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Amaranthaceae Juss.) UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA LUISA RAMOS SENNA REVISÃO TAXONÔMICA DAS ESPÉCIES BRASILEIRAS DE ALTERNANTHERA FORSSK. (AMARANTHACEAE JUSS.) FEIRA DE SANTANA - BA 2015 LUISA RAMOS SENNA REVISÃO TAXONÔMICA DAS ESPÉCIES BRASILEIRAS DE ALTERNANTHERA FORSSK. (AMARANTHACEAE JUSS.) Feira de Santana - BA 2015 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE POS-GRADUACAO EM BOTÂNICA REVISÃO TAXONÔMICA DAS ESPÉCIES BRASILEIRAS DE ALTERNANTHERA FORSSK. (AMARANTHACEAE JUSS.) LUISA RAMOS SENNA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Botânica da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas-Botânica. Orientador: Profª. Dra. Ana Maria Giulietti (UEFS) Feira de Santana - BA 2015 Ficha Catalográfica – Biblioteca Central Julieta Carteado Senna, Luisa Ramos S477r Revisão taxonômica das espécies brasileiras de Alternanthera Forssk (Amaranthaceae Juss.) / Luisa Ramos Senna. – Feira de Santana, 2015. 353 f. : il. Orientador: Ana Maria Giulietti. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2015. 1. Alternanthera - Taxonomia. I. Giulietti, Ana Maria, orient. II. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. III. Título. CDU: 582.663 BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________________________ Dra. Milene Maria Silva de Castro. (Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia) ______________________________________________________ Dra. Alexa Paes Coelho (Universidade Estadual da Bahia) ______________________________________________________ Dr. Marlon Câmara Machado (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana) ______________________________________________________ Drª. Efigênia Melo (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana) ________________________________________________________ Profª. Dra. Ana Maria Giulietti (Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana) Orientadora e Presidente da Banca Feira de Santana – BA 2015 A Haroldo G. Benatti, Débora, Danilo e Rafael. AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem o apoio do meu companheiro Haroldo, pela imensurável dedicação a nós nessas décadas de caminhadas e pela sabedoria que me empresta nos momentos difíceis. Nem sem os meus filhos, Débora, Danilo e Rafael por estarem sempre presentes e aceitarem de maneira compreensiva minha ausência nos últimos anos, além de me trazerem momentos de grande alegria, principalmente ao redor da mesa, antes de começar ou depois d a correria diária de todos nós. Agradeço também a meus pais Neusa e Bené por toda uma vida de erros e acertos e com quem aprendi a as letras, o rigor da leitura, a dedicação ao trabalho, a paciência e o jeitinho “benezinho” de ser e de olhar a natureza, além de valores que vou levar para o resto da vida. Às minhas irmãs que ouviram tantos “nãos” nos últimos anos e aguardaram, como ninguém, o dia que eu iria dizer: “acabou”. A todos das minhas duas famílias de origem, sintam-se agradecidos pelas figuras de minha mãe, D. Neusa e meu pai, Ebenezer. A meus padrinhos Lenice e Alfredo, família escolhida e que me acolheu com carinho. Pelas longas conversas e por dividirem todas as aflições desta e de todas as “roubadas” que já entrei na minha vida. Aos meus sogros, Adalberto e Ivone sem as quais o ponto de partida destes agradecimentos e a dedicatória seria outros, óbvio! Mas não só por isso, pela sorte de poder tê-los conhecido e pelas pessoas maravilhosas que são, exemplos de muita coisa boa nesta vida. Aos colegas Liziane Vilela pela editoração desta tese, Lucas Marinho pela edição de todas as pranchas deste trabalho e Leandro Soares, tecnólogo em Geoprocessmaneto, recém chegado ao grupo através de Carla Lima, pela confecção dos mapas, a Michele del Rey e Juliana Freitas pela força-tarefa de fotografias de exsicatas quando o momento pareceu extremamente necessário. A Carla Lima com quem divido a algum tempo experiências de ilustração botânica e outras tantas parcerias. A Wilson Pereira de Jesus, pelas cobranças sempre bem vindas. A Clóvis Ramaiana, alento do desassossego com seus textos, poemas, histórias e Norma Lúcia pelas boas rodadas de conversa. Pelas prosas corridas com Majorrie Nolasko. Aos muitos colegas do IFBA Valquíria Lima, Roseli Afonso, Marcelo Souza, Philippe Murilo, Ehrasto Felício, Paulo Souza, ainda temos muito o que fazer nesta instituição. A Marlene, pelo café pontualmente às 10:00 da manhã. A Zezé (Maria José Lemos)... O colo, o ombro e a amiga de tanto tempo, sempre muito sincera e clara nas suas intervenções. A Flávio França e Efigênia Melo, pelas conversas sérias ou nem tanto, nos horários de pausa do café. Aos amigos de perto Schirley e Tinho, amigos de longa data e com dividimos parte das alegrias dos finais de semana e alguns feriados que conseguimos compartilhar. A Lauzir, sempre muito animada, por tudo que ainda vamos fazer juntas. Aos de longe, Manuela Oliveira e Mônica Carvalho. A Thomas Borsch diretor do Museu Botânico de Berlim, pelo apoio através Caryphyllales Group que possibilitou a minha estada em Berlim, no BGBM por um trimestre em 2010 e pelas valorosas contribuições a este trabalho. Sem dúvida, muita coisa não seria como está sem esta intervenção e sem as valorosas e generosas contribuições do professor Borsch. A Ivone Sanches (CICY) e Tereza Ortuño Limarino (BGBM) pelas discussões e contribuições. Ao CNPq e CAPES, pela bolsa de doutorado concedida através do edital 27/2007 e apoio ao projeto. A programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, a todos os herbários e seus curadores. SUMÁRIO GERAL AGRADECIMENTOS ................................................................................................... 7 RESUMO ....................................................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 15 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ............................................................................................. 16 CAPÍTULO 1 Morfologia das espécies brasileiras de Alternanthera Forssk. analisada com o uso do Programa DeLTA ........................................................................................................... 25 CAPÍTULO 2 O “complexo brasiliana” (Amaranthaceae), taxonomia e delimitação das espécies ...... 60 CAPÍTULO 3 Revisão taxonômica das espécies brasileiras de Alternanthera Forssk. (Amaranthaceae Juss.) ............................................................................................................................. 219 CAPÍTULO 4. ............................................................................................................. 360 A new species of Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae) endemic to the Caatingas of the Semi- arid region of Brazil ...................................................................................................... 360 SUMÁRIO DE TABELAS E QUADROS Introdução Geral Tabela 1 . Ocorrência de endemismo de Alternanthera Forssk. por Domínio Fitogeográfico no Brasil ................................................................................................. 21 Capítulo 1 Tabela 1 . Relação de caracteres qualititivos e quantitativos utilizados.................. 29 Capítulo 2 Quadro 1 – Lista de todos os caracteres analisados e síntese dos estados de caracter observados ...................................................................................................................... 67 Tabela 1 . Quantidade de agrupamentos formados entre caracteres do grande grupo 1 (caracteres 1–6; sub coluna 1–6) e do grande grupo 2 (caracteres 7–12; sub coluna 7– 12) e com diferentes combinações entre qualquer dos caracteres do grande grupo 1 com todos os caracteres do grande grupo 2 e vice-versa , células da tabela marcadas com “x” e com cor cinza em destaque, resultados na coluna 3. ................................................... 81 Tabela 2. Grupos Fenéticos e seus conjuntos de caracteres descritivos. À direita, na primeira coluna a denominação de cada Grupo Femético em letras do alfabeto, na segunda coluna a designação de indivíduos representativo daquele grupo, colunas 3–8, o conjunto de caracteres numerados de acordo com o quadro 1 e os estados de caracters descritivos. ...................................................................................................................... 89 Quadro 2. Resumo dos caracteres por morfotipos para cada um dos 18 grupos reprentados.................................................................................................................... 100 Tabela 3 . Caracteres distintivos entre as espécies analisadas para o complexo “A. brasiliana ” .................................................................................................................... 112 Capítulo 3 Tabela 2 . Quadro comparativo de caracteres morfológicos entre A. paronychioides var. amazonica , A. paronychioides var. pilosa e A. pilosa . ................................................. 312 Capítulo 4 Table 1 : Comparison of Alternahtera caatingae with two morphologically similar species. .......................................................................................................................... 366 SUMÁRIO DE FIGURAS Capítulo 1 Figura 1A-C. Fluxograma dos caracteres utilizados na forma da sixtaxe do DeLTA indicando as sequênquia
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