed ble design solutions for future development of ace, while also acknowledging the need for a root systems. Occasional replacement will be mix of paved and lawned eating and studying a central, landscaped space of reasonable scale, ider appropriate landscaping between buildings, not removed and be maintained as per the e a variety of external spaces, from full sun to (Washingtonia filifera) on the site to better l sequence of specimens, their visual strength, h Terrace and reinforcing the urban ‘inner city’ he City East Campus in conjunction with any isting London Planes (P nance late Victorian setting for the Brookman City East Campus Heritage Landscape (Swanbury Penglase et a 2001, p. 34). [the 2001, p 40). University of South Australia uld seek to enhance the herita of their life. Continue avenue et al opportunities for Campus users’ focus/hub of the Campus, to allo spaces along the eastern flank of the Campus; positions according to landscape design principles; Building front and eastern flanks; Considering the relocation of all Cotton Palms Establishing a simple but strong low mainte Established a lush green botanical setting with a

avenue along Frome Road in terms of the spatia [sic.] (Swanbury Penglase • Care and due regard should be given to the ex their role as a ventilation/wind corridor, and their required as trees reach the end That a landscape masterplan be prepared for t development plans for the whole or part of the Campus, with attention to: • • Promote sustainability and environmentally responsi the Campus site. Develop a landscape master plan for the Campus site, considering the landscape potential of the Campus – in grassed and paved areas – also cons along with rationalisation of car parking Landscaping master planning sho setting of the Brookman Buiding along North Terr formal entry setting for the University off Nort character of the campus. Future landscaping of the Campus should provid shaded, paved areas, to create Future landscaping of the Campus should provide for student use as the activity culture. That the Ombu (Phytolaccia diocia) specimens be recommendations in the APPENDIX Assessment: City East Campus,

• • • • • • • •

5.6.2 Guidelines Specific guidelines in terms of ‘landscape’ included:

8 7

Course immediately west of Strangways Course immediately north of Barton : several “limestone holes” originally serving a little documented street sweepings depot

E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES : several “limestone holes” originally serving Figure limestone extraction; unknown later role by the Corporation and filling; now limestone extraction; now unknown later role by the Corporation and filling; covered and hidden underneath the Golf Terrace between the and the North Adelaide Railway Station. limestone extraction; now unknown later role by the Corporation and filling; covered and hidden underneath the Golf Terrace. Inventory of Potentially Contaminated Sites as recorded by the Corporation. Source: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC Source: Corporation. the by recorded as Sites Contaminated Potentially of Inventory This inventory includes: Piltawodli/Park 1 dump Piltawodli/Park 1 dump Barton Terrace Piltawodli/Park 1 Montefiore Road Depot:

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH (1880) although some glimpses are at lies below each one of these excavations is quence, there are many sites in the Park Lands which are little recorded by Brown (1880) in contaminated with green waste, rubbish, night d surface alterations. Of these excavations and use or previously covered over, that Pelzer, een subject to extensive tree felling and grubbing; tes, of which the following is an incomplete , Rebbeck (1978), Moore (1981), and Daly (1987). , Rebbeck (1978), Moore (1981), include brick making excavations, limestone and also known Corporation sites used by the cture, or general pollutant wastes. Annual Reports ng the Adelaide Park Lands Report on a System of Planti inventory that has been gleamed during the course of research in analysing Park Lands and Squares. The nomenclature used below approximates with period nomenclature that identified these venues. It is important to note that the following is in incomplete inventory of soil mounds, surface modifications, and waste storage yards, does not necessarily imply that the soil ground thereby are contaminated. soil, Park Lands storage infrastru soil, Park Lands A Corporation review in 1903 identified many of these sites, proposing their continuation, closure, or visual disguise, but these were or Health departments at the time, and did not include past tips, Corporation’s Parks & Gardens waste depots, etc. In particular, it did not sandstone excavations or sand removal sites, in Pengilly, Patterson, and O’Brien knew about, recorded in the Corporation’s The attached plan identifies many of these si 2.9 CONTAMINATED SITES and Squares have b Historically the Park Lands soil, sand and stone excavation removal, an and Squares that are either proven or potentially his surface modifications are the least recorded, and wh also not known and well documented. As a conse

9 7

: : : rubbish : a linear embankment that : street sweepings and rubbish ssively raised in height the 1860s- ssively North Terrace between the Botanic s been covered over by fill to public

d statue; reconfirmed as venue for street Adelaide; included the original night rner of the original alignment East : located underneath the south-eastern tments to enable tree plantings and with top soil and landscaped by Pelzer de; covered with top soil and landscaped illiam Road; reputedly created using clean illiam Road; reputedly created using clean ounds; the original nursery site for g construction excavation works in the cecourse circuit, known as the ‘Racecourse y fence in the Botanic Garden, using soil ctices on the land; covered over by a the Lake. Water movement the Rymill Park Lake. Water E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES /Park 26 King William Road north /Park 26 King William Road south : a street sweepings depot created in 1903-04 to an undocumented street sweepings depot Parklands Street Sweepings Depot Parklands : a park landscape created in conjunction with the erection of bitumen car park to service the University and Hospital; now being renovated soil contamination trea requiring extensive landscape treatment works to proceed. portion of the University Oval practice gr over by Orchard; Corporation; removed in the 1940s; re-landscaped storage and discharge management pra located between Pennington Terrace and the Adelaide Bridge; an extensive raised embankment upon which is sited King W occurring within the City of building fill obtained from excavations Adelaide and primarily from North Adelai by Pengilly and then Pelzer. the Elder bandstand, that raised the height of the ground surface park to be through clean building fill obtained from flush with King William Road excavations then occurring with the City of soil tip located to the immediate night of the former City Baths, now underneath the Festival Centre complex; covered over during the creation of Elder Park as a landscape. located between the Festival Centre and the Adelaide Bridge; an extensive raised embankment upon which is sited King W occurring within the City of building fill obtained from excavations Adelaide; covered with top soil and landscaped by Pengilly then Pelzer; houses the old Showgrounds railway tunnel that ha view and access. serve for street sweepings and green waste storage; located on the north-western corner of Victoria Drive and Frome Road; in use until the 1930s when Grundy Gardens was created by Orchard wherein it was covered over. Garden and Kadlitpinna/Park 13 was progre 70s, as evidenced by the extant masonr from building excavation works in the City. reputedly used soil obtained from buildin Corporation but also composed of soil excavated from the adjacent low lying areas to sculpt that later was reconfigured engineering through the embankment is unclear in documentation. depot located close to the north-eastern co the Park to Terrace and Bartel’s Road, now underneath Mullawirraburka/Rymill immediate south of the Alice in Wonderlan and covered over with in 1903; demolished sweepings and stone screenings storage Park development top soil in the 1960s as part of Mullawirraburka/Rymill works. apparently located in the middle of the ra Paddock Depression’; a little documented venue so unclear as to its actual use and role. dump located opposite the Stag Hotel in Mullawirraburka/Rymill Park; undocumented nature of use; used in the late 1860s-80s; covered over and landscaped by Pelzer in the 1899s-1910 period; Karrawirra/Park 12 Karrawirra/Park Original Corporation Nursery Karrawirra/Park 12 & Tarndanya Womma Karrawirra/Park 12 Karrawirra/Park Elder Park Karrawirra/Park 12 & Tarndanya Womma 12 Karrawirra/Park Victoria Drive Depot Kadlitpinna/Park 13 North Terrace Embankment: Mullawirraburka/Rymill Park 14 East Mullawirraburka/Rymill Park 14 Dump Bartel’s Road Bakkabakkandi/Park 16 ‘Depression’: Mullawirraburka/Rymill Park 14 Tramway Embankment

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH

e entrance to the the south-western corner of

: located at the end of : the Corporation’s Parks & to disguise a water tank erected in located on Kingston Terrace; a street and Botanic Drive as a green waste tip; as venue for stone screenings storage in : located on LeFevre Terrace; now waste disposal; use ceased in 1903-04 presumably for building works and brick presumably for building works and in the early 1960s and covered over with arrawirra Parri; occasionally known as the arrawirra Parri; occasionally to the immediate east of the present Zoo nic Garden; near the southern banks of ceased when Destructor operational. downsized in the 1970s-2000s; still retains ge and Frome Road; occasionally called s and storage yard; created by Orchard y north-east opposite th or TAFE equivalent automotive training the Royal Agricultural & Horticultural roughly on the present corner of e existing Golf Course maintenance : a stone storage yard located in Jeffcott Bundeys Drive and Hackney Road, filled within Botanic Park, the Adelaide Botanic nown landscape treatment; use ceased in eticulation engineering works for Adelaide; : several limestone excavation holes located in : a street sweepings and green waste disposal tip : located on Frome Road sandwiched between : a stone blindings pit located in the middle of located within The Dell in Botanic Park, a green : several limestone excavation holes located in the visually a distinct feature in

located to the west of Montefiore Road Montefiore Road and War Memorial Drive probably underneath the existing tennis courts; primarily used for street sweepings and green waste storage; removed in 1903-04 and landscaped over by Pelzer. present Golf Course, possibly where th buildings are located today. present Corporation Nursery, an area along the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri where sand was excavated and carted away making activities. Street extension through the Park Lands, and now located underneath present car park; unk 1903-04 and site covered over by Pelzer. earthen mound used Kandarilla/Park 3, a large the 1870s as part of larger water r soil used reputedly obtained from building works excavations associated with pipe construction laying works. middle of Kangattilla/Park 4 that were used by the Corporation for general rubbish and street sweepings green waste; use removed and re-landscaped. an undocumented location in Nanto Womma/Park 6 generally used by the Corporation for street sweepings and green and site covered over by Pelzer. sweepings and green waste tip; reconfirmed and re-landscaped. 1903; now removed Gardens Department plant nursery, work progressively and Bone in 1940 onwards; part of its functions; undocumented wastes stored on site over the years; located between War Memorial Drive, over and resurfaced by Pelzer in 1903-04; use ceased when Destructor operational. Sandcarter’s Road to the River Torrens/K ‘Company’s Bridge Dump’; approximatel Garden historically used an excavated site between the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri use ceased in the 1970s and covered over with top soil. waste tip established by the Adelaide Bota the creek between Botanic Drive Brid the ‘Botanic Creek Bridge Tip’; use ceased top-soil from reclamation works in the Main Lake of Garden. University of South Australia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide Botanic Garden and Frome Road; a historical venue for Shows; in the 1940s-60s used as a trades facility, and known to have extensive soil contamination due to inappropriate waste Piltawodli/Park 1 Horse Reserve Pit Padipadinyilla/Park 2 Park 2 Blinding Pit Tainmundilla/Park 11 Botanic Park Tip: Kandarilla/Park 3 Water Mound: Kangattilla/Park 4 Limestone Holes Nanto Womma/Park 6 Parks & Gardens Depot Nanto Womma/Park 6 Limestone Holes Nanto Womma/Park 6 Kingston Terrace Heap: Warnpangga/Park 10 Existing Corporation Nursery Warnpangga/Park 10 Paddock 11 Tip Warnpangga/Park 10 Sand Pits on Sandcarter’s Road Tainmundilla/Park 11 The Dell: Tainmundilla/Park 11A Frome Road

0 8

: located : although not used as a screenings, enclosure that served as a cottage for oss facility, involving a large two storey was the main slaughter yard for the city onython Park to the north-west of slaughterhouse waste was cast over the rklands Ranger Cottage and Depot E ADELAIDE PARK LANDS & SQUARES present lookout; an extensive facility that prior to the construction of Gepps Cr butchering structure, a series of cattle and sheep storage yards, and excavations to service the butcher hard and liquid wastes associated with the slaughtering process, much of which was first dumped in the Billabong Tip before it full, and thereupon dumped in excavations adjacent to the complex, and various other undisclosed sites; covered over with the demolition of the slaughterhouse and cattle in 1960-62. yards; re-landscaped with the Bonython Park development circular model boat pond, a semi-rectangular the Parklands Ranger and also an undocumented storage yard use for the and re- Department; demolished in 1961, Corporation’s Parks & Gardens landscaped. rubbish or green waste dump area, it is documented that a considerable amount of excess animal excrement, night soil and the Park Olive Groves for use as a fertiliser from Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython 1920s. 1860s until the in the centre of Tulya Wodli/Park 27/B Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park Pa Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park Olive Groves

2.0 CONTEXTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF TH : located

existing grove of

: a permanent e creek. Use ceased in 1903- ary rifle practice range with comprising the entire railway located on the escarpment of d to disguise a water tank erected in a stone storage yard and street ughly co-relates to the planting age of many used and unused cartridge shells; aide Hill School oval; occasionally called located adjacent to the Corporation’s tentially where the 1950 and site covered over by Pelzer. part the Bonython Park works in 1960- k 20, approximately where the existing c cent Corporation Slaughterhouse complex; s Department; reconfirmed as venue for reconfirmed as venue for street sweepings ). eticulation engineering works for Adelaide; Greenhill Road opposite Annesley College; a a street sweepings depot located to the immediate an undocumented street sweepings depot a street sweepings depot located on the northern located in Wikaparndo/Park 22 to the immediate visually a distinct feature in the upper portion of ) exist today adjacent to th

a large excavated hole located in Wikaparndo/Park 22 Populus alba original location of the milit ervatory Blinding Pit: Populus alba

butts (mounds) located in a north-south alignment parallel to the present of Lewis Cohen Drive; reputedly a place of butts created from soil on site thus necessitating excavations; subject to an unimplemented landscape design proposal by Brown (1880); butts removed but method and approach undocumented; site grassed over. fence-line to the cemetery and the railway corridor, a little documented green waste storage area used by the Parks & Garden stone screenings storage in 1903; un-documented use; re-landscaped once use ceased; use ceased when Destructor operational. between the Roman Catholic Cemetery Road and the railway yards; a large venue for household and green waste rubbish; unclear documentation; unclear use cessation. and former storage 27, including Wodli/Park yards and sidings in Tulya demonstrable liquid and hard metal pollutants maintenance buildings; possessing associated railway line and vehicle maintenance, service and storage. White Poplars ( 04 and site covered over by Pelzer which ro the extant White Poplars ( soil used reputedly obtained from building works excavations associated with pipe construction laying works. side of Greenhill Road in Kurrangga/Par bitumen tennis courts are located today; storage in 1903; covered over with topsoil in the 1960s. north of the existing tennis courts in little documented and referred to; unclear where use ceased. sweepings depot, located to the immediate west of the former Observatory in West Terrace; now located underneath the Adel the ‘Hilton Road Heap’; reconfirmed as venue for street sweepings and stone screenings storage in 1903; use ceased Corporation storage yard and waste depot cattle yards in North Terrace, now located underneath the western end of the Adelaide Convention Centre. Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park to the River Torrens/Karrawirra Parri and possibly including most of the lower reaches Park adjacent to the present weirs; an extensive rubbish tip for both hard and liquid wastes operating in the 1860s-1910s in conjunction with the adja covered over once filled; re-landscaped as 62. on the top of escarpment Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park at Tuttangga/Park 17, a large earthen mound use the 1870s as part of larger water r apparently located in the southern end of the racecourse circuit, known as the ‘Racecourse Paddock Depression’, it is po Wikaparndo/Park 22 Cemetery Heap: Wikaparndo/Park 22 Turner’s Tip: Wikaparndo/Park 22 Tambawodli/Park 24 Obs Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park North Terrace Depot Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park Railway Yards: Kurrangga/Park 20 Unley Road Dump: Park Terrace Dump: Walyo Yerta/Park 21 Rifle Butts: Walyo Yerta/Park 21 Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park Billabong Tip: Tulya Wodli/Park 27/Bonython Park Slaughterhouse and Night Soil Depot Bakkabakkandi/Park 16 ‘Depression’: Tuttangga/Park 17 Water Mound: