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Kas 23674-544-1-30.Pdf GENERAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENTARY BOOK FOR A-LEVEL AND COLLEGES 2nd Edition Civic Education Teachers’ Association (CETA)- Tanzania Usangi House Tip Top Manzese P.O Box 54095 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania E-mail:[email protected] ©KAS/Civic Education Teachers Association 2010 ISBN: 978 - 9987 - 9276 - 9 - 2 All rights reserved. No production, copy or transmission of this publication may be produced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form without written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damage. Publication of this book was made possible by generous support from Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS). Views expressed by authors are not necessarily the views of this organization. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) P.O. Box 6992 Isimani Road, Upanga Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 22 2153174 TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements …………………………........................................................… v Preface ……………………………………………...............................................… vii CHAPTER ONE PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION …………............................................................ 1 The concept of philosophy ……………………………....…………………………. 1 Different philosophical ideas …………………………......………………………… 17 Religion ……………………………………………………………………………. 33 CHAPTER TWO CONTEMPORARY CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ……………………………….. 45 Gender and Development ……………………………………………………....….. 45 Environmental issues …………………………………...………………………….. 60 HIV/AIDS ………………………………………………………………………… 102 Corruption ………………………………………………………………………… 113 Drug abuse ………………………………………………………………………… 122 CHAPTER THREE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT …………………. 129 The concept of science and technology …………………………………..………… 129 The concept of development ………………………………………………..……… 141 The role of science and technology in development ……………………..…………. 144 CHAPTER FOUR DEMOCRATIC PROCESS AND PRACTICES ………………………………….. 155 The concept and its historical development of democracy ………………………….. 134 The role and responsibilities of individual citizens and civil society organizations in a democratic society……………………….……………………………………….. 148 iii CHAPTER FIVE INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION …………………………..…………..…… 171 The concept of foreign policy ………………………………………………………. 172 Bilateral Co-operation ………………………………………...……………………. 174 Multilateral Co-operation …………………………………………..………………. 174 International peace and understanding ……………………………………..………. 202 CHAPTER SIX LIFE SKILLS ……………….……………………………………………………… 273 Moral values ……………………………….……………………………………….. 273 Personal and interpersonal skills ……………………………………………………. 276 Self-reliance and entrepreneurship ………………………………………………….. 280 iv AKNOWLEDGEMENT This publication is a result of work done by several people at different places and time. We are heavily indebted to all who participated in the preparation, collection of materials, writing, editing and finally publishing this book. In a very special way, we acknowledge the assistance, leadership, advice and vision from Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Tanzania office. We would like to recognize Mr. Elias Mhegera, Mr. Ostack P.M Mtokambali, Ms. Frida Kiliwa, Mr. Goodluck Justine, Mr. Ahmed Said, Mr. P. Wasweta and Ms. Yosepha Shirima for the great job of preparing the first drafts of the topics in this book. Production of this publication would not have been possible without a thorough review done by various specialists from different Secondary Schools, Colleges, and Institutions of higher education: 1. Mr. Olotu S.R - Civic Education Teachers’ Association 2. Mr. George Obado - Institute of Procurement and Supplies 3. Mr. Thomas W. Turuka - St. Antony Secondary School 4. Mrs. Immaculate Mosha - Retired Curriculum Developer, Tanzania Institute of Education Special acknowledgement is due to CETA members; Civics and General Study teachers from different secondary schools in Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, Kilimanjaro Regions and Zanzibar Town, who took time off to participate in discussions for the first and second drafts of the respective topics. We are obliged not to forget the CETA Secretariat who offered invaluable guide and made follow-ups during the production process. Lastly, we extend our gratitude to Mr. Cleophas Rwechungura for editing this publication. CETA PUBLICATION COMMITTEE v PREFACE The teaching of General Studies in schools and colleges has great impact on socio-economical, political and cultural developments. This is so because it encourages the student to be aware of various social, economic and political changes taking place in the country, continent and the world at large. Students being part of citizenry are entitled to know what is happening around them. General Studies enables students to acquire appropriate national values. This is important because they ought to be responsible citizens as they are material for future leadership. This book attempts to cover such topics as Philosophy and Religion; Cross Cutting Issues; Science and Technology in Development Process; Democratic Processes and Practices; International Relations; and Life Skills. The topic on Philosophy and Religion emphasizes on the importance of co-existence among believers of different faiths for national development. Tanzanian society is composed of people of different faiths, so the issue of religious tolerance among the believers is inevitable for national unity and development. The topic on Cross Cutting Issues attempts to help students comprehend various contemporary issues such as HIV/AIDS, Gender and development, environment issues, Corruption and Drug abuse. These issues have great impact on our society today and students should be aware of them so as to understand causes and effects; as well as seek appropriate solutions to combat problems associated with the issues. The topic on Science and Technology in the Development process exposes students to concept of science, technology and development. It insists on the role of science and technology in improving industries, agriculture and development of social services. The topic on Democratic Processes and Practices attempts to make students be aware of aspects of democracy, the basic rights and freedoms of citizens, responsibilities of citizens, rule of law and government organs. The topic of International Relations exposes students to the concept of foreign policy, bilateral and multilateral relations, international peace and understanding as well as globalization. vii The last topic is Life Skills. This topic attempts to address the issues of self reliance, moral values, personal and interpersonal skills to student. Life skills enable students to become responsible and confident citizens. CETA hopes this book will offer great support to both teachers and students in secondary schools and colleges. It will also contribute to improvement of quality of knowledge for General Studies teachers so that they can deliver the required knowledge in line with the syllabus. CETA PUBLICATION COMMITTEE viii CHAPTER ONE PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION TOPIC OUT LINES: • Meaning and nature of philosophy • Branches of philosophy • Relationship and importance of philosophy to man. PHILOSOPHY: Philosophy is regarded as the most difficult as well as abstract of all subjects, far removed from issues of daily life. Despite the fact that many of us think of it being extremely far from normal interests and beyond comprehension, almost all of us are philosophical. Most people are unclear about what philosophy is, the term appears commonly used in their conversations. The word, philosophy is delivered from a Greek language, filosofia (philosophia), which is a union of two words, filia (philia, that is, love) and Sofia (Sophia, that is, wisdom). Thus philosophy is love of wisdom. If one love something, he or she searches for it. Similarly, love of wisdom means searching for wisdom. However, in popular usage, many different ideas are involved in the manner we use the term. At times we mean by ‘philosophy’ an attitude towards certain undertakings, for example, one may say ‘I disapprove your philosophy of doing agriculture’ or ‘I am voting for that person because I favour his/her philosophy about governance.’ Also, people talk about being ‘philosophical’ when they mean taking a long – range and detached view of certain immediate problems. When one is disappointed, people may suggest to him or her that he or she be ‘philosophical in handling the issue,’ like when one misses a bus. Here they mean to say that he or she should not be over – concerned with events of the moment, instead should ponder about alternatives. In yet another sense, we think of philosophy as an evaluation or interpretation of what is important or meaningful in life. Such usage may be indicated by the story of two people who were drinking tea together. One of them held his teacup to the front, scrutinized it thoughtfully, and then observed, ‘life is like a teacup. ‘his companion looked up at the teacup, turned to his friend and asked, ‘when is life like a teacup? He answered, ‘how should I know? I am not a philosopher? 1 However, philosophy has many definitions depending on one’s orientation. Indeed, throughout history, philosophy has been defined to mean one thing or another. Generally, philosophy is the science of primary causes =of being for the purpose of solving life problems. It is a science because its objective is to understand concepts through an investigation of their causes. In addition, philosophy is the science of primary causes because it is
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